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homes, down from 3,800 in 2011. However, experts caution that changes in census methodology and the socio-political climate may have influenced these results. The number of people who can speak at least some
Kashubian is higher, around 366,000. All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in
3556:
329:
593:. Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which is most of its vocabulary, are highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian.
859:
although not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned
Kashubian. Kashubian has some
854:
Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of
Kashubian have been gradually changing.
637:
The number of speakers of
Kashubian varies widely from source to source. In the 2021 census, approximately 87,600 people in Poland declared that they used Kashubian at home, a decrease from over 108,000 in the 2011 census. Of these, only 1,700 reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their
969:
argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress. All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel
872:. The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population. The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them.
5788:
690:, which Ramułt termed the "Kashubian Capital of America", Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century.
5259:
J. Borzyszkowski, J. Mordawski, J. Treder: Historia, geografia, język i piśmiennictwo Kaszubów; J. Bòrzëszkòwsczi, J. Mòrdawsczi, J. Tréder: Historia, geògrafia, jãzëk i pismienizna Kaszëbów, Wëdowizna M. Rôżok przë wespółrobòce z
Institutã Kaszëbsczim, Gduńsk 1999,
3672:
539:
rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in the western (Kashubian) part of the area.
5785:
3524:
3536:
547:
became
Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through the establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions. He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that
1052:
Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word.
69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
4427:
3983:
Anna
Gliszczyńska. Germanizmy leksykalne południowej kaszubszczyzny (Na materiale książki Bolesława Jażdżewskiego Wspomnienia kaszubskiego "gbura"). "LingVaria". 1 (3), s. 79–89, 2007. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.
3658:
831:
Mały
Catechism (Little Catechism) D. Marciná Lutherá Niemiecko-Wándalski ábo Slowięski to jestá z Niemieckiego języká w Słowięski wystáwiony na jáwnosc wydan..., w Gdaińsku przes Jerzego Rhetá
662:. Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends. This is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings.
4002:
55:
4473:
G. Stone: Slav outposts in
Central European history : the Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs, London, UK : Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016, p. 348
3489:
5479:
Stanulewicz, D. (n.d.). The Use of the
Kashubian Language from the Perspective of Young People Aged 16–19: Settings and Participants. 191–203. Retrieved February 12, 2016, from
929:
Tucholski and Krajniacki dialect (although both dialects would be considered a transitional form of the Wielkopolski dialect and are included as official Wielkopolskie dialects)
4419:
814:
The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to the 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church:
820:
Duchowne piesnie (Spiritual songs) D. Marcina Luthera y ynßich naboznich męzow. Zniemieckiego w Slawięsky ięzik wilozone Przes Szymana Krofea... w Gdainsku: przes Jacuba Rhode
3444:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
3430:
Wszëtczi lëdze rodzą sã wòlny ë równy w swòji czëstnoce ë swòjich prawach. Mają òni dostóne rozëm ë sëmienié ë nôlégô jima pòstãpòwac wobec drëdzich w dëchù bracënotë.
559:, who wrote for the paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the Zrzëszincë group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language.
4026:
3512:
488:, it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005. Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the
5717:
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3469:
5776:
5287:
4314:
5180:
4691:
4362:
Peter Hauptmann, Günther Schulz, Kirche im Osten: Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte und Kirchenkunde, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000, pp.44ff,
4338:
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The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from the end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879.
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5846:
4372:
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Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical development
4003:"Statistics Poland / National Census / National Population and Housing Census 2021 / Final results of the National Population and Housing Census 2021"
3967:
1017:
Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e.
7014:
5303:
3530:
Map showing regions in Poland where Kashubian is recognized as a regional language (orange) and where it could qualify in the upcoming years (yellow)
5483:
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72:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others.
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3659:"Wstępne wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w zakresie struktury narodowo-etnicznej oraz języka kontaktów domowych"
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limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an official
507:
The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.
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Lengthening (now a qualitative change) vowels of word-final closed syllables ending with an etymologically voiced consonant: Kashubian
5800:
4453:
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1069:
The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to the
1049:, making the distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian.
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German has been the source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish.
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5752:
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ZIENIUKOWA, JADWIGA (2015). "THE KASHUBIAN LANGUAGE – A MINORITY LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN BORDERLANDS AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS TODAY".
5555:
5470:
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W. (2016). Krótka historia języka kaszubskiego (Short History of the Kashubian Language). Retrieved February 12, 2016, from
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Nestor, N. & Hickey, T. (2009). Out of the Communist frying pan and into the EU fire? Exploring the case of Kashubian
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On the recipient passive in the Kashubian Language: Annex to Milka Ivić's syntactic inventory for Slavonic dialectology
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80:
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KURCZEWSKI, JACEK (2007). "Self-Identification Structure in Opole Silesia and the Kashubia: A Comparative Analysis".
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation.
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This feature is not regular and is somewhat archaic, even giving rise to archaizing neologisms such as Kashubian
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2152:
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5843:
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4155:"The Use of the Kashubian Language from the Perspective of Young People Aged 16–19: Settings and Participants"
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is now used only by some northern and northeastern speakers; other speakers realize it as flat postalveolar
356:
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6017:
5863:
5252:
Język kaszubski. Poradnik encyklopedyczny. ed. J. Treder, Rev. 2. corrected and expanded UG, Oficyna Czec,
3964:
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3305:
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2175:
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986:. An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in the
397:
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Stone, Gerald (1972). "The Language of Cassubian Literature and the Question of a Literary Standard".
686:, Kashubian is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests. In
6691:
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5655:
3708:"Ustawa z dnia 6 stycznia 2005 r. O mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym"
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belong to the most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body of
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409:
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577:, but in terms of modern influence Polish is a prestige language. Kashubian is closely related to
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1992:
982:, and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result in
891:
wrote in the early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the
683:
221:
102:
3989:
3710:[Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language].
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of adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in
725:
671:
571:
478:
284:
241:
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5819:
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Ager, S. (1998-2016). Kashubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk). Retrieved February 12, 2016, from
389:
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Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language
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6684:
6398:
6349:
6337:
6322:
6201:
6196:
6077:
5542:
Topolinska, Z. (1974). A Historical Phonology of the Kashubian Dialects of Polish.
5376:
Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community.
5221:
Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community.
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2788:
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2250:
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803:
779:
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231:
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Wörterbuch und Lautlehre der deutschen Lehnwörter im Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen)
4212:
Creating Kashubia: History, Memory and Identity in Canada's First Polish Community
3832:"Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2021. Wstępne wyniki. Coraz mnie..."
