Central Asia - Knowledge

14355: 3654: 1955: 2162:. Another study shows that the Uzbeks are closely related to other Turkic peoples of Central Asia and rather distant from Iranian people. The study also analysed the maternal and paternal DNA haplogroups and shows that Turkic speaking groups are more homogenous than Iranian speaking groups. Genetic studies analyzing the full genome of Uzbeks and other Central Asian populations found that about ~27-60% of the Uzbek ancestry is derived from East Asian sources, with the remainder ancestry (~40–73%) being made up by European and Middle Eastern components. According to a recent study, the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Turkmens share more of their gene pool with various East Asian and Siberian populations than with West Asian or European populations, though the Turkmens have a large percentage from populations to the east, their main components are Central Asian. The study further suggests that both migration and linguistic assimilation helped to spread the Turkic languages in Eurasia. 3732:, the European Union's eighth research and innovation funding programme. The focus of this research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the European Union and Central Asia, namely: climate change, energy and health. IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier projects which involved other regions, such as Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans. IncoNet CA focuses on twinning research facilities in Central Asia and Europe. It involves a consortium of partner institutions from Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Portugal, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. In May 2014, the European Union launched a 24-month call for project applications from twinned institutions – universities, companies and research institutes – for funding of up to €10, 000 to enable them to visit one another's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops. 2999:

technopark will house research on alternative energy sources (sun, wind) and the assimilation of nanotechnologies. Between 2010 and 2012, technological parks were set up in the east, south and north Kazakhstan oblasts (administrative units) and in the capital, Astana. A Centre for Metallurgy was also established in the east Kazakhstan oblast, as well as a Centre for Oil and Gas Technologies which will be part of the planned Caspian Energy Hub. In addition, the Centre for Technology Commercialisation has been set up in Kazakhstan as part of the Parasat National Scientific and Technological Holding, a joint stock company established in 2008 that is 100% state-owned. The centre supports research projects in technology marketing, intellectual property protection, technology licensing contracts and start-ups. The centre plans to conduct a technology audit in Kazakhstan and to review the legal framework regulating the commercialisation of research results and technology.

1038: 3713:, The programme also involved Belarus and the Russian Federation. Within this programme, prizes were awarded at an annual bio-industry exhibition and conference. In 2012, 86 Russian organisations participated, plus three from Belarus, one from Kazakhstan and three from Tajikistan, as well as two scientific research groups from Germany. At the time, Vladimir Debabov, scientific director of the Genetika State Research Institute for Genetics and the Selection of Industrial Micro-organisms in the Russian Federation, stressed the paramount importance of developing bio-industry. "In the world today, there is a strong tendency to switch from petrochemicals to renewable biological sources", he said. "Biotechnology is developing two to three times faster than chemicals." 3638: 1792: 3717:

Belarusian Innovative Foundation. Each of the selected projects is entitled to funding of US$ 3–90 million and is implemented within a public–private partnership. The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers, space technologies, medicine, petroleum recycling, nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources. Once these initial projects have spawned viable commercial products, the venture company plans to reinvest the profits in new projects. This venture company is not a purely economic structure; it has also been designed to promote a common economic space among the three participating countries. Kazakhstan recognises the role civil society initiatives have to address the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis.

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five countries are implementing structural reforms to improve competitiveness. Kazakhstan is the only CIS country to be included in the 2020 and 2019 IWB World Competitiveness rankings. In particular, they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business-friendly fiscal policies and other measures, to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. Between 2005 and 2013, the share of agriculture dropped in all but Tajikistan, where it increased while industry decreased. The fastest growth in industry was observed in Turkmenistan, whereas the services sector progressed most in the other four countries.

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developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts. In the 90s, arts of the region underwent some significant changes. Institutionally speaking, some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market, some stayed as representatives of official views, while many were sponsored by international organisations. The years of 1990–2000 were times for the establishment of contemporary arts. In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organised since 2005.

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reserves and Kazakhstan has the world's largest uranium reserves. Fluctuating global demand for cotton, aluminium and other metals (except gold) in recent years has hit Tajikistan hardest, since aluminium and raw cotton are its chief exports − the Tajik Aluminium Company is the country's primary industrial asset. In January 2014, the Minister of Agriculture announced the government's intention to reduce the acreage of land cultivated by cotton to make way for other crops. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are major cotton exporters themselves, ranking fifth and ninth respectively worldwide for volume in 2014.

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researchers in 2013. In Tajikistan, however, only one in three scientists (34%) was a woman in 2013, down from 40% in 2002. Although policies are in place to give Tajik women equal rights and opportunities, these are underfunded and poorly understood. Turkmenistan has offered a state guarantee of equality for women since a law adopted in 2007 but the lack of available data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions as to the law's impact on research. As for Turkmenistan, it does not make data available on higher education, research expenditure or researchers.

866:. The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions. Historically, political geography and culture have been two significant parameters widely used in scholarly definitions of Central Asia. Humboldt's definition comprised every country between 5° North and 5° South of the latitude 44.5°N. Humboldt mentions some geographic features of this region, which include the Caspian Sea in the west, the Altai mountains in the north and the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains in the South. He did not give an eastern border for the region. His legacy is still seen: 4055: 2859:

however, such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008. Notwithstanding this, they have emerged relatively unscathed from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. Growth faltered only briefly in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and not at all in Uzbekistan, where the economy grew by more than 7% per year on average between 2008 and 2013. Turkmenistan achieved unusually high 14.7% growth in 2011. Kyrgyzstan's performance has been more erratic but this phenomenon was visible well before 2008.

6150: 1460: 1341: 1248: 5885: 5784: 3739:(ISTC) was established in 1992 by the European Union, Japan, the Russian Federation and the US to engage weapons scientists in civilian research projects and to foster technology transfer. ISTC branches have been set up in the following countries party to the agreement: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014, three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre. 5238: 5120: 6057: 2909:. Many variables are likely to have been at play, but disparities in economic structure, the intensity of the pandemic, and accompanying containment efforts may all be linked to part of the variety in nations' experiences. Central Asian countries are, however, predicted to be hit the worst in the future. Only 4% of permanently closed businesses anticipate to return in the future, with huge differences across sectors, ranging from 3% in lodging and food services to 27% in retail commerce. 5509: 435: 1935: 4063: 5932: 2952:, national development strategies are fostering new high-tech industries, pooling resources and orienting the economy towards export markets. Many national research institutions established during the Soviet era have since become obsolete with the development of new technologies and changing national priorities. This has led countries to reduce the number of national research institutions since 2009 by grouping existing institutions to create research hubs. Several of the 4908: 3959: 188: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 423: 411: 399: 387: 1376: 1313: 1297: 3078:

employed by the university sector in 2013 and just 6% in the business enterprise sector. With most Uzbek university researchers nearing retirement, this imbalance imperils Uzbekistan's research future. Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science, Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60; more than one in three researchers (38.4%) holds a PhD degree, or its equivalent, the remainder holding a bachelor's or master's degree.

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four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Tūrān"). Tūrān thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.

1225: 3690:, a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation. Over the decade to 2020, US$ 50 billion is being invested in priority projects in transport, trade and energy to improve members' competitiveness. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. Only Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan border the 2171: 2064: 4463: 2401: 5482: 6464:, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.". 14469: 14457: 5108: 2132: 5132: 1467: 1523: 1481: 109: 5964: 7460:, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1998. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages. 4075: 1509: 1551: 1495: 1537: 1579:. Westward the Kazakh steppe merges into the Russian-Ukrainian steppe and eastward into the steppes and deserts of Dzungaria and Mongolia. Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin. The south supports areas of dense population and cities wherever irrigation is possible. The main irrigated areas are along the eastern mountains, along the 3057:. Enterprises prefer to purchase technological solutions that are already embodied in imported machinery and equipment. Just 4% of firms purchase the license and patents that come with this technology. Nevertheless, there appears to be a growing demand for the products of research, since enterprises spent 4.5 times more on scientific and technological services in 2008 than in 1997. 2972:, more than 10 institutions of the Academy of Sciences have been reorganised, following the issuance of a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers in February 2012. The aim is to orient academic research towards problem-solving and ensure continuity between basic and applied research. For example, the Mathematics and Information Technology Research Institute has been subsumed under the 6136: 1804:. Average monthly precipitation is very low from July to September, rises in autumn (October and November) and is highest in March or April, followed by swift drying in May and June. Winds can be strong, producing dust storms sometimes, especially toward the end of the summer in September and October. Specific cities that exemplify Central Asian climate patterns include 3662:

744 million in 2008 and US$ 2.6 billion five years later. The growth in exports was more gradual – from US$ 2.3 billion to US$ 3.1 billion – and dominated by chemical products (other than pharmaceuticals), which represented two-thirds of exports in 2008 (US$ 1.5 billion) and 83% (US$ 2.6 billion) in 2013.

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Expanded). Between 2005 and 2014, Kazakhstan's share of scientific papers from the region grew from 35% to 56%. Although two-thirds of papers from the region have a foreign co-author, the main partners tend to come from beyond Central Asia, namely the Russian Federation, USA, German, United Kingdom and Japan.

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In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn's son Tūr. The denizens of Tūrān were held to include the Turks, in the first

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To the North, the steppe allowed for rapid mobility, first for nomadic horseback warriors like the Huns and Mongols, and later for Russian traders, eventually supported by railroads. As the Russian Empire expanded to the East, it would also push down into Central Asia towards the sea, in a search for

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Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development. Uzbekistan is in a particularly vulnerable position, with its heavy reliance on higher education: three-quarters of researchers were

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The Central Asian countries attracted $ 378.2 billion of foreign direct investment (FDI) between 2007 and 2019. Kazakhstan accounted for 77.7% of the total FDI directed to the region. Kazakhstan is also the largest country in Central Asia accounting for more than 60 percent of the region's gross

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Although both exports and imports have grown significantly over the past decade, Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. Kyrgyzstan has

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The republics which have fared best benefitted from the commodities boom during the first decade of the 2000s. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan's own reserves make it more or less self-sufficient. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan all have gold

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Public policies pursued by Central Asian governments focus on buffering the political and economic spheres from external shocks. This includes maintaining a trade balance, minimizing public debt and accumulating national reserves. They cannot totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces,

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As a consequence of Russian colonisation, European fine arts – painting, sculpture and graphics – have developed in Central Asia. The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism, which took inspiration from the Russian avant-garde movement. Until the 1980s, Central Asian arts had

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To the southwest, across the Kopet Dagh, lies Persia. From here Persian and Islamic civilisation penetrated Central Asia and dominated its high culture until the Russian conquest. In the southeast is the route to India. In early times Buddhism spread north and throughout much of history warrior kings

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in 2014, along with Belarus and the Russian Federation. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan have since joined this body. As co-operation among the member states in science and technology is already considerable and well-codified in legal texts, the Eurasian Economic Union is expected to have a limited additional

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are also building technology parks as part of their drive to modernise infrastructure. In 2011, construction began of a technopark in the village of Bikrova near Ashgabat, the Turkmen capital. It will combine research, education, industrial facilities, business incubators and exhibition centres. The

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Despite high rates of economic growth in recent years, GDP per capita in Central Asia was higher than the average for developing countries only in Kazakhstan in 2013 (PPP$ 23,206) and Turkmenistan (PPP$ 14 201). It dropped to PPP$ 5,167 for Uzbekistan, home to 45% of the region's population, and was

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Zhabagin, Maxat; Balanovska, Elena; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Kuznetsova, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; Balaganskaya, Olga; Chukhryaeva, Marina; Markina, Nadezhda; Romanov, Alexey; Skhalyakho, Roza; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Saroyants, Liudmila; Dalimova, Dilbar; Davletchurin, Damir; Turdikulova, Shahlo (8

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To the Southwest, West Asian powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia (usually Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan). Several Persian empires would conquer and reconquer parts of Central Asia; Alexander the Great's Hellenic empire would extend into Central Asia; two Islamic

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Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical seats of power. From its central location, it has access to trade routes to and from all the regional powers. On the other hand, it has been continuously vulnerable to attack from all sides throughout

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Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community, the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013, with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the

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Kazakhstan is Central Asia's main trader in high-tech products. Kazakh imports nearly doubled between 2008 and 2013, from US$ 2.7 billion to US$ 5.1 billion. There has been a surge in imports of computers, electronics and telecommunications; these products represented an investment of US$

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The Central Asian republics' ambition of developing the business sector, education and research is being hampered by chronic low investment in research and development. Over the decade to 2013, the region's investment in research and development hovered around 0.2–0.3% of GDP. Uzbekistan broke with

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Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, the Central Asian republics have gradually been moving from a state-controlled economy to a market economy. However, reform has been deliberately gradual and selective, as governments strive to limit the social cost and ameliorate living standards. All

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before crossing the mountains northwest to Ferghana or southwest to Bactria. A minor branch of the silk road went north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria and Zhetysu before turning southwest near Tashkent. Nomadic migrations usually moved from Mongolia through Dzungaria before turning southwest to

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Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kumar, Ganesh Prasad Arun; Akhmetova, Vita; Babalyan, Konstantin; Boulygina, Eugenia; Kharkov, Vladimir; Gubina, Marina; Khidiyatova, Irina; Khitrinskaya, Irina; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Khusainova, Rita; Konovalova, Natalia

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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In the post–Cold War era, Central Asia is an ethnic cauldron, prone to instability and conflicts, without a sense of national identity, but rather a mess of historical cultural influences, tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor. Projecting influence into the area is no longer just Russia,

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to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. The inability of the elites to form a united front, as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war,

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The capital and second largest city in Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, the city and the region were renamed from Tselinograd to Aqmola. The name was often translated as "White Tombstone", but actually means "Holy Place" or "Holy Shrine". The "White Tombstone" literal

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Although, during the golden age of Orientalism the place of Central Asia in the world history was marginalised, contemporary historiography has rediscovered the "centrality" of the Central Asia. The history of Central Asia is defined by the area's climate and geography. The aridness of the region

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Khussainova, Elmira; Kisselev, Ilya; Iksan, Olzhas; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Skvortsova, Liliya; Garshin, Alexander; Kuzovleva, Elena; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Zhunussova, Gulnur; Musralina, Lyazzat; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Amirgaliyeva, Almira; Begmanova, Mamura; Seisenbayeva, Akerke; Bespalova, Kira

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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Loman, Valeriy; Hedeager, Lotte; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Nielsen, Kasper (May

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Central Asia has long been a strategic location merely because of its proximity to several great powers on the Eurasian landmass. The region itself never held a dominant stationary population nor was able to make use of natural resources. Thus, it has rarely throughout history become the seat of

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Note: PhD graduates in science cover life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and computing; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction. For Central Asia, the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees. Data are

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Countries are seeking to augment the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors but also to make greater use of information and communication technologies and other modern technologies, such as solar energy, to develop the business sector, education and research. In March 2013, two research

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The number of scientific papers published in Central Asia grew by almost 50% between 2005 and 2014, driven by Kazakhstan, which overtook Uzbekistan over this period to become the region's most prolific scientific publisher, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index

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Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have all maintained a share of women researchers above 40% since the fall of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has even achieved gender parity, with Kazakh women dominating medical and health research and representing some 45–55% of engineering and technology

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Kazakhstan is the only country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development – but research intensity overall is low in Kazakhstan: just 0.18% of GDP in 2013. Moreover, few industrial enterprises conduct research in

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of Uzbekistan. Bukhara has been one of the main centers of Persian civilisation from its early days in the 6th century BC, and, since the 12th century AD, Turkic speakers gradually moved in. Its architecture and archaeological sites form one of the pillars of Central Asian history and art.

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in Turkmenistan (founded in 2013). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school, in order to facilitate international ties. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both adopted the three-tier bachelor's, master's and PhD degree system, in 2007 and 2012

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Both of these bodies of water have shrunk significantly in recent decades due to the diversion of water from rivers that feed them for irrigation and industrial purposes. Water is an extremely valuable resource in arid Central Asia and can lead to rather significant international disputes.

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that would drastically affect the region. Genetic data shows that the different Central Asian Turkic-speaking peoples have between ~22% and ~70% East Asian ancestry (represented by "Baikal hunter-gatherer ancestry" shared with other Northeast Asians and Eastern Siberians), in contrast to

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Because Central Asia is landlocked and not buffered by a large body of water, temperature fluctuations are often severe, excluding the hot, sunny summer months. In most areas, the climate is dry and continental, with hot summers and cool to cold winters, with occasional snowfall. Outside

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translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts. In 1994, the city was designated as the future capital of the newly independent country and again renamed to the Astana after the capital was officially moved from

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Farah, Paolo Davide, Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, November 2015. Available at SSRN:

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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in 2001 and ongoing reconstruction and drug-eradication efforts. U.S. military bases have also been established in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, causing both Russia and the People's Republic of China to voice their concern over a permanent U.S. military presence in the region.

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nation identity, has gradually increased its ties and influence as well in the region. Furthermore, since Uzbekistan announced their intention to join in April 2018, Turkey and all of the Central Asian Turkic-speaking states except Turkmenistan are together part of the

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of China expanded westwards and controlled large parts of Central Asia, directly and indirectly through their Turkic vassals. Tang China actively supported the Turkification of Central Asia, while extending its cultural influence. The Tang Chinese were defeated by the

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In 2022, experts assessed that global climate change is likely to pose multiple economic risks to Central Asia and may possibly result in many billions of losses unless proper adaptation measures are developed to counter growing temperatures across the region.

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rose two years in a row and, in 2012, production at the major Kumtor gold mine fell by 60% after the site was perturbed by geological movements. According to the World Bank, 33.7% of the population was living in absolute poverty in 2010 and 36.8% a year later.

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Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average (1,083 in 2013) in Kazakhstan (1,046) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan (1,097).

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In nearly all the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen. None of the new republics could be considered functional democracies in the early days of independence, although in recent years Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and

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power for an empire or influential state. Central Asia has been divided, redivided, conquered out of existence, and fragmented time and time again. Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right.

5268:, a nuclear-armed Islamic state, has a history of political relations with neighbouring Afghanistan and is termed capable of exercising influence. For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route to the ocean lies through Pakistan. Pakistan seeks 4558:

lived in Central Asian countries, the Pew Forum study finds that Kazakhstan (4.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the region, followed by Uzbekistan (710,000), Kyrgyzstan (660,000), Turkmenistan (320,000) and Tajikistan (100,000).

5910:). Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road, and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century AD. After that, it survived as a small village until the Russians took over in the 19th century. 7828:

Zhabagin, Maxat; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Tarlykov, Pavel; Tazhigulova, Inkar; Junissova, Zukhra; Yerezhepov, Dauren; Akilzhanov, Rakhmetolla; Zholdybayeva, Elena; Wei, Lan-Hai; Akilzhanova, Ainur; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena (22 October 2020).

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Subsequently, at a UNESCO meeting held in 1978, it was agreed that the study on Central Asia should deal with the civilizations of Afghanistan, north-eastern Iran, Pakistan, northern India, western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian

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Five Kazakh patents were registered at the US Patent and Trademark Office between 2008 and 2013, compared to three for Uzbek inventors and none at all for the other three Central Asian republics, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

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In terms of the economic influence of big powers, China is viewed as one of the key economic players in Central Asia, especially after Beijing launched its grand development strategy known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013.

5338:. The Turkic Khaganate had special policy against Chinese assimilation policy. Another interesting theoretical analysis on the historical-geopolitics of the Central Asia was made through the reinterpretation of Orkhun Inscripts. 6284: 1714:

and tribes would move southeast to establish their rule in northern India. Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast. After 1800 western civilisation in its Russian and Soviet form penetrated from the northwest.

