Slavic languages - Knowledge

7309: 4353: 4432: 4411: 4369: 2985: 4543:-stem nouns), there were multiple accent patterns in which a given word could be inflected. For example, most nouns in a particular inflectional class could follow one of three possible patterns: Either there was a consistent accent on the root (pattern A), predominant accent on the ending (pattern B), or accent that moved between the root and ending (pattern C). In patterns B and C, the accent in different parts of the paradigm shifted not only in location but also type (rising vs. falling). Each inflectional class had its own version of patterns B and C, which might differ significantly from one inflectional class to another. 7312: 6436: 7339: 7315: 7165: 954: 5947: 4591: 534: 7093: 3001:

archaeological assessment of Slavic population in the early 1st millennium A.D. being spread on a large territory and already not being monolithic. Then, in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., these three Slavic branches almost simultaneously divided into sub-branches, which corresponds to the fast spread of the Slavs through Eastern Europe and the Balkans during the second half of the 1st millennium A.D. (the so-called Slavicization of Europe).

2778: 542: 6444: 2865: 204: 7351: 7174:, p. 185–210: ""Classical glottochronology" conducted by Czech Slavist M. Čejka in 1974 dates the Balto-Slavic split to −910±340 BCE, Sergei Starostin in 1994 dates it to 1210 BCE, and "recalibrated glottochronology" conducted by Novotná & Blažek dates it to 1400–1340 BCE. This agrees well with Trziniec-Komarov culture, localized from Silesia to Central Ukraine and dated to the period 1500–1200 BCE". 4566:

Paradigms with mobile vowel length/shortness do exist but only in a limited fashion, usually only with the zero-ending forms (nom. sg., acc. sg., and/or gen. pl., depending on inflectional class) having a different length from the other forms. (Czech has a couple of other "mobile" patterns, but they are rare and can usually be substituted with one of the "normal" mobile patterns or a non-mobile pattern.)

6833:, a modernized and simplified form of Old Church Slavonic, largely based on material that the modern Slavic languages have in common. Its purpose is to facilitate communication between representatives of different Slavic nations and to allow people who do not know any Slavic language to communicate with Slavs. Because Old Church Slavonic had become too archaic and complex for everyday communication, 6424: 7102:, section 2: "The Slavic language group is classified into three branches: (1) the South Slavic branch, with its two subgroups Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-Slovene and Bulgarian-Macedonian, (2) the West Slavic branch, with its three subgroups Czech-Slovak, Sorbian, and Lekhitic (Polish and related tongues), and (3) the East Slavic branch, comprising Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian". 360:. Furthermore, the diasporas of many Slavic peoples have established isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all over the world. The number of speakers of all Slavic languages together was estimated to be 315 million at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is the largest and most diverse ethno-linguistic group in Europe. 7327: 7160: 4636:

The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Slavic language family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced

3033:

of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries. According to Zaliznyak, the Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones, whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of

863:

of each language. Of these, certain so-called transitional dialects and hybrid dialects often bridge the gaps between different languages, showing similarities that do not stand out when comparing Slavic literary (i.e. standard) languages. For example, Slovak (West Slavic) and Ukrainian (East Slavic)

5921:

languages show the influence of the neighboring Slavic nations, especially in vocabulary pertaining to urban life, agriculture, and crafts and trade—the major cultural innovations at times of limited long-range cultural contact. In each one of these languages, Slavic lexical borrowings represent at

3004:

The Slovenian language was excluded from the analysis, as both Ljubljana koine and Literary Slovenian show mixed lexical features of Southern and Western Slavic languages (which could possibly indicate the Western Slavic origin of Slovenian, which for a long time was being influenced on the part of

4565:

Czech and Slovak have preserved phonemic vowel length and converted the distinctive tone of accented syllables into length distinctions. The phonemic accent is otherwise lost, but the former accent patterns are echoed to some extent in corresponding patterns of vowel length/shortness in the root.

2996:

published, as a part of interdisciplinary study of Slavic ethnogenesis, a lexicostatistical classification of Slavic languages. It was built using qualitative 110-word Swadesh lists that were compiled according to the standards of the Global Lexicostatistical Database project and processed using

549:

Since the interwar period, scholars have conventionally divided Slavic languages, on the basis of geographical and genealogical principle, and with the use of the extralinguistic feature of script, into three main branches, that is, East, South, and West (from the vantage of linguistic features

3000:

The resulting dated tree complies with the traditional expert views on the Slavic group structure. Kassian-Dybo's tree suggests that Proto-Slavic first diverged into three branches: Eastern, Western and Southern. The Proto-Slavic break-up is dated to around 100 A.D., which correlates with the

6140:

and Slavic languages have many words in common. According to Petri Kallio, this suggests Slavic words being borrowed into Finnish languages, as early as Proto-Finnic. Many loanwords have acquired a Finnicized form, making it difficult to say whether such a word is natively Finnic or Slavic.

7177: 3005:

the neighboring Serbo-Croatian dialects), and the quality Swadesh lists were not yet collected for Slovenian dialects. Because of scarcity or unreliability of data, the study also did not cover the so-called Old Novgordian dialect, the Polabian language and some other Slavic lects.

891:, enough differences exist between the any two geographically distant Slavic languages to make spoken communication between such speakers cumbersome. Mutual intelligiblity between Slavic languages is better for geographically adjascent languages and in the written form. 7161:

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZJudCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=mutual+intelligibility+of+Slavic+languages&ots=_uCqeU0RDi&sig=vHX3HUL_oLOqHyDqkQPe-8KCCQE#v=onepage&q=mutual%20intelligibility%20of%20Slavic%20languages&f=false

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who stated that, until the 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern

7306:, section 111: "…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская языковая зона от киевско-черниговской ничем существенным в древности не отличалась. Различия возникли позднее, они датируются сравнительно недавним, по лингвистическим меркам, временем, начиная с XIV–XV вв ". 4562:(as in English) but preserved its position. As a result, the complexity of the mobile accent and the multiple accent patterns still exists (particularly in Russian because it has preserved the Common Slavic noun inflections, while Bulgarian has lost them). 3733:

consonants became palatalized before front vowels. This produced a large number of new palatalized (or "soft") sounds, which formed pairs with the corresponding non-palatalized (or "hard") consonants and absorbed the existing palatalized sounds

2825:

the closest related of all the Indo-European branches. The secession of the Balto-Slavic dialect ancestral to Proto-Slavic is estimated on archaeological and glottochronological criteria to have occurred sometime in the period 1500–1000 BCE.

7186:, p. 94: "Kako rekosmo, nije sigurno je li uopće bilo prabaltijskoga jezika. Čini se da su dvije posvjedočene, preživjele grane baltijskoga, istočna i zapadna, različite jedna od druge izvorno kao i svaka posebno od praslavenskoga". 3037:

Also Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects.

4354: 3060:) deny the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. According to them, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages. 4621:

Similarly, Slavic languages have extensive morphophonemic alternations in their derivational and inflectional morphology, including between velar and postalveolar consonants, front and back vowels, and a vowel and no vowel.

7348:, section 94: "…великорусская территория оказалась состоящей из двух частей, примерно одинаковых по значимости: северо-западная (новгородско-псковская) и центрально-восточная (Ростов, Суздаль, Владимир, Москва, Рязань) ". 7062:

Siewierska, Anna and Uhliřová, Ludmila. "An overview of word order in Slavic languages". 1 Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe, edited by Anna Siewierska, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 1998, pp. 105-150.

7324:, section 82: "…черты новгородского диалекта, отличавшие его от других диалектов Древней Руси, ярче всего выражены не в позднее время, когда, казалось бы, они могли уже постепенно развиться, а в самый древний период ". 3386:. The vocabulary of the Slavic languages is also of Indo-European origin. Many of its elements, which do not find exact matches in the ancient Indo-European languages, are associated with the Balto-Slavic community. 8622:

Stachowski, Kamil (2005). "Wampir na rozdrożach. Etymologia wyrazu upiór – wampir w językach słowiańskich" [A vampire at the crossroads. The etymology of the word "upiór" - vampire in Slavic languages].

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projects have been created from the 17th century onwards in order to provide the Slavs with a common literary language. Interslavic in its current form was standardized in 2011 after the merger of several older

4433: 4412: 4154:

This general process of palatalization did not occur in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. As a result, the modern consonant inventory of these languages is nearly identical to the Late Common Slavic inventory.

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in that its position could potentially vary among closely related words within a single paradigm (e.g. the accent might land on a different syllable between the nominative and genitive singular of a given

3237:

Vowel fronting: After *j or some other palatal sound, back vowels are fronted (*a, *ā, *u, *ū, *ai, *au → *e, *ē, *i, *ī, *ei, *eu). This leads to hard/soft alternations in noun and adjective declensions.

3140:: With *N indicating either *n or *m not immediately followed by a vowel: PIE *aN, *eN, *iN, *oN, *uN → *ą, *ę, *į, *ǫ, *ų (→ CS *ǫ, *ę, *ę, *ǫ, *y). (NOTE: *ą *ę etc. indicates a nasalized vowel.) 3740:. These sounds were best preserved in Russian but were lost to varying degrees in other languages (particularly Czech and Slovak). The following table shows the inventory of modern Russian: 4370: 4547:

The modern languages vary greatly in the extent to which they preserve this system. On one extreme, Serbo-Croatian preserves the system nearly unchanged (even more so in the conservative

4555:

Slovenian preserves most of the system but has shortened all unaccented syllables and lengthened non-final accented syllables so that vowel length and accent position largely co-occur.

7360:, section 94: "…нынешняя Украина и Белоруссия — наследники центрально-восточно-южной зоны восточного славянства, более сходной в языковом отношении с западным и южным славянством ". 3041:

Zaliznyak and Nikolaev's points mean that there was a convergence stage before the divergence or simultaneously, which was not taken into consideration by Kassian-Dybo's research.

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exceeded the current extent of Slavic-speaking majorities. Written documents of the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries already display some local linguistic features. For example, the

820:

Another difference between the East, South, and West Slavic branches is in the orthography of the standard languages: West Slavic languages (and Western South Slavic languages –

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alone, there are only two branches of the Slavic languages, namely North and South). These three conventional branches feature some of the following sub-branches:

6986: 6984: 8478: 480: 6981: 426:

are also used, particularly for lexical modification of verbs. For example, the equivalent of English "he came out" in Russian is one word "vyshel", where the

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that occurred in the last three decades, however, make this view very hard to maintain nowadays, especially when one considers that there was most likely no "

3069: 2895:

There are no reliable hypotheses about the nature of the subsequent breakups of West and South Slavic. East Slavic is generally thought to converge to one

894:

Within the individual Slavic languages, dialects may vary to a lesser degree, as those of Russian, or to a much greater degree, like those of Slovene.