3542:
Church of the Pater Noster, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. Lord's Prayer in Kashubian
6964:
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6721:
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6468:
6458:
6433:
6416:
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5384:
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1713:
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767:
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721:
601:
590:
544:
463:
213:
5810:
Following the trail of manor houses and castles of the Northern Kashubian Region
5761:
5361:
655:
515:
Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of
402:
6979:
6954:
6747:
6669:
6659:
6602:
6380:
6317:
6220:
5955:
5945:
5831:
5737:
2139:
864:. It is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by the
755:
647:
273:
3661:[Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2021.]
1978:
Reduction of some consonant clusters, especially in frequent words: Kashubian
737:
6993:
6929:
6919:
6619:
6495:
6240:
6166:
5446:
Perkowski, Jan L (1966). "The Kashubs: Origins and Emigration to the U. S.".
5346:
5323:, 1893 i.e. "Dictionary of the Pomeranian (Seacoast) or Kashubian language" (
3561:
2465:
2388:
2315:
2060:
1932:
791:
675:
1126:
This change is somewhat archaic or lexicalized, appearing more in the North.
6537:
5335:
5208:; Corbett, Greville. G. (2002). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge.
3504:
2862:
787:
747:
651:
280:
1272:
This process occurred differently in the West, where soft ć/dź went to t/d
373:
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2784:
2084:
2055:
643:
617:
586:
6607:
5712:
5698:
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5417:
5390:
555:
The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor
6803:
6782:
6674:
5507:
5438:
5236:
Die linguistische Struktur Europas, Vergangenheit — Gegenwart — Zukunft
4388:
3736:
2167:
2065:
995:
795:
613:
528:
520:
493:
194:
91:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
5855:
3518:
Page of Stefan Ramułt Pomeranian (Kashubian language) Dictionary 1893
6828:
6654:
6642:
3628:
1054:
939:
524:
382:
366:
348:
5324:
5320:
5253:
424:
6873:
6797:
6755:
6046:
5583:
3598:
3569:
3480:
906:
856:
597:
549:
474:
184:
163:
157:
4389:"The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW"
1057:
such as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such as
6860:
6816:
5278:
2866:
799:
532:
455:
1856:(genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Kashubian
833:, Gdansk 1643. Pastor smołdziński ks. Mostnik, rodem ze Slupska.
732:) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was
66:
5481:
www.wilkuer.de/forschung/191-204_stanulewicz_final_js_wk_js.rtf
5246:
5167:
Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie (Kaszëbskò-Pòmòrsczé Zrzeszenié)
5139:
Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie (Kaszëbskò-Pòmòrsczé Zrzeszenié)
3500:
1445:
679:
485:
432:
334:
311:
174:
2687:
Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation as
2670:
is realized as a velarized denti-alveolar lateral approximant
589:, in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect of
5378:
Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.
5223:
Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2016.
5133:
Breza, Edward; Treder, Jerzy (1981). Maria Kowalewska (ed.).
3476:
1868:(genitive singular or nominative/accusative plural of Polish
955:
790:
literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the
5544:
General Information on the Kashubians and Kashubian Dialects
5080:
4986:
4984:
4957:
4839:
4837:
4812:
4810:
4785:
4783:
4781:
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4639:
4605:
4603:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4557:
4532:
4530:
4528:
3855:
Gerald Stone (1998). "Cassubian". In Glanville Price (ed.).
5391:
The Change of the Cashubian Identity before Entering the EU
1483:
This ablaut may occur also through analogy, i.e. Kashubian
1076:
855:
It has been included in the program of school education in
798:). Franciszek Grucza graduated from a Catholic seminary in
536:
3887:
A historical phonology of the Kashubian dialects of Polish
2200:. Their exact phonetic realization depends on the dialect.
1456:
after a soft consonant but before hard dentals: Kashubian
1066:
Eastern groups place accents on the penultimate syllable.
905:
Other researches would argue that each tiny region of the
5068:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5008:
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4615:
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4581:
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5425:
MacDonald, Gregory (1939). "The Kashubs on the Baltic".
5056:
4996:
4897:
4873:
4795:
4547:
4545:
3944:(Repr. ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 199.
3463:
Percentage of people that speak Kashubian at home (2002)
431:
Kashubian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
3965:
Biuletin Radzëznë Kaszëbsczégò Jazëka rok 2007, Gduńsk.
3483:
with the Polish name above and the Kashubian name below
2189:
The exact phonetic realization of the close-mid vowels
1553:
This feature is chiefly Northern, and often forms with
4027:"Kaszubi w statystyce (cz. III), Tabela 3. (Table 3.)"
1145:
Retention of TarT, especially in the North: Kashubian
5520:
http://kaszebsko.com/uploads/KASHUBIAN%20IDENTITY.pdf
4933:
4909:
4885:
4849:
4651:
4627:
4542:
492:. It is close to standard Polish with influence from
5275:
Geschichte der Pomoranischen (Kaschubischen) Sprache
4019:
3551:
1745:
This change was also effected by the change causing
62:
5265:
Słowôrz kaszëbsko-polsczi. Słownik polsko-kaszubski
3940:Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie, eds. (2002).
3696:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
3495:Bilingual sign in Polish and Kashubian in Pogórze,
958:inventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels.
845:, published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967
839:, published by Friedhelm Hinze, Berlin (East), 1967
58:
a machine-translated version of the Polish article.
4339:"o. prof. dr hab. Adam Sikora OFM - Franciszkanie"
4067:(in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011.
1598:(past feminine and masculine l-forms of Kashubian
5343:Classification and Index of the World's Languages
4670:Treder, Jerzy (2010). Małgorzata Klinkosz (ed.).
3939:
884:Kashubian dialects area in the early 20th century
6991:
5719:Kashubian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
4085:
1526:(where rz in Polish is pronouncd as a fricative
1014:, and some prepositional phrases with pronouns.
843:Śpiewnik starokaszubski (Old Kashubian songbook)
754:. Kashubian literature has been translated into
5468:http://www.kaszubi.pl/o/reda/artykulmenu?id=395
4487:. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. pp. 67–70.
4304:"Piotr Preis, Izmail Sreznevskii, and Kashubia"
2026:
2004:
1979:
1964:
1952:
1919:
1913:
1891:
1857:
1851:
1839:
1801:
1775:
1732:
1695:
1689:
1671:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1623:
1617:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1540:
1515:
1490:
1484:
1463:
1457:
1424:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1369:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1310:
1298:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1113:
1087:
1058:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
606:
144:
137:
131:
5844:Kaszëbskô Mowa: Freeing the Kashubian Language
5317:Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego
4093:"The Kashubs Today: Culture-Language-Identity"
4050:
2196:Apart from these, there are also nasal vowels
1393:through analysis of declined forms: Kashubian
674:of 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to
87:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
6062:
5871:
5738:The World Atlas of Language Structures - WALS
5362:http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashubian.htm
5332:Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego
2648:; the last four appear only in some dialects.