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impact on co-operation among public laboratories or academia but it should encourage business ties and scientific mobility, since it includes provision for the free circulation of labour and unified patent regulations.

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high-elevation areas, the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid. In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. Winters feature occasional rain or snow from low-pressure systems that cross the area from the

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Russia continues to dominate political decision-making throughout the former SSRs; although, as other countries move into the area, Russia's influence has begun to wane though Russia still maintains military bases in

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Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), "Ibn Batūtā", Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2) (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp.

5349:, which says that the power which controls Central Asia—richly endowed with natural resources—shall ultimately be the "empire of the world". For example, the region is endowed with various mineral resources such as 5212:

The United States, with its military involvement in the region and oil diplomacy, is also significantly involved in the region's politics. The United States and other NATO members were the main contributors to the

8944: 2965: 2325:. According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale, "From 1959 to 1970, about two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Central Asia, of which about one million moved to Kazakhstan." 7751:

Zhao, Jing; Wurigemule, null; Sun, Jin; Xia, Ziyang; He, Guanglin; Yang, Xiaomin; Guo, Jianxin; Cheng, Hui-Zhen; Li, Yingxiang; Lin, Song; Yang, Tie-Lin; Hu, Xi; Du, Hua; Cheng, Peng; Hu, Rong (December 2020).

8441:""In Central Asia, a Revival of an Ancient Form of Rap – Art of Ad-Libbing Oral History Draws New Devotees in Post-Communist Era" by Peter Finn, Washington Post Foreign Service, Sunday, March 6, 2005, p. A20" 4097:

has fewer people. It has a population density of 9 people per km, vastly less than the 80.5 people per km of the continent as a whole. Kazakhstan is one of the least densely populated countries in the world.

14222: 5167:. However, with the Sino-Soviet split and collapse of Soviet Union, China would project its soft power into Central Asia, most notably in the case of Afghanistan, to counter Russian dominance of the region. 2317:, but also the suppression of local cultures, hundreds of thousands of deaths from failed collectivisation programmes, and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems. Soviet authorities 813:

Central Asia has a population of about 72 million, in five countries: Kazakhstan (19 million), Kyrgyzstan (7 million), Tajikistan (10 million), Turkmenistan (6 million), and Uzbekistan (35 million).

1873:

As of 2022, there has been a scarcity of research on climate impacts in Central Asia, even though it experiences faster warming than the global average and is generally considered to be one of the more

5261:

Iran, the seat of historical empires that controlled parts of Central Asia, has historical and cultural links to the region and is vying to construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Persian

5762:) from 1929 to 1998. Despite losing its status as the capital, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. It is a recognised financial center of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region. 2957: 971:

and declared that the definition of Central Asia should include Kazakhstan as well as the original four included by the Soviets. Since then, this has become the most common definition of Central Asia.

1927:

difficult, and its distance from the sea cut it off from much trade. Thus, few major cities developed in the region; instead, the area was for millennia dominated by the nomadic horse peoples of the

5420:

Western governments have accused Russia, China and the former Soviet republics of justifying the suppression of separatist movements, and the associated ethnics and religion with the War on Terror.

874:. The Russian geographer Nikolaĭ Khanykov questioned the latitudinal definition of Central Asia and preferred a physical one of all countries located in the region landlocked from water, including 8706: 4070:

The three northwest-tending lines are the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea and in the south the irrigated north side of the Kopet Dagh mountains.

8175: 2995: 2934: 2697:

is popular across Central Asia, with Kazakhstan having claimed 14 Olympic medals, Uzbekistan seven, and Kyrgyzstan three. As former Soviet states, Central Asian countries have been successful in

8542: 2985: 1982:, which traveled along Central Asia. Periodically, great leaders or changing conditions would organise several tribes into one force and create an almost unstoppable power. These included the 1978:

became some of the most militarily potent people in the world, limited only by their lack of internal unity. Any internal unity that was achieved was most probably due to the influence of the

7062:

Russian scholars who used the term 'Middle Asia' synonymously with Turkestan used 'Central Asia' largely to refer to areas outside Russian control, including Afghanistan and 'East Turkestan'.

3020: 8808: 5291:

Japan has an important and growing influence in Central Asia, with the master plan of the capital city of Astana in Kazakhstan being designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa, and the

3641:

Scientific publications from Central Asia catalogued by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, 2005–2014, UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6

10356: 2653:

is played throughout the Central Asian region, the countries sometimes organise Buzkashi competition amongst each other. The First regional competition among the Central Asian countries,

8667: 14354: 8838: 8193:

Villems, Richard; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Kivisild, Toomas; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Voevoda, Mikhail; Osipova, Ludmila; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Damba, Larisa (21 April 2015).

940:

or "Middle Asia", the narrower definition, which includes only those traditionally non-Slavic, Central Asian lands that were incorporated within those borders of historical Russia) and

8992: 9278: 9788: 6273: 2271: 7409:

Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022:

6853: 2894:

Kazakhstan leads the Central Asian region in terms of foreign direct investments. The Kazakh economy accounts for more than 70% of all the investment attracted in Central Asia.

9182: 6979: 5397:

because of its central role in serving as a staging point for the invasion of Afghanistan, providing intelligence on Al-Qaeda operations in the region, and leading the hunt on

3653: 6940: 6789: 5182:

empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region; and the modern state of Iran has projected influence throughout the region as well. Turkey, through a common

4093:

By a broad definition including Mongolia and Afghanistan, more than 90 million people live in Central Asia, about 2% of Asia's total population. Of the regions of Asia, only

8570: 948:

or "Central Asia", the wider definition, which includes Central Asian lands that have never been part of historical Russia). The latter definition includes Afghanistan and '

8736: 8509: 6901: 8936: 7327:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 5906:

city of Konjikala, which was first mentioned as a wine-producing village in the 2nd century BC and was leveled by an earthquake in the 1st century BC (a precursor of the

2961: 5254:

Turkey also exerts considerable influence in the region on account of its ethnic and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and its involvement in the

8869: 3725: 795: 755:

trade routes crossed through Central Asia, leading to the rise of prosperous trade cities. acting as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between

139: 5288:. Being located on the northwest of South Asia, the area forming modern-day Pakistan maintained extensive historical and cultural links with the central Asian region. 10277:

Vakulchuk, Roman (2014) Kazakhstan's Emerging Economy: Between State and Market, Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Main. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/299731455

2976:

and the Institute for Comprehensive Research on Regional Problems of Samarkand has been transformed into a problem-solving laboratory on environmental issues within

2372:

have made further progress towards more open societies, unlike Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, which have maintained many Soviet-style repressive tactics.

1954: 14229: 8999: 8970: 7997:

Heyer, Evelyne; Balaresque, Patricia; Jobling, Mark A.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Chaix, Raphaelle; Segurel, Laure; Aldashev, Almaz; Hegay, Tanya (1 September 2009).

3036:

respectively, which is gradually replacing the Soviet system of Candidates and Doctors of Science. In 2010, Kazakhstan became the only Central Asian member of the

8778: 2364:

explains that without the imperial manipulations of the Russian Empire but above all the Soviet Union, the creation of said republics would have been impossible.

10297: 3016: 9248: 7177:

Andrea, Bernadette. "Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River by Richard N. Frye: Review by Bernadette Andrea".

55: 5258:. Political and economic relations are growing rapidly (e.g., Turkey recently eliminated visa requirements for citizens of the Central Asian Turkic republics). 9776:, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture, Dushanbe, 2006. 7441: 5231:

India has geographic proximity to the Central Asian region and, in addition, enjoys considerable influence on Afghanistan. India maintains a military base at

1820:, Tajikistan. The last of these represents one of the wettest climates in Central Asia, with an average annual precipitation of over 560 mm (22 inches). 9308: 7128: 3671: 3657:

Cumulative total of articles by Central Asians between 2008 and 2013, by field of science. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6

9331: 8385: 2055:

brought most of the region under Mongolian influence, which had "enormous demographic success", but did not impact the cultural or linguistic landscape.

6105:

The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the region were known as Chach. Tashkent started as an

10123: 8531: 6163: 3683: 1025:

are also included. Most of the mentioned peoples are considered the "indigenous" peoples of the vast region. Central Asia is sometimes referred to as

10252:(272 pp). Central Eurasian Studies On Line: Accessible via the Web Page of the International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research: 3686:(CAREC) Programme, which also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia and Pakistan. In November 2011, the 10 member countries adopted the 10680: 10116:

Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Pakistan and Early Ottoman Turkey

14526: 8800: 4550:, with many members in Kazakhstan, where about 25% of the population of 19 million identify as Christian, 17% in Uzbekistan and 5% in Kyrgyzstan. 12783: 11945: 2867:

the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower.

8448: 7310: 10363: 8659: 1832: 8830: 8264: 11940: 8285: 5276:

is supposed to be the fifth largest natural gas field in the world. The mountain ranges and areas in northern Pakistan lie on the fringes of

3790: 1990: 1898:

have already become more likely, and their likelihood is expected to continue increasing with greater climate change. By 2050, people in the

9751: 9270: 5890:

The capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat is a relatively young city, growing out of a village of the same name established by

5393:, Central Asia has once again become the center of geostrategic calculations. Pakistan's status has been upgraded by the U.S. government to 3011:

institutes were created by presidential decree to foster the development of alternative energy sources in Uzbekistan, with funding from the

9785: 9391: 8056:

Mezzavilla, Massimo; Vozzi, Diego; Pirastu, Nicola; Girotto, Giorgia; d’Adamo, Pio; Gasparini, Paolo; Colonna, Vincenza (5 December 2014).

3694:

and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to world markets.

3053:

Kazakhstan. Only one in eight (12.5%) of the country's manufacturing firms were active in innovation in 2012, according to a survey by the

2499: 9937: 9725: 9699: 9673: 9021: 3006:

Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3

14349: 13941: 12831: 6183: 3736: 1575:

Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia. The northern half of Central Asia (Kazakhstan) is the middle part of the

9807: 8764:

Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia

8329: 6690: 2290:

until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Afghanistan remained relatively independent of major influence by the Soviet Union until the

14868: 13876: 7729: 917:, the most commonly added country to Central Asia, in green. Regions that are sometimes considered part of Central Asia in light green. 803: 9860: 8911: 7046: 7011: 6837: 14094: 10764: 10695: 9175: 6963: 4511:

were the major faiths in Central Asia before the arrival of Islam. Zoroastrian influence is still felt today in such celebrations as

10047:

Klein, I.; Gessner, U.; Kuenzer (2012). "Regional land cover mapping and change detection in Central Asia using MODIS time-series".

6924: 5156:

warm water ports. The Soviet bloc would reinforce dominance from the North and attempt to project power as far south as Afghanistan.

15314: 9487: 7331:

predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

6781: 6716: 1678:(Sinkiang; Hsin-kiang) about 1759. Caravans from China usually went along the north or south side of the Tarim basin and joined at 8559: 14215: 12965: 10207: 9038: 7891:"Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz" 7417:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012. 7082: 6559:

Ta'lim Primary 6 Parent and Teacher Guide (p. 72) – Islamic Publications Limited for the Institute of Ismaili Studies London

5824:, which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. 5793:, which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. 5214: 3776: 2318: 8728: 8501: 6893: 14196: 10155: 9465: 7534: 6538: 10271: 10087: 9984: 9831: 9432: 9210: 9155: 8905: 8772: 8700: 8643: 7151: 6973: 6934: 6847: 6754: 6655: 6441: 5332: 3064:

Central Asian researchers by sector of employment (HC), 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.5

2314: 9647: 9216: 8861: 12308: 10675: 10657: 7323:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 6734: 6673: 6369: 5159:

To the East, the demographic and cultural weight of Chinese empires continually pushed outward into Central Asia since the

3032: 2991: 2969: 2949: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 1866: 1037: 10286: 5731:

in 1997. In 2019 the city was renamed to Nur-Sultan to honor the resigned president, but was reverted to Astana in 2022.

2226:, and other powers expanded into the region and had captured the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The 2207:

conquered and ruled the largest contiguous empire in recorded history. Most of Central Asia fell under the control of the

14151: 12776: 11583: 1970:

and the settled people in and around Central Asia were long marked by conflict. The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to

1459: 1340: 1247: 9062:(in Russian). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences (47): 58–62. Retrieved 18 March 2019. 2956:

institutes were merged in 2014: the Institute of Botany was merged with the Institute of Medicinal Plants to become the

1607:

create three "bays" along the eastern mountains. The largest, in the north, is eastern Kazakhstan, traditionally called

14146: 13147: 11644: 11108: 10911: 10713: 10130: 8307: 7797: 6339: 5413: 4516: 3783: 3637: 2676: 6714:Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы 925:

Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region (which overlap with conceptions of South and East Asia).

13557: 12322: 10629: 10138: 10000: 9823: 9240: 9125: 9101: 9080: 8762: 8342: 7438: 7324: 7092: 6168: 5242: 5225: 3679: 3675: 2973: 2733: 2283: 1836: 1564: 1445: 1326: 9369: 3085:

Central Asian researchers by field of science, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.4

2545: 10550: 10380: 8478: 8430:

Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010

7456:

C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in

6460:

C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in

5335: 5272:

from Central Asia and supports the development of pipelines from its countries. According to an independent study,

5255: 2239: 959:, which defined Middle Asia as consisting solely of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, omitting 9617: 9300: 8993:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 7410: 6500: 5859:, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday 5170:

To the Southeast, the demographic and cultural influence of India was felt in Central Asia, notably in Tibet, the

2538:, Penner shared his photography skills with a local student Khudaybergen Divanov, who later became the founder of 14156: 13426: 12806: 5381:

and many others making it a potential major global supplier of critical materials for clean energy technologies.

5218: 4567: 3769: 3054: 2549: 2376: 2125: 2052: 2035:

of Turkic peoples occurred between the 6th and 11th centuries, when they spread across most of Central Asia. The

1959: 1175:

A majority of the people earn a living by herding livestock. Industrial activity centers in the region's cities.

7346:

Vakulchuk, Roman; Daloz, Anne Sophie; Overland, Indra; Sagbakken, Haakon Fossum; Standal, Karina (26 May 2022).

6392: 5471: 993:

An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity, and in particular, areas populated by Eastern

15291: 14191: 14136: 13386: 12769: 10705: 10593: 9922: 8377: 5720: 3705:

Kazakhstan and Tajikistan participated in the Innovative Biotechnologies Programme (2011–2015) launched by the

3060: 2842:

GDP in Central Asia by economic sector, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 14.2

2321:

millions of people, including entire nationalities, from western areas of the Soviet Union to Central Asia and

2203:

would take the chance to rule portions of Central Asia and South Asia. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the

642:. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the 10253: 9343: 7625:

Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (14 January 2022).

6602: 3002: 913:

Expanded definition of Central Asia. Core definition that includes the five post-Soviet states in dark green.

14297: 13680: 13142: 11935: 10757: 10349: 5151:

its history, resulting in political fragmentation or outright power vacuum, as it is successively dominated.

2834:

GDP growth trends in Central Asia, 2000–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.1

2275: 2251: 1224: 867: 366: 8417: 6251: 4140:

The languages of the majority of the inhabitants of the former Soviet Central Asian Republics belong to the

2199:

in 751, marking the end of the Tang dynasty's western expansion and the 150 years of Chinese influence. The

744:

largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area, with the exception of Tajikistan and areas where

14141: 12631: 11623: 11431: 10652: 10558: 10108: 9339: 5845: 4049: 2680: 2419: 2334: 1994: 1875: 1844: 1840: 3031:

in Uzbekistan (first intake in 2014), specializing in information and communication technologies, and the

2582:

performance was co-opted by the authorities and subsequently declined in popularity. With the fall of the

12120: 11923: 10637: 9536:"Central Asia is a missing link in analyses of critical materials for the global clean energy transition" 7754:"Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping" 6317: 6198: 5102: 3706: 3040:, which seeks to harmonise higher education systems in order to create a European Higher Education Area. 3028: 2953: 2306: 1924: 650:" (meaning "land of") in both respective native languages and most other languages. Central Asia borders 5295:

initiative designed to strengthen ties between them and promote development and stability of the region.

2838: 2297: 14920: 14681: 13406: 11194: 10228: 2977: 2830: 1231: 8440: 3081: 1791: 770:

From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was colonised by the

15277: 14759: 14693: 14675: 14548: 13642: 12936: 10588: 10168:"National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia" 7300: 6575:"National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia" 6213: 3762: 2981: 6965:

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture

6624:

paved the way, in the early 1920s for the Soviet re-conquest of the Central Asia in the early 1920s.

5404:

Afghanistan, which had served as a haven and source of support for Al-Qaeda under the protection of

4566:

were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but nearly all have emigrated since the

2870:

The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012. In April 2010, President

2004:

During pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by speakers of

15352: 14765: 14762: 14756: 14750: 14720: 14663: 14336: 14089: 13662: 13376: 13366: 13361: 12956: 12946: 12911: 12234: 10750: 10598: 10583: 8253: 7818:

Estimating the impact of the Mongol expansion upon the gene pool of Central Asians. ЛД Дамба · 2018

6421: 5907: 4504: 4227: 3743: 3023:. Three universities have been set up since 2011 to foster competence in strategic economic areas: 2795: 2776: 2255: 1939: 8281: 6313: 15300: 14780: 14747: 14723: 14717: 14702: 14545: 14239: 14186: 14074: 13951: 13856: 13700: 13582: 12991: 12941: 12792: 11753: 11627: 11590: 11578: 10667: 10625: 10615: 9747: 9176:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 7074: 6615:

In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the

5292: 5127:

showing the Afghan Amir Sher Ali with his "friends" Imperial Russia and the United Kingdom (1878)

4547: 4467: 4329: 3710: 3698: 1911: 1882:, it has already had greater increases in hot temperature extremes than the other parts of Asia, 1663:

northwest of the mouth of the Ferghana valley. The land immediately north of the Oxus was called

1191: 1168: 75: 10315: 10259: 10036: 9947: 9401: 5814: 15137: 14738: 14729: 14672: 14607: 14592: 14166: 13926: 12951: 12886: 12491: 11930: 11918: 11271: 11024: 10603: 10568: 9935: 9721: 9695: 9669: 7328: 7087:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 1. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 7–9.

6117:

Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the

6099: 5324: 3012: 2286:. Mongolia gained its independence from China and has remained independent but became a Soviet 1856: 1005:

peoples. These areas include Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the Turkic regions of southern

863: 71: 6839:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B.C.

6332:"Mongolia | History, Capital, Map, Flag, Language, Population, Size, & Facts | Britannica" 6074:

and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study. It was here that the ruler

4085: 3720:

Four of the five Central Asian republics have also been involved in a project launched by the

15347: 15026: 15017: 14711: 14687: 14542: 14001: 13976: 13886: 13517: 13351: 12369: 12083: 11738: 11609: 11098: 10976: 10608: 10573: 10163: 9804: 9520:

For an analysis of Mackinder's approach from the perspective of "Critical Geopolitics" look:

9094:

The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China

8326: 6697: 6570: 5789:

The capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative center of

4605: 4474: 3024: 2964:; and the Institute of Seismology merged with the State Service for Seismology to become the 2846: 2616: 2455: 2235: 1902:

basin may be faced with severe water scarcity due to both climate and socioeconomic reasons.

871: 10101:

Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan

8801:"Education in the Western Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Findings from PISA 2018" 7691: 6023:. It has a population of 192,500 (1999 census estimate). Kokand is 228 km southeast of 5178:

competed with the Russian Empire for influence in the region in the 19th and 20th centuries.

