Mongolian language

1022:

identity of the urbanized Chinese-speaking Mongols is most likely going to survive due to the presence of urban ethnic communities. The multilingual situation in Inner Mongolia does not appear to obstruct efforts by ethnic Mongols to preserve their language. Although an unknown number of Mongols in China, such as the Tumets, may have completely or partially lost the ability to speak their language, they are still registered as ethnic Mongols and continue to identify themselves as ethnic Mongols. The children of inter-ethnic Mongol-Chinese marriages also claim to be and are registered as ethnic Mongols so they can benefit from the preferential policies for minorities in education, healthcare, family planning, school admissions, the hiring and promotion, the financing and taxation of businesses, and regional infrastructural support given to ethnic minorities in China. In 2020, the Chinese government required three subjects—language and literature, politics, and history—to be taught in Mandarin in Mongolian-language primary and secondary schools in the Inner Mongolia since September, which caused widespread protests among ethnic Mongol communities. These protests were quickly suppressed by the Chinese government. Mandarin has been deemed the only language of instruction for all subjects as of September 2023.

868: 360: 11361: 11343: 11325: 1869: 1248:. The influential classification of Sanžeev (1953) proposed a "Mongolian language" consisting of just the three dialects Khalkha, Chakhar, and Ordos, with Buryat and Oirat judged to be independent languages. On the other hand, Luvsanvandan (1959) proposed a much broader "Mongolian language" consisting of a Central dialect (Khalkha, Chakhar, Ordos), an Eastern dialect (Kharchin, Khorchin), a Western dialect (Oirat, Kalmyk), and a Northern dialect (consisting of two Buryat varieties). Additionally, the 15314: 1031: 16130: 11116: 347: 10896: 2755:. A long vowel has about 208% the length of a short vowel. In word-medial and word-final syllables, formerly long vowels are now only 127% as long as short vowels in initial syllables, but they are still distinct from initial-syllable short vowels. Short vowels in noninitial syllables differ from short vowels in initial syllables by being only 71% as long and by being centralized in articulation. As they are nonphonemic, their position is 1017:

whole of China, the language is spoken by roughly half of the country's 5.8 million ethnic Mongols (2005 estimate) However, the exact number of Mongolian speakers in China is unknown, as there is no data available on the language proficiency of that country's citizens. The use of Mongolian in Inner Mongolia has witnessed periods of decline and revival over the last few hundred years. The language experienced a decline during the late

1940:); the groups are −ATR, +ATR, and neutral. This alignment seems to have superseded an alignment according to oral backness. However, some scholars still describe Mongolian as being characterized by a distinction between front vowels and back vowels, and the front vowel spellings 'ö' and 'ü' are still often used in the West to indicate two vowels which were historically front. The Mongolian vowel system also has rounding harmony. 590: 547: 10919: 11277: 16142: 1545:, or rather more than two million of them speak the Khorchin dialect itself as their mother tongue, so that the Khorchin dialect group has about as many speakers as the Khalkha dialect group in the State of Mongolia. Nevertheless, the Chakhar dialect, which today has only about 100,000 native speakers and belongs to the Khalkha dialect group, is the basis of standard Mongolian in China. 13415:

Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting 1 January 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."

11008:

from 17.3% to 73.5% between 1941 and 1950. Earlier government campaigns to eradicate illiteracy, employing the traditional script, had only managed to raise literacy from 3.0% to 17.3% between 1921 and 1940. From 1991 to 1994, an attempt at reintroducing the traditional alphabet failed in the face of

8659:

and habituality can be marked, which is aspectual in meaning as well. This position may be occupied by multiple suffixes in a single predication, and it can still be followed by a converbal Progressive. The last position is occupied by suffixes that express tense, evidentiality, modality, and aspect.

3387:

respectively. In such cases, an epenthetic vowel is inserted to prevent disallowed consonant clusters. Thus, in the examples given above, the words are phonetically , , and . The phonetic form of the epenthetic vowel follows from vowel harmony triggered by the vowel in the preceding syllable. Usually

13414:

There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and

3553:

A "heavy syllable" is defined as one that is at least the length of a full vowel; short word-initial syllables are thereby excluded. If a word is bisyllabic and the only heavy syllable is word-final, it gets stressed anyway. In cases where there is only one phonemic short word-initial syllable, even

1021:

period, a revival between 1947 and 1965, a second decline between 1966 and 1976, a second revival between 1977 and 1992, and a third decline between 1995 and 2012. However, in spite of the decline of the Mongolian language in some of Inner Mongolia's urban areas and educational spheres, the ethnic

1016:

Mongolian is the official national language of Mongolia, where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate), and the official provincial language (both spoken and written forms) of Inner Mongolia, where there are at least 4.1 million ethnic Mongols. Across the

3611:

More recently, the most extensive collection of phonetic data so far in Mongolian studies has been applied to a partial account of stress placement in the closely related Chakhar dialect. The conclusion is drawn that di- and trisyllabic words with a short first syllable are stressed on the second

1267:

would very likely remain problematic in any classification, the central problem remains the question of how to classify Chakhar, Khalkha, and Khorchin in relation to each other and in relation to Buryat and Oirat. The split of into before *i and before all other reconstructed vowels, which is

4956:

The rules governing the morphology of Mongolian case endings are intricate, and so the rules given below are only indicative. In many situations, further (more general) rules must also be taken into account in order to produce the correct form: these include the presence of an unstable nasal or

3411:

in Mongolian is nonphonemic (does not distinguish different meanings) and thus is considered to depend entirely on syllable structure. But scholarly opinions on stress placement diverge sharply. Most native linguists, regardless of which dialect they speak, claim that stress falls on the first

12488:

Walker's evidence is collected from one native informant, examples from Poppe (1970) and consultation with James Bosson. She defines stress in terms of pitch, duration and intensity. The analysis pertains to the Khalkha dialect. The phonemic analysis in the examples is adjusted to Svantesson

10880:

Despite having a diverse range of loanwords, Mongolian dialects such as Khalkha and Khorchin, within a comparative vocabulary of 452 words of Common Mongolic vocabulary, retain as many as 95% of these native words, contrasting e.g. with Southern Mongolic languages at 39–77% retentions.