612:"art"). Unlike Polish, these are mostly from
5156:Makùrôt, Hana (2016). Bożena Ugowska (ed.).
4124:"Acta Cassubiana. Vol. XVII (map on p. 122)"
3854:
2857:, in some dialects, at the end of a word,
2032:
2010:
1985:
1970:
1958:
1925:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1845:
1807:
1781:
1738:
1707:
1701:
1683:
1677:
1659:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1546:
1521:
1496:
1475:
1469:
1436:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1381:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1316:
1304:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1187:
1152:
1138:
1119:
1093:
837:Perykopy smołdzinskie (Smoldzinski Pericope)
5514:Szulest, David (2012). Kashubian Identity.
5132:
5086:
5074:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
4990:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4927:
4867:
4843:
4828:
4816:
4789:
4770:
4758:
4741:
4729:
4645:
4621:
4609:
4594:
4575:
4563:
4536:
4519:
4507:
4420:"język kaszubski | pl.languagesindanger.eu"
4152:
2678:by older speakers of southeastern dialects.
6069:
6055:
5878:
5864:
5681:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5645:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5609:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5560:
5407:
4278:"A Congregational History of Saint Stan's"
4194:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3904:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62.
3884:
946:is similar in many ways to those of other
822:, Tetzner 1896: translated from pastorks.
750:was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was
423:
5581:
5445:
5424:
4032:(in Polish). p. 7/10. Archived from
3958:
2666:The labialized velar central approximant
1462:(first person present singular Kashubian
620:. Other sources of loanwords include the
596:Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5%
7015:Slavic languages written in Latin script
5815:Kashubian resources; include phrasebooks
3765:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p.199,
2682:
1077:Phonological processes from Proto-Slavic
879:
740:, who wrote the Kashubian national epic
692:
436:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5885:
5653:
5617:
5155:
5100:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
5062:
5002:
4939:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4855:
4801:
4657:
4633:
4551:
3858:Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe
802:. He was the first priest to introduce
716:Important for Kashubian literature was
302:Officially recognized as of 2005, as a
6992:
6910:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
5516:Kashubs in Canada and Kashubia/Kaszebe
4694:from the original on January 30, 2024.
4669:
4482:
4275:
4179:
3899:
3812:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3755:
3651:
1474:(first person present singular Polish
1293:, however modern forms usually retain
162:
156:
6050:
5859:
5496:The Slavonic and East European Review
5493:
5427:The Slavonic and East European Review
4208:
4134:from the original on 10 February 2018
3861:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 49–50.
3437:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3422:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2721:
978:Kashubian features free placement of
794:, much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora (
6076:
5135:Gramatyka kaszubska: zarys popularny
4098:. 2007. pp. 8–9. Archived from
3880:
3878:
3826:
3824:
3761:Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael,
3668:Central Statistical Office of Poland
565:
18:
5238:, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1973
4450:"Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych"
4215:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
3924:
678:, with around 15,000 emigrating to
581:, and both of them are dialects of
13:
5402:Baltic Journal of European Studies
5353:
4301:
3942:Language and nationalism in Europe
3848:
3763:Language and Nationalism in Europe
1935:of some consonant cluster such as
973:
14:
7031:
7020:Culture of Pomeranian Voivodeship
5691:
3875:
3821:
3713:Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych
2616:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2561:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2373:
2362:
2355:
2339:
2328:
2321:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2174:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2100:
2089:
1912:is southern Kashubian: Kashubian
1489:(past virile l form of Kashubian
99:{{Translated|pl|Język kaszubski}}
6031:
6030:
5711:
5697:
3889:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 48.
3720:from the original on 2023-06-11.
3609:Kashubian-Pomeranian Association
3568:
3554:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3488:
3468:
3456:
1995:, particularly the insertion of
1694:(genitive singular of Kashubian
1670:(genitive singular of Kashubian
1646:(genitive singular of Kashubian
1622:(genitive singular of Kashubian
1071:Proto-Slavic vowel length system
743:The Life and Adventures of Remus
682:. Among the Polish community of
327:
23:
5705:Appendix:Kashubian Swadesh list
5664:from the original on 2024-02-02
5628:from the original on 2024-02-02
5592:from the original on 2024-02-02
5186:from the original on 2023-01-25
5125:
5110:from the original on 2021-03-16
5092:
4663:
4476:
4467:
4456:from the original on 2012-01-18
4441:
4430:from the original on 2016-06-02
4412:
4401:from the original on 2003-03-20
4381:
4356:
4331:
4320:from the original on 2023-08-10
4295:
4284:from the original on 2017-08-09
4269:
4258:from the original on 2017-08-09
4240:
4229:from the original on 2019-12-12
4202:
4182:Statystyka ludności kaszubskiej
4173:
4146:
4116:
4074:from the original on 2022-08-29
4058:"Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben"
3995:
3977:
3933:
3918:
3902:Historical Dictionary of Poland
3893:
3818:Ministry of Interior of Poland
3744:from the original on 2015-06-10
3678:from the original on 2023-06-03
1029:, and in some verb forms, i.e.
961:
527:, on the southern coast of the
6770:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
5389:Grabowska A., Ladykowski P.. "
4447:
4248:"Kashubian Capital of America"
3775:
3724:
3700:
3689:
3414:
2716:
1423:(genitive plural of Kashubian
97:You may also add the template
1:
5716:The dictionary definition of
5702:The dictionary definition of
5199:
5159:Gramatika kaszëbsczégò jãzëka
2694:
2243:Kashubian consonant phonemes
2234:
1706:(genitive singular of Polish
1682:(genitive singular of Polish
1658:(genitive singular of Polish
1568:(genitive singular Kashubian
1399:(genitive singular Kashubian
1364:Regional retention of medial
1082:Retention of softness before
826:, Słowińca (?) rodem z Dąbia.
705:
6905:Slavic second palatalization
6018:Bilingual communes in Poland
4153:Stanulewicz, Danuta (2010).
3885:Topolinska, Zuzanna (1974).
3589:Bilingual communes in Poland
2725:
1796:after hard consonants ->
1041:. Some dialects have merged
933:
911:Dialects and Slang of Poland
849:
7:
7010:Endangered Slavic languages
6900:Slavic first palatalization
5654:Lorentz, Friedrich (1927).
5618:Lorentz, Friedrich (1927).
3547:
1882:in northern dialects, i.e.