4611:

Central Asia is where many integral beliefs and elements in various religious traditions of

1886:

in Central Asia had decreased, unlike elsewhere in Asia, and the frequency and intensity of

15310: 15023: 13936: 13783: 13318: 13116: 12404: 11965: 11614: 11066: 11019: 10642: 10427: 10310: 10056: 9956: 9845: 9547: 8892: 8364:

Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018

7638: 7570: 7484: 7225: 7037: 7002: 5508: 5281: 5277: 4235: 2960:; the Sun Institute was merged with the Institute of Physics and Mathematics to become the 2788: 2740: 2712: 2672: 2084: 2017: 1674:

To the east, Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin were united into the Manchu-Chinese province of

862:

One of the first geographers to mention Central Asia as a distinct region of the world was

833: 823: 697: 299: 9058:

Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000). Республика в зеркале переписей населения (PDF).

7280: 7263: 6474: 2051:

reached the region but had no significant demographic impact. In the 13th century AD, the

909: 8: 15032: 15029: 14980: 14684: 14539: 14176: 14110: 13966: 13391: 13381: 13111: 13036: 11960: 11913: 11908: 11777: 11760: 11748: 11726: 11599: 11446: 11029: 10808: 10792: 10718: 10480: 10325: 10211: 10143: 10096: 10079:

The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence

7950:"A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia" 7627:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia" 6178: 6173: 5394: 4551: 4368: 4325: 4271: 3803: 2815: 2592: 2508: 1917: 1138: 1098: 964: 963:. Soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the leaders of the four former 787: 223: 35: 20: 10060: 9996:

Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes

9551: 9495: 8058:"Genetic landscape of populations along the Silk Road: admixture and migration patterns" 7642: 7574: 7488: 7229: 6876: 6713: 1861: 1795:

Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Central Asia (1991–2020)

1671:, especially when referring to the Sogdian merchants who dominated the silk road trade. 15223: 15020: 14565: 14559: 14331: 14126: 14079: 13946: 13861: 13846: 13803: 13758: 13622: 13411: 13197: 13086: 13046: 12971: 12816: 12597: 12555: 12545: 12409: 12399: 12022: 11743: 11455: 11266: 11184: 11162: 11132: 11127: 10187: 8229: 8194: 8152: 8117: 8092: 8057: 8033: 7998: 7925: 7890: 7865: 7830: 7789: 7716: 7667: 7626: 7599: 7558: 7526: 7387: 7194: 7122: 6594: 5235:, Tajikistan, and also has extensive military relations with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. 4054: 3808: 3670:

The five Central Asian republics belong to several international bodies, including the

2879: 2807: 2704: 2448:

of Qing China in the 18th century was Tibetan Buddhist and would sometimes travel from

2437: 2259: 303: 295: 291: 239: 10029:

Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia

9995: 9035: 7974: 7949: 15250: 15011: 14562: 14476: 14367: 14181: 13290: 13132: 13106: 13101: 13001: 12986: 12876: 12871: 12841: 12821: 12523: 12337: 12332: 12266: 12202: 12103: 12032: 11903: 11594: 11441: 11313: 11286: 11234: 11174: 11115: 11056: 11046: 10966: 10956: 10803: 10563: 10530: 10298:

The Impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia and the South Caucasus

10267: 10191: 10134: 10083: 10032: 9980: 9827: 9819: 9573: 9457: 9428: 9206: 9151: 9121: 9097: 9076: 8901: 8768: 8696: 8690: 8639: 8338: 8234: 8216: 8157: 8139: 8097: 8079: 8038: 8020: 7979: 7930: 7912: 7870: 7852: 7793: 7781: 7773: 7721: 7672: 7654: 7604: 7586: 7518: 7510: 7391: 7379: 7305: 7243: 7198: 7147: 7098: 7088: 6969: 6930: 6843: 6750: 6651: 6598: 6508: 6437: 6425: 6218: 6193: 6000: 5752: 5346: 4601: 4344: 4283: 4275: 4243: 4239: 3305:

Table: Central Asian researchers by field of science and gender, 2013 or closest year

2906: 2871: 2744: 2539: 2523: 2413: 2192: 2151: 2048: 2044: 2005: 1975: 1947: 1801: 879: 10685: 9449: 7530: 7472: 7262:

Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

5284:

region of Pakistan lies adjacent to Tajikistan, separated only by the narrow Afghan

2736:, first formed in 2001, has claimed wins over Bangladesh, West Indies and Zimbabwe. 1072:. The vast steppe areas of Central Asia are considered together with the steppes of 15247: 15065: 14827: 14261: 14171: 14099: 13720: 13607: 13416: 13401: 13250: 13096: 13056: 13011: 12996: 12616: 12587: 12582: 12560: 12518: 12241: 12229: 12207: 12147: 12056: 12005: 11985: 11975: 11886: 11705: 11681: 11671: 11542: 11426: 11352: 11281: 11259: 11244: 11157: 11152: 10857: 10505: 10470: 10455: 10179: 10151: 10064: 10015: 9563: 9555: 9271:"Uzbekistan decides to join 'Turkic alliance' during Erdogan's visit – Turkey News" 8359: 8224: 8206: 8147: 8129: 8087: 8069: 8028: 8010: 7969: 7961: 7920: 7902: 7860: 7842: 7765: 7711: 7703: 7662: 7646: 7594: 7578: 7500: 7492: 7369: 7359: 7275: 7233: 7186: 7078: 6742: 6586: 6534: 6141: 6063: 6004: 5992: 5856: 5342: 5328: 5232: 5112: 4528: 4291: 4263: 4231: 4145: 4141: 4122: 4106: 3992: 3949: 3902: 3855: 2803: 2768: 2752: 2631: 2535: 2527: 2488: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2208: 2120:

genome, through significant admixture between blue eyes, blonde hair, the medieval

2113: 2088: 2032: 1824: 1739: 1699: 1644: 1042: 1010: 1002: 786:

emigrating into the area. Modern-day Central Asia is home to a large population of

741: 709: 643: 335: 251: 243: 8689:

Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (2019). M. Cheung, Fanny; Hong, Ying-yi (eds.).

8118:"Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe" 7769: 7559:"The Connection of the Genetic, Cultural and Geographic Landscapes of Transoxiana" 7364: 7347: 2665:

was held in 2013. The first world title competition was played in 2017 and won by

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Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology

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of Central Asia and the invading medieval Mongolians. The data suggests that the

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IEI_forum / International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research

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The second largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Osh is also the administrative center of

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speaking populations in Central Asia during the Iron Age (highlighted in green)

1943: 1691: 1111: 1073: 1014: 994: 987: 949: 775: 745: 651: 259: 247: 10183: 10148:

Central Asia's New States: Independence, Foreign policy, and Regional security

8195:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia" 8134: 8074: 7907: 7831:"The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan" 7496: 7190: 6746: 6590: 6056: 5790: 3097:

PhDs obtained in science and engineering in Central Asia, 2013 or closest year

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Trochev, Alexei (22 February 2018), Horne, Cynthia M.; Stan, Lavinia (eds.),

6647: 6512: 5390: 5312: 5135: 4563: 4482: 4427: 4319: 4118: 2811: 2708: 2627: 2601: 2101: 2068: 2040: 1967: 1612: 1203: 1195: 1092: 1013:. Afghanistan as a whole, the northern and western areas of Pakistan and the 799: 764: 733: 713: 603: 10729: 8015: 7753: 7102: 6331: 5341:

The region, along with Russia, is also part of "the great pivot" as per the

5221:

period and also exert considerable influence in other Central Asian nations.

3027:

in Kazakhstan (first intake in 2011), an international research university,

2154:

testing, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the

2112:, display even higher East Asian ancestry. This is explained by substantial 15253: 15241: 15209: 15185: 15169: 15166: 15154: 15151: 15148: 15118: 14968: 14926: 14777: 14768: 14690: 14613: 14604: 14494: 14039: 14006: 13986: 13891: 13798: 13753: 13730: 13647: 13542: 13459: 13449: 13341: 13076: 13071: 13061: 13021: 12961: 12926: 12851: 12496: 12352: 12298: 12256: 12246: 12224: 12219: 12093: 11844: 11834: 11829: 11700: 11695: 11532: 11517: 11507: 11421: 11347: 11342: 11333: 11308: 11083: 10946: 10882: 10647: 10540: 10495: 10440: 10435: 10418: 10403: 10321: 9952: 9161: 8238: 8161: 8101: 8042: 7983: 7934: 7874: 7785: 7725: 7676: 7608: 7522: 7247: 6616: 5600: 5273: 5237: 5139: 4913: 4593: 4543: 4539: 4407: 4149: 3964: 3729: 2874:

was deposed by a popular uprising, with former minister of foreign affairs

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Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming. The

956: 891: 779: 725: 635: 434: 193: 12761: 10773: 10336: 9993:

Chow, Edward. "Central Asia's Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality", in

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this trend in 2013 by raising its own research intensity to 0.41% of GDP.

1591:

near the Persian border. East of the Kopet Dagh is the important oasis of

15265: 15262: 15214: 15144: 15087: 14983: 14974: 14929: 14914: 14905: 14899: 14774: 14741: 14699: 14669: 14666: 14633: 14601: 14485: 14131: 14064: 14016: 13981: 13956: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13901: 13896: 13851: 13831: 13823: 13652: 13637: 13587: 13577: 13532: 13489: 13265: 13260: 13225: 13026: 12981: 12921: 12750: 12626: 12424: 12327: 12261: 12197: 12175: 12142: 12098: 12078: 11955: 11898: 11893: 11854: 11686: 11676: 11558: 11490: 11474: 11229: 11169: 11041: 10951: 10892: 10845: 10823: 10500: 10216: 10009:

Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia

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Countries in the Black Sea basin. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/2: C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan–Central Asia XIII

6155: 5860: 5405: 5300: 5269: 5164: 4574: 4494: 4478: 4376: 4333: 4299: 4255: 4217: 4193: 4153: 4062: 3691: 2883: 2772: 2729: 2557: 2472: 2436:, Lord of Death, was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge. 2425: 2358: 2254:

occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in the eastern part of Central Asia, and

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Kokand is one of the many towns that rose and fell in the Ferghana Valley

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Central Asia is a region of varied geography, including high passes and

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The capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in

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in September 2013, IncoNet CA. The aim of this project is to encourage

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Pulleyblank, Edwin G (1963). "The consonantal system of Old Chinese".

7999:"Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia" 7414: 849: 15071: 15055: 15001: 14947: 14917: 14911: 14902: 14887: 14881: 14771: 14714: 14696: 14497: 14395: 13931: 13881: 13813: 13748: 13695: 13685: 13657: 13592: 13537: 13527: 13464: 13454: 13300: 13177: 13137: 13066: 12916: 12481: 12414: 12384: 12379: 12357: 12317: 12276: 12167: 12108: 12027: 12010: 11814: 11782: 11573: 11239: 11219: 11214: 11147: 11137: 11088: 10998: 10971: 10931: 10867: 10258:

Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), in Caron, Jean-François (ed.),

10224: 10119: 9974: 9073:

Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts

7039:

Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?

7004:

Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?

6436:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 169–172. 6203: 6075: 6067: 6040: 5903: 5667: 5246: 5196:

but also Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan, India and the United States:

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were once spoken throughout Central Asia, such as the once prominent

4079: 2784: 2719: 2694: 2405: 2302: 2021: 1979: 1899: 1879: 1809: 1779: 1687: 1656: 1632: 1628: 1604: 1207: 1183: 1179: 1107: 1061: 1053: 1026: 752: 701: 689: 667: 655: 587: 511: 487: 231: 15173: 10330: 10293:, Bloomington, Indiana: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, 1989. 9910: 9022:"Demographics of the Republic of Uzbekistan (January–December 2022)" 7996: 6501:"In Uzbekistan, Coming to Terms With the Country's Dazzling History" 6035:. It is nicknamed "City of Winds", or sometimes "Town of the Boar". 4294:

are also spoken as a major language in the region, locally known as

2590:

still do use their art to campaign for political candidates. A 2005

2063: 763:. Most countries in Central Asia are still integral to parts of the 391: 15103: 15093: 15075: 14965: 14923: 14884: 14878: 14839: 14836: 14803: 14753: 14636: 14491: 14488: 14404: 14401: 14281: 14266: 13991: 13971: 13572: 13396: 13310: 13245: 13016: 12681: 12666: 12646: 12611: 12550: 12137: 11859: 11691: 11654: 11632: 11470: 11436: 11417: 11338: 11209: 10872: 10828: 10813: 10234: 10203: 10167: 10008: 9594:. The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. 9046: 8729:"FDI to Central Asia Reached 378.2 billion Over Past 13 years" 8412: 8114: 7965: 7555: 6671:Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей 6574: 6114: 6083: 6024: 5868: 5829: 5631: 5613: 5595: 5559: 5494: 5476: 5350: 5265: 4616: 4524: 4462: 4437: 4337: 4259: 4221: 4197: 4177: 4134: 4110: 4030: 3987: 3940: 2819: 2658: 2650: 2635: 2429: 2400: 2384: 2369: 2267: 2170: 2121: 2105: 2092: 2013: 1891: 1883: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1749: 1744: 1703: 1675: 1660: 1640: 1636: 1584: 1199: 1150: 1131: 1018: 990:, western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian Republics". 983: 968: 899: 895: 840: 771: 760: 729: 693: 607: 535: 523: 499: 463: 439: 14468: 14456: 10742: 9502: 7827: 6926:

Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations

5423: 4332:, which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the 2675:

is popular across Central Asia. Most countries are members of the

2375:

Beginning in the early 2000s, the Chinese government engaged in a

1639:. Where the Oxus meets the Aral Sea it forms a large delta called 15096: 15004: 14959: 14944: 14938: 14932: 14809: 14627: 14432: 14421: 14392: 14271: 13871: 13866: 13808: 13743: 13627: 13612: 13479: 13356: 13346: 13295: 12901: 12726: 12701: 12696: 12671: 12651: 12636: 12577: 12486: 12454: 12429: 12374: 12288: 12185: 11876: 11804: 11659: 11512: 11465: 11460: 11373: 11318: 11296: 11199: 10840: 10322:

Central Asia ethnicity, languages, and religious composition maps

8966: 8692:

China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia

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article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of

2464: 2460: 2449: 2380: 2322: 2215: 2204: 2159: 2131: 2117: 2109: 1998: 1895: 1754: 1729: 1679: 1652: 1623:, later called Tocharistan, which is bounded on the south by the 1620: 1006: 737: 721: 619: 475: 451: 403: 123: 10260:"Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms" 7887: 7692:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians" 6894:"Central Asian studies – Institute of Asian and African Studies" 6782:"Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again" 5131: 4290:

are also spoken at various places in Central Asia. Varieties of

2522:

Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882, when a

1690:

Desert or semi-desert is between the Oxus and Jaxartes, and the

15220: 15189: 15099: 15068: 15062: 15039: 14941: 14935: 14893: 14797: 14619: 14579: 14444: 14398: 14276: 13773: 13705: 13336: 13270: 13182: 12896: 12716: 12621: 12602: 12592: 12528: 12459: 12439: 12434: 12389: 12044: 11995: 11980: 11864: 11849: 11839: 11767: 11568: 11522: 11383: 11014: 10877: 10862: 10578: 10341: 10031:) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, 2008, n° 1, pp. 71–82. 10020: 7345: 6620: 6532: 6118: 5963: 5947: 5736: 5728: 5704: 5649: 5541: 5523: 5513: 5486: 5366: 5362: 5354: 4597: 4532: 4512: 4360: 4165: 4157: 3846: 3742:

Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan have been members of the

2905:

Central Asian nations fared better economically throughout the

2662: 2654: 2516: 2493: 2262:, the western Central Asian regions were incorporated into the 2247: 2219: 2097: 2087:, Central Asia experienced numerous invasions emanating out of 1928: 1759: 1724: 1702:

meant approximately northeast Persia and northern Afghanistan.

1668: 1608: 1187: 1157: 1123: 1088: 1069: 1057: 1022: 975: 756: 717: 545: 427: 415: 9911:"Classical Texts of the Geopolitics and the "Heart of Eurasia" 9620:. Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан. Archived from 9618:"Административно-территориальное деление Наманганской области" 8660:"70% of investments into Central Asia are drawn to Kazakhstan" 5224:

China has security ties with Central Asian states through the

3015:

and other institutions: the SPU Physical−Technical Institute (

15160: 14995: 14977: 13602: 13494: 13421: 13371: 13220: 12866: 12736: 12711: 12691: 12686: 12661: 12641: 12476: 12449: 12364: 12342: 12283: 12066: 11649: 11639: 11036: 10850: 8055: 7469: 7260: 7045:. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies. 7010:. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies. 6106: 6071: 4486: 4397: 4074: 2512: 2243: 2223: 2136: 2025: 1828: 1774: 1734: 1647:. North of the Oxus is the less-famous but equally important 1600: 1596: 790:, who mostly live in Kazakhstan; 7 million Russians, 500,000 783: 705: 647: 568: 9241:"No one is happy about US military presence in Central Asia" 9143:

Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission

8327:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora

7473:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 6723:. Demoscope.ru (20 January 2000). Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 4477:

is the religion most common in the Central Asian Republics,

3697:

Kazakhstan is also one of the three founding members of the

2980:. Other research institutions have remained attached to the 2515:, and in Kazakhstan, a similar two-stringed instrument, the 2475:

that is over 1000 years old. It is principally practiced in

2471:

Central Asia also has an indigenous form of improvisational

1683:

conquer the settled lands or continuing west toward Europe.

14848: 14572: 14438: 14427: 14410: 14026: 13788: 12836: 12271: 12212: 11950: 11502: 10777: 6741:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–108, 5758:

It was the capital of Kazakhstan (and its predecessor, the

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Central Asian countries to participate in research projects

2943: 2688: 1592: 1580: 979: 615: 591: 560: 9592:"Численность городского и сельского населения по регионам" 7415:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

6426:"CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols" 2214:

The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century, as

2128:

had lasting impacts onto the genetic makeup of Kazakhs.

1869:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 8366:. Piscataway, New Jersey, US: Gorgias Press. p. 421. 8337:". Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale (2005). p. 66. 7214:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 6891: 6066:. The city is most noted for its central position on the 6062:

The second largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of

5798: 3797: 2716: 2328: 1983: 1971: 680:

and earlier) Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by

356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 9955:

work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from

9000:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8971:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

4481:, Xinjiang, and the peripheral western regions, such as 2020:

played an important role, while Iranian peoples such as

1206:, both of which are part of the huge west-central Asian 955:

The most limited definition was the official one of the

10239:

Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?

6078:(1394–1449) built a gigantic astronomical observatory. 5937:

The nation's fifth-largest city and the capital of the

4542:

most practiced in the region in previous centuries was

4109:, as well as being spoken by around six million ethnic 2630:

are traditional in Central Asia, with disciplines like

2218:

allowed settled peoples to gain control of the region.

2058: 8408:"Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide" 6091: 6048: 5955: 5923: 5876: 5837: 5806: 5775: 5744: 5712: 4519:

eventually brought the religion to China. Amongst the

4121:

throughout the former Soviet Central Asian Republics.

2878:

assuring the interim presidency until the election of

2850:

GDP per capita development in Central Asia, since 1973

2530:

during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by

1635:(Oxus) rises in Bactria. Both flow northwest into the 10331:

General Map of Central Asia I – World Digital Library

8866:

Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting (CABAR)

8636:

Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030

7405: 7403: 7401: 2258:

almost collapsed in all of East Turkestan. After the

7750: 7205: 7084:

The Dawn of Civilization, Earliest Times to 700 B.C.