1885: 1231:

There is no disagreement that the Khalkha dialect of the Mongolian state is Mongolian. However, the status of certain varieties in the Common Mongolic group—whether they are languages distinct from Mongolian or just dialects of it—is disputed. There are at least three such varieties:

13497:

For some Mongolian authors, the Mongolian version of their name is also given in square brackets, e.g., "Harnud ". Köke is the author's native name. It is a practice common among Mongolian scholars, for purposes of publishing and being cited abroad, to adopt a surname based on one's

711:

In the discussion of grammar to follow, the variety of Mongolian treated is the standard written Khalkha formalized in the writing conventions and in grammar as taught in schools, but much of it is also valid for vernacular (spoken) Khalkha and other Mongolian dialects, especially

8676:–predicate. While the predicate generally has to remain in clause-final position, the other phrases are free to change order or to wholly disappear. The topic tends to be placed clause-initially, new information rather at the end of the clause. Topic can be overtly marked with 10995:

helped the influence continue, and the Cyrillic alphabet was slowly introduced with the effort by Russian/Soviet linguists in collaboration with their Mongolian counterparts. It was made mandatory by government decree in 1941. It has been argued that the introduction of the

986:, which is dated from the 17th to the 19th century. This is a written language with a high degree of standardization in orthography and syntax that sets it quite apart from the subsequent Modern Mongolian. The most notable documents in this language are the Mongolian 906:(13th century) is the first written record of Mongolian words. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, Mongolian language texts were written in four scripts (not counting some vocabulary written in Western scripts): Uyghur Mongolian (UM) script (an adaptation of the 8715:-, the causee (the person caused to do something) in a transitive action (e.g. 'raise') takes dative or instrumental case, and the causee in an intransitive action (e.g. 'rise') takes accusative case. Causative morphology is also used in some passive contexts: 12122:

See, for example, Činggeltei (1959). This split is blurred by the school grammar, which treats several dialectal varieties as one coherent grammatical system; e.g. Činggeltei (1979, 1999). This understanding is in turn reflected in the undecided treatment of

4994:

The nominative case is used when a noun (or other part of speech acting as one) is the subject of the sentence, and the agent of whatever action (not just physically) takes place in the sentence. In Mongolian, the nominative case does not have an ending.

11736: 11774: 3874:

exist that usually govern the genitive, dative-locative, comitative and privative cases, including a marked form of the nominative (which can itself then take further case forms). There is also a possible attributive case (when a noun is used

1889: 1887: 1553:

The characteristic differences in the pronunciation of the two standard varieties include the umlauts in Inner Mongolia and the palatalized consonants in Mongolia (see below) as well as the splitting of the Middle Mongol affricates

6201:

may be left unmarked, but there are overt plurality markers, some of which are restricted to humans. A noun that is modified by a numeral usually does not take any plural affix. There are four ways of forming plurals in Mongolian:

2560:

For historical reasons, these have been traditionally labeled as "front" vowels and "back" vowels, as /o/ and /u/ developed from /ø/ and /y/, while /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ developed from /o/ and /u/ in Middle Mongolian. Indeed, in Mongolian

11989: 10964:

when several members of the Uyghur elite who were brought into the Mongol confederation early on shared their knowledge of their written language with the Mongol imperial clan. Among the Uyghurs sharing that knowledge were

3245:(if not followed by a vowel in historical forms) is realized as . Aspirated consonants are preaspirated in medial and word-final contexts, devoicing preceding consonants and vowels. Devoiced short vowels are often deleted. 9110:, sometimes has to take accusative or genitive case. There is marginal occurrence of subjects taking ablative case as well. Subjects of attributive clauses in which the head has a function (as is the case for all English 8489:

For Khalkha, the most complete treatment of the verbal forms is by Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987). However, the analysis of predication presented here, while valid for Khalkha, is adapted from the description of Khorchin.

12092:(2006): 159–160; the difference between the s might just be due to the impossibility of reconstructing something as precise as for Proto-Mongolic and imprecision or convenience in notation for Chakhar, Dobu (1983). 3628:

The grammar in this article is also based primarily on Khalkha Mongolian. Unlike the phonology, most of what is said about morphology and syntax also holds true for Chakhar, while Khorchin is somewhat more diverse.