1435:(genitive plural of Polish
1196:Kaszëbienié (Kashubization)
1131:TelT -> TłoT: Kashubian
952:Kaszëbienié (Kashubization)
909:has its own dialect, as in
875:
782:. Aleksander Majkowski and
665:
627:
616:and only occasionally from
158:[kaˈʃɜpst͡ʃiˈjãzɜk]
10:
7036:
5410:Polish Sociological Review
4483:Dubisz, Stanisław (1995).
3900:Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996).
3449:
2709:
2705:
1783:cicho, chodzić, siwy, zima
1777:cëchò, chòdzëc, sëwi, zëma
1580:(genitive singular Polish
1411:(genitive singular Polish
901:Southern Kashubian dialect
895:Northern Kashubian dialect
709:
61:Machine translation, like
6973:
6890:
6837:
6746:
6700:
6692:Slavic dialects of Greece
6628:
6593:
6582:
6548:
6446:
6371:
6362:
6301:
6283:
6260:
6251:
6152:
6084:
6026:
6010:
5990:
5964:
5923:
5916:
5893:
5334:. Scalił i znormalizował
4209:Blank, Joshua C. (2016).
3927:Historia Polski 1795-1918
3080:, (western dialects), (
2606:
2574:
2458:
2381:
2308:
2276:
2247:
2120:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2052:
2048:Kashubian vowel phonemes
2042:
1380:(compare Masurian Polish
1176:Labialization of initial
1063:may take initial stress.
632:
510:
504:(West Baltic) languages.
422:
408:
396:
380:
364:
346:
341:
317:
298:Official language in
296:
291:
270:
210:
206:87,600 (2021 census)
200:
190:
180:
170:
164:[kaˈʃɜpskɞˈmwɛva]
152:
130:
125:
38:the corresponding article
5533:Canadian Slavonic Papers
5341:C. F. i F. N. Voegelin,
5165:(in Kashubian). Gdańsk:
4485:Dialekty i gwary polskie
4311:src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp
3644:
898:Middle Kashubian dialect
809:
5588:(in Polish). Warszawa.
5582:Karłowicz, Jan (1898).
5448:Polish American Studies
5087:Breza & Treder 1981
5075:Breza & Treder 1981
5051:Breza & Treder 1981
5039:Breza & Treder 1981
5027:Breza & Treder 1981
5015:Breza & Treder 1981
4991:Breza & Treder 1981
4976:Breza & Treder 1981
4964:Breza & Treder 1981
4952:Breza & Treder 1981
4928:Breza & Treder 1981
4868:Breza & Treder 1981
4844:Breza & Treder 1981
4829:Breza & Treder 1981
4817:Breza & Treder 1981
4790:Breza & Treder 1981
4771:Breza & Treder 1981
4759:Breza & Treder 1981
4742:Breza & Treder 1981
4730:Breza & Treder 1981
4646:Breza & Treder 1981
4622:Breza & Treder 1981
4610:Breza & Treder 1981
4595:Breza & Treder 1981
4576:Breza & Treder 1981
4564:Breza & Treder 1981
4537:Breza & Treder 1981
4520:Breza & Treder 1981
4508:Breza & Treder 1981
4424:pl.languagesindanger.eu
4180:Ramułt, Stefan (1899).
3837:(in Polish). 2023-04-12
3499:, Poland, on road from
3475:Two bilingual signs in
3090:, (northern dialects)
3066:, (southern dialects)
2193:depends on the dialect.
2027:
2005:
1980:
1965:
1953:
1920:
1914:
1892:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1802:
1776:
1733:
1696:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1648:
1642:
1624:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1541:
1516:
1491:
1485:
1464:
1458:
1425:
1419:
1401:
1395:
1370:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1311:
1299:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1147:
1133:
1114:
1088:
1059:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
684:Renfrew County, Ontario
607:
552:was a separate nation.
459:
145:
138:
132:
108:For more guidance, see
5531:Toops, G. H. (2007). .
4448:RP, Kancelaria Sejmu.
4276:Stolpa, James (2005).
4184:. Krakow. p. 243.
2033:
2017:Regional insertion of
2011:
1986:
1971:
1959:
1926:
1898:
1870:
1864:
1846:
1808:
1782:
1739:
1723:-> Early Kashubian
1708:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1636:
1630:
1612:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1547:
1522:
1497:
1476:
1470:
1437:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1382:
1376:
1368:in the word Kashubian
1357:
1351:
1317:
1305:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1188:
1153:
1139:
1120:
1094:
885:
702:
701:, Poland (2011 census)
699:Pomeranian Voivodeship
660:Pomeranian Voivodeship
467:
308:Pomeranian Voivodeship
306:, in some communes of
6823:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
5660:(in Polish). Gdańsk.
5624:(in Polish). Poznań.
5137:(in Polish). Gdańsk:
3624:Old Prussian language
2683:Voicing and devoicing
883:
718:Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov
696:
110:Knowledge:Translation
81:copyright attribution
5998:Polish Sign Language
5832:Endangered languages
3732:"Lekhitic languages"
3088:(southern dialects)
2651:The fricative trill
2021:before word initial
1999:before word initial
1714:Old Polish phonology
1374:("seven") vs Polish
1337:alongside Kashubian
1323:Irregular change of
1198:, Proto-Slavic soft
1006:, nouns formed with
734:Aleksander Majkowski
712:Kashubian literature
575:West Slavic language
557:Aleksander Majkowski
543:In the 19th century
16:West Slavic language
7005:Languages of Poland
6849:Pan-Slavic language
6648:Burgenland Croatian
6528:Marcho-Magdeburgian
6125:Old Church Slavonic
5887:Languages of Poland
5263:Aleksander Labuda,
4680:] (in Polish).
3671:(in Polish). 2023.
3639:Slovincian language
3634:Pomeranian language
2244:
2049:
1918:(usually Kashubian
950:. It is famous for
697:Kashubian language
523:, in the region of
490:Pomeranian language
319:Recognised minority
7000:Kashubian language
6935:Illič-Svityč's law
6915:Monophthongization
6423:Camaldolese Slovak
6236:Canadian Ukrainian
6102:Up to Proto-Slavic
6095:Proto-Balto-Slavic
5917:Minority languages
5849:2019-06-21 at the
5837:2016-06-10 at the
5825:2013-07-19 at the
5803:2014-12-27 at the
5791:2014-03-07 at the
5786:Kashubian language
5779:2015-06-06 at the
5767:2007-08-05 at the
5755:2017-10-11 at the
5743:2017-08-13 at the
5731:2014-03-04 at the
5621:Gramatyka pomorska
5525:2016-12-20 at the
5486:2016-06-02 at the
5473:2017-10-11 at the
5433:(53/54): 265–275.