6131: 4515:, held in all five of the Central Asian states. The 4180:

group of Turkic languages and are spoken throughout

3672:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2916: 2315:

industrialisation and construction of infrastructure

1118:

Central Asia has the following geographic extremes:

10212:

alpamysh: central asian identity under Russian rule

10200:

ALPAMYSH: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule

10046: 9534:Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (December 2021). 9118:

Turkic Soundscapes: From Shamanic Voices to Hip-Hop

5174:, and slightly beyond. From its base in India, the 3043: 2071:at its greatest extent. The gray area is the later 1615:. In the center is the small but densely-populated 855:

Political map of Central Asia including Afghanistan

14237: 9772:D. Saimaddinov, S. D. Kholmatova, and S. Karimov, 9450:"Turkmenistan Gas Field Is One of World's Largest" 9301:"Why Russia Will Send More Troops to Central Asia" 8252:Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (2009). 7398: 7212:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 6244:"World Population prospects – Population division" 6164:Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program 4554:estimates indicate that in 2010, around 6 million 978:defined the region as "Afghanistan, north-eastern 10266:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 75–99, 9533: 9425:The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments 8688: 8254:"Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" 7348:"A void in Central Asia research: climate change" 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4347:, spoken by around six million people across the 2250:in the 19th century. A major revolt known as the 2108:. Certain Turkic ethnic groups, specifically the 1950:existed in Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC. 1156:The world's shortest distance between non-frozen 15339: 9908: 9521: 9508: 9392:"India, Pakistan and the Battle for Afghanistan" 9235: 9233: 8998:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8831:"Impact of COVID-19 on the hospitality industry" 7426: 7211: 7127:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6823: 6739:Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union 4262:. Other minor Eastern Iranian languages such as 3749: 2794:Notable Uzbekistani competitors include cyclist 2452:to other cities for personal religious worship. 1631:(Jaxartes) rises in the Ferghana valley and the 1076:as a homogeneous geographical zone known as the 716:, Central Asia also became the homeland for the 11946:Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows 7105:. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022 5424:Major cultural, scientific and economic centres 4535:, and the southern Russian regions of Siberia. 4379:minority, mainly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. 2966:Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics 2948:Bolstered by strong economic growth in all but 2526:photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the 2337:, five countries gained independence, that is, 1823:Biogeographically, Central Asia is part of the 10300:, E-International Relations, 14 February 2020. 7947: 6390: 4068:White areas are thinly-populated semi-desert. 3319:Researchers by field of science (head counts) 2707:is one of more common sports in Central Asia, 2570:, Kyrgyzstan's epic poem (those who learn the 2487:, lyrical improvisationalists. They engage in 2096:Iranian-speaking Central Asians, specifically 1833:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 14223: 12777: 11941:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests 10758: 10734: 10357: 10250:The International Politics of Central Eurasia 10161: 9230: 9205:, Columbia University Press, pp. 45–47, 8890: 7141: 6735:"Transitional Justice Attempts in Kazakhstan" 6568: 6475:"The Great Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme" 6314:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023" 2383:and other ethnic and religious minorities in 2266:. The eastern part of Central Asia, known as 2165: 46:4,003,451 km (1,545,741 sq mi) 9951: This article incorporates text from a 9843: 9488:"Л.Н. Гумилев. Люди и природа Великой степи" 9422: 8633: 7292: 6416: 6414: 6266: 4517:transmission of Buddhism along the Silk Road 4246:, which are now extinct and belonged to the 3665: 2739:Notable Kazakh competitors include cyclists 2574:exclusively but do not improvise are called 2246:Kazakhs, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Central Asian 14530:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 12791: 9958:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 9884: 9120:(London: Taylor & Francis, 2018), 258. 8985: 8499: 6184:Central Asians in ancient Indian literature 5978: 3737:International Science and Technology Center 2028:lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. 673:In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras ( 14230: 14216: 12784: 12770: 10765: 10751: 10364: 10350: 9329: 9202:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang 7268:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7254: 6691:"5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения" 6680:. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 6646:(First Vintage Books ed.). New York: 6644:The Silk Roads: A New History of the World 6236: 4546:, but now the largest denomination is the 4058:Population pyramid of Central Asia in 2023 3684:Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation 2891:even lower for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. 2503:. The tradition arose out of early bardic 2459:Saadi Shirazi is welcomed by a youth from 2313:The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much 1595:and then a few places in Afghanistan like 1095:(Da Hinggan) Mountains, 116°–118° E. 34: 14095:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 9567: 8929: 8859: 8761:Bank, European Investment (18 May 2022). 8552: 8532:"IMB World Competitiveness Rankings 2020" 8524: 8308:"Anne Applebaum – Gulag: A History Intro" 8228: 8210: 8151: 8133: 8091: 8073: 8032: 8014: 7973: 7924: 7906: 7864: 7846: 7715: 7666: 7598: 7504: 7373: 7363: 7279: 7237: 7146:. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 676. 6638: 6411: 5428: 5123:Political cartoon from the period of the 2958:Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants 1651:which waters the great trading cities of 10016:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 9198: 8695:. London.: Routledge. pp. 115–133. 8471:"Asia Holds First 'Kokpar' Championship" 7620: 7618: 7458:History of Civilisations of Central Asia 7298: 7179:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 6922: 6874: 6462:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6420: 5894:in 1818. It is not far from the site of 5236: 5228:, and conducts energy trade bilaterally. 5130: 5118: 5106: 4461: 4084: 4073: 4061: 4053: 3746:since 1998, 2013 and 2015 respectively. 3652: 3636: 3080: 3068: 3059: 3001: 2944:Modernisation of research infrastructure 2845: 2837: 2829: 2615: 2586:, it has enjoyed a resurgence, although 2544: 2454: 2399: 2296: 2169: 2130: 2062: 1953: 1933: 1860: 1790: 1587:Rivers and along the north flank of the 1097: 1036: 920: 908: 15308: 14350:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 13942:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 12832:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9818:, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, pp. 40–41, 9366:"India: Afghanistan's influential ally" 9332:"The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation" 9091: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8270:from the original on 23 September 2011. 7941: 7341: 7339: 6732: 5445:Largest cities or towns in Central Asia 5215:International Security Assistance Force 4527:was the leading religion before Islam. 1178:Major rivers of the region include the 15340: 15246: 15199: 15134: 15074:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) 14366: 14328: 14294: 14197:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 10156:United States Institute of Peace Press 9846:"Ulugh Beg: the scholar on the throne" 9844:Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat (January 2009). 9650:from the original on 23 September 2020 9416: 9311:from the original on 27 September 2015 8959: 8756: 8754: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8354: 7954:The American Journal of Human Genetics 7313:from the original on 20 September 2023 6498: 4577:practices persist, including forms of 2935:Science and technology in Turkmenistan 2329:After the collapse of the Soviet Union 2278:, having been previously ruled by the 2100:, which display genetic continuity to 1835:biome. Central Asia also contains the 1710:is between the Aral and Caspian Seas. 1659:. The other great commercial city was 1041:On the south shore of Issyk Kul lake, 870:, named after him, offers a course in 839:Political map of Central Asia and the 15297: 15274: 15232: 15115: 15084: 15052: 15036: 15008: 14858: 14846: 14818: 14654: 14624: 14617: 14577: 14570: 14466: 14436: 14425: 14408: 14376: 14348: 14346: 14211: 12765: 10746: 10733: 10345: 10075: 10025:Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora... 9972: 9961:, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 9795:: the Silk Road precursor of Ashgabat 9423:Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter (2004). 9372:from the original on 29 November 2014 9136: 9024:(in Uzbek). stat.uz. 28 January 2023. 8947:from the original on 29 November 2020 8891:Erocal, Deniz; Yegorov, Igor (2015). 8739:from the original on 11 December 2020 8721: 8420:from the original on 8 February 2021. 7800:from the original on 13 November 2022 7615: 7537:from the original on 21 February 2020 7281:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 7142:Polo, Marco; Smethurst, Paul (2005). 7073: 6881:(in French). Paris, Gide. p. 17. 6634: 6632: 6533:Silkroad Foundation, Adela C.Y. Lee. 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6287:from the original on 18 February 2020 5389:In the context of the United States' 4615:, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and 3336: 3315: 2986:Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics 2234:in the 18th century as a result of a 1239: 15244:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili 12309:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert 9866:from the original on 11 October 2017 9676:from the original on 3 November 2020 9598:from the original on 7 November 2020 9330:Scheineson, Andrew (24 March 2009). 9251:from the original on 17 October 2021 9036:Russians left behind in Central Asia 8760: 8709:from the original on 24 October 2021 8560:"2019 World Competitiveness Ranking" 8500:Baumgartner, Pete (29 August 2017). 8288:from the original on 4 November 2020 8251: 7948:Tatjana Zerjal; et al. (2002). 7732:from the original on 5 December 2022 7336: 7052:from the original on 8 November 2020 7017:from the original on 8 November 2020 6961: 6835: 6372:from the original on 7 November 2020 6254:from the original on 5 February 2019 4125:has an equally dominant presence in 3033:International Oil and Gas University 3021:International Solar Energy Institute 2939:Science and technology in Uzbekistan 2931:Science and technology in Tajikistan 2927:Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan 2923:Science and technology in Kazakhstan 2556:. Timurid architecture consisted of 2507:. They are usually accompanied by a 2059:Invasion routes through Central Asia 1198:. Major bodies of water include the 14152:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 11584:Northern Triangle temperate forests 10772: 9281:from the original on 6 October 2021 9188:from the original on 1 August 2019. 8900:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 324–341. 8884: 8823: 8751: 8670:from the original on 3 October 2018 8638:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365–387. 8580: 7690:Dai; et al. (25 August 2022). 7689: 7035: 7000: 6792:from the original on 9 January 2021 6605:from the original on 7 January 2022 6199:Continental pole of inaccessibility 5996: 4531:is most common in Tibet, Mongolia, 3627:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 3293:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 2440:, in particular, was influenced by 1375: 1312: 1296: 1068:), and especially treeless, grassy 1017:of India may also be included. The 576:With population over 500,000 people 13: 14867: 14525: 14467: 14298:Chronology of the Neolithic period 14147:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 13148:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 10714:Central Asian Football Association 9966: 9925:from the original on 18 March 2022 9468:from the original on 28 April 2017 9447: 9219:from the original on 10 April 2023 8872:from the original on 1 August 2022 8548:from the original on 21 June 2020. 8451:from the original on 5 August 2017 8245: 7812: 7176: 6982:from the original on 10 April 2023 6943:from the original on 10 April 2023 6856:from the original on 10 April 2023 6810:"Демографическая ситуация" (PDF). 6763:from the original on 10 April 2023 6629: 6391:Paul McFedries (25 October 2001). 6299: 6019:, at the southwestern edge of the 5902:, and it grew on the ruins of the 4343:Other language groups include the 3632: 2677:Central Asian Football Association 2053:Mongolian invasion of Central Asia 1449:Historical Regions of Central Asia 1330:Historical regions of Central Asia 782:, which led to Russians and other 14: 15364: 14872:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 13558:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 10304: 10013:Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson, eds. 10001:National Bureau of Asian Research 9754:from the original on 28 July 2020 9728:from the original on 27 July 2020 9400:. 5 December 2009. Archived from 8967:"World Population Prospects 2022" 8917:from the original on 30 June 2017 8860:Vakulchuk, Roman (28 July 2022). 8841:from the original on 19 July 2022 8811:from the original on 19 July 2022 8576:from the original on 30 May 2019. 8512:from the original on 10 July 2020 8481:from the original on 27 July 2020 8388:from the original on 7 March 2012 7325:The Australian Academy of Science 6904:from the original on 27 July 2020 6900:. Humboldt University of Berlin. 6169:Central Asian Football Federation 5226:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 4485:. Most Central Asian Muslims are 4117:of Central Asia, is the de facto 3680:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 3676:Economic Cooperation Organization 2974:National University of Uzbekistan 2917:Education, science and technology 2734:Afghanistan national cricket team 2511:—in Kyrgyzstan, a three-stringed 1878:regions in the world. Along with 1867:the worst climate change scenario 1865:2071–2100 Central Asia map under 1850: 1837:montane grasslands and shrublands 1466: 367:Zone 9 except Kazakhstan (Zone 7) 15309: 14455: 14353: 10417: 10371: 10264:Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy 9946: 9915:Journal of Turkish World Studies 9878: 9837: 9798: 9779: 9766: 9740: 9714: 9702:from the original on 10 May 2020 9688: 9662: 9636: 9610: 9584: 9527: 8781:from the original on 3 July 2022 7299:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 6875:Humboldt, Alexander von (1843). 6541:from the original on 25 May 2017 6342:from the original on 8 June 2020 6148: 6134: 6098: 6055: 5962: 5930: 5883: 5844: 5813: 5782: 5751: 5719: 5507: 5480: 5470: 5384: 5331:) played a role to stop Chinese 5256:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline 4972: 4906: 4840: 4774: 4708: 4188:, and as a minority language in 4152:, and as a minority language in 4000: 3957: 3910: 3863: 3816: 3316:Total researchers (head counts) 3044:Financial investment in research 2623:man on a horse with golden eagle 1706:was the region around Merv. The 1549: 1535: 1522: 1521: 1507: 1493: 1479: 1465: 1458: 1431: 1430: 1416: 1402: 1389: 1388: 1374: 1361: 1360: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1311: 1295: 1281: 1268: 1267: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1234:Topographic map of Central Asia. 1223: 848: 832: 529: 517: 505: 493: 481: 469: 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 385: 199: 186: 173: 160: 147: 108: 107: 15315:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East 14157:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 13427:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 10131:Power and Water in Central Asia 9514: 9480: 9441: 9384: 9358: 9323: 9293: 9263: 9192: 9168: 9130: 9110: 9085: 9065: 9052: 9028: 9014: 8853: 8793: 8682: 8652: 8506:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8493: 8463: 8433: 8424: 8400: 8370: 8348: 8318: 8300: 8274: 8186: 8168: 8108: 8049: 7990: 7881: 7821: 7744: 7696:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7683: 7549: 7463: 7450: 7439:A Land Conquered by the Mongols 7432: 7170: 7160: 7135: 7067: 7029: 6994: 6955: 6916: 6892:Humboldt University of Berlin. 6885: 6868: 6829: 6804: 6774: 6726: 6707: 6683: 6664: 6562: 6553: 6526: 6492: 4568:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4043: 3682:. They are also members of the 3055:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2550:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 2236:long struggle with the Dzungars 2126:Mongol invasion of Central Asia 1568:Historic cities of Central Asia 1480: 1417: 1403: 1282: 15292:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 14192:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 14137:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 11109:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland 10912:Mongolian–Manchurian grassland 6499:Taseer, Aatish (11 May 2020). 6467: 6454: 6384: 6354: 6324: 5096: 2008:. Among the ancient sedentary 1890:had grown (partly due to poor 1627:mountains of Afghanistan. The 1508: 817: 263: 1: 13143:Silk Road transmission of art 11936:Meghalaya subtropical forests 10076:Luong, Pauline Jones (2004). 10023:, 1992.* Gorshunova. Olga V. 9748:"Biggest Cities Turkmenistan" 8634:Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015). 8176:"PubMed Central Image Viewer" 7770:10.1080/03014460.2020.1837952 7365:10.1080/02634937.2022.2059447 6224: 5898:, the ancient capital of the 4489:, although there are sizable 4371:of northeastern Afghanistan. 4176:are related languages of the 3750:Territorial and regional data 3300:unavailable for Turkmenistan. 2728:is the most popular sport in 2377:series of human rights abuses 2140: 2085:Indo-European speaking people 1946:and across Central Asia. The 1611:or Semirechye which contains 1550: 1494: 1210:basin that also includes the 1087:extends from the foot of the 868:Humboldt University of Berlin 674: 14142:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 10653:Human rights in Central Asia 10337:The Central Asian Chronicles 10274:, retrieved 4 December 2020. 