11090:ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ᠎ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ 1326:. Dialectologically, however, western Mongolian dialects in Inner Mongolia are closer to Khalkha than they are to eastern Mongolian dialects in Inner Mongolia: e.g. Chakhar is closer to Khalkha than to Khorchin. 7559:

When asking questions in Mongolian, a question marker is used to show a question is being asked. There are different question markers for yes/no questions and for information questions. For yes/no questions,

1888: 3641:—almost exclusively suffixing—language, with the only exception being reduplication. Mongolian also does not have gendered nouns, or definite articles like "the". Most of the suffixes consist of a single 7584:

are used (again depending on vowel harmony). For information questions (questions asking for information with an interrogative word like who, what, when, where, why, etc.), the question particles are

1252:, states that Mongolian can be classified into four dialects: the Khalkha dialect in the middle, the Horcin-Haracin dialect in the East, Oriat-Hilimag in the west, and Bargu–Buriyad in the north. 2597:. However, for modern Mongolian phonology, it is more appropriate to instead characterize the two vowel-harmony groups by the dimension of tongue root position. There is also one neutral vowel, 12140:(2005): 85. "Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." 7572:

are used when the last word ends in a short vowel or a consonant, and their use depends on the vowel harmony of the previous word. When the last word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong, then

12633:

Guntsetseg (2008): 61. The exact conditions of use for indefinite specific direct objects have not yet been specified in detail, but they appear to be related to animacy and textual context.

3412:

syllable. Between 1941 and 1975, several Western scholars proposed that the leftmost heavy syllable gets the stress. Yet other positions were taken in works published between 1835 and 1915.

11190: 932:" in scholarly practice. The documents in UM script show some distinct linguistic characteristics and are therefore often distinguished by terming their language "Preclassical Mongolian". 15922: 2771:

The following table lists the consonants of Khalkha Mongolian. The consonants enclosed in parentheses occur only in loanwords. The occurrence of palatalized consonant phonemes, except

10980:

Between 1930 and 1932, a short-lived attempt was made to introduce the Latin script in the Mongolian state. In 1941, the Latin alphabet was adopted, though it lasted only two months.

11075:

Hün bür törj mendlehed erh chölöötei, adilhan ner törtei, ijil erhtei baidag. Oyuun uhaan nandin chanar zayaasan hün gegch öör hoorondoo ahan düügiin üzel sanaagaar haricah uchirtai.

8767:

is syntactically important: thus the sentence, 'the bread was eaten by me', which is acceptable in English, would not be acceptable in Mongolian. The reciprocal voice is marked by -

12044:(2005): 148 classify it as a variety of Oirat according to phonological criteria. For a discussion of opinions on the classification of Darkhad, see Sanžaa and Tujaa (2001): 33–34. 1042:. The delimitation of the Mongolian language within Mongolic is a much disputed theoretical problem, one whose resolution is impeded by the fact that existing data for the major 11059:Хүн бүр төрж мэндлэхэд эрх чөлөөтэй, адилхан нэр төртэй, ижил эрхтэй байдаг. Оюун ухаан, нандин чанар заяасан хүн гэгч өөр хоорондоо ахан дүүгийн үзэл санаагаар харьцах учиртай. 11020:

in some regions, notably the entire Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The traditional alphabet has always been used there, although Cyrillic was considered briefly before the

8249: 12113:

rejected by Chuluu (1998): 140, 165; in Khalkha, by contrast, the first sentence would not appear with the meaning attributed to it, while the second is perfectly acceptable.

11852: 1954:

In the following table, the seven vowel phonemes, with their length variants, are arranged and described phonetically. The vowels in the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet are:

1886: 11392: 11103:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

10937:

Mongolian has been written in a variety of alphabets, making it a language with one of the largest number of scripts used historically. The earliest stages of Mongolian (

7108:) after nouns and adjectives; negation particles preceding the verb (for example in converbal constructions) exist, but tend to be replaced by analytical constructions. 15977: 2616:

or a +ATR vowel. In the case of suffixes, which must change their vowels to conform to different words, two patterns predominate. Some suffixes contain an archiphoneme

1322:

for Mongolian in whose grammar is said to be based on the Standard Mongolian of Inner Mongolia and whose pronunciation is based on the Chakhar dialect as spoken in the

12414:(2005): 20–21, where it is actually stated that they are phonemic only in such words; in Svantesson's analysis, corresponds to "pharyngeal" and —to "nonpharyngeal". 12827:

This is a simplified treatment of word classes. For a more precise treatment within the descriptive framework common in Inner Mongolia, see Sečenbaγatur (2003).

10590:

In more recent times, due to socio-political reforms, Mongolian has loaned various words from English; some of which have gradually evolved as official terms:

1943:

Length is phonemic for vowels, and except short , which has merged into short , each of the other six phonemes occurs both short and long. Phonetically, short

3233:

A rare feature among the world's languages, Mongolian has neither a voiced lateral approximant, such as , nor the voiceless velar plosive ; instead, it has a

8884:

yields 'when we find it we'll give it to you'. Quite often, postpositions govern complete clauses. In contrast, conjunctions take verbal nouns without case:

893: 14511: 10977:), Bilge Buqa (比俚伽普華), Kara Igach Buyruk (哈剌亦哈赤北魯), and Mengsus (孟速思). From that time, the script underwent some minor disambiguations and supplementation. 3400:

will be ignored if there is a nonneutral vowel earlier in the word; and a postalveolar or palatalized consonant will be followed by an epenthetic , as in .

11826: 1255:

Some Western scholars propose that the relatively well researched Ordos variety is an independent language due to its conservative syllable structure and

16002: 15959: 16198: 817:. However, instead of a common genetic origin, Clauson, Doerfer, and Shcherbak proposed that Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages form a language 734:

and a complex syllabic structure compared to other Mongolic languages, allowing clusters of up to three consonants syllable-finally. It is a typical

1916:, Mongolia's capital. The phonologies of other varieties such as Ordos, Khorchin, and even Chakhar, differ considerably. This section discusses the 1541:

The number of Mongolian speakers in China is still larger than in the state of Mongolia, where the majority of Mongolians in China speak one of the

14088:

Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1999. Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich, Peter Wyzlic (eds.).