8911: 4572:

had a system very much like Czech. Modern Polish has lost vowel length, but some former short-long pairs have become distinguished by quality (e.g.

10359: 3718:(e.g. *ke, *ki, *ge, *gi, *xe, and *xi), or of various consonants followed by *j (e.g. *tj, *dj, *sj, *zj, *rj, *lj, *kj, and *gj, where *j is the 7336:, section 92: "…северо-западная группа восточных славян представляет собой ветвь, которую следует считать отдельной уже на уровне праславянства ". 277:

The Slavic languages are conventionally (that is, also on the basis of extralinguistic features, such as geography) divided into three subgroups:

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between Slavic languages revealed, that their traditional three-branch division does not withstand quantitative scrutiny. While the grouping of

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least 15% of the total vocabulary. This is potentially because Slavic tribes crossed and partially settled the territories inhabited by ancient

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All vowels could occur either short or long, and this was phonemic (it could not automatically be predicted from other properties of the word).

2739: 8804: 7889: 7123:

Golubović, J., Gooskens, C. (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages" . Russian Linguistics, 39(3), 351-373.

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Golubović, J., Gooskens, C. (2015). "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages" . Russian Linguistics, 39(3), 351-373.

3368:). As late as the 10th century AD, the entire Slavic-speaking area still functioned as a single, dialectally differentiated language, termed 515: 2703: 8153: 1901: 8535:

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm, digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities

5984:. However, there are isolated Slavic loans (mostly recent) into other Germanic languages. For example, the word for "border" (in modern 3726: 3340: 9513: 7762:

Duličenko, A. D. (1994). "Kleinschriftsprachen in der slawischen Sprachenwelt" [Minor Languages in the Slavic Language World].

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The German Dictionary by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, Digitized Edition in Wörterbuchnetz of the Trier Center for Digital Humanities

4577:> ), with the result that some words have vowel-quality changes that exactly mirror the mobile-length patterns in Czech and Slovak. 4332:

occurs only in some languages (e.g. Russian and Belarusian), and even in these languages, it is often unclear whether it is its own

2829:

A minority of Baltists maintain the view that the Slavic group of languages differs so radically from the neighboring Baltic group (

9729: 10354: 4126: 3291: 3252:: *k, *g, *x → CS *c , *dz, *ś before new *ē (from earlier *ai). *ś later splits into *š (West Slavic), *s (East/South Slavic). 3162: 289:, which together constitute more than 20 languages. Of these, 10 have at least one million speakers and official status as the 8692: 7159:

The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity. by Edward Stankiewicz. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, Feb 6, 2015 - 487 pages.

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cluster, for example, is also found in the other East and West Slavic languages, although Slovak retains an epenthetic vowel (

8904: 8708: 8351: 7935: 6858: 2710: 2682: 8002:"Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data" 2933:

expanded the area of Slavic speech, but the pre-existing writing (notably Greek) survived in this area. The arrival of the

1561: 3374:. Compared with most other Indo-European languages, the Slavic languages are quite conservative, particularly in terms of 3274:

e, *ē → CS *e, *ě (originally a low-front sound but eventually raised to in most dialects, developing in divergent ways)

4061: 3980: 3640: 2667: 8241: 8129: 2945:

conquests completed the geographical separation between these two groups, also severing the connection between Slavs in

10214: 4551:); on the other, Macedonian has basically lost the system in its entirety. Between them are found numerous variations: 2732: 2689: 1620: 3298:(sequences of vowel plus *l or *r, when not immediately followed by a vowel) are changed so that the syllable becomes 10232: 8831: 8797: 8786: 8778: 8318: 8291: 8170: 4394:. However, these are preserved only in modern Polish (along with a few lesser-known dialects and microlanguages; see 953: 4340:

of /i/. Nonetheless, it is a quite prominent and noticeable characteristic of the languages in which it is present.

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This inventory of sounds is quite similar to what is found in most modern Slavic languages. The extensive series of

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Linguistic differentiation was accelerated by the dispersion of the Slavic peoples over a large territory, which in

10454: 8897: 6042:, which means "curd". Many German surnames, particularly in Eastern Germany and Austria, are Slavic in origin. The 4067: 3576: 3542: 3192: 3176: 2696: 1460: 901:

differs from other Slavic languages in an unusually high percentage of words of non-Slavic origin, particularly of

20: 3378:(the means of inflecting nouns and verbs to indicate grammatical differences). Most Slavic languages have a rich, 461:, as in the preceding example, is another feature of some Slavic languages rarely found in other language groups. 9587: 9530: 8924: 6853: 4288: 3996: 2753: 971: 464:

The well-developed fusional grammar allows Slavic languages to have a somewhat unusual feature of virtually free

8454: 9506: 8467: 4182:("flash"). Also present in many Slavic languages are clusters rarely found cross-linguistically, as in Russian 3663: 2552: 2327: 1731: 6781:, variations of Old Church Slavonic with significant replacement of the original vocabulary by forms from the 3147:(stop or fricative) + another consonant, the obstruent is deleted unless the cluster can occur word-initially. 856:

influence. Two Slavic languages, Belarusian and Serbian, are biscriptal, commonly written in either alphabet.

6008:. There are, however, many cities and villages of Slavic origin in Eastern Germany, the largest of which are 4327: 4267: 4048: 3703: 3590: 3184: 2725: 2297: 1566: 1503: 1304: 1190: 849: 10349: 9346: 9116: 7854: 7843:"The Triple Division of the Slavic Languages: A linguistic finding, a product of politics, or an accident?" 4492: 4297: 4022: 4002: 3961: 3562: 3528: 3383: 3249: 3081: 2984: 2842: 2806: 1985: 1488: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1184: 8000:

Kushniarevich, A; Utevska, O; Chuhryaeva, M; Agdzhoyan, A; Dibirova, K; Uktveryte, I; et al. (2015).

4464: 4452: 4435: 4414: 3688: 3684: 10449: 10344: 9972: 9539: 9427: 9374: 6955: 6927: 6899: 4260: 3170: 2814: 2767: 2302: 1797: 1498: 1377: 1363: 1344: 476: 263: 8223:] (in Ukrainian). Translated by Vakulenko, Serhiy; Danilenko, Andriy. Kharkiv: Acta (published 2000) 4558:

Russian and Bulgarian have eliminated distinctive vowel length and tone and converted the accent into a

10379: 9817: 8854: 8254: 6993:, section 1: "The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people at the turn of the 21st century". 6798: 6738: 5958: 4602: 4313: 4143: 4133: 4106: 4082: 4054: 4041: 4035: 4015: 4009: 3969: 3945: 3939: 3917: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3854: 3840: 3736: 3672: 3647: 3622: 3582: 3498: 3491: 3477: 3463: 3447: 3201: 3096: 1640: 1598: 1198: 670: 349: 8974: 4517:

Vowels in accented syllables could be pronounced with either a rising or falling tone (i.e. there was

10444: 10136: 9499: 9434: 9204: 7726:[Minor Slavic Literary Languages (Micro-Languages)]. In Moldovan, A. M.; et al. (eds.). 6786: 4510:

There was (at most) a single accented syllable per word, distinguished by higher pitch (as in modern

4325: 4074: 4028: 3597: 3569: 3535: 3190: 3182: 3174: 2342: 2307: 1980: 1284: 10176: 9466: 9360: 9147: 9122: 8335: 4274: 3898: 3375: 3022: 2954: 2915: 2858: 2854: 2602: 2492: 2312: 1843: 1675: 1626: 1522: 1324: 1279: 1274: 1194: 395: 367: 176: 7900: 7842: 10237: 10154: 10082: 9873: 9830: 9546: 9404: 9367: 9353: 9152: 9141: 8920: 8479:"The Finnish-Russian Relationships: the Interplay of Economics, History, Psychology and Language" 6802: 6790: 5981: 4688: 4663: 3926: 3878: 3505: 3484: 3470: 3353: 3030: 2892:

existed until around AD 500. By the 7th century, it had broken apart into large dialectal zones.

2810: 2763: 2497: 2224: 1334: 1329: 1319: 963: 888: 845: 454: 383: 243: 103: 8875: 10074: 10007: 10002: 9967: 9926: 9697: 9457: 9441: 9217: 9162: 9088: 9034: 8881: 6794: 6689: 6674: 6519: 3766: 3365: 3322: 2993: 2487: 2459: 2243: 2145: 1911: 1757: 1381: 1219: 1111: 1050: 1005: 945: 937: 762: 751: 737: 732: 601: 503: 469: 406: 282: 271: 144: 108: 341:: both isolated ethnolects and peripheral dialects of more well-established Slavic languages. 10267: 10221: 10146: 10124: 10039: 10028: 9836: 9808: 9787: 9598: 9553: 9450: 9397: 9388: 9381: 9093: 9083: 9064: 9058: 8823:

The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-language: The View from Old Hungarian

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The above Kassian-Dybo's research did not take into account the findings by Russian linguist

2889: 2850: 2838: 2759: 2634: 2463: 1371: 1367: 1352: 1348: 778: 665: 560: 338: 286: 278: 255: 149: 139: 127: 6809:. While not used in modern times, the text of a Church Slavonic Roman Rite Mass survives in 5957: with: No discussion of areal interactions with Scandinavian languages. You can help by 10283: 9777: 9747: 9706: 9626: 9420: 9411: 9176: 8013: 7958: 7805: 7720: 6613: 6567: 6527: 4559: 3932: 3512: 2907: 2580: 2545: 1858: 1541: 1493: 1430: 1400: 1358: 1338: 1202: 1056: 755: 649: 334: 6818: 3352:

The Slavic languages are a relatively homogeneous family, compared with other families of

1726: 8: 10384: 10293: 10092: 10059: 9960: 9950: 9919: 9719: 9606: 9569: 9558: 9229: 9186: 8934: 6834: 6806: 6644: 6460: 4698: 4658: 3990: 3953: 3719: 3554: 3520: 3330:

Possibly, *ur, *ul, *ir, *il → syllabic *r, *l, *ř, *ľ (then develops in divergent ways).