10109:Council on Foreign Relations 10082:. Cornell University Press. 10069:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.016 9560:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.012 9368:. BBC News. 8 October 2009. 9340:Council on Foreign Relations 8767:. European Investment Bank. 8475:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 8212:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 6535:"Travelers on the Silk Road" 6229: 6113:, near the foothills of the 4382: 4330:Indo-European language group 4250:family. The Eastern Iranian 4101: 4050:Demographics of Central Asia 3334:Medical and health sciences 3146:Women PhDs per million pop. 3134:Women PhDs per million pop. 2954:Turkmen Academy of Science's 2681:Asian Football Confederation 2564:Some also learn to sing the 2420:Architecture of Central Asia 2335:collapse of the Soviet Union 1845:temperate coniferous forests 1841:deserts and xeric shrublands 1536: 1164:: 770 km (480 mi). 1032: 806:also mean that over 300,000 774:, and incorporated into the 7: 12121:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 9722:"Biggest Cities Tajikistan" 9696:"Biggest Cities Kyrgyzstan" 9670:"Biggest Cities Kazakhstan" 9199:Millward, James A. (2007), 9075:(Münster: LIT, 2010), 244. 8382:Economist Intelligence Unit 7301:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 6923:Cummings, Sally N. (2013). 6362:"Central Asia | Britannica" 6318:International Monetary Fund 6127: 5138:(President, Uzbekistan) in 5103:Geostrategy in Central Asia 4588:Contact and migration with 4066:Ethnic map of Central Asia. 3707:Eurasian Economic Community 3331:Engineering and technology 2424:At the crossroads of Asia, 2307:Russian conquest of Bukhara 1718:Names of historical regions 10: 15369: 15102:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman 14359: 14308:(Eastern migration of the 14307: 10229:Cambridge University Press 9973:Blank, Stephen J. (2013). 9901: 7848:10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5 7651:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4 7583:10.1038/s41598-017-03176-z 7239:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 6814:. Retrieved 19 March 2019. 6395:. Word Spy. Archived from 6274:"Overall total population" 5506: 5469: 5436: 5217:in Afghanistan during the 5111:Tartar prostrating before 5100: 4047: 3318: 2978:Samarkand State University 2920: 2825: 2417: 2411: 2390: 2276:People's Republic of China 2174:Central Asia in 1636. The 2166:Medieval to modern history 1915: 1909: 1905: 1854: 1786: 1009:, the five republics, and 821: 622:in the north. It includes 66:17.43/km (45.1/sq mi) 18: 15288: 15278:Muslim conquest of Persia 15229: 15196: 15131: 15112: 15081: 15049: 14855: 14815: 14794: 14791: 14784: 14589: 14518: 14463: 14383: 14330: 14304: 14292: 14280: 14275: 14246: 14057: 14025: 13822: 13729: 13671: 13643:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 13508: 13440: 13327: 13309: 13206: 13168: 13161: 13125: 12799: 12166: 11719: 11551: 11366: 10997: 10784: 10740: 10735:Links to related articles 10704: 10666: 10624: 10549: 10426: 10415: 10379: 10283:Teaching about Inner Asia 10184:10.1080/14608940020028475 10114:Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. 9909:Mehmet Akif Okur (2014). 9041:11 September 2013 at the 8135:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 8075:10.1186/s12863-014-0131-6 7908:10.3389/fgene.2021.801295 7497:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 7191:10.1017/S0026318400050744 7144:The Travels of Marco Polo 6747:10.1017/9781108182171.005 6591:10.1080/14608940020028475 6214:Mountains of Central Asia 6031:, and 88 km west of 6008: 5988: 5979: 4624: 4390:Religion in Central Asia 3782: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3709:, the predecessor of the 3666:International cooperation 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3111: 3108: 3105: 2982:Uzbek Academy of Sciences 2962:Institute of Solar Energy 2611: 2428:practices live alongside 2039:slowly transitioned from 1603:. Two projections of the 1130:), at Buurug Deliin Els, 1122:The world's northernmost 574: 544: 372: 362: 333: 269: 215: 132: 122: 103: 93: 85: 70: 62: 50: 42: 33: 14090:Mogao Christian painting 13663:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 13377:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 13367:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 12235:Greater and Lesser Tunbs 11432:Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga 10333:a historic map from 1874 9814:, in: MaryLee Knowlton, 9774:Tajik-Russian Dictionary 9071:Christoph Marcinkowski, 8282:"Deported Nationalities" 7081:; Masson, V. M. (eds.). 5908:1948 Ashgabat earthquake 4228:Middle Iranian languages 3744:World Trade Organization 2902:domestic product (GDP). 2796:Djamolidine Abdoujaparov 2649:The traditional game of 1986:invasion of Europe, the 1940:Indo-European migrations 1694:is between the Oxus and 932:has two distinct terms: 594:that stretches from the 19:Not to be confused with 15301:Second Turkic Khaganate 14187:Saksanokhur gold buckle 14075:Hephthalite silver bowl 13952:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 12992:Second Turkic Khaganate 12793:History of Central Asia 10681:Archaeological cultures 10616:Turco-Persian tradition 10221:A History of Inner Asia 10129:Menga, Filippo (2020). 9976:Central Asia After 2014 9791:29 October 2014 at the 9522:Mehmet Akif Okur (2014) 9509:Mehmet Akif Okur (2014) 9492:gumilevica.kulichki.net 9181:. Pew Research Center. 8016:10.1186/1471-2156-10-49 7758:Annals of Human Biology 7427:Mehmet Akif Okur (2014) 6962:Saez, Lawrence (2012). 6824:Mehmet Akif Okur (2014) 5293:Central Asia plus Japan 5241:Leaders present at the 4592:from China has brought 4548:Russian Orthodox Church 4468:Kazakh wedding ceremony 4089:Children in Afghanistan 3837:$ 245.695 billion 3711:Eurasian Economic Union 3699:Eurasian Economic Union 3143:Total per million pop. 3131:Total per million pop. 2604:performed in the West. 2578:). During Soviet rule, 2552:in Hazrat-e Turkestan, 2395: 1912:History of Central Asia 1831:in Central Asia is the 1169:pole of inaccessibility 700:, and the semi-nomadic 97:$ 5,900 (2023; nominal) 15138:First Turkic Khaganate 14873: 14593:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 14531: 14472: 14282:Trans-Jaxartes steppes 14167:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 13927:Alexandria Prophthasia 12952:First Turkic Khaganate 12887:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 12492:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 11931:Western Coastal Plains 11919:Eastern Coastal Plains 11645:Philippine Archipelago 11624:Indonesian Archipelago 11272:Central Mountain Range 11195:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau 11025:Northeastern Japan Arc 9092:Zürcher, Erik (2007). 8378:"Democracy Index 2011" 7708:10.1093/molbev/msac179 7329:Climate Action Tracker 7077:(1992). "Preface". In 6027:, 115 km west of 5974: 5429:Cities in Central Asia 5412:, was the target of a 5325:First Turkic Khaganate 5250: 5249:, Uzbekistan, in 2022 5143: 5128: 5116: 4471: 4090: 4082: 4071: 4059: 4021:$ 92.332 billion 3978:$ 82.624 billion 3931:$ 12.796 billion 3884:$ 12.309 billion 3658: 3642: 3337:Agricultural sciences 3086: 3065: 3013:Asian Development Bank 3007: 2851: 2843: 2835: 2624: 2561: 2468: 2409: 2310: 2301:Russian troops taking 2183: 2147: 2076: 1966:Relations between the 1963: 1951: 1870: 1857:Climate change in Asia 1796: 1451:on a map of Uzbekistan 1332:on a map of Kazakhstan 1115: 1045: 926: 918: 864:Alexander von Humboldt 610:in the east, and from 81:$ 1.25 trillion (2023) 14871: 14529: 14471: 13977:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 13352:Karsakpay inscription 12807:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 12370:Eastern Mediterranean 12084:Trans-Karakoram Tract 11610:Greater Sunda Islands 11099:Northeast China Plain 10977:Trans-Karakoram Tract 10809:Greater Middle East 10381:Countries and regions 10198:Hasan Bulent Paksoy. 9810:10 April 2023 at the 9096:. BRILL. p. 23. 9002:, Population Division 8973:, Population Division 8332:10 April 2023 at the 7895:Frontiers in Genetics 7444:23 April 2008 at the 6898:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de 6719:7 August 2011 at the 6676:16 March 2010 at the 5240: 5134: 5122: 5110: 4465: 4142:Turkic language group 4088: 4077: 4065: 4057: 3656: 3640: 3084: 3069:Trends in researchers 3063: 3025:Nazarbayev University 3017:Physics Sun Institute 3005: 2849: 2841: 2833: 2783:, and figure skaters 2619: 2548: 2458: 2403: 2300: 2238:. The Russian Empire 2173: 2134: 2066: 1993:and most notably the 1957: 1937: 1864: 1794: 1101: 1091:, 77° E, to the 1040: 924: 912: 872:Central Asian studies 598:in the southwest and 14240:Ancient Central Asia 13784:Kutlug Timur Minaret 13319:Noin-Ula burial site 13117:Chinese Central Asia 11966:Little Rann of Kutch 11615:Lesser Sunda Islands 11067:Greater Central Asia 11020:Japanese Archipelago 10643:Greater Central Asia 10316:Encyclopædia Iranica 10289:3 April 2008 at the 10144:Olcott, Martha Brill 9940:4 March 2016 at the 8835:Deloitte Netherlands 8261:Sino-Platonic Papers 8180:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 8116:(28 December 2017). 7352:Central Asian Survey 6836:Dani, A. H. (1993). 6812:Statistika qo'mitasi 6189:Chinese Central Asia 5278:Greater Central Asia 4606:Chinese folk beliefs 4446: Others (0.21%) 4148:is mainly spoken in 3112:PhDs in engineering 2818:, and figure skater 2789:Elizabet Tursynbaeva 2741:Alexander Vinokourov 2713:Valentina Shevchenko 2673:Association football 2534:Upon his arrival to 2357:. The historian and 2150:According to recent 1816:, Turkmenistan, and 1565:class=notpageimage| 1446:class=notpageimage| 1327:class=notpageimage| 1106:in Kazakhstan has a 965:Soviet Central Asian 824:Greater Central Asia 804:deportation policies 794:, and about 170,000 602:in the northwest to 99:$ 16,400 (2023; PPP) 89:$ 446 billion (2023) 14981:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 14177:Siberian Ice Maiden 13967:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 13382:Petrovka settlement 13112:Soviet Central Asia 13037:Great Seljuq Empire 12172:(not to be confused 11961:Great Rann of Kutch 11914:Indo-Gangetic Plain 11909:Indus Valley Desert 11778:Indian subcontinent 11600:Peninsular Malaysia 11447:Kamchatka Peninsula 11030:Sakhalin Island Arc 10719:Central Asian Games 10326:Columbia University 10172:National Identities 10097:Mandelbaum, Michael 10061:2012AppGe..35..219K 9552:2021OEart...4.1678V 9454:Wall Street Journal 9275:Hürriyet Daily News 9049:, 23 November 2005. 8735:. 9 December 2020. 8445:The Washington Post 8416:. 8 February 2021. 8314:on 13 October 2007. 7643:2022NatSR..12..733G 7575:2017NatSR...7.3085Z 7489:2018Natur.557..369D 7230:2020Natur.577..618H 7036:Cornell, Svante E. 7001:Cornell, Svante E. 6703:on 6 February 2009. 6650:. pp. xv–xvi. 6579:National Identities 6179:Central Asian Union 6174:Central Asian Games 5395:Major non-NATO ally 4552:Pew Research Center 4369:Nuristani languages 4254:is still spoken in 3688:CAREC 2020 Strategy 3629:(2015), Table 14.1 3295:(2015), Table 14.1 2816:Rustam Kasimdzhanov 2687:is a member of the 2593:The Washington Post 2509:stringed instrument 2178:was the last great 1991:rebellions in China 1918:Soviet Central Asia 1139:Northern Hemisphere 54:75,897,577 (2021) ( 30: 21:Soviet Central Asia 15224:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 14874: 14532: 14521:Hellenistic Period 14473: 14332:Afanasievo culture 14127:Buddhas of Bamiyan 14080:Chilek silver bowl 13947:Buddhas of Bamiyan 13623:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 13412:Talapty Settlement 13198:Filippovka kurgans 13087:Khanate of Bukhara 13047:Khwarazmian Empire 12972:Ikhshids of Sogdia 12817:Afanasievo culture 12598:Absheron Peninsula 12556:Caucasus Mountains 12546:Armenian Highlands 12524:Iranian Azerbaijan 12410:Jordan Rift Valley 12023:High-mountain Asia 11579:Mainland/Indochina 11267:Hamgyong Mountains 11185:Northern Silk Road 11163:Hengduan Mountains 11133:High-mountain Asia 11128:Liaodong Peninsula 10162:Phillips, Andrew; 9853:A World of Science 9511:, pp. 91–100. 9427:. Springer, 2004. 9404:on 8 December 2009 8941:EU External Action 7631:Scientific Reports 7563:Scientific Reports 6569:Phillips, Andrew; 6505:The New York Times 6366:www.britannica.com 6336:www.britannica.com 5299:Russian historian 5251: 5144: 5129: 5117: 4472: 4340:, is now extinct. 4322:of Central Asia). 4091: 4083: 4078:Uzbek children in 4072: 4060: 3809:Official languages 3777:Population density 3659: 3643: 3255:Uzbekistan (2011) 3221:Tajikistan (2012) 3186:Kyrgyzstan (2012) 3151:Kazakhstan (2013) 3087: 3066: 3008: 2882:in November 2011. 2880:Almazbek Atambayev 2852: 2844: 2836: 2808:Oksana Chusovitina 2705:Mixed Martial Arts 2679:, a region of the 2625: 2562: 2469: 2463:during a forum in 2438:Mongolian Buddhism 2410: 2311: 2260:Russian Revolution 2230:gained control of 2184: 2148: 2079:Once populated by 2077: 1964: 1952: 1876:climate-vulnerable 1871: 1797: 1619:. In the south is 1240:Historical regions 1116: 1046: 946:Tsentralnaya Aziya 927: 919: 882:(Northeast Iran), 666:to the north, and 662:to the southeast, 658:to the southwest, 63:Population density 28: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15328: 15324: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15251:Irbis Bolun Cabgu 15012:Kushano-Sasanians 14477:Achaemenid Empire 14368:Andronovo Culture 14205: 14204: 14182:Ai-Khanoum plaque 14053: 14052: 13857:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 13133:Central Asian art 13107:Russian Turkestan 13102:Chinese Turkestan 13002:Abbasid Caliphate 12966:Anxi Protectorate 12912:Kushano-Sasanians 12877:Macedonian Empire 12872:Achaemenid Empire 12842:Andronovo culture 12822:Sintashta culture 12759: 12758: 12338:Lower Mesopotamia 12333:Upper Mesopotamia 12267:Arabian Peninsula 12203:Mediterranean Sea 12104:Laccadive Islands 12033:Saltoro Mountains 11904:Indus River Delta 11595:Malay Archipelago 11442:Chukchi Peninsula 11314:Pearl River Delta 11287:Leizhou Peninsula 11175:Qinling Mountains 11116:North China Plain 11057:Mongolian Plateau 11047:Taklamakan Desert 10967:Taklamakan Desert 10957:Mongolian Plateau 10804:Roof of the World 10727: 10726: 10272:978-981-13-6692-5 10217:Soucek, Svatopluk 10089:978-0-8014-8842-9 10049:Applied Geography 9986:978-1-58487-593-2 9832:978-0-7614-2014-9 9644:"Самарқанд шаҳри" 9546:(12): 1678–1692. 9434:978-3-7908-0092-0 9346:on 8 October 2010 9277:. 30 April 2018. 9212:978-0-231-13924-3 9157:978-1-60833-146-8 9034:Robert Greenall, 8907:978-92-3-100129-1 8774:978-92-861-5086-9 8702:978-1-138-60749-1 8645:978-92-3-100129-1 8360:Schmidtke, Sabine 7483:(7705): 369–374. 7429:, pp. 86–90. 7153:978-0-7607-6589-0 6975:978-1-136-67108-1 6936:978-1-134-43319-3 6849:978-92-3-102719-2 6826:, pp. 74–75. 6756:978-1-108-18217-1 6657:978-1-101-94633-6 6443:978-0-939214-69-3 6219:Russian Turkestan 6194:Chinese Turkestan 6125: 6124: 5681: 5680: 5347:Halford Mackinder 5094: 5093: 4608:into the region. 4602:Mahayana Buddhism 4375:is spoken by the 4345:Tibetic languages 4258:and northwestern 4041: 4040: 3623: 3622: 3353:Per million pop. 3328:Natural Sciences 3289: 3288: 2907:COVID-19 pandemic 2872:Kurmanbek Bakiyev 2745:Andrey Kashechkin 2628:Equestrian sports 2540:Uzbek photography 2524:Russian Mennonite 2414:Central Asian art 2284:Republic of China 2242:the lands of the 2193:Abbasid Caliphate 2152:genetic genealogy 2116:influence on the 2083:tribes and other 2049:Islamic expansion 2024:and the later on 2006:Iranian languages 1974:, and the steppe 1948:Andronovo culture 1802:Mediterranean Sea 1698:in Turkmenistan. 967:Republics met in 788:European settlers 581: 580: 16:Subregion in Asia 15360: 15313: 15127:Kun-khi Ghadfar 14957:Bahram VI Chobin 14828:Kujula Kadphises 14459: 14357: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14209: 14208: 14172:Seal of Khingila 14100:Penjikent murals 13721:Kalai Kafirnigan 13608:Koi Krylgan Kala 13417:Turkistan (city) 13402:Steppe Geoglyphs 13166: 13165: 13097:Khanate of Khiva 13057:Chagatai Khanate 13012:Saffarid dynasty 12997:Uyghur Khaganate 12786: 12779: 12772: 12763: 12762: 12617:Taurus Mountains 12588:Lankaran Lowland 12583:Kur-Araz Lowland 12561:Greater Caucasus 12519:Fertile Crescent 12400:Palestine region 12323:Tigris–Euphrates 12242:Al-Faw Peninsula 12230:Strait of Hormuz 12208:Zagros Mountains 12179: 12057:Gulf of Khambhat 12006:Gilgit-Baltistan 11986:False Divi Point 11976:Coromandel Coast 11887:Pir Panjal Range 11732: 11672:Gulf of Thailand 11562: 11427:Russian Far East 11377: 11282:Suzuka Mountains 11158:Qilian Mountains 11153:Kunlun Mountains 11008: 10858:Greater Khorasan 10797: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10731: 10730: 10696:Former countries 10506:Meskhetian Turks 10421: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10343: 10342: 10296:Yellinek, Roie, 10195: 10152:Washington, D.C. 10124:Pustaka Nasional 10093: 10072: 10055:(1–2): 219–234. 10042: 9990: 9950: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9895: 9894: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9865: 9850: 9841: 9835: 9802: 9796: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9646:. samarkand.uz. 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9624:on 21 April 2020 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9571: 9531: 9525: 9524:, pp. 76–80 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9498:on 7 April 2013. 9494:. 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Archived from 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9237: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9134: 9128: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9089: 9083: 9069: 9063: 9056: 9050: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8997: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8916: 8899: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8733:The Astana Times 8725: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8631: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8564: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8536: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8447:. 6 March 2005. 8437: 8431: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8356:Golden, Peter B. 8352: 8346: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8310:. Archived from 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8263:(187): 155–156. 8258: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8232: 8214: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8155: 8137: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8095: 8077: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8036: 8018: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7977: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7928: 7910: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7850: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7764:(7–8): 620–628. 