8234: 8493:

Most often, of course, the predicate consists of a verb. However, there are several types of nominal predicative constructions, with or without a

15899: 15349: 14583: 14019: 11185: 11035:

In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.

5003:

The accusative case is used when a noun acts as a direct object (or just "object"), and receives action from a transitive verb. It is formed by:

11024:. There are two types of written Mongolian used in China: the traditional Mongolian script, which is official among Mongols nationwide, and the 8486:'fast', it could optionally immediately precede the predicate. There are also cases in which the adverb must immediately precede the predicate. 16193: 872: 405: 9047:, which sometimes gives rise to sentence structures which are subordinative despite resembling coordinative structures in European languages: 16203: 2711:), a suffix that is specified for an open vowel will have (or , respectively) as well. However, this process is blocked by the presence of 676:

The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5–6 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the

14797: 14410: 11893:

See Ashimura (2002) for a rare piece of research into dialect morphosyntax that shows significant differences between Khalkha and Khorchin.

3738:'to speak with each other'. Formally, the independent words derived using verbal suffixes can roughly be divided into three classes: final 8711:- and the agent takes either dative or instrumental case, the first of which is more common. In the causative, the verb takes the suffix - 13568: 3612:

syllable. But if their first syllable is long, then the data for different acoustic parameters seems to support conflicting conclusions:

2608:

word, including all its suffixes, must belong to the same group. If the first vowel is −ATR, then every vowel of the word must be either

13832: 4957:

unstable velar, as well as the rules governing when a penultimate vowel should be deleted from the stem with certain case endings (e.g.

1845:

Aside from these differences in pronunciation, there are also differences in vocabulary and language use: in the state of Mongolia more

809:

but this view is now seen as obsolete by a majority of (but not all) comparative linguists. These languages have been grouped under the

13310: 6405: 13610:

Apatóczky, Ákos Bertalan. 2005. On the problem of the subject markers of the Mongolian language. In Wú Xīnyīng, Chén Gānglóng (eds.),

3261:. If a word was monosyllabic historically, *CV has become CVV. In native words, the following consonants do not occur word-initially: 15157: 13582: 13279: 8268:, adjective, noun. Attributive sentences precede the whole NP. Titles or occupations of people, low numerals indicating groups, and 1058:

qualities. Though phonological and lexical studies are comparatively well developed, the basis has yet to be laid for a comparative

15226: 11860: 11450: 13697: 8932:

Finally, there is a class of particles, usually clause-initial, that are distinct from conjunctions but that also relate clauses:

814: 388: 2386:

This table below lists vowel allophones (short vowels allophones in non-initial positions are used interchangeably with schwa):

13447: 11880:

See especially Rinčjen (1979), Amaržargal (1988), Coloo (1988) and for a general bibliography on Mongolic phonology Svantesson

11396: 14529: 14427:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Asiatische Forschungen, 28. (Revision of 1966 dissertation submitted to the Universität Bonn.) 11800: 1514:

Standard Mongolian in the state of Mongolia is based on the northern Khalkha Mongolian dialects, which include the dialect of

15949: 15577: 14462: 14218: 13884: 13251: 12885: 12322: 12284: 11999: 11928: 11045: 1263:, which is under the cultural influence of Inner Mongolia but historically tied to Oirat, and of other border varieties like 12226:. New York: Facts On File, 2004; ISBN 0-8160-4671-9; S. 373 und Владимирцов 1988 (1929) p. 390; examples harmonized to 16047: 15969: 15526: 14881: 13510:

Some library catalogs write Chinese language titles with each syllable separate, even syllables belonging to a single word.

1311: 1011: 383: 278: 13425: 16178: 15892: 14576: 13904:. Ph.D. Thesis. Lund: Lund University. Series: Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund; 46. Lund: Lund University. 11000:, with its smaller discrepancy between written and spoken form, contributed to the success of the large-scale government 7913:

is 'to see'. The final vowel is barely pronounced and is not pronounced at all if the word after begins with a vowel, so

789:

developed, the case system changed slightly, and the verbal system was restructured. Mongolian is related to the extinct

607: 569: 947:), which means "National language", a term also used by other non-Han dynasties to refer to their languages such as the 15857: 15437: 15393: 15170: 8794:

One way to conjoin clauses is to have the first clause end in a converb, as in the following example using the converb

5798:

The dative-locative case is used to show the location of something, or to specify that something is in something else.

2171: 2164: 1937: 13782: 11431: 8872:

Some verbal nouns in the dative (or less often in the instrumental) function very similar to converbs: e.g. replacing

16063: 15570: 14368: 14339: 14311: 14293: 14279: 14240: 14193: 14175: 14156: 14045: 14009: 13977: 13909: 13812: 13722: 13661: 13619: 13070:

See Sečenbaγatur (2003): 176–182 (who uses the term "postposition" for both and the term "conjunction" for junctors).