3045: 2830: 1853: 1848: 1744: 1668: 1633: 1556: 1546: 1405: 1106: 1101: 1070: 918: 712: 702: 619: 614: 570: 565: 375: 322: 298: 8017: 7963: 6805:, and even some Roman Catholic Churches in Croatia continue to use Church Slavonic as a 9955: 9892: 9867: 9714: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9635: 9132: 8044: 8001: 7983: 7946: 7779: 6705: 6700: 6618: 6504: 5918: 5902: 4693: 4653: 4574: 4488: 4484: 3761: 3357: 3243: 3151: 2559: 2510: 2444: 2428: 2053: 1706: 1445: 1131: 1036: 1031: 806: 798: 707: 687: 609: 587: 491: 447: 431: 391: 371: 344:

The current geographical distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages includes the

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Marko Jesensek, The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area, 2005.

8652: 3262:

Vowel quality shifts: All pairs of long/short vowels become differentiated as well by

3134:(syllables ending in a consonant) are eventually eliminated, in the following stages: 2785:) with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age ( 859:

The tripartite division of the Slavic languages does not take into account the spoken

208:

Political map of Europe with countries where a Slavic language is a national language.

194: 10404: 10394: 10255: 10171: 10109: 10012: 9994: 9977: 9934: 9908: 9854: 9849: 9772: 9737: 9656: 9579: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9291: 9266: 9261: 9209: 9181: 9012: 8827: 8793: 8782: 8774: 8714: 8704: 8665: 8463: 8347: 8314: 8287: 8166: 8049: 8031: 7988: 7931: 7783: 6727: 6669: 6554: 6234:

with Northern Russia, Pan-European loans from Russian include such familiar words as

6099: 5980:, a specialist in Slavic etymology, has claimed that there were no Slavic loans into 5914: 5910: 4631: 4548: 4511: 4159: 3773: 3695: 3632: 3457: 3415: 3410: 3379: 3361: 3223: 2962: 2573: 2539: 2531: 2475: 2469: 2451: 2422: 2401: 2387: 2379: 2149: 2010: 1950: 1932: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1830: 1825: 1654: 1517: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1138: 1124: 1084: 1063: 1000: 992: 910: 821: 802: 727: 720: 692: 639: 499: 450: 410: 364: 290: 259: 9756: 8742:"Ukraine: Treatment of Carpatho-Rusyns by authorities and society; state protection" 7792: 7791:

Ivanov, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich (16 March 2021). Ray, Michael; et al. (eds.).

4491:). Common Slavic had a complex system of prosody, inherited with little change from 3255:

Progressive palatalization (or "third palatalization"): *k, *g, *x → CS *c, *dz, *ś

2929:

The migration of Slavic speakers into the Balkans in the declining centuries of the

10389: 10325: 10129: 9843: 9794: 9782: 9767: 9646: 9641: 9244: 9196: 9107: 9043: 9019: 8948: 8722: 8677: 8511: 8445: 8428: 8411: 8394: 8377: 8339: 8039: 8021: 7978: 7968: 7858: 7838: 7771: 6598: 6576: 6532: 6473: 6428: 6321: 6305: 6137: 6043: 4683: 4648: 4192: 4178: 3756: 3751: 3405: 3295: 3009: 2930: 2911: 2834: 2822: 2567: 2517: 2334: 2140: 2028: 1968: 1945: 1888: 1883: 1820: 1807: 1802: 1792: 1465: 1078: 1026: 1011: 898: 877: 825: 656: 644: 634: 576: 507: 443: 357: 330: 294: 267: 65: 10409: 10207: 10166: 10159: 9913: 9903: 9878: 9861: 9651: 9619: 9574: 9564: 9305: 9277: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8962: 8955: 8889: 8858: 8821: 8491: 8302: 8275: 8026: 7973: 7927: 7745: 6848: 6823: 6782: 6778: 6756: 6714: 6631: 6495: 6435: 6254: 6245: 5985: 4678: 4668: 4206: 4168:

the modern Slavic languages allow quite complex clusters, as in the Russian word

4091: 3827: 3778: 3711: 3607: 3427: 3420: 3131: 3117: 3053: 2896: 2802: 2648: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2588: 2524: 2503: 2481: 2066: 1955: 1878: 1787: 1720: 1661: 1527: 1259: 1244: 1234: 1229: 1145: 1117: 922: 914: 841: 837: 814: 794: 774: 770: 697: 680: 484: 353: 314: 306: 98: 8741: 7911: 7755:

Slavic Literary Micro-Languages. The Questions of their Founding and Development

4162:. However, as a result of the loss of certain formerly present vowels (the weak 2941:

in the 9th century interposed non-Slavic speakers between South and West Slavs.

2868: 10424: 10399: 10192: 10114: 10104: 10047: 9825: 9762: 9665: 9482: 9337: 9271: 8306: 8279: 7826: 7775: 6873: 6814: 6743: 6486: 6325: 6150: 6022: 5994: 4673: 3866: 3110: 2903: 2393: 2260: 2135: 1693: 1647: 1615: 1551: 1042: 902: 884: 869: 865: 853: 833: 810: 790: 766: 675: 629: 581: 326: 310: 251: 61: 57: 8748:. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 29 January 2004. UKR42354.E 8682: 8636: 8211: 2841:), that they could not have shared a parent language after the breakup of the 2821:

in phonology, morphology, lexis, and syntax developed, which makes Slavic and

10438: 10374: 10364: 10064: 9940: 9685: 9611: 9052: 8718: 8258: 8152:

Dybo, V. A.; Zamyatina, G. I.; Nikolaev, S. L. (1990). Bulatova, R.V. (ed.).

8035: 6288:

scholar K. Stachowski has argued that the origin of the word is early Slavic

4242: 3394:

The following table shows the inventory of consonants of Late Common Slavic:

3370: 3299: 3263: 3127: 3085: 2950: 2910:

show a language that contains some phonetic and lexical elements peculiar to

2653: 2117: 2033: 1750: 1608: 1470: 1224: 592: 8874: 8676:(2). Olomouc: Nakladatelství Centra Aletti Refugium Velehrad-Roma: 173–178. 8185: 7124: 7076: 7064: 1440: 840:, whereas the East Slavic and Eastern South Slavic languages are written in 9982: 8329: 8112:

The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region

8061: 8053: 7992: 6950: 6868: 6340: 5898: 4500: 4480: 3707: 3336: 3277:

i, *u → CS *ь, *ъ (also written *ĭ, *ŭ; lax vowels as in the English words

3216: 3137: 3075: 3057: 3049: 2923: 2798: 2272: 2110: 1584: 1455: 1254: 1249: 1239: 829: 69: 168: 10311: 10298: 8863: 8695:[Interslavic Language as a Lingua Franca for the Central Europe] 8462:. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. 8237: 7727: 6922: 6894: 6830: 6355: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4254: 4237: 3715: 2846: 2845:

continuum about five millennia ago. Substantial advances in Balto-Slavic

2248: 2234: 2198: 1906: 10052: 8437: 8420: 8403: 8386: 8369: 7081: 5946: 4590: 1435: 872:

and adjascent counties of Slovakia and Ukraine. Similarly, the Croatian

533: 10248: 10227: 10119: 8870: 8644: 7863: 6409: 6317: 6221: 5977: 5906: 4569: 4305: 4247: 2966: 2934: 2861:

differ from each other as much as each of them does from Proto-Slavic.

2211: 2125: 2003: 1768: 511: 495: 494:

differs from other Slavic languages, because it almost completely lost

465: 439: 414: 399: 387: 379: 73: 8343: 7947:"Supplementary Information 2: Linguistics: Datasets; Methods; Results" 6156: 925:(for medical, scientific and military terminology in the mid-1800's). 10273: 10099: 10087: 7819:

The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe

7747:

Slavyanskie literaturnye mikroyazyki. Voprosy formirovania i razvitia

7421: 7419: 6545: 6417: 6413: 6347: 6332:

in the 20th century, many more Russian words became known worldwide:

6231: 5892: 5261: 4337: 4282: 3699: 3240:

Prothesis: Before a word-initial vowel, *j or *w is usually inserted.

3155: 3144: 3070:

Historical development of the Slavic languages up to the Proto-Slavic

2414: 2191: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2155: 2023: 873: 782: 188: 162: 158: 7890:"Glottochronology and its Application to the Balto-Slavic Languages" 3219:, e.g. , but developing in different ways depending on the language) 10318: 10242: 10200: 9491: 7750:Славянские литературные микроязыки. Вопросы формирования и развития 6363: 4496: 4456: 2978: 2974: 2938: 2818: 2777: 2357: 2348: 2239: 2040: 2015: 1919: 1410: 986: 786: 541: 423: 417: 405:. In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an 402: 8668:[Miroslav Vepřek: Glagolitic missal by Vojtěch Tkadlčík]. 7416: 6443: 2988:

Map and tree of Slavic languages, according to Kassian and A. Dybo

2864: 2817:

stage. During the Proto-Balto-Slavic period a number of exclusive

10305: 10261: 9170: 7363: 6810: 6379: 6371: 6241: 6213: 6167:, probably also from Czech, is found in many European languages. 6017: 6013: 5931: 5923: 5278: 5244: 4460: 4333: 3382:

morphology that conserves much of the inflectional morphology of

2970: 2946: 2876: 2407: 2371: 2364: 2162: 1782: 1415: 860: 836:

influence due to their proximity and speakers being historically

345: 77: 8693:"Język międzysłowiański jako lingua franca dla Europy Środkowej" 8530: 8121:

Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe

7406: 7404: 7402: 7225: 7201: 3197:

respectively) before a front vocalic sound (*e, *ē, *i, *ī, *j).

203: 9298: 8691:

Steenbergen, Jan van (2018). Koutny, Ilona; Stria, Ida (eds.).