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7719: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7622: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7508: 7467: 7461: 7454: 7448: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7411:Chapter 10: Asia 7407: 7396: 7395: 7377: 7367: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7320: 7318: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7241: 7224:(7792): 618–20. 7209: 7203: 7202: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7126: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7051: 7044: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7009: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6730: 6724: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6696:. Archived from 6695: 6687: 6681: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6640:Frankopan, Peter 6636: 6627: 6626: 6612: 6610: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6430:Yarshater, Ehsan 6418: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6310: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6240: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6142:Geography portal 6139: 6138: 6137: 6102: 6093: 6064:Samarqand Region 6059: 6050: 6010: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5966: 5957: 5934: 5925: 5887: 5878: 5848: 5839: 5817: 5808: 5786: 5777: 5755: 5746: 5723: 5714: 5684: 5683: 5511: 5484: 5474: 5446: 5434: 5433: 5343:Heartland Theory 5329:Uyghur Khaganate 5282:Gilgit–Baltistan 5219:Islamic Republic 5115:of China (1757). 5113:Qianlong Emperor 4978: 4976: 4975: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4622: 4621: 4529:Tibetan Buddhism 4451: 4445: 4435: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4395: 4123:Mandarin Chinese 4006: 4004: 4003: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3754: 3753: 3356:Number of women 3340:Social sciences 3309: 3308: 3109:PhDs in science 3101: 3100: 2810:, tennis player 2804:Michael Kolganov 2777:Vladimir Smirnov 2769:Askhat Zhitkeyev 2753:Gennady Golovkin 2722:Champion title. 2632:endurance riding 2536:Khanate of Khiva 2528:Khanate of Khiva 2446:Qianlong Emperor 2442:Tibetan Buddhism 2209:Chagatai Khanate 2182:in Central Asia. 2145: 2142: 2089:Southern Siberia 1825:Palearctic realm 1645:Khanate of Khiva 1553: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1525: 1524: 1511: 1510: 1497: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1434: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1391: 1378: 1377: 1364: 1363: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1315: 1314: 1299: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1271: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1227: 1153:, 46°17' N. 1141:'s southernmost 1134:, 50°18' N. 1043:Issyk Kul Region 1011:Afghan Turkestan 942:Центральная Азия 852: 836: 778:, and later the 742:Turkic languages 679: 676: 618:in the south to 566: 558: 553: 534: 533: 522: 521: 510: 509: 498: 497: 486: 485: 474: 473: 462: 461: 450: 449: 438: 437: 426: 425: 414: 413: 402: 401: 390: 389: 205: 203: 202: 192: 190: 189: 179: 177: 176: 166: 164: 163: 153: 151: 150: 116: 111: 110: 38: 31: 27: 15368: 15367: 15363: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15353:Regions of Asia 15338: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15303: 15294: 15280: 15240: 15238: 15236:Tokhara Yabghus 15213: 15208:(vassal of the 15207: 15205: 15142: 15140: 15123: 15121: 15092: 15090: 15060: 15058: 15044: 15042: 15016: 15014: 14987:Farrukh Hormizd 14866: 14864: 14862:Sasanian Empire 14826: 14824: 14802: 14800: 14682:Mithridates III 14662: 14660: 14658:Parthian Empire 14646: 14640: 14639: 14632: 14630: 14597: 14595: 14555:Seleucid Empire 14551: 14524: 14522: 14481: 14479: 14454: 14451:Pazyryk Culture 14448: 14442: 14431: 14420: 14414: 14391: 14389: 14352: 14337:Proto-Tocharian 14334: 14320:,as far as the 14318:Eurasian Steppe 14310:Yamnaya culture 14287:Altai Mountains 14257: 14242: 14236: 14206: 14201: 14162:Afrasiab murals 14105:Sampul tapestry 14049: 14045:Shahr-e Sukhteh 14035:Bandian complex 14021: 13997:Musalla Complex 13877:Tapa-i Kafariha 13818: 13739:Cave of Dzhebel 13725: 13667: 13504: 13436: 13432:Araltobe kurgan 13323: 13305: 13231:Kizilgaha caves 13202: 13188:Pazyryk burials 13170:Southern Russia 13157: 13121: 13007:Tahirid dynasty 12977:Tokhara Yabghus 12882:Seleucid Empire 12857:Pazyryk culture 12812:Yamnaya culture 12795: 12790: 12760: 12755: 12566:Lesser Caucasus 12534:Iranian Plateau 12509:Sinai Peninsula 12173: 12171: 12170: 12162: 12158:Tibetan Plateau 12131:Nicobar Islands 12126:Andaman Islands 12089:Wakhan Corridor 12040:Siachen Glacier 11810:Carnatic region 11728: 11724: 11723: 11715: 11556: 11555: 11547: 11538:Outer Manchuria 11371: 11370: 11362: 11329:Wakhan Corridor 11324:Altai Mountains 11143:Tibetan Plateau 11104:Outer Manchuria 11094:Northeast China 11052:Greater Khingan 11002: 11001: 10993: 10989:Tibetan Plateau 10984:Siachen Glacier 10962:Western Regions 10942:Wakhan Corridor 10927:Pamir Mountains 10922:Altai Mountains 10917:Iranian Plateau 10900:Eurasian Steppe 10789: 10788: 10780: 10771: 10736: 10728: 10723: 10700: 10662: 10658:Stock exchanges 10620: 10545: 10422: 10413: 10375: 10370: 10307: 10291:Wayback Machine 10280:Weston, David. 10090: 10040: 9987: 9969: 9967:Further reading 9964: 9942:Wayback Machine 9928: 9926: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9883: 9879: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9848: 9842: 9838: 9812:Wayback Machine 9803: 9799: 9793:Wayback Machine 9784: 9780: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9532: 9528: 9519: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9328: 9324: 9314: 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6422:Bosworth, C. E. 6419: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6312: 6311: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6094: 6051: 6011:) is a city in 5958: 5926: 5879: 5840: 5809: 5778: 5747: 5715: 5682: 5512: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5399:Osama bin Laden 5387: 5317:Zunghar Khanate 5286:Wakhan Corridor 5105: 5099: 4973: 4971: 4907: 4905: 4841: 4839: 4775: 4773: 4709: 4707: 4649:Other religion 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4349:Tibetan Plateau 4252:Pashto language 4248:Eastern Iranian 4104: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4001: 3999: 3958: 3956: 3911: 3909: 3864: 3862: 3817: 3815: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3752: 3668: 3635: 3633:Research output 3071: 3046: 3038:Bologna Process 3029:Inha University 2946: 2941: 2919: 2876:Roza Otunbayeva 2828: 2814:, chess player 2779:, weightlifter 2765:Aliya Yussupova 2757:Olga Shishigina 2614: 2505:oral historians 2489:lyrical battles 2422: 2416: 2398: 2393: 2362:Peter B. Golden 2331: 2292:Saur Revolution 2288:satellite state 2197:Battle of Talas 2176:Dzungar Khanate 2168: 2156:Iranian peoples 2143: 2135:Uzbek men from 2061: 2037:Eurasian Steppe 2010:Iranian peoples 1995:Mongol conquest 1988:Five Barbarians 1920: 1914: 1908: 1859: 1853: 1789: 1784: 1708:Ustyurt Plateau 1649:Zarafshan River 1617:Ferghana valley 1577:Eurasian steppe 1573: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1104:Eurasian Steppe 1078:Eurasian Steppe 1035: 938:Srednyaya Aziya 930:Russian culture 860: 859: 858: 857: 856: 853: 845: 844: 837: 826: 820: 686:Eastern Iranian 684:, populated by 677: 600:European Russia 577: 564: 563: 556: 555: 551: 540: 528: 516: 504: 492: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 384: 381: 380: 329: 326: 308: 278: 277: 211: 200: 198: 187: 185: 174: 172: 161: 159: 148: 146: 143: 142: 114: 98: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15366: 15356: 15355: 15350: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15326: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15306: 15305: 15299: 15296: 15290: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15276: 15273: 15269: 15268: 15245: 15234: 15231: 15230:625 CE–651 CE 15227: 15226: 15218:Heshana Khagan 15201: 15198: 15197:560 CE–625 CE 15194: 15193: 15178:Empress Ashina 15164:Ishbara Qaghan 15136: 15133: 15132:560 CE–651 CE 15129: 15128: 15117: 15114: 15113:440 CE–560 CE 15110: 15109: 15086: 15083: 15082:370 CE–540 CE 15079: 15078: 15054: 15051: 15050:320 CE–467 CE 15047: 15046: 15038: 15035: 15010: 15007: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14845: 14834:Vima Kadphises 14820: 14817: 14813: 14812: 14796: 14793: 14792:141 BCE–30 CE 14789: 14788: 14783: 14760:Parthamaspates 14694:Mithridates IV 14676:Mithridates II 14656: 14653: 14649: 14648: 14642: 14626: 14623: 14616: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14583: 14576: 14569: 14535:Argead dynasty 14520: 14517: 14513: 14512: 14504:Artaxerxes III 14475: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14445:Arzhan culture 14435: 14424: 14407: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14364:2000–1900 BCE 14361: 14360: 14358: 14347: 14345: 14344:2400–2000 BCE 14341: 14340: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14306: 14305:3500–2500 BCE 14302: 14301: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14247: 14244: 14243: 14235: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14212: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14122:Bimaran Casket 14119: 14114: 14111:Sogdian Daēnās 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14085:Gardez Ganesha 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14031: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13907:Takht-e Rostam 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13842:Dilberjin Tepe 13839: 13834: 13828: 13826: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13735: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13716:Takht-i Sangin 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13568:Guldursun-Kala 13565: 13560: 13555: 13553:Dalverzin Tepe 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13523:Akchakhan-Kala 13520: 13514: 13512: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13333: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13315: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13281:Dunhuang Caves 13278: 13276:Bezeklik Caves 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13241:Subashi Temple 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13212: 13210: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13092:Durrani Empire 13089: 13084: 13082:Timurid Empire 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12827:Vakhsh culture 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12789: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12732:Biga Peninsula 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12573:South Caucasus 12570: 12569: 12568: 12563: 12548: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12514:Arabian Desert 12511: 12506: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12353:Akkad (region) 12350: 12348:Nineveh Plains 12345: 12340: 12335: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12306: 12296: 12294:Eastern Arabia 12291: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12217: 12216: 12215: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12191:Hanish Islands 12182: 12180: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12118: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12074:Gulf of Mannar 12071: 12070: 12069: 12059: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12042: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11971:Deccan Plateau 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11882:Kashmir Valley 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11746: 11735: 11733: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11642: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11602: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11434: 11429: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11411:Ural Mountains 11403: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11380: 11378: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11294: 11292:Gulf of Tonkin 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11130: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11086: 11081: 11079:Outer Mongolia 11076: 11074:Inner Mongolia 11071: 11070: 11069: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11017: 11011: 11009: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10834:Sea of Galilee 10831: 10826: 10821: 10819:Aralkum Desert 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10782: 10781: 10770: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10710: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10672: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10555: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10369: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10328: 10319: 10311:"Central Asia" 10306: 10305:External links 10303: 10302: 10301: 10294: 10278: 10275: 10256: 10246: 10243:NBM Publishing 10232: 10214: 10196: 10159: 10141: 10127: 10112: 10094: 10088: 10073: 10044: 10011: 10004: 9991: 9985: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9944: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9877: 9836: 9797: 9778: 9765: 9739: 9713: 9687: 9661: 9635: 9609: 9583: 9526: 9513: 9501: 9479: 9440: 9433: 9415: 9383: 9357: 9322: 9292: 9262: 9229: 9211: 9191: 9167: 9156: 9129: 9109: 9102: 9084: 9064: 9051: 9027: 9013: 8984: 8958: 8928: 8906: 8883: 8852: 8822: 8805:www.unicef.org 8792: 8773: 8750: 8720: 8701: 8681: 8651: 8644: 8579: 8551: 8523: 8492: 8462: 8432: 8423: 8399: 8369: 8347: 8317: 8299: 8273: 8244: 8185: 8167: 8107: 8048: 7989: 7966:10.1086/342096 7960:(3): 466–482. 7940: 7880: 7820: 7811: 7743: 7682: 7614: 7548: 7462: 7449: 7431: 7419: 7397: 7335: 7291: 7253: 7204: 7185:(2): 201–202. 7169: 7159: 7152: 7134: 7093: 7066: 7028: 6993: 6974: 6954: 6935: 6915: 6884: 6867: 6848: 6828: 6816: 6803: 6773: 6755: 6725: 6706: 6682: 6663: 6656: 6642:(March 2017). 6628: 6561: 6552: 6525: 6491: 6466: 6453: 6442: 6410: 6399:on 5 July 2014 6383: 6353: 6323: 6298: 6281:United Nations 6265: 6248:United Nations 6234: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6145: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6111:Chirchik River 6103: 6096: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6021:Fergana Valley 6013:Fergana Region 5967: 5960: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5939:Bukhara Region 5935: 5928: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5386: 5383: 5321:Turkic peoples 5297: 5296: 5289: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5229: 5222: 5210: 5193: 5192: 5189:Turkic Council 5179: 5176:British Empire 5168: 5157: 5101:Main article: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646:Folk religion 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4521:Turkic peoples 4509:Zoroastrianism 4493:minorities in 4448: 4442: 4432: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4216:, Kyrgyzstan, 4208:are spoken in 4127:Inner Mongolia 4103: 4100: 4048:Main article: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3906: 3905: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3859: 3858: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3791:GDP per capita 3788: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3748: 3722:European Union 3667: 3664: 3634: 3631: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3070: 3067: 3045: 3042: 2984:, such as the 2945: 2942: 2918: 2915: 2827: 2824: 2800:Ruslan Chagaev 2761:Dmitriy Karpov 2749:Vassiliy Jirov 2613: 2610: 2532:Claas Epp, Jr. 2412:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2330: 2327: 2232:East Turkestan 2201:Tibetan Empire 2180:nomadic empire 2167: 2164: 2073:Timurid Empire 2060: 2057: 1944:Pontic steppes 1910:Main article: 1907: 1904: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1851:Climate change 1849: 1827:. The largest 1812:, Uzbekistan, 1788: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1692:Karakum Desert 1643:and later the 1563: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1154: 1135: 1074:Eastern Europe 1034: 1031: 1015:Kashmir Valley 988:northern India 950:East Turkestan 854: 847: 846: 838: 831: 830: 829: 828: 827: 819: 816: 776:Russian Empire 682:Iranian people 652:Eastern Europe 579: 578: 575: 572: 571: 554:– Central Asia 549: 542: 541: 539: 538: 526: 514: 502: 490: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 378: 377: 376: 374: 373:Largest cities 370: 369: 364: 360: 359: 338: 331: 330: 328: 327: 325: 324: 317: 309: 307: 306: 287: 275: 274: 273: 271: 267: 266: 217: 213: 212: 210: 209: 196: 183: 170: 157: 138: 137: 136: 134: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 105: 101: 100: 95: 94:GDP per capita 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15365: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15316: 15312: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15295: 15293: 15285: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15271: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15257:Ishbara Tolis 15255: 15252: 15249: 15243: 15239: 15237: 15228: 15225: 15222: 15219: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15204: 15203:Western Turks 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15158:Taspar Qaghan 15156: 15153: 15150: 15146: 15141: 15139: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15120: 15111: 15108: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15089: 15080: 15077: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15059: 15057: 15048: 15043: 15041: 15034: 15031: 15028: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15013: 15006: 15003: 15000: 14999:Yazdegerd III 14997: 14994: 14991: 14988: 14985: 14982: 14979: 14976: 14973: 14970: 14967: 14964: 14961: 14958: 14955: 14952: 14949: 14946: 14943: 14940: 14937: 14934: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14919: 14916: 14913: 14910: 14907: 14904: 14901: 14898: 14895: 14892: 14889: 14886: 14883: 14880: 14877: 14870: 14865: 14863: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14823: 14822:Kushan Empire 14814: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14799: 14790: 14787: 14782: 14779: 14776: 14773: 14770: 14767: 14766:Mithridates V 14764: 14763:Sinatruces II 14761: 14758: 14757:Vologases III 14755: 14752: 14751:Artabanus III 14749: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14734: 14731: 14728: 14725: 14722: 14721:Tiridates III 14719: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14664:Mithridates I 14661: 14659: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14644:Hunnic tribes 14638: 14635: 14631: 14629: 14622: 14621: 14615: 14612: 14611:Euthydemus II 14609: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14596: 14594: 14586: 14585: 14582: 14581: 14575: 14574: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14556: 14550: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14537: 14536: 14528: 14523: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14508: 14507:Artaxerxes IV 14505: 14502: 14501:Artaxerxes II 14499: 14496: 14493: 14490: 14487: 14484: 14480: 14478: 14470: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14441: 14440: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14423: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14412: 14406: 14403: 14400: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14388: 