5396:2017-10-11 at the
5383:2019-12-12 at the
5367:2007-08-05 at the
5306:2014-12-13 at the
5290:2017-10-11 at the
5228:2019-12-12 at the
4375:2023-03-26 at the
4128:Instytut Kaszubski
3970:2016-01-29 at the
3925:Chwalba, Andrzej.
3604:Kashubian alphabet
3245:Phonemic value(s)
2722:Kashubian alphabet
2242:
2047:
988:comparative degree
944:Kashubian language
886:
726:Hieronim Derdowski
703:
672:Kashubian diaspora
500:(West Slavic) and
285:Kashubian alphabet
89:interlanguage link
6987:
6986:
6980:extinct languages
6811:Solombala English
6742:
6741:
6665:Prekmurje Slovene
6578:
6577:
6358:
6357:
6212:Doukhobor Russian
6135:Glagolitic script
6044:
6043:
6006:
6005:
5894:Official language
5556:978-3-11-081338-8
5546:. Retrieved from
5374:Blank, Joshua C.
5271:Friedrich Lorentz
5241:Friedhelm Hinze,
5219:Blank, Joshua C.
5176:978-83-62137-97-8
5089:, pp. 88–89.
5065:, pp. 32–33.
5005:, pp. 20–22.
4966:, pp. 54–59.
4906:, pp. 35–36.
4882:, pp. 33–34.
4804:, pp. 34–35.
4773:, pp. 25–26.
4687:978-83-62844-10-4
4648:, pp. 23–24.
4566:, pp. 20–21.
3619:Masurian dialects
3614:Kashubian studies
3435:Article 1 of the
3419:Article 1 of the
3412:
3411:
3226:
3225:
2712:Kashubian grammar
2628:
2627:
2186:
2185:
1966:strzoda, zdrzódło
1809:być, lipa, prząść
1803:bëc, lëpa, przësc
967:Friedrich Lorentz
920:Slowinski dialect
889:Friedrich Lorentz
870:Polish Parliament
862:regional language
736:(1876–1938) from
730:Winona, Minnesota
688:Winona, Minnesota
640:Gmina Sierakowice
566:Related languages
477:belonging to the
445:
444:
304:regional language
121:
120:
50:
46:
7027:
6881:Slavonic-Serbian
6732:Cieszyn Silesian
6603:Carpathian Rusyn
6591:
6590:
6369:
6368:
6258:
6257:
6143:Modern languages
6078:Slavic languages
6071:
6064:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6034:
6033:
5921:
5920:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5857:
5856:
5715:
5701:
5686:
5680:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5657:Kaszube gramatik
5650:
5644:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5614:
5608:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5578:
5511:
5502:(121): 521–529.
5463:
5442:
5421:
5297:Nomachi Motoki,
5194:
5192:
5191:
5185:
5164:
5152:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4598:
4592:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4540:
4534:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4341:. Archived from
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:. Archived from
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4062:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
3999:
3993:
3981:
3975:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3788:. Archived from
3787:
3779:
3773:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3704:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3655:
3594:Gdańsk Pomerania
3578:
3576:Languages portal
3573:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3492:
3472:
3460:
3408:
3400:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3309:
3301:
3285:
3277:
3261:
3239:
3238:
3087:
3082:Wejherowo County
2860:
2789:Wejherowo County
2769:
2735:Name of letters
2726:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2643:
2633:
2620:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2565:
2553:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2377:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2245:
2241:
2209:
2206:diphthongize to
2205:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2093:
2079:
2074:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2008:
1989:
1987:pierwszy, bardzo
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1895:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1811:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1742:
1736:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1550:
1544:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1343:(from Kashubian
1342:
1336:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1191:
1185:
1170:
1165:(from Kashubian
1164:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1097:
1091:
1062:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
954:and has a large
948:Slavic languages
926:Zaborski dialect
923:Kabatkow dialect
804:Catholic liturgy
752:Stanisław Pestka
622:Baltic languages
610:
496:and the extinct
460:kaszëbsczi jãzëk
439:
427:
418:
392:
376:
369:
360:
359:
351:
333:
331:
330:
321:language in
276:
216:
166:
160:
148:
141:
135:
123:
122:
100:
94:
67:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7024:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6969:
6892:
6886:
6840:
6833:
6763:Bohemian Romani
6748:Mixed languages
6738:
6715:Pannonian Rusyn
6696:
6638:Banat Bulgarian
6624:
6586:
6574:
6544:
6442:
6434:Pannonian Rusyn
6354:
6297:
6279:
6247:
6207:Alaskan Russian
6182:Old Novgorodian
6175:Old East Slavic
6148:
6130:Cyrillic script
6120:Church Slavonic
6080:
6075:
6045:
6040:
6022:
6002:
5986:
5960:
5912:
5889:
5884:
5851:Wayback Machine
5839:Wayback Machine
5827:Wayback Machine
5805:Wayback Machine
5793:Wayback Machine
5781:Wayback Machine
5769:Wayback Machine
5757:Wayback Machine
5745:Wayback Machine
5733:Wayback Machine
5694:
5689:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5638:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5585:Gwara kaszubska
5539:(1/2), 160–162.
5527:Wayback Machine
5518:Retrieved from
5488:Wayback Machine
5475:Wayback Machine
5412:(157): 87–104.
5398:Wayback Machine
5385:Wayback Machine
5369:Wayback Machine
5356:
5354:Further reading
5330:Stefan Ramułt,
5308:Wayback Machine
5292:Wayback Machine
5230:Wayback Machine
5206:Comrie, Bernard
5202:
5197:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5162:
5149:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4446:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4377:Wayback Machine
4361:
4357:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4306:
4302:Treder, Jerzy.