7923: 7850: 7833:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36, 95–96, 124–125. 7695: 7539: 6285: 6163: 6009: 4448:

Other phonemic vowels are found in certain languages (e.g. the

3123:

Merger of *o and *a: PIE *a/*o, *ā/*ō → PS *a, *ā (→ CS *o, *a)

3026: 3018: 2958: 2942: 2130: 2084: 1603: 1420: 518: 472: 435: 427: 6423: 6309: 4475:

An area of great difference among Slavic languages is that of

262:, which in turn is thought to have descended from the earlier 9284: 7455: 7399: 6408:

The following tree for the Slavic languages derives from the

6311: 6236: 6209: 6171: 6170:

A well-known Slavic word in almost all European languages is

6124: 6063: 6027: 5927: 4449: 2229: 2103: 2097: 2079: 1450: 1425: 906: 522: 458: 247: 44: 8851: 8494:[Our Speech – Echoes of Hussite Warfare in Europe]. 8064:. Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow. 2016. 7141: 6269: 5848: 5712: 5576: 5427: 5272: 5255: 5238: 5102: 4954: 4817: 4210:("moss", gen. sg.). The word for "mercury" with the initial 3725:

The biggest change in this inventory results from a further

8586:

Etymological dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian language

7273: 6329: 6081: 3722:(, the sound of the English letter "y" in "yes" or "you"). 3014: 2621: 584:(seen as Ukrainian dialect by Ukrainian cultural officials) 8604:] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia. 7575: 7129: 3729:

occurring near the end of the Common Slavic period, where

3339:(independent of vowel quality): Complex developments (see 801:. On the other hand, the close similarities between pairs 250:

and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a

7431: 6431:

is the language spoken by the majority of the population.

4395: 4163: 3165:(e.g. *er, *ol when not followed immediately by a vowel). 2899:

language, which existed until at least the 12th century.

2872: 413:

categorization of Slavic languages is based on grammatic

293:

of the countries in which they are predominantly spoken:

7443: 6439:

South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups

6296: 6289: 6278: 6225: 6203: 6108: 6037: 6003: 5875: 5792: 5749: 5739: 5656: 5613: 5603: 5520: 5464: 5454: 5371: 5314: 5304: 5182: 5139: 5129: 5046: 5003: 4993: 4987: 4898: 4855: 4845: 4748: 4705: 4528:

in that it could occur on any syllable and was phonemic.

3687:

did not occur in West Slavic, where it had developed to

3029:

as well as Belarus) of the East Slavic territories. The

7739:] (in Russian). Moscow: Academia. pp. 595–615. 7563: 7189: 6447:

West Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups

6316:(meaning 'large, flat plain') directly from the former 6161:

is now found in most languages worldwide, and the word

5861: 5778: 5725: 5642: 5589: 5506: 5440: 5357: 5290: 5168: 5115: 5032: 4967: 4884: 4831: 4734: 4539:

Even within a given inflectional class (e.g. masculine

3113:

rule: Following *r, *u, *k or *i, PIE *s → *š (→ CS *x)

8197:] (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka 7721:"Malye slavyanskie literaturnye yazyki (mikroyazyki)" 7659: 7647: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7467: 917:(for household and culinary terms during the reign of 758:

may have reflected some idiosyncrasies of this group.

19:"Slavic language" redirects here. For other uses, see 8666:"Miroslav Vepřek: Hlaholský misál Vojtěcha Tkadlčíka" 8184:[9.1. The Language]. In Smoliy, V. A. (ed.). 8151: 7369: 7237: 7008: 6996: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6333: 6181: 6057: 5886: 5764: 5628: 5492: 5479: 5343: 5329: 5154: 5018: 4870: 4804: 4720: 4514:) rather than greater dynamic stress (as in English). 3341:

History of accentual developments in Slavic languages

3212:

nj, *lj, *rj → CS *ň, *ľ, *ř (pronounced or similar)

883:

Although the Slavic languages diverged from a common

7999: 7883:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 274. 7671: 7387: 7207: 7020: 6263: 5842: 5706: 5570: 5421: 5266: 5249: 5232: 5096: 4948: 4811: 3080:

The following is a summary of the main changes from

573:(often seen as a dialect of Belarusian or Ukrainian) 8582:

Etimologijski rjecnk hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika

8492:"Naše řeč – Ohlasy husitského válečnictví v Evropě" 8476: 8331:

Vowel–Zero Alternations in West Slavic Prepositions

7623: 7599: 7545: 7375: 7285: 7261: 7044: 5806: 5670: 5534: 5385: 5196: 5060: 4762: 3034:development of the central dialects of East Slavs. 333:(western members of the South group). In addition, 8919: 8703:(in Polish) (13). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Rys: 47–61. 8617:] (in German). Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. 7683: 7635: 7587: 7527: 7032: 7249: 5901:and of some neighbouring countries (for example, 10436: 8221:A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language 7723:Малые славянские литературные языки (микроязыки) 7611: 7551: 7213: 5869: 5786: 5733: 5650: 5597: 5514: 5448: 5365: 5298: 5176: 5123: 5040: 4981: 4975: 4892: 4839: 4742: 8477:Mustajoki, Arto; Protassova, Ekaterina (2014). 8453:Kallio, Petri (2006). Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). 8301:Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (2002). 8068: 7231: 7105: 5855: 5772: 5719: 5636: 5583: 5500: 5434: 5351: 5284: 5162: 5109: 5026: 4961: 4878: 4825: 4728: 3246:: *ai, *au, *ei, *eu, *ū → *ē, *ū, *ī, *jū, *ȳ 3102:PIE *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ → *ś, *ź, *źʰ (→ CS *s, *z, *z) 8805:"Classifying Slavonic languages: Some remarks" 8541:]. 01/23 (in German). Wörterbuchnetz. 2023 8529: 7879:Magocsi, Paul R.; Pop, Ivan Ivanovich (2002). 7581: 3314:or, *ol, *er, *el → *oro, *olo, *ere, *olo in 797:(West Slavic languages) than to South Slavic 9507: 8905: 8300: 7887: 7461: 7410: 7171: 6412:report for Slavic languages. It includes the 6175: 6114: 6102: 6085: 6075: 6047: 5835: 5758: 5699: 5622: 5563: 5486: 5473: 5414: 5337: 5323: 5225: 5148: 5089: 5012: 4941: 4864: 4798: 4791: 4714: 4463:vowels in Slovenian, and the lax front vowel 4345: 4183: 4169: 2733: 8456:On the Earliest Slavonic Loanwords in Finnic 8089:] (in Russian). Moscow: Fond Arheologii. 7920:An Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics 6257: 6248: 6069: 6031: 5988: 5828: 5814: 5692: 5678: 5556: 5542: 5407: 5393: 5218: 5204: 5082: 5068: 4934: 4920: 4784: 4770: 4424: 4403: 4361: 4215: 4197: 4158:Late Common Slavic tolerated relatively few 3222:bj, *pj, *mj, *wj → *bľ, *pľ, *mľ, *wľ (the 2772: 8690: 8510: 7944: 7701: 7569: 7195: 6385: 6187: 6154: 6036:, which in turn is derived from the Slavic 5997: 5821: 5800: 5685: 5664: 5549: 5528: 5400: 5379: 5211: 5190: 5075: 5054: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4777: 4756: 4470: 3702:*ts and *dz, developed through a series of 781:turned out to be appropriate, South Slavic 9514: 9500: 8912: 8898: 8869: 8635: 8621: 8435: 8418: 8401: 8384: 8367: 8135:[About Russian Language History]. 7878: 7744:Dulichenko, Aleksandr Dmitrievich (1981). 7743: 7719:Dulichenko, Aleksandr Dmitrievich (2005). 7718: 7665: 7653: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7147: 7014: 7002: 3321:or, *ol, *er, *el → *rā, *lā, *re, *le in 3307:or, *ol, *er, *el → *ro, *lo, *re, *le in 2922:). The Freising manuscripts are the first 2781:Area of Balto-Slavic dialectic continuum ( 2740: 2726: 2704:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 325:(eastern members of the South group), and 8826:. Los Angeles: University of California. 8681: 8127: 8096:Proishozhdenie i rannyaya istoria slavyan 8043: 8025: 7982: 7972: 7962: 7881:Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture 7862: 7837: 7761: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7303: 7135: 7125:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9 7077:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9 7065:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110812206.105 7026: 4229:A typical vowel inventory is as follows: 3710:period, from earlier sequences either of 3173:: *k, *g, *x → CS *č, *ž, *š (pronounced 8819: 8651: 8273: 8209: 8114:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8073:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8069:Sussex, Roland; Cubberley, Paul (2006). 7825: 7737:Languages of the World. Slavic Languages 7677: 7437: 7393: 7087: 6442: 6434: 6422: 6376:, etc. Another borrowed Russian term is 2983: 2863: 2776: 880:than to the standard Croatian language. 540: 532: 8773:. Hutchinson University Library, 1972. 8592: 8566: 8327: 8257:. pp. 389, 396–397. Archived from 8235: 8179: 8128:Zaliznyak, Andrey Anatolyevich (2012). 8118: 8062:"The Global Lexicostatistical Database" 7910: 7888:Novotná, Petra; Blažek, Václav (2007). 7816: 7803: 7629: 7605: 7449: 7425: 7381: 7291: 7267: 7183: 7050: 7038: 5334:) (dated, poetic or in set expressions) 10437: 10355:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 8802: 8663: 8608: 8562:] (in French). Librairie Larousse. 8553: 8452: 8286:. London: Routledge. pp. 60–124. 8213:Istorychna fonolohiia ukrains'koi movy 7790: 7689: 7641: 7593: 7533: 7099: 6990: 6304:Several European languages, including 6262:, in turn derived from Serbo-Croatian 6002:) was borrowed from the Common Slavic 3088:(CS) period immediately following the 3056:, Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, 2992:In September 2015, Alexei Kassian and 2926:continuous text in a Slavic language. 715:(often seen as a dialect of Kashubian) 483:is the preferred order in the neutral 394:Slavic languages distinguish between 266:, linking the Slavic languages to the 9495: 8893: 8809:The Slavonic and East European Review 8771:A Panorama of Indo-European Languages 8762: 8496:Československý Vědecký ústav Vojenský 8109: 8103:The Origin and Early History of Slavs 8099:Происхождение и ранняя история славян 8093: 8077: 7279: 7255: 7243: 6859:Outline of Slavic history and culture 5937: 4822:(Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia) 4455:in Bulgarian and Slovenian, distinct 4205: 4191: 4177: 3063: 2711:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2683:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 909:terms introduced during the reign of 9521: 8611:Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 8579: 8489: 8313:. London: Routledge. pp. 1–19. 8216:Історична фонологія української мови 8060: 7945:Kassian, Alexei; Dybo, Anna (2015). 7757:] (in Russian). Tallinn: Valgus. 7617: 7557: 7219: 5941: 4625: 4585: 4479:(i.e. syllabic distinctions such as 16:Subfamily of Indo-European languages 8740: 8516:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 8328:Nilsson, Morgan (8 November 2014). 8180:Nimchuk, V. V. (2001). "9.1. Mova" 8165:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. 7821:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 7370:Dybo, Zamyatina & Nikolaev 1990 7111: 6132: 5907:significantly influenced by Russian 5497:) "chapter or chief, leader, head" 2981:settled during first colonisation. 2668:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 887:later than any other groups of the 545:Linguistic maps of Slavic languages 13: 8653:"Rimskyj misal slověnskym jazykem" 8253:] (in Russian). Vol. 30. 8195:A History of the Ukrainian Culture 8163:Fundamentals of Slavic Accentology 8123:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8105:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. 6948: 6920: 6892: 5887:Influence on neighboring languages 2883: 2690:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 14: 10466: 8852:Slavic dictionaries on Slavic Net 8845: 8602:Myths of the Peoples of the World 6773:Para- and supranational languages 4573: 4390: 4385: 4312: 4296: 4287: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4142: 4132: 4125: 4105: 4098: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3979: 3968: 3960: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3735: 3671: 3662: 3646: 3639: 3621: 3614: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3335:Development of phonemic tone and 2973:, and in the provinces of modern 506:(similar to "the" from "this" in 370:and, with a partial exception of 274:within the Indo-European family. 9173:(unknown further classification) 8575:] (in German). p. 1494. 8309:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). 8282:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). 8155:Osnovy slavyanskoy aktsentologii 8080:Slavyane v rannem srednevekov'ye 6403: 6056:(market place) from Old Russian 5945: 5909:, especially in vocabulary. The 4589: 4499:vowel length and a free, mobile 3398:Consonants of Late Proto-Slavic 3292:Elimination of liquid diphthongs 3259:*i, *ī in certain circumstances. 3204:by an immediately following *j: 3163:Elimination of liquid diphthongs 3120:: PIE *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ → *b, *d, *g 3105:PIE *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ → *k, *g, *gʰ 2997:modern phylogenetic algorithms. 2697:Journal of Indo-European Studies 1461:Bible translations into Armenian 952: 754:branch has existed as well. The 750:Some linguists speculate that a 430:"vy-" means "out" , the reduced 202: 21:Slavic language (disambiguation) 8866:The Slavistics Portal (Germany) 8615:Russian Etymological Dictionary 8274:Schenker, Alexander M. (2002). 8210:Shevelov, George Yurii (1979). 8139:(in Russian). Mumi-Troll School 7916:Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku 7804:Misachi, John (25 April 2017). 7729:Yazyki mira. Slavyanskie yazyki 7546:Mustajoki & Protassova 2014 7153: 7117: 6942: 6914: 6886: 6854:List of Slavic studies journals 3161:(occurs much later, see below) 2809:, the ancestor language of all 2793:dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms 2754:History of the Slavic languages 972:List of Indo-European languages 10215:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 8701:Język. Komunikacja. Informacja 8483:Russian Journal of Linguistics 8158:Основы славянской акцентологии 8087:Slavs in the Early Middle Ages 8083:Славяне в раннем средневековье 7831:A Glossary of Sociolinguistics 7069: 7056: 6821:'s musical setting of it (the 6817:, which is best known through 6785:and other regional forms. The 6614:Eastern South Slavic languages 6528:Western South Slavic languages 6264: 6107:(interpreter) from Old Slavic 3744:Consonant phonemes of Russian 3226:*ľ is mostly lost later on in 3215:tj, *dj → CS *ť, *ď (probably 2797:Slavic languages descend from 446:. The equivalent phrase for a 1: 8657:Dominikánská knihovna Olomouc 8187:Istoriia ukrains'koi kul'tury 8130:"Ob istorii russkogo yazyka" 7711: 5897:Most languages of the former 3389: 2977:, where the ancestors of the 2298:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1567:Paleolithic continuity theory 889:Indo-European language family 90: 10350:Slavic second palatalization 8820:Richards, Ronald O. (2003). 8190:Історія української культури 8027:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 7974:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 7855:Institute for Human Sciences 7732:Языки мира. Славянские языки 6974: 6328:). During the heyday of the 6244:" was borrowed (perhaps via 6064: 5807: 5671: 5535: 5386: 5197: 5061: 4763: 1986:Northern Black Polished Ware 1185:Proto-Indo-European language 434:"-sh" means "come", and the 378:, they have fully developed 220: South Slavic languages 7: 10345:Slavic first palatalization 8803:Kalima, Jalo (April 1947). 8094:Sedov, Valentin V. (1979). 8078:Sedov, Valentin V. (1995). 7922:] (in Serbo-Croatian). 7232:Sussex & Cubberley 2006 6956:Online Etymology Dictionary 6928:Online Etymology Dictionary 6900:Online Etymology Dictionary 6842: 6427:Map of all areas where the 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6334: 6270: 6182: 6174:, a borrowing from Russian 6123:(barge) from West Slavonic 5876: 5862: 5849: 5793: 5779: 5765: 5740: 5726: 5713: 5657: 5643: 5629: 5604: 5590: 5577: 5521: 5507: 5493: 5480: 5455: 5441: 5428: 5372: 5358: 5344: 5330: 5305: 5291: 5273: 5256: 5239: 5183: 5169: 5155: 5130: 5116: 5103: 5047: 5033: 5019: 4994: 4988: 4968: 4955: 4899: 4885: 4871: 4846: 4832: 4818: 4805: 4749: 4735: 4721: 4380:Common Slavic also had two 3347: 2957:) and those in present-day 2805:, ultimately deriving from 2768:Proto-Balto-Slavic language 2303:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 876:dialect is more similar to 789:were found to be closer to 537:Balto-Slavic language tree. 528: 264:Proto-Balto-Slavic language 226: West Slavic languages 214: East Slavic languages 10: 10471: 8588:] (in Serbo-Croatian). 8567:Pfeifer, Wolfgang (2006). 8255:Great Russian Encyclopedia 7899:. XLII (2). Archived from 7776:10.1524/slaw.1994.39.4.560 6799:Macedonian Orthodox Church 6291: 6280: 6098:(shrimp, prawn), and, via 6058: 5890: 5801: 5751: 5665: 5529: 5380: 5191: 5055: 4907: 4857: 4757: 4629: 4581: 3150:(occurs later, see below) 3073: 3067: 2757: 2751: 1599:Domestication of the horse 928: 363:All Slavic languages have 350:Central and Eastern Europe 18: 10418: 10335: 10282: 10191: 10145: 10137:Slavic dialects of Greece 10073: 10038: 10027: 9993: 9891: 9816: 9807: 9746: 9728: 9705: 9696: 9597: 9529: 9476: 9336: 9254: 9227: 9195: 9161: 9131: 9106: 9074: 9042: 9033: 8972: 8943: 8932: 8683:10.14712/23363398.2017.25 8569:Etymologisches Wörterbuch 8556:Dictionnaire étymologique 8444:(in Swedish) – via 8442:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 8436:Hellquist, Elof (1922e). 