14387:Median Empire 14380: 14379: 14374:2000–900 BCE 14373: 14372: 14369: 14363: 14362: 14356: 14351: 14343: 14342: 14338: 14333: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14314:Pontic steppe 14311: 14303: 14300: 14299: 14296:Preceded by: 14291: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14241: 14233: 14228: 14226: 14221: 14219: 14214: 14213: 14210: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14117:Oxus Treasure 14115: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14070:Orlat plaques 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13962:Dasht-e Nawar 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13794:Monjukli Depe 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13779:Konye-Urgench 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13711:Takht-i Kuwad 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13507: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13470:Koshoy Korgon 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13236:Kumtura Caves 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13208:Western China 13205: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13193:Salbyk kurgan 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13183:Arzhan kurgan 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13154: 13153:Serindian art 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13052:Mongol Empire 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13042:Ghurid Empire 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12957:Western Turks 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12907:Kushan Empire 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12892:Guiyi Circuit 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12867:Median Empire 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12847:Tagar culture 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12773: 12768: 12767: 12764: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12539:Dasht-e Kavir 12537: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12504:Levantine Sea 12502: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12471: 12470:Aram-Naharaim 12468: 12467: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12445:Syrian Desert 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12420:Golan Heights 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12252:Gulf of Aqaba 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12177: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153:Tropical Asia 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12116:Paropamisadae 12114: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12062:Gulf of Kutch 12060: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12050:Bay of Bengal 12048: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12016:Shigar Valley 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11825:Eastern Ghats 11823: 11821: 11820:Western Ghats 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11788:Kangchenjunga 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11773:Greater India 11771: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11711:Tropical Asia 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11605:Sunda Islands 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11528:Bering Strait 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11513:Yenisey Basin 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11486:Khatanga Gulf 11484: 11482: 11481:Baraba steppe 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11456:Extreme North 11454: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11390: 11389:Arctic Circle 11387: 11386: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11358:Tropical Asia 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11319:Yenisey Basin 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11302:Yangtze Delta 11300: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11277:Japanese Alps 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11255:Loess Plateau 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11190:Hexi Corridor 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11180:Sichuan Basin 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11121:Yan Mountains 11119: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10905:Kazakh Steppe 10903: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888:Kazakh Steppe 10886: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10763: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10739: 10732: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10559:Architecture‎ 10557: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10481:Volga Germans 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10428:Ethnic groups 10425: 10420: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:9780367667351 10136: 10133:. Routledge. 10132: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10012: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9924: 9921:(2): 73–104. 9920: 9916: 9912: 9907: 9906: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9824:0-7614-2014-2 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9569:11250/2839043 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9517: 9510: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9448:Chazan, Guy. 9444: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9250: 9246: 9245:iranpress.com 9242: 9236: 9234: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9195: 9184: 9177: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9126:9781351665957 9123: 9119: 9113: 9105: 9103:9789004156043 9099: 9095: 9088: 9082: 9081:9783643800497 9078: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9031: 9023: 9017: 9001: 8994: 8988: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8896: 8895: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8757: 8755: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8685: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8555: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8344: 8343:0-415-33260-5 8340: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8199:PLOS Genetics 8196: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7815: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7619: 7610: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7375:11250/2999461 7371: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7113:. p. 8: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7094:9789231027192 7090: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7048: 7041: 7040: 7032: 7013: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6968:. Routledge. 6967: 6966: 6958: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929:. Routledge. 6928: 6927: 6919: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6878:Asie centrale 6871: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6786:openDemocracy 6783: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6699: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6648:Vintage Books 6645: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6617:intellectuals 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6480: 6479:en.unesco.org 6476: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6132: 6121:confederacy. 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5873:Turkmenistan 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5435: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5414:U.S. invasion 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391:War on Terror 5385:War on Terror 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313:Mongol Empire 5310: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5136:Islam Karimov 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564:Bukharan Jews 4560: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:Bashkortostan 4480: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4439: 4429: 4428:Folk religion 4419: 4409: 4399: 4391: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4320:Bukharan Jews 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119:lingua franca 4116: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4064: 4056: 4051: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4009: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3630: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2840: 2832: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812:Denis Istomin 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759:, decathlete 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2602:freestyle rap 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2406:Petropavlovsk 2402: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Dungan Revolt 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Indo-Iranians 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2069:Mongol Empire 2065: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Indo European 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:steppe nomads 1961: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Lake Balkhash 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1566: 1461: 1447: 1342: 1328: 1249: 1232: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Lake Balkhash 1201: 1197: 1196:Murghab River 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1167:The Eurasian 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1093:Great Khingan 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 916: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 851: 842: 835: 825: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 800:Stalinist-era 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 765:world economy 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 714:Turkic people 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 671: 670:to the east. 669: 665: 661: 657: 654:to the west, 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:Western China 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 573: 570: 562: 550: 547: 543: 537: 532: 527: 525: 520: 515: 513: 508: 503: 501: 496: 491: 489: 484: 479: 477: 472: 467: 465: 460: 455: 453: 448: 443: 441: 436: 431: 429: 424: 419: 417: 412: 407: 405: 400: 395: 393: 388: 383: 382: 375: 371: 368: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 337: 332: 323: 319: 318: 315: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 208: 197: 195: 184: 182: 171: 169: 158: 156: 145: 144: 141: 135: 131: 128:Central Asian 127: 125: 121: 117: 106: 102: 96: 92: 88: 86:GDP (nominal) 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 15348:Central Asia 15298: 15289: 15286:673–751 CE 15275: 15272:651–673 CE 15254:Duolu Qaghan 15242:Tardush Shad 15233: 15210:Tang dynasty 15200: 15186:Yangsu Tegin 15170:Tulan Qaghan 15167:Bagha Qaghan 15161:Ashina Anluo 15155:Muqan Qaghan 15152:Issik Qaghan 15149:Bumin Qaghan 15135: 15119:Hephthalites 15116: 15085: 15053: 15037: 15009: 14969:Ardashir III 14927:Yazdegerd II 14859: 14847: 14819: 14795: 14781:Artabanus IV 14778:Vologases VI 14769:Vologases IV 14748:Vologases II 14724:Artabanus II 14718:Artabanus II 14703:Tiridates II 14691:Phraates III 14655: 14652:160–141 BCE 14641: 14625: 14618: 14614:Antimachus I 14605:Euthydemus I 14590: 14587:256–160 BCE 14578: 14571: 14566:Antiochus II 14553: 14552: 14546:Alexander II 14533: 14519: 14516:331–256 BCE 14495:Artaxerxes I 14474: 14464:539–331 BCE 14437: 14426: 14415: 14409: 14384: 14381:626–539 BCE 14316:through the 14295: 14256:Territories/ 14109: 14040:Mount Khajeh 14007:Qala-i-Jangi 13987:Khair Khaneh 13892:Khair Khaneh 13799:Namazga-Tepe 13754:Anau culture 13731:Turkmenistan 13648:Tavka Kurgan 13543:Balalyk Tepe 13460:Burana Tower 13450:Aigyr-Zhal 2 13342:Issyk kurgan 13077:Kart dynasty 13072:Sufi dynasty 13062:Golden Horde 12987:Oghuz Yabgus 12962:Tang dynasty 12927:Hephthalites 12852:Uyuk culture 12497:Bekaa valley 12394:Syria region 12299:South Arabia 12257:Gulf of Aden 12247:Gulf of Oman 12225:Pirate Coast 12220:Persian Gulf 12148:Asia–Pacific 12094:Wakhjir Pass 11899:Indus Valley 11845:Pashtunistan 11835:Ganges Delta 11830:Ganges Basin 11754:Northwestern 11729:Subcontinent 11706:Asia–Pacific 11701:Ring of Fire 11696:Pacific Asia 11543:Asia–Pacific 11533:Ring of Fire 11518:Sikhote-Alin 11508:Yenisey Gulf 11422:Pacific Asia 11353:Asia–Pacific 11348:Ring of Fire 11343:Pacific Asia 11334:Wakhjir Pass 11309:Yellow River 11084:China proper 10947:Wakhjir Pass 10883:Kazakhstania 10791: 10785: 10648:Greater Iran 10404:Turkmenistan 10373:Central Asia 10372: 10314: 10282: 10263: 10249: 10248:Stone, L.A. 10238: 10220: 10199: 10178:(1): 23–35. 10175: 10171: 10147: 10115: 10111:Press, 1994. 10100: 10078: 10052: 10048: 10041:(in Russian) 10028: 10024: 10014: 9994: 9975: 9957: 9953:free content 9927:. 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Retrieved 6238: 5699:Information 5601:Turkmenistan 5419: 5403: 5388: 5340: 5336:to the north 5298: 5274:Turkmenistan 5194: 5149: 5145: 5142:, March 2002 5140:the Pentagon 5037: 4914:Turkmenistan 4619:originated. 4610: 4604:, and other 4594:Confucianism 4587: 4573:In Siberia, 4572: 4561: 4544:Nestorianism 4540:Christianity 4538:The form of 4537: 4503: 4473: 4408:Christianity 4389: 4359:(Szechwan), 4342: 4324: 4226: 4150:Turkmenistan 4139: 4105: 4092: 4044:Demographics 3965:Turkmenistan 3741: 3734: 3730:Horizon 2020 3719: 3715: 3704: 3696: 3687: 3669: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3626: 3624: 3569: 3513: 3457: 3401: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3051: 3047: 3009: 2996:Turkmenistan 2990: 2947: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2793: 2738: 2724: 2715:holding the 2703: 2693: 2671: 2648: 2626: 2606: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2584:Soviet Union 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2521: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2470: 2423: 2408:, Kazakhstan 2374: 2366: 2351:Turkmenistan 2332: 2312: 2280:Qing dynasty 2272:incorporated 2264:Soviet Union 2228:Qing dynasty 2213: 2188:Tang dynasty 2185: 2149: 2078: 2030: 2003: 1976:horse riders 1965: 1921: 1894:practices). 1872: 1822: 1798: 1712: 1685: 1673: 1574: 1216: 1177: 1174: 1117: 1082: 1047: 992: 973: 957:Soviet Union 954: 945: 941: 937: 934:Средняя Азия 933: 928: 898:(Xinjiang), 892:Turkmenistan 861: 812: 810:live there. 780:Soviet Union 769: 750: 672: 636:Turkmenistan 584:Central Asia 583: 582: 363:Calling code 311: 300:Turkmenistan 281: 276:2 time zones 194:Turkmenistan 140:5 recognized 113: 29:Central Asia 25: 15266:Ashina Helu 15263:Irbis Seguy 15248:Külüg Sibir 15215:Niri Qaghan 15145:Ashina Tuwu 15088:Alchon Huns 14984:Azarmidokht 14975:Khosrow III 14930:Hormizd III 14915:Yazdegerd I 14906:Ardashir II 14900:Adur Narseh 14856:224–350 CE 14816:30 –224 CE 14775:Vologases V 14742:Vardanes II 14739:Vologases I 14730:Gotarzes II 14700:Phraates IV 14670:Hyspaosines 14634:Modu Chanyu 14608:Demetrius I 14602:Diodotus II 14563:Antiochus I 14540:Alexander I 14132:Kabul hoard 14065:Sokh snakes 14017:Surkh Kotal 13982:Haji Piyada 13957:Darra-e Kur 13922:Yemshi Tepe 13917:Tillya Tepe 13912:Tepe Fullol 13902:Tepe Narenj 13897:Tapa Sardar 13887:Fondukistan 13852:Tapa Shotor 13832:Tepe Fullol 13824:Afghanistan 13653:Toprak-Kala 13638:Shahrukhiya 13588:Kampir Tepe 13578:Itchan Kala 13533:Ancient Pap 13490:Shakh Fazil 13362:Krasnyi Yar 13266:Mogao Caves 13226:Kizil Caves 13162:Archaeology 13027:Farighunids 12982:Turk Shahis 12922:Alchon Huns 12751:Alpide belt 12627:Paphlagonia 12425:Hula Valley 12405:Transjordan 12328:Mesopotamia 12262:Balochistan 12198:Caspian Sea 12176:Middle East 12143:Alpide belt 12099:Lakshadweep 12079:Palk Strait 11956:Bagar tract 11894:Thar Desert 11855:Balochistan 11687:Alpide belt 11677:East Indies 11559:East Indies 11491:Transbaikal 11475:Lake Baikal 11170:Tarim Basin 11042:Gobi Desert 10952:Mount Imeon 10893:Betpak-Dala 10846:Transoxiana 10824:Caspian Sea 10676:Archaeology 10638:Geostrategy 10531:Belarusians 10501:Karakalpaks 10164:James, Paul 9408:14 November 9376:14 November 9148:Orbis Books 8951:22 November 8743:10 December 8455:14 November 8292:14 November 7569:(1): 3085. 7274:: 343–371. 7079:Dani, A. H. 6609:13 December 6571:James, Paul 6545:14 November 6403:16 February 6156:Asia portal 6088:Uzbekistan 6045:Uzbekistan 6015:in eastern 5952:Uzbekistan 5920:Uzbekistan 5861:marketplace 5834:Tajikistan 5803:Kyrgyzstan 5791:Chüy Region 5772:Kyrgyzstan 5741:Kazakhstan 5709:Kazakhstan 5693:Population 5406:Mullah Omar 5303:wrote that 5301:Lev Gumilev 5270:natural gas 5165:Han dynasty 5097:Geostrategy 5051:55,535,690 5042:64,625,000 4993:26,534,480 4984:27,440,000 4729:12,990,285 4720:18,745,000 4637:Irreligion 4628:Population 4575:shaministic 4495:Afghanistan 4479:Afghanistan 4470:in a mosque 4377:Koryo-saram 4334:Tarim Basin 4300:Afghanistan 4256:Afghanistan 4236:Khwarezmian 4218:Afghanistan 4194:Afghanistan 4154:Afghanistan 4015:36,024,900 3831:19,196,465 3784:Nominal GDP 3692:Caspian Sea 3568:Uzbekistan 3512:Tajikistan 3456:Kyrgyzstan 3400:Kazakhstan 3343:Humanities 2884:Food prices 2773:Maxim Rakov 2730:Afghanistan 2683:. However, 2600:and modern 2558:Persian art 2473:oral poetry 2426:shamanistic 2359:Turkologist 2305:during the 2144: 1861 2018:Chorasmians 1997:of much of 1925:agriculture 1888:dust storms 1770:Transoxiana 1765:Tokharistan 1665:Transoxiana 1382:Transoxiana 1319:Tarim_Basin 1212:Caspian Sea 1147:Erdenetsogt 1112:continental 1085:Gobi desert 915:Afghanistan 896:Uyghuristan 876:Afghanistan 818:Definitions 748:is spoken. 698:Chorasmians 678: 1000 612:Afghanistan 596:Caspian Sea 15342:Categories 15260:Yukuk Shad 15182:Apa Qaghan 15125:Akhshunwar 15107:Mihirakula 15045:Wanunkhur 15027:Hormizd II 15018:Ardashir I 14993:Khosrow IV 14990:Hormizd VI 14972:Shahrbaraz 14963:Khosrow II 14954:Khosrow II 14951:Hormizd IV 14909:Shapur III 14897:Hormizd II 14891:Bahram III 14876:Ardashir I 14843:Vasudeva I 14837:Kanishka I 14831:Vima Takto 14807:Sapadbizes 14786:Eucratides 14745:Pacorus II 14736:Vonones II 14733:Meherdates 14727:Vardanes I 14712:Orodes III 14709:Phraates V 14688:Sinatruces 14599:Diodotus I 14560:Seleucus I 14510:Darius III 14417:Massagetae 14238:Rulers of 14012:Rag-i-Bibi 13837:Ai-Khanoum 13769:Gonur Depe 13764:Dev-Kesken 13701:Kafir-kala 13691:Ajina tepe 13673:Tajikistan 13633:Sarmishsay 13618:Kyzyl-Kala 13598:Khalchayan 13583:Kafir-kala 13563:Fayaz Tepe 13548:Burchmulla 13510:Uzbekistan 13500:Tash Rabat 13475:Manas Ordo 13442:Kyrgyzstan 13329:Kazakhstan 13032:Ghaznavids 12937:Ustrushana 12932:Tocharians 12862:Massagetae 12657:Cappadocia 12304:Hadhramaut 12001:Aksai Chin 11991:Hindi Belt 11872:Marathwada 11800:Hindu Kush 11793:Nanda Devi 11739:Subregions 11667:Leyte Gulf 11503:Amur Basin 11396:Inner Asia 11250:Ordos Loop 11205:Liangguang 11062:Inner Asia 10937:Badakhshan 10793:The 'stans 10686:Bronze Age 10471:Ukrainians 10456:Mongolians 10409:Uzbekistan 10399:Tajikistan 10394:Kyrgyzstan 10389:Kazakhstan 10241:New York: 9887:Asia Major 9758:7 December 9732:7 December 9706:7 December 9680:7 December 9654:25 January 9628:25 January 9602:25 January 9255:13 October 8128:(1): 110. 8068:(1): 131. 7901:: 801295. 7804:6 December 7736:5 December 7637:(1): 733. 7116:Republics. 