4300:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4259:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4161:on June 2, 2016
4151:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:Länder-Analysen
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3982:
3978:
3972:Wayback Machine
3963:
3959:
3952:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3783:"Archived copy"
3781:
3780:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3531:
3528:
3519:
3516:
3507:
3493:
3484:
3473:
3464:
3461:
3452:
3417:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2697:
2689:standard Polish
2685:
2646:alveolo-palatal
2636:palato-alveolar
2551:
2510:
2464:
2423:
2387:
2348:
2314:
2237:
2077:
2072:
2045:
1758:As a result of
1389:Loss of mobile
1218:and finally to
1079:
984:vowel reduction
976:
974:Syllable stress
964:
936:
917:Bylacki dialect
878:
852:
812:
722:Florian Ceynowa
714:
708:
668:
635:
630:
568:
545:Florian Ceynowa
513:
468:język kaszubski
441:
440:
430:
414:
388:
372:
365:
355:
354:
347:
337:
328:
326:
322:
320:
299:
292:Official status
277:
272:
266:
217:
214:Language family
212:
203:
202:Native speakers
161:
143:
117:
116:
115:
98:
92:
51:
45:(December 2019)
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7033:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6985:
6984:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6960:Van Wijk's law
6957:
6955:Ruki sound law
6952:
6950:Pedersen's law
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6819:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6795:
6793:Romano-Serbian
6790:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6710:Eastern Slovak
6706:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6584:Microlanguages
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6554:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6455:East Lechitic
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6429:Eastern Slovak
6426:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6410:White Croatian
6407:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6386:Biblical Czech
6377:
6375:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6318:Serbo-Croatian
6315:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6194:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6117:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5991:Sign languages
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5795:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5709:
5693:
5692:External links
5690:
5688:
5687:
5651:
5615:
5579:
5558:
5540:
5529:
5512:
5491:
5477:
5464:
5443:
5422:
5405:
5387:
5371:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5338:, Gdańsk, 2003
5328:
5310:
5295:
5282:
5268:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5239:
5232:
5216:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5175:
5153:
5147:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5091:
5079:
5077:, pp. 87.
5067:
5055:
5053:, pp. 71.
5043:
5041:, pp. 70.
5031:
5029:, pp. 67.
5019:
5017:, pp. 68.
5007:
4995:
4993:, pp. 62.
4980:
4978:, pp. 34.
4968:
4956:
4954:, pp. 43.
4944:
4942:, pp. 18.
4932:
4930:, pp. 33.
4920:
4918:, pp. 36.
4908:
4896:
4894:, pp. 34.
4884:
4872:
4870:, pp. 32.
4860:
4858:, pp. 31.
4848:
4846:, pp. 31.
4833:
4831:, pp. 30.
4821:
4819:, pp. 28.
4806:
4794:
4792:, pp. 27.
4775:
4763:
4761:, pp. 25.
4746:
4744:, pp. 29.
4734:
4732:, pp. 26.
4717:
4708:|website=
4686:
4662:
4660:, pp. 30.
4650:
4638:
4636:, pp. 37.
4626:
4624:, pp. 23.
4614:
4612:, pp. 22.
4599:
4597:, pp. 24.
4580:
4578:, pp. 21.
4568:
4556:
4554:, pp. 38.
4541:
4539:, pp. 20.
4524:
4522:, pp. 61.
4512:
4510:, pp. 19.
4500:
4494:978-8321409894
4493:
4475:
4466:
4440:
4411:
4380:
4355:
4330:
4294:
4268:
4239:
4221:
4201:
4172:
4145:
4115:
4084:
4049:
4018:
3994:
3976:
3957:
3951:978-0199250851
3950:
3932:
3929:. p. 439.
3917:
3910:
3892:
3874:
3867:
3847:
3835:Zawsze Pomorze
3820:
3774:
3754:
3723:
3699:
3688:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3565:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3425:in Kashubian:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3228:The following
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:Pronunciation
2738:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2710:Main article:
2707:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
1990:
1976:
1963:and Kashubian
1930:
1902:
1875:
1812:
1786:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1717:
1592:but Kashubian
1560:
1559:
1558:
1530:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1442:
1387:
1362:
1321:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1098:
1078:
1075:
975:
972:
963:
960:
942:system of the
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
903:
902:
899:
896:
877:
874:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
834:
827:
811:
808:
806:in Kashubian.
728:(1852–1902 in
710:Main article:
707:
704:
667:
664:
648:Gmina Parchowo
634:
631:
629:
626:
567:
564:
512:
509:
443:
442:
429:
428:
420:
419:
412:
406:
405:
400:
394:
393:
386:
378:
377:
370:
362:
361:
352:
344:
343:
342:Language codes
339:
338:
325:
323:
318:
315:
314:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
278:
274:Writing system
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
220:
218:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
171:Native to
168:
167:
154:
150:
149:
146:kaszëbskô mòwa
128:
127:
119:
118:
114:
113:
106:
95:
73:
70:
59:
52:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7032:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6945:Meillet's law
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6761:20th century
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:Slavomolisano
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6620:West Polesian
6618:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6563:Lower Sorbian
6561:
6559:
6558:Upper Sorbian
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6523:West Lechitic
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6482:Middle Polish
6479:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6343:Slavomolisano
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6312:Alpine Slavic
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6241:Simple speech
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6167:Simple speech
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6037:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5722:at Wiktionary
5721:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5708:at Wiktionary
5707:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5684:
5678:
5663:
5659:
5658:
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5648:
5642:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
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5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
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5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5313:Stefan Ramułt
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:, Berlin and
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:, Gdańsk 1982
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5234:Gyula Décsy,
5233:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5214:0-415-28078-8
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5148:83-00-00102-6
5144:
5140:
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5131:
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5004:
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4772:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4678:Kashubization
4675:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4606:
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4496:
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4479:
4470:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:3-525-56393-0
4365:
4359:
4345:on 2011-07-23
4344:
4340:
4334:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4228:
4224:
4222:9780773547209
4218:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4105:on 2016-03-04
4101:
4094:
4088:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4039:on 2015-12-31
4035:
4028:
4022:
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4004:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3953:
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3943:
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3928:
3921:
3913:
3911:0-313-26007-9
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3868:0-631-19286-7
3864:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3815:
3809:
3795:on 2015-09-04
3791:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3771:0-19-823671-9
3768:
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3758:
3743:
3739:
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3716:(in Polish).
3715:
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3562:Poland portal
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2642:/ɲ,tɕ,dʑ,ɕ,ʑ/
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2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:pierszi, baro
1977:
1973:
1972:środa, źródło
1967:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:Dissimilation
1931:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:Hardening of
1903:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1830:or sometimes
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:Proto-Slavic
1718:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1688:), Kashubian
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1664:), Kashubian
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1506:Proto-Slavic
1505:
1499:
1495:), vs Polish
1493:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:(from Polish
1353:
1349:), vs Polish
1347:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1214:initially to
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:Proto-Slavic
1099:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
971:
970:alterations.
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:
908:
900:
897:
894:
893:
892:
890:
882:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
816:
815:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:New Testament
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:(1817–1881).