8427:(in Swedish) – via 8425:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 8419:Hellquist, Elof (1922d). 8410:(in Swedish) – via 8408:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 8402:Hellquist, Elof (1922c). 8393:(in Swedish) – via 8391:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 8385:Hellquist, Elof (1922b). 8376:(in Swedish) – via 8374:Svensk etymologisk ordbok 8368:Hellquist, Elof (1922a). 8132:Об истории русского языка 7764:Zeitschrift für Slawistik 7462:Comrie & Corbett 2002 7411:Comrie & Corbett 2002 7208:Kushniarevich et al. 2015 7172:Novotná & Blažek 2007 6787:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 6308:, have borrowed the word 6176: 5870: 5856: 5843: 5787: 5773: 5759: 5734: 5720: 5707: 5651: 5637: 5623: 5598: 5584: 5571: 5515: 5501: 5487: 5474: 5449: 5435: 5422: 5366: 5352: 5338: 5324: 5299: 5285: 5267: 5250: 5233: 5177: 5163: 5149: 5124: 5110: 5097: 5041: 5027: 5013: 4982: 4976: 4962: 4949: 4893: 4879: 4865: 4840: 4826: 4812: 4799: 4743: 4729: 4715: 4521:), and this was phonemic. 4346: 4224: 4184: 4170: 4148: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4095: 3985: 3957: 3922: 3861: 3859: 3777: 3765: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3706:that happened during the 3677: 3670: 3668: 3661: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3611: 3558: 3549: 3524: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3284:ī, *ū, *ȳ → CS *i, *u, *y 3200:Iotation: Consonants are 2773:Common roots and ancestry 2308:Historical Vedic religion 1585:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 201: 187: 175: 157: 133: 123: 99:Linguistic classification 97: 84: 50: 40: 35: 30: 8876:"Slavic Languages" 8597: 8336:University of Gothenburg 8245: 8236:Skorvid, Sergey (2015). 8215: 8189: 8181: 8157: 8131: 8098: 8082: 7749: 7731: 7722: 7090:, p. 36, 95–96, 124–125. 6879: 6779:Church Slavonic language 6230:. Owing to the medieval 6144: 4471:Length, accent, and tone 3084:(PIE) leading up to the 2313:Ancient Iranian religion 1676:Novotitarovskaya culture 1523:Indo-European migrations 453:is "vyshla". The gender 246:spoken primarily by the 10455:Indo-European languages 8921:Indo-European languages 8857:17 January 2007 at the 8637:"Indo-European, Slavic" 8593:Tokarev, S. A. (1982). 8573:Etymological Dictionary 8560:Etymological Dictionary 8554:Dauzat, Albert (1938). 7797:Encyclopedia Britannica 7196:Kassian & Dybo 2015 6803:Serbian Orthodox Church 6791:Russian Orthodox Church 6420:codes where available. 6310: 6297: 6295:, going back to Turkic 6226: 6204: 6125: 6109: 6038: 6004: 5615: 5466: 5316: 5141: 5005: 4913: 4707: 3354:Indo-European languages 3031:Old Novgorodian dialect 2811:Indo-European languages 2764:History of Proto-Slavic 1814:Northern/Eastern Steppe 352:, and all the way from 337:recognizes a number of 244:Indo-European languages 93:315 million (2001) 8882:Encyclopedia Americana 8664:Bartoň, Josef (2018). 8311:The Slavonic Languages 8284:The Slavonic Languages 7817:Barford, P.M. (2001). 7148:Magocsi & Pop 2002 6795:Polish Orthodox Church 6739:Czech–Slovak languages 6520:South Slavic languages 6448: 6440: 6432: 6258: 6249: 6202:), from common Slavic 6155: 6115: 6103: 6086: 6076: 6070: 6048: 6032: 6026:(a kind of cheese and 5998: 5989: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4425: 4404: 4362: 4216: 4198: 4196:("mercury") or Polish 3727:general palatalization 2989: 2880: 2837:, and the now-extinct 2794: 2285:Religion and mythology 2244:Medieval Scandinavians 1535:Alternative and fringe 870:Transcarpatian Ukraine 763:mutual intelligibility 546: 538: 504:demonstrative pronouns 10268:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 8641:Language Family Trees 6864:Slavic microlanguages 6662:West Slavic languages 6453:East Slavic languages 6446: 6438: 6426: 3250:Second palatalization 3090:Proto-Slavic language 3044:Ukrainian linguists ( 2987: 2890:Proto-Slavic language 2867: 2780: 2760:Proto-Slavic language 2635:Indo-European studies 1998:Peoples and societies 852:faith, have had more 828:) are written in the 544: 536: 481:adjective-before-noun 339:Slavic microlanguages 317:(of the West group), 305:(of the East group), 8625:Rocznik Slawistyczny 8609:Vasmer, Max (1953). 8580:Skok, Petar (1974). 8490:Titz, Karel (1922). 8119:Heather, P. (2010). 8071:The Slavic languages 6831:Interslavic language 6240:. The English word " 6216:to the English word 5930:on their way to the 4495:. This consisted of 3171:First palatalization 2908:Freising manuscripts 2853:" language and that 1542:Anatolian hypothesis 1494:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1401:Hittite inscriptions 946:Indo-European topics 832:, and have had more 756:Old Novgorod dialect 477:subject–verb–object 392:relational synthesis 335:Aleksandr Dulichenko 258:, spoken during the 238:, also known as the 10294:Pan-Slavic language 10093:Burgenland Croatian 9973:Marcho-Magdeburgian 9570:Old Church Slavonic 9347:Proto-Indo-European 8533:[Vampire]. 8261:on 4 September 2019 8018:2015PLoSO..1035820K 7964:2015PLoSO..1035820K 7906:on 31 October 2008. 7582:Wörterbuchnetz 2023 6835:Pan-Slavic language 6807:liturgical language 6683:): ISO 639-3 code: 4493:Proto-Indo-European 4398:for more details). 3745: 3720:palatal approximant 3399: 3384:Proto-Indo-European 3209:sj, *zj → CS *š, *ž 3082:Proto-Indo-European 3046:Stepan Smal-Stotsky 2843:Proto-Indo-European 2807:Proto-Indo-European 1798:Multi-cordoned ware 1669:Mikhaylovka culture 1557:Indigenous Aryanism 1547:Armenian hypothesis 1406:Hieroglyphic Luwian 864:are bridged by the 620:Old Church Slavonic 10450:Fusional languages 10380:Illič-Svityč's law 10360:Monophthongization 9868:Camaldolese Slovak 9681:Canadian Ukrainian 9547:Up to Proto-Slavic 9540:Proto-Balto-Slavic 9428:Proto-Indo-Iranian 9375:Proto-Balto-Slavic 9117:Continental Celtic 8763:General references 8243:Slavyanskie yazyki 8110:Curta, F. (2001). 7847:IWM Working Papers 7806:"Slavic Countries" 7793:"Slavic languages" 7428:, p. 389, 396–397. 6763:; ISO 639-3 code: 6759:: ISO 639-1 code: 6746:: ISO 639-1 code: 6730:: ISO 639-3 code: 6721:; ISO 639-3 code: 6717:: ISO 639-1 code: 6708:: ISO 639-3 code: 6701:Lechitic languages 6692:: ISO 639-3 code: 6651:; ISO 639-3 code: 6647:: ISO 639-1 code: 6638:; ISO 639-3 code: 6634:: ISO 639-1 code: 6625:; ISO 639-3 code: 6621:: ISO 639-1 code: 6605:; ISO 639-3 code: 6601:: ISO 639-1 code: 6592:: ISO 639-3 code: 6583:; ISO 639-3 code: 6579:: ISO 639-1 code: 6570:: ISO 639-3 code: 6561:; ISO 639-3 code: 6557:: ISO 639-1 code: 6548:: ISO 639-3 code: 6539:; ISO 639-3 code: 6535:: ISO 639-1 code: 6511:; ISO 639-3 code: 6507:: ISO 639-1 code: 6498:: ISO 639-3 code: 6489:: ISO 639-3 code: 6480:; ISO 639-3 code: 6476:: ISO 639-1 code: 6467:; ISO 639-3 code: 6463:: ISO 639-1 code: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6030:) from the German 6028:subatomic particle 6020:. English derives 5938:Germanic languages 4601:. You can help by 4179:[vzblʲesk] 4160:consonant clusters 3743: 3696:palatal consonants 3397: 3244:Monophthongization 3152:Monophthongization 3064:Linguistic history 2990: 2881: 2815:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2801:, their immediate 2795: 1378:Proto-Indo-Iranian 1364:Proto-Balto-Slavic 1345:Proto-Italo-Celtic 761:Recent studies of 547: 539: 291:national languages 272:Balto-Slavic group 240:Slavonic languages 10432: 10431: 10425:extinct languages 10256:Solombala English 10187: 10186: 10110:Prekmurje Slovene 10023: 10022: 9803: 9802: 9657:Doukhobor Russian 9580:Glagolitic script 9489: 9488: 9483:extinct languages 9102: 9101: 9029: 9028: 8710:978-83-65483-72-0 8631:. Wrocław: 73–92. 8598:Мифы народов мира 8595:Mify narodov mira 8353:978-91-981198-3-1 7937:978-953-150-847-6 7839:Kamusella, Tomasz 6949:Harper, Douglas. 6921:Harper, Douglas. 6893:Harper, Douglas. 6670:Sorbian languages 6100:Middle Low German 5975: 5974: 5884: 5883: 4632:Slavic vocabulary 4626:Selected cognates 4619: 4618: 4549:Chakavian dialect 4322: 4321: 4152: 4151: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3698:, along with the 3681: 3680: 3296:Liquid diphthongs 3271:a, *ā → CS *o, *a 3224:lateral consonant 2750: 2749: 2011:Anatolian peoples 1981:Painted Grey Ware 1869:Nordic Bronze Age 1518:Kurgan hypothesis 1471:Old Irish glosses 1436:Gaulish epigraphy 510:), and it formed 500:definite articles 260:Early Middle Ages 232: 231: 10462: 10445:Slavic languages 10326:Slavonic-Serbian 10177:Cieszyn Silesian 10048:Carpathian Rusyn 10036: 10035: 9814: 9813: 9703: 9702: 9588:Modern languages 9523:Slavic languages 9516: 9509: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9435:Proto-Indo-Aryan 9040: 9039: 8941: 8940: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8878: 8864:Slavistik-Portal 8837: 8816: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8721:. Archived from 8698: 8687: 8685: 8660: 8648: 8632: 8618: 8605: 8589: 8576: 8563: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8486: 8473: 8461: 8449: 8446:Project Runeberg 8432: 8429:Project Runeberg 8415: 8412:Project Runeberg 8398: 8395:Project Runeberg 8381: 8378:Project Runeberg 8364: 8362: 8360: 8324: 8297: 8276:"Proto-Slavonic" 8270: 8268: 8266: 8251:Slavic Languages 8246:Славянские языки 8232: 8230: 8228: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8176: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8124: 8115: 8106: 8090: 8074: 8065: 8057: 8047: 8029: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7966: 7941: 7907: 7905: 7894: 7884: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7834: 7822: 7813: 7800: 7787: 7758: 7740: 7705: 7702:Steenbergen 2018 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7414: 7408: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6890: 6429:Russian language 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6351: 6337: 6320:languages (i.e. 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6282: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6252: 6229: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6160: 6133:Finnic languages 6128: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6089: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6051: 6044:Nordic languages 6041: 6035: 6007: 6001: 5992: 5970: 5967: 5949: 5942: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5008: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4640: 4639: 4614: 4611: 4593: 4586: 4576: 4466: 4454: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4407: 4393: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4348: 4331: 4316: 4300: 4291: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4209: 4204: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4146: 4136: 4129: 4109: 4102: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3972: 3964: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3712:velar consonants 3690: 3686: 3675: 3666: 3650: 3643: 3625: 3618: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3400: 3396: 3196: 3188: 3180: 3143:In a cluster of 3132:closed syllables 3118:voiced aspirates 3010:Andrey Zaliznyak 2931:Byzantine Empire 2912:Slovene dialects 2871:, 11th century, 2742: 2735: 2728: 2583: 2576: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2431: 2417: 2410: 2396: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2351: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2141:Germanic peoples 2131:Hellenic peoples 2120: 2113: 2106: 2029:Mycenaean Greeks 2018: 1946:Thraco-Cimmerian 1844:Globular Amphora 1821:Abashevo culture 1760: 1753: 1723: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1466:Tocharian script 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1087: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1045: 1021: 1014: 995: 956: 933: 932: 846:Eastern Orthodox 834:Western European 817:were confirmed. 