12771: 12735: 12040:(2005): 266 classify Alasha as a variety of Southern Mongolian according to morphological criteria, while Svantesson 11195: 3234: 3144: 1082: 920: 898:, a report on sports composed in Mongolian script on stone, which is most often dated at 1224 or 1225. The Mongolian- 393: 13381: 827:

is well attested in written form from the 13th century but has earlier Mongolic precursors in the literature of the

16173: 16015: 15519: 15361: 14790: 14377:

Tümenčečeg. 1990. Dumdadu ǰaγun-u mongγul kelen-ü toγačin ögülekü tölüb-ün kelberi-nügüd ba tegün-ü ularil kögǰil.

8505:(among other meanings) can with the assistance of a linking converb occupy the immediate postverbal position; e.g. 3108: 3030: 1530:

Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia is based on the Chakhar Mongolian of the Khalkha dialect group, spoken in the

5091:) after front vowel stems ending in consonants, short vowels or iotated vowels; and after all stems ending in the 16146: 15276: 14545:

Lingua Mongolia (a website dedicated to the Mongolian language, mostly as written in the Mongolian Uyghur script)

11009:

popular resistance. In informal contexts of electronic text production, the use of the Latin alphabet is common.

3091: 2194: 2187: 1969: 1948: 559: 12795: 3389: 16183: 15885: 15800: 15631: 15286: 14569: 13851: 13575: 13400: 10970: 940: 704:

more diverse and written in the traditional Mongolian script. However, Mongols in both countries often use the

603: 12730:. Routledge. pp. xxv (13 depending on ebook/physical book) / xxvi (14 depending on ebook/physical book). 928:(AM) (used in dictionaries). While they are the earliest texts available, these texts have come to be called " 15613: 15536: 15415: 15186: 15150: 13935:

Luvsanvandan, Š. (ed.). 1987. (Authors: P. Bjambasan, C. Önörbajan, B. Pürev-Očir, Ž. Sanžaa, C. Žančivdorž)

13807:. Helsinki: Publications of the Department of Phonetics, University of Helsinki. Series A; 45. Dissertation. 13589: 13286:. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2006. Literacy for Life. P.7-8 11013: 3301:

do not occur in codas for historical reasons. For two-consonant clusters, the following restrictions obtain:

455: 14547: 14349: 11553:

See Rachewiltz 1999 for a critical review of the terminology used in periodizations of Mongolic; Svantesson

1046:

is not easily arrangeable according to a common set of linguistic criteria. Such data might account for the

840: 473: 16188: 15655: 15334: 15298: 15281: 15261: 15110: 13965: 8680:, which can also mark contrastive focus, overt additive focus ('even, also') can be marked with the clitic 8252:(DSM), in which the subjects of embedded clauses (including adverbial clauses) occur with accusative case. 3871: 3101: 3023: 2612:

or a −ATR vowel. Likewise, if the first vowel is a +ATR vowel, then every vowel of the word must be either

2205: 2020: 2014: 1535: 1314:, Oirat, and Barghu-Buryat. The Standard Mongolian of Inner Mongolia is said to consist of Chakhar, Ordos, 1111:

the Shirongolic (or Southern Mongolic) branch, made up of roughly seven languages, which are spoken in the

983: 727:

as varieties of Mongolian, but this classification is not in line with the current international standard.

226: 13629: 12124: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3242: 3238: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2279: 1944: 1800: 1755: 1710: 1665: 1630: 1615: 1600: 1585: 1570: 1555: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 16168: 15729: 15719: 15560: 15376: 14783: 14520: 11237: 11180: 11050: 10923: 8230: 2234: 2227: 2124: 2117: 1964: 1895:

Modern day Mongolians speaking Khalkh, the dominant dialect of Mongolian. Recorded in Tavan Har, Mongolia

960: 785:

of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the transition, a major shift in the vowel-harmony paradigm occurred,

763: 739: 623: 537: 416: 305: 8782:

Mongolian allows for adjectival depictives that relate to either the subject or the direct object, e.g.

15944: 15498: 15442: 15383: 15366: 15339: 15303: 13476: 11775:"Chinese authorities face widespread anger in Inner Mongolia after requiring Mandarin-language classes" 11173: 6094: 5968: 5435: 5382: 5092: 5051: 3723: 3218: 3182: 3151: 3122: 2997: 2980: 2965: 2932: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2867: 2853: 2833: 2825: 2817: 2259: 2252: 14475: 14016: 12434: 1268:

found in Mongolia but not in Inner Mongolia, is often cited as a fundamental distinction, for example

1122:

the Common Mongolic (or Central Mongolic) branch, made up of roughly six language varieties, to which

16105: 16010: 15992: 15785: 15739: 15514: 15398: 15371: 11129: 10984: 10890: 3115: 1519: 11360: 11342: 11324: 1002:) was created, giving distinctive evidence on early classical Mongolian phonological peculiarities. 15757: 15714: 15667: 15618: 15548: 15480: 15291: 15266: 15256: 15216: 15143: 14493: 11168: 11156: 9186:(mainly in Inner Mongolia). Language commissions of the Mongolian state continuously translate new 8389: 3682: 3646: 2142: 2135: 1059: 738:

that relies on suffix chains in the verbal and nominal domains. While there is a basic word order,

531: 14449:(London Oriental and African Language Library, 19.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 12861:

For the historic background of negation, see Yu (1991). For a phenomenology, see Bjambasan (2001).