723:
719:
713:
700:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:North America
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
609:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
563:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
437:
434:
426:
421:
417:
413:
411:
407:
404:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
368:
363:
358:
353:
350:
345:
340:
336:
324:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
269:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:Indo-European
219:
215:
209:
205:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
159:
155:
153:Pronunciation
151:
147:
140:
134:
129:
124:
111:
107:
104:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
6975:
6965:Winter's law
6925:Havlík's law
6879:
6872:
6865:
6821:
6809:
6802:
6777:Mednyj Aleut
6775:
6768:
6760:
6630:South Slavic
6587:and dialects
6510:
6494:
6480:
6473:
6421:
6397:
6392:Czechoslovak
6390:
6373:Czech-Slovak
6310:
6285:Transitional
6253:South Slavic
6189:
6180:
6173:
6141:
6109:Proto-Slavic
6107:
6100:
6093:
5965:Unrecognized
5935:
5718:
5704:
5666:. Retrieved
5656:
5630:. Retrieved
5620:
5594:. Retrieved
5584:
5569:(1): 43–54.
5566:
5562:
5548:Google Books
5543:
5536:
5532:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5451:
5447:
5430:
5426:
5409:
5404:2002, no. 1.
5401:
5375:
5345:. Elsevier,
5342:
5336:Jerzy Treder
5331:
5316:
5298:
5274:
5264:
5242:
5235:
5220:
5188:. Retrieved
5158:
5134:
5126:Bibliography
5112:. Retrieved
5103:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5063:Makùrôt 2016
5058:
5046:
5034:
5022:
5010:
5003:Makùrôt 2016
4998:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4940:Makùrôt 2016
4935:
4923:
4916:Makùrôt 2016
4911:
4904:Makùrôt 2016
4899:
4892:Makùrôt 2016
4887:
4880:Makùrôt 2016
4875:
4863:
4856:Makùrôt 2016
4851:
4824:
4802:Makùrôt 2016
4797:
4766:
4737:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4658:Makùrôt 2016
4653:
4641:
4634:Makùrôt 2016
4629:
4617:
4571:
4559:
4552:Makùrôt 2016
4515:
4503:
4484:
4478:
4469:
4458:. Retrieved
4443:
4432:. Retrieved
4423:
4414:
4403:. Retrieved
4383:
4358:
4347:. Retrieved
4343:the original
4333:
4322:. Retrieved
4310:
4297:
4286:. Retrieved
4271:
4260:. Retrieved
4252:bambenek.org
4251:
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4211:
4204:
4181:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:the original
4148:
4136:. Retrieved
4127:
4118:
4107:. Retrieved
4100:the original
4087:
4076:. Retrieved
4064:
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4034:the original
4021:
4010:. Retrieved
4006:
3997:
3979:
3974:Bibiografiô.
3960:
3941:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3901:
3895:
3886:
3857:
3850:
3839:. Retrieved
3834:
3797:. Retrieved
3790:the original
3777:
3762:
3757:
3746:. Retrieved
3735:
3726:
3711:
3702:
3691:
3680:. Retrieved
3666:
3653:
3443:
3439:in English:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3389:
3356:
3315:
3290:
3266:
3250:
3227:
3089:
2701:
2698:
2686:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2025:: Kashubian
2022:
2018:
2003:: Kashubian
2000:
1996:
1951:: Kashubian
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1924:) vs Polish
1909:
1905:
1890:: Kashubian
1887:
1883:
1877:
1862:) vs Polish
1850:, Kashubian
1838:: Kashubian
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1800:: Kashubian
1797:
1793:
1789:
1774:: Kashubian
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1731:: Kashubian
1728:
1724:
1720:
1700:) vs Polish
1676:) vs Polish
1652:) vs Polish
1640:, Kashubian
1628:) vs Polish
1616:, Kashubian
1604:) vs Polish
1586:, Kashubian
1554:
1539:: Kashubian
1536:
1532:
1514:: Kashubian
1507:
1468:) vs Polish
1453:
1449:
1429:) vs Polish
1417:, Kashubian
1405:) vs Polish
1390:
1365:
1331:, Kashubian
1328:
1324:
1309:, Kashubian
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1258:, Kashubian
1246:, Kashubian
1234:, Kashubian
1222:: Kashubian
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1180:: Kashubian
1177:
1112:: Kashubian
1109:
1105:
1101:
1086:: Kashubian
1083:
1068:
1065:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:. ending in
991:
977:
965:
962:Vowel length
943:
940:phonological
937:
910:
904:
887:
865:
853:
842:
836:
830:
819:
813:
784:Alojzy Nagel
748:Jan Trepczyk
741:
717:
715:
669:
656:Gmina Żukowo
652:Gmina Luzino
636:
605:
595:
569:
561:
554:
542:
531:between the
514:
506:
502:Old Prussian
483:
451:
447:
446:
410:Linguasphere
381:
251:
227:Balto-Slavic
85:edit summary
76:
43:
35:
6940:Ivšić's law
6867:Army Slavic
6854:Interslavic
6839:Constructed
6702:West Slavic
6595:East Slavic
6364:West Slavic
6333:Montenegrin
6154:East Slavic
5260:p. 128
4673:Kaszubienie
4007:stat.gov.pl
3497:Puck County
3415:Sample text
2785:Puck County
2732:Lower case
2729:Upper case
2717:Orthography
2632:/tʃ,dʒ,ʃ,ʒ/
2576:Approximant
1899:jaskółeczka
1893:jaskùlëczka
1772:s, z, c, dz
1760:Kaszëbienié
1712:). Compare
1220:t͡s,d͡z,s,z
1216:t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ,ɕ,ʑ
996:diminutives
738:Kościerzyna
670:During the
644:Gmina Linia
618:High German
517:Pomeranians
472:West Slavic
237:West Slavic
6994:Categories
6930:Hirt's law
6920:Dybo's law
6891:Historical
6804:Russenorsk
6783:Ponaschemu
6675:Shtokavian
6615:Podlachian
6516:Slovincian
6506:Pomeranian
6475:Old Polish
6275:Macedonian
6162:Belarusian
5977:Halcnovian
5924:Recognized
5820:dictionary
5668:2024-02-02
5632:2024-02-02
5596:2024-02-02
5454:(1): 1–7.
5200:References
5190:2024-02-02
5114:2023-03-01
4460:2013-12-17
4434:2016-05-02
4405:2014-10-21
4349:2011-03-15
4324:2023-08-08
4288:2017-08-08
4262:2023-08-08
4233:2019-12-12
4138:9 February
4109:2016-01-03
4078:2018-04-26
4043:2016-01-03
4012:2024-08-24
3841:2024-08-24
3799:2015-01-19
3748:2023-08-08
3737:Britannica
3682:2023-05-21
3584:Ł–l merger
3236:are used:
2695:Vocabulary
2235:Consonants
2031:vs Polish
2009:vs Polish
1984:vs Polish
1969:vs Polish
1957:vs Polish
1896:vs Polish
1879:Bëlaczenié
1844:vs Polish
1806:vs Polish
1780:vs Polish
1737:vs Polish
1574:vs Polish
1545:vs Polish
1520:vs Polish
1315:vs Polish
1303:vs Polish
1297:Kashubian
1264:vs Polish
1252:vs Polish
1240:vs Polish
1228:vs Polish
1194:So-called
1186:vs Polish
1151:vs Polish
1137:vs Polish
1118:vs Polish
1092:vs Polish
1055:Proclitics
824:S. Krofeja
772:Belarusian
706:Literature
614:Low German
583:Pomeranian
579:Slovincian
529:Baltic Sea
521:Kashubians
494:Low German
481:subgroup.