444:masculine gender 358:Russian Far East 268:Baltic languages 236:Slavic languages 225: 219: 213: 206: 197: 183: 171: 92: 66:Southeast Europe 28: 27: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10414: 10337: 10331: 10285: 10278: 10208:Bohemian Romani 10193:Mixed languages 10183: 10160:Pannonian Rusyn 10141: 10083:Banat Bulgarian 10069: 10031: 10019: 9989: 9887: 9879:Pannonian Rusyn 9799: 9742: 9724: 9692: 9652:Alaskan Russian 9627:Old Novgorodian 9620:Old East Slavic 9593: 9575:Cyrillic script 9565:Church Slavonic 9525: 9520: 9490: 9485: 9472: 9467:Proto-Tocharian 9361:Proto-Anatolian 9338:Proto-languages 9332: 9250: 9223: 9205:Latino-Faliscan 9191: 9157: 9127: 9098: 9070: 9025: 8968: 8928: 8918: 8859:Wayback Machine 8848: 8843: 8841: 8834: 8769:Lockwood, W.B. 8765: 8760: 8751: 8749: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8711: 8696: 8599: 8544: 8542: 8520: 8518: 8501: 8499: 8470: 8459: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8321: 8307:Comrie, Bernard 8294: 8280:Comrie, Bernard 8264: 8262: 8247: 8226: 8224: 8217: 8200: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8173: 8159: 8142: 8140: 8133: 8100: 8084: 8012:(9): e0135820. 7957:(9): e0135820. 7938: 7928:Matica hrvatska 7903: 7892: 7869: 7867: 7827:Trudgill, Peter 7751: 7733: 7724: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7666:Ethnologue 2022 7664: 7660: 7654:Stachowski 2005 7652: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7570:Merriam-Webster 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7522:Hellquist 1922e 7520: 7516: 7510:Hellquist 1922d 7508: 7504: 7498:Hellquist 1922c 7496: 7492: 7486:Hellquist 1922b 7484: 7480: 7474:Hellquist 1922a 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7015:Dulichenko 1981 7013: 7009: 7003:Dulichenko 2005 7001: 6997: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6849:Language family 6845: 6824:Glagolitic Mass 6783:Old East Slavic 6677:(also known as 6632:Church Slavonic 6406: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6147: 6135: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5955:needs expansion 5940: 5895: 5889: 5485: 5335: 5265: 5248: 4810: 4634: 4628: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4599:needs expansion 4584: 4531:The accent was 4524:The accent was 4473: 4467:in Ukrainian). 4444:"snake, snakes" 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4227: 4193:[rtutʲ] 4167: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3737:*lʲ *rʲ *nʲ *sʲ 3704:palatalizations 3392: 3350: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3054:George Shevelov 2897:Old East Slavic 2886: 2884:Differentiation 2803:parent language 2775: 2770: 2756: 2746: 2717: 2716: 2649:Marija Gimbutas 2637: 2627: 2626: 2618:Winter solstice 2608:Horse sacrifice 2579: 2572: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2455: 2440: 2427: 2413: 2406: 2392: 2383: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2317: 2286: 2278: 2277: 2220: 2207: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2075: 2062: 2049: 2020: 2014: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1964: 1941: 1928: 1916: 1897: 1839: 1816: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1749: 1740: 1738:Northern Europe 1719: 1715: 1702: 1689: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1625: 1621:Steppe cultures 1594: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1562:Baltic homeland 1536: 1532: 1528:Eurasian nomads 1512: 1508: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1446:Runic epigraphy 1441:Latin epigraphy 1396: 1388: 1387: 1325:Proto-Anatolian 1309: 1264: 1260:Thraco-Illyrian 1245:Graeco-Phrygian 1235:Graeco-Armenian 1230:Graeco-Albanian 1209: 1187: 1174: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1083: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1041: 1017: 1010: 991: 976: 968: 966: 931: 748: 531: 498:, it developed 485:style of speech 354:Western Siberia 228: 227: 223: 221: 217: 215: 211: 209: 193: 181: 167: 87: 86:Native speakers 52: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10430: 10429: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10405:Van Wijk's law 10402: 10400:Ruki sound law 10397: 10395:Pedersen's law 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10290: 10288: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10240: 10238:Romano-Serbian 10235: 10230: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10203: 10197: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10155:Eastern Slovak 10151: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10044: 10042: 10033: 10029:Microlanguages 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10005: 9999: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9911: 9900:East Lechitic 9897: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9874:Eastern Slovak 9871: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9855:White Croatian 9852: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9831:Biblical Czech 9822: 9820: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9763:Serbo-Croatian 9760: 9752: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9734: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9639: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9603: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9424: 9421:Proto-Hellenic 9417: 9416: 9415: 9405:Proto-Germanic 9401: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9385: 9371: 9368:Proto-Armenian 9364: 9357: 9354:Proto-Albanian 9350: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9148:North Germanic 9145: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9123:Insular Celtic 9120: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9053:Dnieper Baltic 9048: 9046: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8978: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8938: 8930: 8929: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8867: 8861: 8847: 8846:External links 8844: 8839: 8838: 8832: 8817: 8800: 8790: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8738: 8728:on 1 July 2021 8709: 8688: 8670:AUC Theologica 8661: 8649: 8633: 8619: 8606: 8590: 8577: 8564: 8551: 8527: 8508: 8498:(in Czech): 88 8487: 8474: 8468: 8450: 8433: 8416: 8399: 8382: 8365: 8352: 8325: 8319: 8303:"Introduction" 8298: 8292: 8271: 8233: 8207: 8177: 8171: 8149: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8091: 8075: 8066: 8058: 7997: 7942: 7936: 7908: 7885: 7876: 7835: 7823: 7814: 7801: 7788: 7759: 7741: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7562: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7415: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7358:Zaliznyak 2012 7350: 7346:Zaliznyak 2012 7338: 7334:Zaliznyak 2012 7326: 7322:Zaliznyak 2012 7314: 7308: 7304:Zaliznyak 2012 7296: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7136:Kamusella 2005 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7055: 7043: 7031: 7027:Duličenko 1994 7019: 7007: 6995: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6941: 6913: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6874:Slavic studies 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6828: 6815:Czech Republic 6770: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6754: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6725: 6712: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6687: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6642: 6629: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6596: 6587: 6574: 6565: 6552: 6543: 6516: 6515: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6471: 6405: 6402: 6326:Serbo-Croatian 6274:), continuing 6146: 6143: 6134: 6131: 5982:Proto-Germanic 5973: 5972: 5952: 5950: 5939: 5936: 5891:Main article: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5867: 5853: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5798: 5784: 5770: 5756: 5746: 5745: 5731: 5717: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5662: 5648: 5634: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5595: 5581: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5526: 5512: 5498: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5446: 5432: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5377: 5363: 5349: 5321: 5311: 5310: 5296: 5282: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5188: 5174: 5160: 5146: 5136: 5135: 5121: 5107: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5052: 5038: 5024: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4973: 4959: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4904: 4890: 4876: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4837: 4823: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4754: 4740: 4726: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:Serbo-Croatian 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4630:Main article: 4627: 4624: 4617: 4616: 4596: 4594: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4472: 4469: 4446: 4445: 4378: 4377: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4226: 4223: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4058: 4045: 4032: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3936: 3923: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3764: 3754: 3749: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3391: 3388: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3198: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3148: 3141: 3128:open syllables 3124: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3068:Main article: 3065: 3062: 2904:Central Europe 2885: 2882: 2774: 2771: 2752:Main article: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603:Fire sacrifice 2599: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2448: 2447: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2394:Zoroastrianism 2376: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2263: 2261:Medieval India 2252: 2251: 2246: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2143: 2138: 2136:Italic peoples 2133: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2070: 2069: 2057: 2056: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1972: 1971: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1936: 1935: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1914: 1912:Gandhara grave 1909: 1904: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758:Middle Dnieper 1754: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1713:Eastern Europe 1710: 1709: 1697: 1696: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1641:Dnieper–Donets 1637: 1630: 1618: 1616:Kurgan culture 1613: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552:Beech argument 1549: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1361: 1356: 1342: 1335:Proto-Germanic 1332: 1330:Proto-Armenian 1327: 1322: 1320:Proto-Albanian 1316: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1003: 998: 997: 996: 983: 982: 975: 974: 967: 962: 961: 958: 957: 949: 948: 942: 941: 930: 927: 885:proto-language 866:Rusyn language 838:Roman Catholic 747: 746: 745: 744: 743: 742: 741: 740: 735: 725: 724: 723: 718: 717: 716: 710: 700: 695: 685: 684: 683: 678: 663: 662: 661: 660: 659: 654: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 630:Serbo-Croatian 624: 623: 622: 617: 612: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 585: 579: 574: 568: 552: 530: 527: 438:"-el" denotes 327:Serbo-Croatian 252:proto-language 248:Slavic peoples 230: 229: 222: 216: 210: 207: 199: 198: 191: 185: 184: 182:53 (phylozone) 179: 173: 172: 165: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 135: 131: 130: 125: 124:Proto-language 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 101: 95: 94: 88: 85: 82: 81: 62:Eastern Europe 58:Central Europe 54: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10467: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10390:Meillet's law 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10206:20th century 10204: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10190: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10125:Slavomolisano 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10065:West Polesian 10063: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10008:Lower Sorbian 10006: 10004: 10003:Upper Sorbian 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9968:West Lechitic 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9927:Middle Polish 9924: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9788:Slavomolisano 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9757:Alpine Slavic 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9686:Simple speech 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9612:Simple speech 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9458:Proto-Romance 9455: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9442:Proto-Iranian 9439: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9153:West Germanic 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142:East Germanic 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8833:9780974265308 8829: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8798:83-242-0577-2 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787:0-09-111021-1 8784: 8780: 8779:0-09-111020-3 8776: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8627:(in Polish). 