3862:, though the final two are not always considered part of the case paradigm. If a direct object is 16134: 16115: 16110: 16038: 15931: 15603: 15553: 15096: 15030: 14764: 13875:

Johanson, Lars. 1995. On Turkic Converb Clauses. In Martin Haspelmath and Ekkehard König (eds.),

11494: 11211: 6401: 216: 14454: 14405: 6396:

have come to form third person (proximal and distal) pronouns. Other word (sub-)classes include

1310:

In Inner Mongolia, official language policy divides the Mongolian language into three dialects:

15780: 15608: 15565: 15503: 15271: 15103: 14928: 13361: 10960:

in 1204, who recognized the need to represent his own people's language. It developed from the

8392:

and by the adverbials modifying it and followed (mainly if the predicate is sentence-final) by

7085: 3922: 3793: 3719: 3045: 2948: 2605: 1047: 929: 880: 735: 3305:

a palatalized consonant can be preceded only by another palatalized consonant or sometimes by

2703:

Mongolian also has rounding harmony, which does not apply to close vowels. If a stem contains

16058: 15699: 15641: 15623: 15541: 15531: 15493: 15322: 15241: 14592: 13771: 13235: 10635:

Other languages have borrowed words from Mongolian. Examples (Mongolian in brackets) include

8482:

preceding it could be construed as its complement. If the adverbial was an adjective such as

8265: 7825:. These are the infinitive or dictionary forms. The present/future tense is formed by adding 6397: 6393: 3617: 3175: 2939: 2860: 2846: 1090: 1043: 15006: 14127:

Sanžaa, Ž. and D. Tujaa. 2001. Darhad ajalguuny urt egšgijg avialbaryn tövšind sudalsan n'.

13314: 11918: 11685:

More Morphologies: Contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009

15818: 15790: 15468: 15191: 14874: 14167: 14117:

Sajto, Kosüke. 1999. Orčin čagyn Mongol helnij "neršsen" temdeg nerijn onclog (temdeglel).

13522:

is in official use by some librarians; the remainder have been contrived for this listing.

13276: 8700: 8494: 6409: 3408: 3257:

is CVVCCC, where the last C is a word-final suffix. A single short vowel rarely appears in

2925: 1334:

Juha Janhunen (2003: 179) lists the following Mongol dialects, most of which are spoken in

824: 13193:

Brose, Michael C. (2005). "Uyghur Technologists of Writing and Literacy in Mongol China".

10927: 3357:

nonphonemic vowel in a syllabification that takes place from right to left. For instance,

888: 8: 16030: 15850: 15749: 15636: 15591: 15356: 15178: 14933: 14733: 14264: 13939:. Ulaanbaatar: Ardyn bolovsrolyn jaamny surah bičig, setgüülijn negdsen rjedakcijn gazar. 10961: 10946: 10945:

languages) may have used an indigenous runic script as indicated by Chinese sources. The

10911: 9044: 8385: 3613: 3063: 3056: 2988: 2973: 2956: 911: 876: 11465: 11151: 3758:(often called "verbal nouns"), which can be used clause-finally or attributively, i.e. ‑ 316: 16020: 15954: 15939: 15770: 15724: 15704: 15485: 15403: 15313: 14896: 14806: 14078: 13915:

Ko, Seongyeon. 2011. Vowel Contrast and Vowel Harmony Shift in the Mongolic Languages.

13692: 13216: 12565: 9167: 9115: 9103: 8597: 8593: 8273: 2874: 1542: 1503: 1154: 1039: 915: 903: 798: 755: 627: 182: 59: 12279:. The phonology of the world's languages. Oxford (GB): Oxford University press. 2005. 10539:

In the 20th century, many Russian loanwords entered the Mongolian language, including

1920:

of Khalkha Mongolian with subsections on Vowels, Consonants, Phonotactics and Stress.

523: 15866: 15831: 15805: 15795: 15775: 15734: 15430: 15425: 15011: 14891: 14842: 14738: 14693: 14458: 14450: 14364: 14335: 14307: 14289: 14275: 14236: 14214: 14189: 14171: 14152: 14041: 14005: 13973: 13905: 13880: 13847: 13808: 13718: 13657: 13615: 13247: 12902: 12881: 12777: 12767: 12741: 12731: 12649: 12328: 12318: 12280: 11995: 11924: 11482: 11204: 11021: 11017: 9163: 9010: 8692: 8669: 8656: 8269: 8242: 6248:'rats'. If the last vowel of the previous word is e (э), ʊ (ө), ü (ү), or i (и) then 4620: 3900: 3847: 3765: 3133: 3083: 1878: 1472: 1419: 1319: 1144: 1134: 1051: 899: 867: 836: 806: 759: 713: 689: 634: 311: 268: 252: 246: 70: 14119:

Mongol ulsyn ih surguulijn Mongol sudlalyn surguul' Erdem šinžilgeenij bičig XV bot'

14083:

Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata

12701: 10987:

was the result of the spreading of Russian influence following the expansion of the

565: 16053: 15211: 15074: 14958: 14946: 14912: 14886: 14748: 14743: 14728: 14713: 14698: 14683: 14657: 14652: 14486:Грамматика монгольско-калмыцкого языка (Grammatika mongolʹsko-kalmyt͡skago i͡azyka) 14425:

Untersuchungen zu einer historischen Grammatik des präklassischen Schriftmongolisch

14288:

Temürcereng, J̌. 2004. Mongγul kelen-ü üge-yin sang-un sudulul. Kökeqota: ÖMASKKQ.

14224: 13955:

Mizuno, Masanori. 1995. Gendai mongorugo no jūzokusetsushugo ni okeru kakusentaku.