247:Pomeranian
195:Kashubians
133:kaszëbsczi
6978:indicate
6893:phonology
6841:languages
6829:Trasianka
6655:Kajkavian
6643:Chakavian
6568:Schleifer
6511:Kashubian
6293:Torlakian
6270:Bulgarian
6226:Ukrainian
6191:Ruthenian
5982:Wymysorys
5936:Kashubian
5677:cite book
5641:cite book
5605:cite book
5563:Český Lid
4710:ignored (
4700:cite book
4190:cite book
4165:April 21,
3990:1896-2122
3629:Pomerelia
3234:trigraphs
2466:voiceless
2460:Fricative
2389:voiceless
2383:Affricate
2316:voiceless
2208:/wɛ/,/wu/
2110:Close-mid
2073:unrounded
1993:Prothesis
1949:strz/zdrz
1557:dominate.
1510:-> rz
1026:kòl'anami
934:Phonology
850:Education
788:Christian
604:(such as
598:loanwords
587:linguists
525:Pomerania
452:Cassubian
448:Kashubian
416:53-AAA-cb
403:Kashubian
383:Glottolog
367:ISO 639-3
349:ISO 639-2
252:Kashubian
191:Ethnicity
126:Kashubian
103:talk page
40:in Polish
6874:Iazychie
6798:Runglish
6756:Balachka
6727:Silesian
6685:Bunjevac
6533:Polabian
6490:Silesian
6469:dialects
6464:Masurian
6448:Lechitic
6405:Moravian
6328:Croatian
6231:dialects
6202:dialects
6036:Category
5972:Silesian
5906:dialects
5847:Archived
5835:Archived
5823:Archived
5801:Archived
5789:Archived
5777:Archived
5774:COE 2011
5765:Archived
5762:Omniglot
5753:Archived
5741:Archived
5729:Archived
5662:Archived
5626:Archived
5590:Archived
5575:24570454
5523:Archived
5484:Archived
5471:Archived
5460:20147702
5418:41275003
5394:Archived
5381:Archived
5365:Archived
5347:New York
5304:Archived
5288:Archived
5226:Archived
5181:Archived
5108:Archived
4692:Archived
4454:Archived
4428:Archived
4396:Archived
4373:Archived
4315:Archived
4282:Archived
4256:Archived
4227:Archived
4132:Archived
4130:. 2015.
4069:Archived
3968:Archived
3808:cite web
3742:Archived
3718:Archived
3673:Archived
3599:Kashubia
3548:See also
3481:Kashubia
3242:Digraph
3230:digraphs
2261:Alveolar
2140:Open-mid
2006:jistniec
1762:, short
1634:/Polish
1610:/Polish
1277:Initial
1154:brodawka
1148:bardówka
1121:kiełbasa
1095:czwartek
1089:czwiôrtk
876:Dialects
857:Kashubia
666:Americas
628:Speakers
572:Lechitic
550:Kashubia
498:Polabian
479:Lechitic
475:language
390:kash1274
242:Lechitic
185:Kashubia
79:provide
6976:Italics
6861:Lydnevi
6817:Surzhyk
6550:Sorbian
6399:Knaanic
6350:Slovene
6338:Serbian
6323:Bosnian
6303:Western
6262:Eastern
6197:Russian
6086:History
6011:Related
5508:4206617
5439:4203596
5400:". In:
5327:, 1893)
5279:Leipzig
3450:Gallery
2867:Kartuzy
2706:Grammar
2310:Plosive
2266:Palatal
2078:rounded
2061:Central
2028:(h)arfa
2012:istnieć
1945:srz/zrz
1921:kóńsczi
1915:kónsczi
1383:sziétém
1243:chodzić
1237:chòdzëc
1115:kôłbasa
1038:kùp'ita
1020:k'òlano
907:Kaszuby
868:of the
800:Pelplin
780:Finnish
776:Slovene
764:English
658:in the
585:. Many
533:Vistula
519:called
470:) is a
456:endonym
101:to the
83:in the
42:.
6788:Quelia
6670:Resian
6459:Polish
6417:Slovak
6114:Accent
5951:Slovak
5941:Romani
5931:Karaim
5901:Polish
5798:UNESCO
5573:
5554:
5506:
5458:
5437:
5416:
5325:Kraków
5321:Kraków
5281:, 1925
5256:, 2006
5254:Gdańsk
5247:Berlin
5212:
5173:
5145:
5104:un.org
4684:
4491:
4366:
4219:
3988:
3948:
3908:
3865:
3769:
3501:Gdynia
3193:igrek
2512:voiced
2425:voiced
2350:voiced
2256:Dental
2251:Labial
2226:, and
2210:after
2043:Vowels
1947:->
1939:->
1927:koński
1908:->
1886:->
1822:->
1788:Short
1770:after
1766:->
1753:ablaut
1727:->
1655:gniewu
1643:gniewu
1535:->
1498:wieźli
1486:wiozlë
1446:ablaut
1377:siedem
1327:->
1318:jarzmo
1312:jerzmò
1289:->
1281:->
1108:->
980:stress
818:1586
768:German
760:Polish
680:Brazil
633:Poland
608:kùńszt
602:German
591:Polish
511:Origin
486:Poland
464:Polish
438:(2010)
433:UNESCO
335:Poland
332:
312:Poland
232:Slavic
181:Region
175:Poland
6722:Goral
6660:Pomak
6608:Lemko
6381:Czech
6221:Rusyn
5956:Tatar
5946:Lemko
5571:JSTOR
5504:JSTOR
5456:JSTOR
5435:JSTOR
5414:JSTOR
5184:(PDF)
5163:(PDF)
4676:[
4399:(PDF)
4392:(PDF)
4318:(PDF)
4307:(PDF)
4103:(PDF)
4096:(PDF)
4072:(PDF)
4061:(PDF)
4037:(PDF)
4030:(PDF)
3793:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3645:Notes
3477:Garcz
2879:szwa
2861:from
2676:]
2672:[
2661:]
2657:[
2608:Trill
2552:trill
2278:Nasal
2271:Velar
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