8626: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8320:0-415-28078-8 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8293:0-415-28078-8 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8174: 8172:5-02-011011-6 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7912:Kapović, Mate 7909: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7766:(in German). 7765: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7717: 7716: 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7438:Schenker 2002 7434: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7395: 7394:Shevelov 1979 7390: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7282:, p. 500-700. 7281: 7276: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7088:Trudgill 2003 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6690:Upper Sorbian 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6675:Lower Sorbian 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590:Slavomolisano 6588: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6445: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404:Detailed list 6401: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6302: 6299: 6287: 6277: 6272: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6184: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6142: 6139: 6130: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5960: 5956: 5953:This section 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5878: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5851: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5579: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5495: 5482: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5430: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5346: 5332: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5263: 5258: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5105: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4957: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4820: 4809:(Serbia only) 4807: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4623: 4613: 4610:February 2013 4604: 4600: 4597:This section 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4560:stress accent 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4418: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4371: 4364: 4355: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4207:[mxu] 4203: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3371:Common Slavic 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264:vowel quality 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3217:palatal stops 3214: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3086:Common Slavic 3083: 3077: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951:Lower Austria 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654:J. P. Mallory 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291:Reconstructed 2289: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2118:Insular Celts 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034:Indo-Iranians 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1776:Pontic Steppe 1770: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609:Kurgan stelae 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592:Pontic Steppe 1586: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382:Proto-Iranian 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1225:Daco-Thracian 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178:Reconstructed 1176: 1175: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 969: 965: 960: 959: 955: 951: 950: 947: 944: 943: 939: 935: 934: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 739: 738:Upper Sorbian 736: 734: 733:Lower Sorbian 731: 730: 729: 726: 722: 719: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 658: 655: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 631: 628: 627: 625: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 605: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593:West Polesian 591: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 578: 575: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 553: 551: 543: 535: 526: 524: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407:agglutination 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 205: 200: 196: 192: 190: 186: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 160: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104:Indo-European 102: 100: 96: 89: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 49: 46: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 10420: 10410:Winter's law 10370:Havlík's law 10324: 10317: 10310: 10266: 10254: 10247: 10222:Mednyj Aleut 10220: 10213: 10205: 10075:South Slavic 10032:and dialects 9939: 9925: 9918: 9866: 9842: 9837:Czechoslovak 9835: 9818:Czech-Slovak 9755: 9730:Transitional 9698:South Slavic 9634: 9625: 9618: 9586: 9554:Proto-Slavic 9552: 9545: 9538: 9522: 9478: 9465: 9456: 9451:Proto-Italic 9449: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9410: 9403: 9398:Proto-Celtic 9396: 9389:Proto-Slavic 9387: 9382:Proto-Baltic 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9243: 9238: 9228: 9218:Osco-Umbrian 9216: 9163:Indo-Iranian 9140: 9115: 9089:South Slavic 9075: 9063: 9051: 9035:Balto-Slavic 9018: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8973: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8933: 8880: 8840: 8822: 8812: 8808: 8770: 8750:. Retrieved 8745: 8730:. Retrieved 8723:the original 8700: 8673: 8672:(in Czech). 8669: 8656: 8640: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8610: 8601: 8594: 8585: 8581: 8572: 8568: 8559: 8555: 8543:. Retrieved 8538: 8534: 8519:. Retrieved 8515: 8500:. Retrieved 8495: 8482: 8455: 8441: 8424: 8407: 8390: 8373: 8357:. Retrieved 8330: 8310: 8283: 8263:. Retrieved 8259:the original 8250: 8242: 8238:Osipov, Yury 8225:. Retrieved 8220: 8212: 8199:. Retrieved 8194: 8186: 8162: 8154: 8141:. Retrieved 8136: 8120: 8111: 8102: 8095: 8086: 8079: 8070: 8009: 8005: 7954: 7950: 7919: 7915: 7901:the original 7896: 7880: 7868:. Retrieved 7846: 7830: 7818: 7809: 7796: 7767: 7763: 7754: 7746: 7736: 7728: 7697: 7685: 7678:Dominikánská 7673: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7630:Tokarev 1982 7625: 7613: 7606:Pfeifer 2006 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7450:Nilsson 2014 7445: 7433: 7426:Skorvid 2015 7389: 7382:Nimchuk 2001 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7311: 7299: 7292:Heather 2010 7287: 7275: 7268:Barford 2001 7263: 7251: 7239: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7184:Kapović 2008 7179: 7167: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7058: 7053:, p. 1. 7051:Barford 2001 7046: 7039:Misachi 2017 7034: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6962:21 September 6960:. Retrieved 6954: 6944: 6932:. Retrieved 6926: 6916: 6904:. Retrieved 6898: 6888: 6869:Slavic names 6822: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6750:; ISO 639-3 6747: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6693: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6451: 6450: 6407: 6395:self-boiling 6339: 6303: 6276:Proto-Slavic 6235: 6217: 6197:little water 6169: 6162: 6148: 6136: 6120: 6095: 6091: 6068:) or Polish 6053: 6021: 5976: 5963: 5959:adding to it 5954: 5899:Soviet Union 5896: 4644:Proto-Slavic 4635: 4620: 4607: 4603:adding to it 4598: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4519:pitch accent 4518: 4501:pitch accent 4481:vowel length 4474: 4447: 4382:nasal vowels 4379: 4323: 4228: 4211: 4199: 4185: 4171: 4157: 4153: 3730: 3724: 3716:front vowels 3714:followed by 3708:Proto-Slavic 3693: 3682: 3393: 3369: 3366:Indo-Iranian 3351: 3337:vowel length 3323:South Slavic 3278: 3256: 3138:Nasalization 3097:Satemisation 3079: 3076:Proto-Slavic 3058:Olena Kurylo 3050:Ivan Ohienko 3043: 3040: 3036: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2928: 2924:Latin-script 2919: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2869:Baška tablet 2851:Proto-Baltic 2839:Old Prussian 2828: 2799:Proto-Slavic 2796: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2675:Publications 2674: 2660: 2641: 2595: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460:Paleo-Balkan 2450: 2449: 2437: 2436: 2378: 2377: 2333: 2332: 2320: 2290: 2273:Greater Iran 2266: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2203: 2146:Paleo-Balkan 2111:Celtiberians 2090: 2089: 2072: 2071: 2059: 2058: 2046: 2045: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1960: 1938: 1937: 1925: 1924: 1894: 1893: 1836: 1835: 1813: 1812: 1775: 1774: 1737: 1736: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1685: 1627:Bug–Dniester 1591: 1590: 1456:Gothic Bible 1372:Proto-Baltic 1368:Proto-Slavic 1353:Proto-Italic 1349:Proto-Celtic 1312: 1267: 1255:Italo-Celtic 1250:Indo-Hittite 1240:Graeco-Aryan 1213:Hypothetical 1212: 1177: 1112:Paleo-Balkan 1094: 1051:Indo-Iranian 1018: 1006:Balto-Slavic 979: 919:Catherine II 896: 893: 882: 858: 830:Latin script 819: 760: 752:North Slavic 749: 671:Czech–Slovak 602:South Slavic 555: 548: 489: 463: 422: 415:inflectional 400:inflectional 362: 343: 276: 256:Proto-Slavic 239: 235: 233: 177:Linguasphere 145:South Slavic 134:Subdivisions 128:Proto-Slavic 113: 109:Balto-Slavic 70:Central Asia 53:distribution 25: 10385:Ivšić's law 10312:Army Slavic 10299:Interslavic 10284:Constructed 10147:West Slavic 10040:East Slavic 9809:West Slavic 9778:Montenegrin 9599:East Slavic 9412:Proto-Norse 9239:Tocharian A 9094:West Slavic 9084:East Slavic 9065:West Baltic 9059:East Baltic 8752:19 February 8545:19 February 8521:28 December 8485:(4): 69–81. 8227:28 December 8201:28 December 8143:28 December 7864:10023/12905 7704:, p. 52–54. 7690:Bartoň 2018 7642:Vasmer 1953 7594:Dauzat 1938 7534:Kallio 2006 7100:Ivanov 2021 6991:Ivanov 2021 6568:Montenegrin 6356:perestroika 6284:, although 6220:) with the 4360:and Polish 4119:Approximant 3658:Approximant 3316:East Slavic 3309:West Slavic 3228:West Slavic 3202:palatalized 2918:, the word 2859:East Baltic 2855:West Baltic 2847:accentology 2553:Continental 2546:Anglo-Saxon 2249:Middle Ages 2199:Middle Ages 2054:Indo-Aryans 2047:Indo-Aryans 1854:Bell Beaker 1849:Corded ware 1745:Corded ware 1634:Sredny Stog 1579:Archaeology 1359:Proto-Greek 1339:Proto-Norse 779:West Slavic 666:West Slavic 650:Montenegrin 561:East Slavic 516:renarrative 475:, although 455:conjugation 390:. In their 384:conjugation 150:West Slavic 140:East Slavic 56:Throughout 10439:Categories 10375:Hirt's law 10365:Dybo's law 10336:Historical 10249:Russenorsk 10228:Ponaschemu 10120:Shtokavian 10060:Podlachian 9961:Slovincian 9951:Pomeranian 9920:Old Polish 9720:Macedonian 9607:Belarusian 9177:Indo-Aryan 8871:Leo Wiener 8789:paperback. 8781:hardback, 8645:Ethnologue 8502:26 January 8469:9521028521 8344:2077/36304 7897:Baltistica 7810:WorldAtlas 7712:References 7280:Curta 2001 7256:Sedov 1979 7244:Sedov 1995 6645:Macedonian 6461:Belarusian 6410:Ethnologue 6222:diminutive 6046:also have 5978:Max Vasmer 4699:Macedonian 4659:Belarusian 4570:Old Polish 4324:The sound 3700:affricates 3683:The sound 3390:Consonants 3376:morphology 3156:diphthongs 3074:See also: 2967:East Tyrol 2935:Hungarians 2831:Lithuanian 2819:isoglosses 2758:See also: 2661:Institutes 2581:Lithuanian 2335:Indo-Aryan 2321:Historical 2255:Indo-Aryan 2212:Tocharians 2126:Cimmerians 2004:Bronze Age 1895:South Asia 1769:Bronze Age 1707:Afanasievo 1511:Mainstream 1275:Vocabulary 1195:Sound laws 1057:Indo-Aryan 905:(e.g. for 868:spoken in 844:and, with 713:Slovincian 703:Pomeranian 615:Macedonian 571:Podlachian 566:Belarusian 512:indicative 496:declension 466:word order 440:past tense 409:mode. 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708:Kashubian 610:Bulgarian 588:Ukrainian 492:Bulgarian 372:Bulgarian 319:Bulgarian 303:Ukrainian 189:Glottolog 159:ISO 639-2 41:Ethnicity 10319:Iazychie 10243:Runglish 10201:Balachka 10172:Silesian 10130:Bunjevac 9978:Polabian 9935:Silesian 9914:dialects 9909:Masurian 9893:Lechitic 9850:Moravian 9773:Croatian 9676:dialects 9647:dialects 9327:Thracian 9320:Phrygian 9313:Paeonian 9292:Illyrian 9267:Armenian 9262:Albanian 9133:Germanic 9013:Pisidian 8873:(1920). 8855:Archived 8746:Refworld 8531:"Vampyr" 8359:27 March 8265:3 August 8137:Elementy 8054:26332464 8006:PLOS ONE 7993:26332464 7951:PLOS ONE 7914:(2008). 7870:27 March 7841:(2005). 7829:(2003). 7452:, p. 41. 7440:, p. 82. 7234:, p. 19. 7138:, p. 77. 7112:IRB 2004 6843:See also 6813:and the 6728:Silesian 6680:Lusatian 6555:Croatian 6364:glasnost 6318:Yugoslav 5915:Albanian 5911:Romanian 5755:(night) 5336:modern: 5257:gnijezdo 5251:гнијездо 4512:Japanese 4497:phonemic 4457:high-mid 4344:Russian 3769:alveolar 3762:Alveolar 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