13208: 13204: 11748: 11255: 11134: 10953: 10949:

adopted in 920 CE is an early Mongol (or according to some, para-Mongolic) script.

10636: 9522: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9155: 8673: 6389: 3876: 3815: 2807: 2797: 2792: 2150: 1854: 1850: 1315: 1190: 1055: 995: 956: 810: 794: 747: 697: 677: 642: 611: 597: 299: 137: 101: 8541:

The next position is filled by converb suffixes in connection with the auxiliary,

1062:

study, for example between such highly diverse varieties as Khalkha and Khorchin.

746:

is relatively free, as grammatical roles are indicated by a system of about eight

15677: 15420: 15251: 15060: 14987: 14981: 14901: 14857: 14832: 14723: 14708: 14703: 14688: 14667: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14551: 14502: 14484: 14414: 14385: 14098: 14023: 13741:

Djahukyan, Gevork. (1991). Armenian Lexicography. In Franz Josef Hausmann (Ed.),

13701: 13404: 13385: 13283: 12875: 11991:

Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949

11121: 10997: 10907: 10874: 10849: 10769: 9159: 9151: 9111: 5802:

For regular stems or those with an unstable velar (unstable g), it is formed by:

4753: 3982: 3956: 3851: 3839: 3819: 3416: 3165: 2840: 2802: 2756: 2179: 1912:

The following description is based primarily on the Khalkha dialect as spoken in

1531: 1480: 1442: 1264: 1250:

Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949

1241: 1202: 1170: 1105: 1069:, he groups the Mongolic language family into four distinct linguistic branches: 964: 948: 907: 802: 790: 751: 720: 693: 630: 190: 174: 15053: 13684:

Brosig, Benjamin. 2009. Depictives and resultatives in Modern Khalkh Mongolian.

13455: 11827:"Parents Keep Children Home As China Limits Mongolian Language In The Classroom" 11489:; Ray, Michael; Pletcher, Kenneth; McKenna, Amy; Murray, Lorraine (2023-03-14). 15987: 15908: 15126: 15067: 15016: 14998: 14976: 14951: 14941: 14852: 14847: 14718: 14662: 14647: 14184:

Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a , Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005.

14051: 13503: 13212: 11486: 11216: 11163: 11139: 10988: 10755: 10720: 9003: 9000: 8502: 8393: 7973:

Non-Informed Past Tense (generally a slightly to relatively more distant past)

2213: 1335: 1269: 1260: 1233: 1180: 1148: 1074: 999: 856: 724: 662: 373: 289: 273: 97: 85: 14270:

Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005.

11752: 11374: 8233:(DOM) language. DOM emerges from a complicated interaction of factors such as 16162: 15447: 15231: 15196: 13195: 12880:. Psychology Press. pp. xv/13 (depending on ebook or physical / xvi/14. 12781: 12745: 12332: 11005: 9037: 4985:)). The additional morphological rules specific to loanwords are not covered. 4869: 4823: 4436: 4228: 4055: 3921:

to which case suffixes seemingly cannot be attached directly unless there is

3859: 3855: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3712: 3638: 2485: 2077: 1933: 1396: 1323: 1220: 925: 844: 828: 782: 778: 767: 731: 221: 14108:

Rybatzki, Volker. 2003a. Intra-Mongolic Taxonomy. In Janhunen 2003: 364–390.

13710: 13670:

Bjambasan, P. 2001. Mongol helnij ügüjsgeh har'caa ilerhijleh hereglüürüüd.

12837: 11490: 5019:) after stems ending in long vowels or diphthongs, or when a stem ending in 3341:

do not occur as first consonant and as second consonant only if preceded by

1295:'few'. On the other hand, the split between the past tense verbal suffixes - 16100: 15452: 15236: 15221: 14867: 14862: 14228: 13945:

Matsuoka, Yūta. 2007. Gendai mongorugo no asupekuto to dōshi no genkaisei.

13767: 13433: 11144: 11025: 10992: 10903: 3867: 3863: 3353:

Clusters that do not conform to these restrictions will be broken up by an

2760: 2752: 2562: 1240:) and Buryat, both of which are spoken in Russia, Mongolia, and China; and 1237: 1098: 976: 968: 952: 936: 786: 705: 117: 15046: 14081:. 1976. Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisuüngge. In Walter Heissig et al., 11557:(2005): 98–99 attempt a revision of this terminology for the early period. 11348: 11330: 11312: 6224:. If the last vowel of the previous word is a (a), o (y), or ɔ (o), then - 3866:, it must take the accusative, while it must take the nominative if it is 972: 506: 499: 490: 16095: 15982: 15823: 15388: 15344: 13412:

Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used.

13378: 10931: 10823: 9756: 9187: 9107: 8601: 8261: 4224: 3831: 3209: 3202: 3196: 2111: 2072: 1929: 1913: 1515: 1030: 743: 15877: 15039: 14561: 12200:. London / New York: Routledge, 2003; ISBN 0-7007-1133-3; S. xviii. 9024:

precedes either a psych verb or a verb of saying. As a verbal noun like

3616:

data often seems to indicate that the first syllable is stressed, while

3258: 1034:

Modern Mongolian's place on the chronological tree of Mongolic languages

15246: 14149:

Odu üy-e-yin mongγul bičig-ün kelen-ü üge bütügekü daγaburi-yin sudulul

13499: 13220: 11353: 11335: 11317: 10966: 10899: 10836: 9143: 3823: 3769: 3755: 3662: 3354: 2242: 2082: 1904: 1304: 1245: 1174: 819: 654: 141: 10957: 7726:

In Mongolian, verbs have a stem and an ending. For example, the stems

14775: 14250:. New Haven: American Oriental Society. American Oriental series; 42. 13243: 11801:"Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China" 10895: 8707:, and cooperative. In a passive sentence, the verb takes the suffix - 8704: 8696: 6184:) after all other stems (depending on the vowel harmony of the stem). 6058:) after all other stems (depending on the vowel harmony of the stem). 5434:), short vowels or iotated vowels; and after all stems ending in the 3918: 3806:

takes place until the action expressed by the suffixed verb begins).