7109:21 October 6986:9 November 6947:9 November 6860:9 November 6767:4 December 6376:21 January 6346:21 January 6225:References 6209:Inner Asia 6017:Uzbekistan 5822:Osh Region 5760:Kazakh SSR 5673:Uzbekistan 5655:Kazakhstan 5637:Uzbekistan 5619:Tajikistan 5587:1,074,075 5583:Kyrgyzstan 5569:1,189,209 5565:Kazakhstan 5551:1,350,228 5547:Kazakhstan 5533:2,156,749 5529:Kazakhstan 5504:3,000,000 5500:Uzbekistan 5379:molybdenum 5333:aggression 5245:summit in 5207:Tajikistan 5203:Kyrgyzstan 5172:Hindu Kush 5163:period of 5125:Great Game 5057:4,158,860 5045:4,663,615 4980:Uzbekistan 4927:4,687,200 4918:5,040,000 4861:6,652,960 4852:6,880,000 4848:Tajikistan 4795:5,868,000 4786:6,520,000 4782:Kyrgyzstan 4735:2,493,085 4723:3,130,415 4716:Kazakhstan 4631:Christian 4590:Han people 4579:divination 4556:Christians 4499:Tajikistan 4418:Irreligion 4367:, and the 4328:, another 4312:Uzbekistan 4308:Tajikistan 4272:Ishkashimi 4214:Tajikistan 4210:Uzbekistan 4190:Tajikistan 4186:Kyrgyzstan 4182:Kazakhstan 4115:Ukrainians 4095:North Asia 4008:Uzbekistan 3972:6,341,855 3925:9,750,064 3918:Tajikistan 3878:6,527,743 3871:Kyrgyzstan 3828:2,724,900 3824:Kazakhstan 3770:Population 3395:Women (%) 3389:Women (%) 3383:Women (%) 3377:Women (%) 3371:Women (%) 3365:Women (%) 3359:Women (%) 3140:Women (%) 3128:Women (%) 3122:Women (%) 3019:) and the 2992:Kazakhstan 2970:Uzbekistan 2950:Kyrgyzstan 2921:See also: 2806:, gymnast 2781:Ilya Ilyin 2763:, gymnast 2699:gymnastics 2685:Kazakhstan 2667:Kazakhstan 2657:, Chinese 2554:Kazakhstan 2500:alym sabak 2481:Kazakhstan 2477:Kyrgyzstan 2418:See also: 2404:Mosque in 2355:Uzbekistan 2347:Tajikistan 2343:Kyrgyzstan 2339:Kazakhstan 1916:See also: 1696:Kopet Dagh 1625:Hindu Kush 1589:Kopet Dagh 1192:Hari River 1162:permafrost 1143:permafrost 1128:sand dunes 1066:Taklamakan 997:, Eastern 961:Kazakhstan 904:Uzbekistan 888:Tajikistan 884:Kyrgyzstan 822:See also: 792:Ukrainians 688:-speaking 664:North Asia 660:South Asia 640:Uzbekistan 632:Tajikistan 628:Kyrgyzstan 624:Kazakhstan 322:Kyrgyzstan 320:Standard: 304:Uzbekistan 296:Tajikistan 292:Kazakhstan 290:Standard: 270:Time zones 224:Karakalpak 207:Uzbekistan 181:Tajikistan 168:Kyrgyzstan 155:Kazakhstan 51:Population 15072:Grumbates 15056:Kidarites 15024:Hormizd I 15002:Peroz III 14948:Khosrow I 14918:Shapur IV 14912:Bahram IV 14903:Shapur II 14888:Bahram II 14882:Hormizd I 14772:Osroes II 14715:Vonones I 14697:Orodes II 14673:Artabanus 14549:Antigonus 14498:Darius II 14396:Phraortes 14312:from the 14058:Artifacts 13932:Aq Kupruk 13882:Mes Aynak 13814:Ulug Depe 13749:Altyndepe 13696:Cyropolis 13686:Penjikent 13658:Varakhsha 13593:Kara Tepe 13538:Ayaz-Kala 13528:Akhsikath 13518:Afrasiyab 13465:Issyk-Kul 13455:Balasagun 13301:Beshbalik 13178:Sintashta 13138:Silk Road 13067:Ilkhanate 13022:Ma'munids 12917:Kidarites 12482:Phoenicia 12415:Philistia 12385:Kurdistan 12380:Eber-Nari 12358:Babylonia 12318:Al-Sharat 12277:Al-Yamama 12109:Aminidivi 12028:Karakoram 12011:Baltistan 11815:Tamilakam 11783:Himalayas 11628:Nusantara 11574:Sundaland 11553:Southeast 11401:Northeast 11240:Zhongyuan 11220:Guanzhong 11215:Jianghuai 11148:Karakoram 11138:Himalayas 11089:Manchuria 11005:Northeast 10972:Karakoram 10932:Tian Shan 10868:Arachosia 10589:Languages 10511:Armenians 10235:Rall, Ted 10225:Cambridge 10192:146570543 10120:Singapore 10037:0869-5415 10019:. Paris: 9805:Konjikala 9786:Konjikala 9578:2590-3322 9540:One Earth 9462:0099-9660 9285:6 October 8674:3 October 8221:1553-7404 8144:1471-2156 8084:1471-2156 8025:1471-2156 8009:(1): 49. 7917:1664-8021 7857:1471-2156 7841:(1): 87. 7794:222839155 7778:1464-5033 7659:2045-2322 7591:2045-2322 7515:1476-4687 7392:249116255 7384:0263-4937 7199:164228130 7123:cite book 6796:12 August 6599:146570543 6513:0362-4331 6230:Citations 6204:Hindutash 6092:2,571,668 6076:Ulugh Beg 6068:Silk Road 6041:Samarkand 6003:: خوقند; 5904:Silk Road 5900:Parthians 5877:1,032,000 5776:1,027,200 5745:1,713,220 5713:1,006,574 5668:Samarkand 5247:Samarkand 5161:Silk Road 5032:< 0.1 5026:< 0.1 5020:< 0.1 5014:< 0.1 5008:< 0.1 4966:< 0.1 4960:< 0.1 4954:< 0.1 4948:< 0.1 4942:< 0.1 4900:< 0.1 4894:< 0.1 4888:< 0.1 4882:< 0.1 4876:< 0.1 4643:Buddhist 4383:Religions 4365:Baltistan 4351:and into 4326:Tocharian 4102:Languages 4080:Samarkand 3981:$ 13,065 3840:$ 12,306 2802:, canoer 2785:Denis Ten 2767:, judoka 2755:, runner 2720:Flyweight 2695:Wrestling 2576:manaschis 2333:With the 2303:Samarkand 2294:of 1978. 2274:into the 2256:Qing rule 2240:conquered 2114:Mongolian 2033:migration 2031:The main 2022:Scythians 1980:Silk Road 1942:from the 1900:Amu Darya 1880:West Asia 1810:Samarkand 1780:Turkestan 1688:Kyzyl Kum 1667:and also 1657:Samarkand 1633:Amu Darya 1629:Syr Darya 1605:Tian Shan 1473:Samarkand 1208:endorheic 1184:Syr Darya 1180:Amu Darya 1108:semi-arid 1062:Kyzyl Kum 1054:Tian Shan 1050:mountains 1033:Geography 1027:Turkestan 1003:Mongolian 974:In 1978, 753:Silk Road 710:expansion 702:Scythians 690:Bactrians 668:East Asia 656:West Asia 588:subregion 512:Samarkand 488:Karagandy 334:Internet 313:UTC+06:00 283:UTC+05:00 240:Mongolian 232:Koryo-mar 216:Languages 133:Countries 15212:657–742) 15104:Toramana 15094:Khingila 15076:Goboziko 15033:Varahran 15030:Peroz II 14966:Kavad II 14924:Bahram V 14885:Bahram I 14879:Shapur I 14840:Huvishka 14804:Arseiles 14754:Osroes I 14685:Orodes I 14679:Gotarzes 14667:Phraates 14637:Laoshang 14489:Darius I 14486:Cambyses 14405:Astyages 14402:Cyaxares 14324:region) 14267:Margiana 14262:Khorasan 13992:Mundigak 13972:Firozkoh 13862:Shotorak 13681:Bunjikat 13573:Hazorasp 13397:Shilikty 13387:Boralday 13311:Mongolia 13246:Dunhuang 13017:Samanids 12947:Farghana 12800:Polities 12682:Lycaonia 12667:Corduene 12647:Bithynia 12632:Phasiane 12612:Anatolia 12551:Caucasus 12138:Maldives 11860:Gedrosia 11761:Southern 11749:Northern 11692:Far East 11655:Mindanao 11633:Wallacea 11591:Maritime 11471:Baikalia 11437:Beringia 11418:Far East 11339:Far East 11260:Shaanbei 11245:Shaannan 11235:Jiaozhou 11210:Jiangnan 10873:Khwarazm 10829:Dead Sea 10814:Aral Sea 10691:Iron Age 10630:Politics 10604:Buddhism 10599:Religion 10516:Pashtuns 10476:Turkmens 10461:Russians 10287:Archived 10210:, 1989. 10204:Hartford 10166:(2013). 10105:New York 9938:Archived 9923:Archived 9861:Archived 9808:Archived 9789:Archived 9752:Archived 9726:Archived 9700:Archived 9674:Archived 9648:Archived 9596:Archived 9466:Archived 9370:Archived 9309:Archived 9305:Stratfor 9279:Archived 9249:Archived 9217:archived 9183:Archived 9140:(1991). 9047:BBC News 9039:Archived 8945:Archived 8912:Archived 8876:1 August 8870:Archived 8839:Archived 8809:Archived 8779:Archived 8737:Archived 8713:25 April 8707:Archived 8668:Archived 8571:Archived 8543:Archived 8516:31 March 8510:Archived 8485:31 March 8479:Archived 8449:Archived 8418:Archived 8413:BBC News 8392:22 March 8386:Archived 8330:Archived 8286:Archived 8265:Archived 8239:25898006 8162:29297395 8102:25476266 8043:19723301 7984:12145751 7935:35069700 7889:(2022). 7875:33092538 7798:Archived 7786:33059477 7730:Archived 7726:36006373 7677:35031610 7609:28596519 7541:6 August 7535:Archived 7531:13670282 7523:29743675 7442:Archived 7358:: 1–20. 7311:Archived 7248:31996825 7103:28186754 7047:Archived 7012:Archived 6980:Archived 6941:Archived 6902:Archived 6854:Archived 6842:UNESCO. 6790:Archived 6761:archived 6717:Archived 6674:Archived 6603:Archived 6573:(2013). 6539:Archived 6424:(1990). 6370:Archived 6340:Archived 6285:Archived 6252:Archived 6128:See also 6115:Golestan 6084:Tashkent 6070:between 6025:Tashkent 6001:Chagatai 5969:Kokand ( 5892:Russians 5869:Ashgabat 5830:Dushanbe 5690:Country 5677:530,000 5659:560,820 5641:597,000 5632:Namangan 5623:679,400 5614:Dushanbe 5605:727,000 5596:Ashgabat 5560:Shymkent 5495:Tashkent 5477:Tashkent 5460:Country 5408:and the 5351:chromium 5266:Pakistan 5081:136,105 4999:219,520 4987:631,120 4921:322,560 4867:103,200 4855:110,080 4801:130,400 4789:521,600 4625:Country 4617:Hinduism 4581:such as 4525:Tengrism 4505:Buddhism 4438:Buddhism 4400:(87.78%) 4338:Xinjiang 4318:(by the 4284:Yaghnobi 4276:Sarikoli 4260:Pakistan 4244:Scythian 4240:Bactrian 4222:Xinjiang 4198:Xinjiang 4135:Xinjiang 4111:Russians 4031:Tashkent 4024:$ 2,563 4012:448,978 3988:Ashgabat 3969:488,100 3941:Dushanbe 3934:$ 1,277 3922:142,550 3887:$ 1,736 3875:199,950 3678:and the 3625:Source: 3291:Source: 2820:Misha Ge 2798:, boxer 2775:, skier 2747:, boxer 2711:athlete 2659:Xinjiang 2651:Buzkashi 2636:buzkashi 2432:. Thus, 2430:Buddhism 2385:Xinjiang 2379:against 2370:Mongolia 2319:deported 2282:and the 2268:Xinjiang 2248:khanates 2216:firearms 2158:and the 2122:Kipchaks 2106:Iron Age 2093:Mongolia 2014:Sogdians 1958:Various 1896:Droughts 1892:land use 1884:Rainfall 1847:biomes. 1818:Dushanbe 1814:Ashgabat 1806:Tashkent 1750:Margiana 1745:Khwarazm 1740:Khorasan 1735:Dahistan 1704:Margiana 1700:Khorasan 1676:Xinjiang 1661:Tashkent 1641:Khwarazm 1637:Aral Sea 1585:Jaxartes 1529:Tashkent 1438:Margiana 1396:(Sogdia) 1368:Ferghana 1354:Khwarezm 1275:Ferghana 1261:Khwarezm 1200:Aral Sea 1194:and the 1151:Mongolia 1132:Mongolia 1056:), vast 1023:Ladakhis 1019:Tibetans 984:Pakistan 969:Tashkent 900:Mongolia 880:Khorasan 841:Caucasus 772:Russians 761:Far East 759:and the 730:Turkmens 708:. After 694:Sogdians 646:suffix " 608:Mongolia 536:Tashkent 524:Shymkent 500:Namangan 464:Dushanbe 440:Ashgabat 15097:Javukha 15061:Yosada 15021:Peroz I 15005:Narsieh 14960:Vistahm 14945:Kavad I 14939:Kavad I 14933:Peroz I 14921:Khosrow 14810:Heraios 14628:Xiongnu 14433:Skunkha 14422:Tomyris 14393:Deioces 14272:Bactria 13937:Asqalan 13872:Bimaran 13867:Paitava 13809:Togolok 13744:Abiward 13628:Poykent 13613:Koktepe 13480:Navekat 13357:Kerderi 13347:Jankent 13296:Kashgar 13271:Tumshuq 13216:Bulayïq 13126:Culture 12942:Khuttal 12902:Xiongnu 12727:Sophene 12702:Pisidia 12697:Galatia 12672:Chaldia 12652:Cilicia 12637:Isauria 12578:Shirvan 12487:Retjenu 12455:Samaria 12430:Galilee 12375:Mashriq 12289:Tihamah 12186:Red Sea 11924:Kalinga 11877:Kashmir 11805:Bactria 11744:Eastern 11682:Nanyang 11660:Visayas 11466:Siberia 11461:Tartary 11374:Siberia 11297:Yangtze 11225:Huizhou 11200:Lingnan 10841:Tartary 10786:Central 10774:Regions 10668:History 10626:Economy 10584:Gardens 10574:Cuisine 10551:Culture 10521:Hazaras 10491:Dungans 10486:Uyghurs 10466:Koreans 10451:Kyrgyzs 10446:Kazakhs 10245:, 2006. 10231:, 2000. 10158:, 1996. 10126:, 2003. 10057:Bibcode 10003:, 2010. 9902:Sources 9548:Bibcode 9223:20 June 9006:17 July 8977:17 July 8845:19 July 8815:19 July 8785:20 July 8567:imd.org 8539:imb.org 8362:(ed.). 8230:4405460 8153:5751809 8093:4267745 8034:2745423 7926:8777105 7866:7583311 7717:9469894 7668:8760286 7639:Bibcode 7600:5465200 7571:Bibcode 7485:Bibcode 7471:2018). 7226:Bibcode 7167:426–458 7056:1 April 7021:1 April 6908:1 April 6621:clerics 6432:(ed.). 6393:"stans" 6291:16 July 6258:16 July 6109:on the 6095:(2020) 6052:(2008) 6049:596,300 6033:Fergana 6029:Andijan 6005:Russian 5993:Persian 5959:(2011) 5956:209,389 5927:(1999) 5924:237,900 5916:Bukhara 5880:(2014) 5857:Persian 5841:(2014) 5838:780,000 5810:(2009) 5807:243,216 5779:(2019) 5768:Bishkek 5748:(2017) 5716:(2017) 5578:Bishkek 5410:Taliban 5371:lithium 5309:Mongols 5305:Xiongnu 5233:Farkhor 5087:10,000 5075:51,370 5069:26,870 5029:10,000 5017:10,000 5011:10,000 4933:25,200 4759:18,745 4753:20,620 4747:16,870 4652:Jewish 4634:Muslim 4613:Judaism 4583:Kumalak 4456:(0.02%) 4454:Judaism 4420:(6.44%) 4410:(7.29%) 4357:Sichuan 4353:Qinghai 4316:Bukhori 4314:), and 4292:Persian 4288:Ossetic 4264:Shughni 4232:Sogdian 4178:Kypchak 4146:Turkmen 4131:Qinghai 4107:Russian 3993:Turkmen 3950:Russian 3903:Russian 3894:Bishkek 3856:Russian 3804:Capital 3800:(2021) 3794:(2023) 3780:per km 3773:(2021) 3758:Country 3728:within 3580:12,639 3574:30,890 3406:17,195 2826:Economy 2726:Cricket 2644:kyz kuu 2640:dzhigit 2497:or the 2465:Bukhara 2461:Kashgar 2450:Beijing 2391:Culture 2381:Uyghurs 2323:Siberia 2244:nomadic 2205:Mongols 2195:at the 2160:Mongols 2110:Kazakhs 2104:of the 2081:Iranian 2045:Iranian 1999:Eurasia 1972:warfare 1906:History 1787:Climate 1755:Parthia 1730:Bactria 1680:Kashgar 1653:Bokhara 1621:Bactria 1487:Bukhara 1424:Bactria 1410:Zhetysu 1289:Zhetysu 1114:climate 1070:steppes 1058:deserts 1007:Siberia 999:Iranian 808:Koreans 802:forced 796:Germans 738:Uyghurs 722:Kazakhs 644:Persian 620:Siberia 476:Fergana 452:Bishkek 404:Andijan 252:Turkmen 244:Russian 124:Demonym 112:0.779 ( 15221:Sheguy 15190:Tamgan 15174:Istämi 15100:Mehama 15069:Kidara 15063:Kirada 15040:Kangju 14942:Jamasp 14936:Balash 14894:Narseh 14798:Yuezhi 14620:Yuezhi 14580:Yuezhi 14543:Philip 14492:Xerxes 14399:Madyes 14277:Sogdia 14002:Nagara 13774:Jeitun 13706:Sarazm 13392:Sawran 13337:Begash 13291:Khotan 13286:Loulan 12897:Yuezhi 12744:Tuwana 12722:Speri 12717:Arzawa 12707:Pontus 12622:Aeolis 12603:Kartli 12593:Alborz 12529:Hauran 12460:Arabah 12440:Gilead 12435:Canaan 12390:Levant 12045:Bengal 11996:Ladakh 11981:Konkan 11865:Makran 11850:Punjab 11840:Guzgan 11768:Orient 11727:Indian 11569:Orient 11523:Kolyma 11384:Arctic 11015:Orient 10878:Sistan 10863:Ariana 10706:Sports 10579:Dastan 10569:Cinema 10541:Azeris 10526:Baloch 10496:Tatars 10441:Tajiks 10436:Uzbeks 10270: 10190: 10137: 10099:, ed. 10086: 10035: 10021:UNESCO 9983: 9929:5 July 9870:1 June 9830: 9822: 9576: 9460: 9431: 9209: 9154: 9124: 9100: 9079: 8996:(XSLX) 8921:1 June 8904: 8771: 8699: 8642: 8341: 8237: 8227: 8219: 8160: 8150: 8142: 8100: 8090: 8082: 8041: 8031: 8023: 7982: 7975:419996 7972: 7933: 7923: 7915: 7873: 7863: 7855: 7792: 7784: 7776: 7724: 7714: 7675: 7665: 7657: 7607: 7597: 7589: 7529: 7521: 7513: 7477:Nature 7390: 7382: 7306:Cosmos 7246: 7218:Nature 7197: 7150: 7101: 7091: 6972: 6933: 6846: 6753: 6654: 6597: 6518:16 May 6511: 6484:16 May 6440: 6277:(xlsx) 6119:Kangju 6009:Коканд 5989:Хӯқанд 5975:Qo'qon 5948:Kokand 5737:Almaty 5729:Almaty 5705:Astana 5696:Image 5650:Aktobe 5542:Astana 5524:Almaty 5514:Astana 5487:Almaty 5441: 5438: 5367:silver 5363:copper 5355:cobalt 5319:) and 5280:; the 5184:Turkic 5054:85.94 4977: 4911: 4845: 4798:90.00 4779: 4765:3,400 4738:13.30 4732:69.30 4726:16.70 4713: 4640:Hindu 4598:Daoism 4533:Ladakh 4513:Nowruz 4452: 4450: 4444: 4440:(0.4%) 4436: 4434: 4430:(0.8%) 4426: 4424: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4394: 4373:Korean 4361:Ladakh 4206:Uyghur 4174:Kyrgyz 4170:Kazakh 4166:Turkey 4158:Russia 4027:0.727 4005: 3984:0.745 3962: 3937:0.685 3915: 3899:Kyrgyz 3890:0.692 3868: 3852:Kazakh 3847:Astana 3843:0.811 3821: 3786:(2023) 3674:, the 3616:6,650 3610:6,817 3604:1,872 3598:3,659 3592:4,982 3586:6,910 3577:1,097 3518:2,152 3462:2,224 3448:2 114 3442:1,776 3436:2,150 3430:1,068 3424:4,996 3418:5,091 3412:8,849 3409:1,046 3392:Total 3386:Total 3380:Total 3374:Total 3368:Total 3362:Total 3350:Total 3137:Total 3125:Total 3119:Total 3094:Table: 2937:, and 2732:. The 2709:Kyrgyz 2663:Turkey 2655:Russia 2621:Kazakh 2612:Sports 2517:dombra 2494:aytysh 2491:, the 2444:. The 2353:, and 2309:, 1868 2270:, was 2220:Russia 2118:Kazakh 2098:Tajiks 2012:, the 1960:Iranic 1938:Early 1929:steppe 1760:Sogdia 1725:Ariana 1669:Sogdia 1609:Jetysu 1515:Kokand 1190:, the 1188:Irtysh 1182:, the 1158:desert 1124:desert 1089:Pamirs 995:Turkic 976:UNESCO 902:, and 843:(2000) 757:Europe 736:, and 734:Kyrgyz 726:Tatars 718:Uzbeks 638:, and 546:UN M49 428:Astana 416:Almaty 392:Aktöbe 264:others 262:, and 256:Uyghur 236:Kyrgyz 228:Kazakh 220:Dungan 204: 191: 178: 165: 152: 15066:Peroz 14996:Boran 14978:Boran 14483:Cyrus 14322:Altai 14258:dates 13847:Hadda 13603:Khiva 13495:Suyab 13485:Özgön 13422:Urpek 13407:Sumbe 13372:Otrar 13261:Rawak 13251:Miran 13221:Kucha 12737:Troad 12712:Mysia 12692:Lydia 12687:Lycia 12677:Doris 12662:Caria 12642:Ionia 12477:Negev 12450:Judea 12365:Suhum 12343:Sawad 12284:Hejaz 12174:with 12067:Halar 11721:South 11650:Luzon 11640:Timor 11368:North 11037:Korea 10851:Turan 10609:Islam 10594:Music 10536:Poles 10208:AACAR 10188:S2CID 9893:: 94. 9864:(PDF) 9849:(PDF) 9186:(PDF) 9179:(PDF) 8915:(PDF) 8898:(PDF) 8574:(PDF) 8563:(PDF) 8546:(PDF) 8535:(PDF) 8268:(PDF) 8257:(PDF) 7790:S2CID 7702:(9). 7527:S2CID 7413:. In 7388:S2CID 7195:S2CID 7050:(PDF) 7043:(PDF) 7015:(PDF) 7008:(PDF) 6701:(PDF) 6694:(PDF) 6595:S2CID 6428:. In 6107:oasis 6072:China 5997:خوقند 5985:Tajik 5980:Қўқон 5971:Uzbek 5853:Tajik 5687:City 5463:Pop. 5455:Rank 5262:Gulf. 5090:0.02 5084:0.21 5078:0.08 5072:0.04 5066:0.00 5060:6.44 5048:7.22 5038:Total 4996:96.7 4930:93.0 4864:96.7 4834:0.00 4831:0.00 4828:0.00 4825:0.00 4819:0.00 4816:0.00 4813:0.00 4810:0.00 4807:0.00 4804:2.00 4792:8.00 4768:0.02 4762:0.10 4756:0.10 4750:0.10 4744:0.00 4699:Pop. 4693:Pop. 4687:Pop. 4681:Pop. 4675:Pop. 4669:Pop. 4663:Pop. 4657:Pop. 4487:Sunni 4475:Islam 4398:Islam 4304:Tajik 4280:Wakhi 4268:Munji 4202:Uzbek 4036:Uzbek 4018:69.1 3975:11.1 3946:Tajik 3928:60.4 3881:29.7 3619:52.0 3613:41.2 3607:24.8 3601:53.6 3595:30.1 3589:35.3 3583:40.9 3570:2011 3563:34.0 3557:25.7 3551:23.5 3545:67.6 3539:18.0 3533:30.3 3527:33.8 3514:2013 3507:52.1 3501:42.9 3495:50.0 3489:44.0 3483:30.0 3477:46.5 3471:43.2 3458:2011 3451:57.5 3445:61.0 3439:43.4 3433:69.5 3427:44.7 3421:51.9 3415:51.5 3402:2013 3279:27.0 3204:10.4 3201:16.6 3106:PhDs 2968:. In 2598:akyns 2588:akyns 2572:Manas 2567:Manas 2513:komuz 2485:akyns 2224:China 2146:–1880 2137:Khiva 2026:Alans 1923:made 1829:biome 1775:Turan 1601:Balkh 1597:Herat 1557:Balkh 1501:Khiva 1305:garia 1303:Dzun- 1149:sum, 1145:, at 1001:, or 784:Slavs 746:Tajik 706:Dahae 648:-stan 586:is a 569:World 316:: 286:: 260:Uzbek 248:Tajik 14849:Saka 14706:Musa 14573:Saka 14439:Saka 14428:Saka 14411:Saka 14027:Iran 13804:Nisa 13789:Merv 13759:Anau 13256:Niya 12837:Saka 12465:Aram 12272:Najd 12213:Elam 12168:West 11951:Doab 11496:West 11406:Ural 10999:East 10778:Asia 10628:and 10268:ISBN 10135:ISBN 10084:ISBN 10033:ISSN 9981:ISBN 9931:2015 9872:2017 9828:ISBN 9820:ISBN 9760:2021 9734:2021 9708:2021 9682:2021 9656:2018 9630:2018 9604:2018 9574:ISSN 9474:2015 9458:ISSN 9429:ISBN 9410:2014 9397:Time 9378:2014 9352:2010 9317:2015 9287:2021 9257:2021 9225:2015 9207:ISBN 9152:ISBN 9122:ISBN 9098:ISBN 9077:ISBN 9008:2022 8979:2022 8953:2020 8923:2017 8902:ISBN 8878:2022 8847:2022 8817:2022 8787:2022 8769:ISBN 8745:2020 8715:2019 8697:ISBN 8676:2018 8640:ISBN 8518:2020 8487:2020 8457:2014 8394:2012 8339:ISBN 8294:2014 8235:PMID 8217:ISSN 8158:PMID 8140:ISSN 8098:PMID 8080:ISSN 8039:PMID 8021:ISSN 7980:PMID 7931:PMID 7913:ISSN 7871:PMID 7853:ISSN 7806:2022 7782:PMID 7774:ISSN 7738:2022 7722:PMID 7673:PMID 7655:ISSN 7605:PMID 7587:ISSN 7543:2022 7519:PMID 7511:ISSN 7380:ISSN 7319:2023 7244:PMID 7148:ISBN 7129:link 7111:2023 7099:OCLC 7089:ISBN 7058:2020 7023:2020 6988:2020 6970:ISBN 6949:2020 6931:ISBN 6910:2020 6862:2020 6844:ISBN 6798:2021 6769:2020 6751:ISBN 6652:ISBN 6611:2017 6547:2014 6520:2024 6509:ISSN 6486:2024 6438:ISBN 6405:2011 6378:2022 6348:2022 6293:2019 6260:2019 5896:Nisa 5855:and 5375:lead 5359:zinc 5205:and 5002:0.8 4990:2.3 4936:0.5 4924:6.4 4870:1.5 4858:1.6 4562:The 4507:and 4497:and 4491:Shia 4363:and 4310:and 4306:(in 4298:(in 4296:Dari 4286:and 4242:and 4220:and 4204:and 4196:and 4172:and 4164:and 4162:Iran 4133:and 4113:and 3834:6.3 3763:Area 3735:The 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