3783: 3672: 3077: 3008: 2275: 1917: 1318:, Khorchin, Kharchin, and Alasha. The authorities have synthesized a 1224: 1184: 1164: 1086: 1078: 650: 516: 483: 465: 447: 15135: 13893:

Kang, Sin Hyen. 2000. Tay.mong.kol.e chem.sa č-uy uy.mi.wa ki.nung.

13733:

BNMAU dah' mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: ojrd ajalguu

13605:

BNMAU dah' Mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: halh ajalguu

13426:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Mongolian, Halh (Cyrillic)" 13397: 13240:

Socialist and Post–Socialist Mongolia: Nation, Identity, and Culture

8276:(in different forms) may either precede or follow the NP. Examples: 8084:

There are several ways to form negatives in Mongolian. For example:

3392:

version of the same sound, with the following exceptions: preceding

843:

dated to 604–620 CE appear to be the oldest substantial Mongolic or

15762: 15408: 15166: 13581:ÖMYSKQ = Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a [ 12818:

Tsedendamba and Möömöö (1997): 210–219, Sečenbaγatur (2003): 23–29.

11943:

For an exact delimitation of Khalkha, see Amaržargal (1988): 24–25.

11408:

The decisions of the council have to be ratified by the government.

11115: 11001: 9147: 9139: 5410: 5073: 3642: 3620:

seems to indicate that it is the second syllable that is stressed.

3254: 2744: 1846: 1343: 1212: 685: 666: 658: 646: 577: 378: 352: 121: 109: 93: 89: 81: 13865:

Janhunen, Juha. 2003d. Mongol dialects. In Janhunen 2003: 177–191.

13787:

Working Papers of the SFB 732 Incremental Specification in Context

13574:ÖMSKKQ = Öbür mongγul-un surγan kümüǰil-ün keblel-ün qoriy-a [ 11266: 16079: 15692: 15682: 15672: 15206: 15201: 14544: 13774:, Paul J. Sidwell. 1999. Telling general linguists about Altaic. 10938: 9564: 8786:'Lena sleeps naked', while adjectival resultatives are marginal. 8764: 8238: 3779: 3722:

are quite frequent. Some derivational verbal suffixes are rather

3241:, which is often realized as voiceless . In word-final position, 2886: 2748: 1412: 1371: 1256: 1094: 991: 987: 832: 771: 701: 670: 638: 573: 400: 155: 151: 129: 14477:Грамматика монгольскaго языка (Grammatika mongolʹskago i︠a︡zyka) 14388:(2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy (review of Starostin 14111:

Rybatzki, Volker. 2003b. Middle Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 47–82.

13859:

Janhunen, Juha. 2003b. Para-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 391–402.

13681:. Uralic and Altaic series; 38. Bloomington: Indiana University. 12162:. p. 179. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. 10918: 10902:

found in Kyrgyzstan. The manuscript (dating to the 12th century

6063:

For stems with an unstable nasal (unstable n), it is formed by:

5777:

For stems with an unstable velar (unstable g), it is formed by ‑

5605:

For stems with an unstable nasal (unstable n), it is formed by:

3917:"I saved my friend". However, there are also somewhat noun-like 3792:(qualifies for any adverbial function or neutrally connects two 1199:) is spoken in northeast Mongolia and in northwest of Manchuria. 546: 15918: 15810: 15687: 13856:

Janhunen, Juha. 2003a. Written Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 30–56.

13762:

Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul

12170: 12168: 11276: 11029: 10942: 9585: 9203: 8498: 6198: 3896: 3803: 2747:'s position in the word. In word-initial syllables, there is a 1216: 105: 13862:

Janhunen, Juha. 2003c. Proto-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 1–29.

12873: 11720:

Iredale, Robyn; Bilik, Naran; Fei, Guo (August 2, 2003). "3".

11653:

Iredale, Robyn; Bilik, Naran; Fei, Guo (August 2, 2003). "4".

10632:'message'. Most of these are confined to the Mongolian state. 14556: 13868:

Janhunen, Juha. 2006. Mongolic languages. In K. Brown (ed.),

12315:

Colloquial Mongolian : the complete course for beginners

11640:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

11625:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

9543: 5032: 2740: 2342:) 'necessary'. There are three additional rising diphthongs 1116: 681: 365: 133: 125: 113: 12691:

For a pioneering approach to this problem, see Sajto (1999).

12165: 11853:"China Enforces Ban on Mongolian Language in Schools, Books" 11247: 1853:

are being used, while in Inner Mongolia more loanwords from

1130:

The Common Mongolic branch is grouped in the following way:

13379:

Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025

10870: 8466:'without saying ' must precede the predicate's complement, 5817:) after stems ending in vowels or the vocalized consonants 5428:) after front vowel stems ending in consonants (other than 5209:

The genitive case is used to show possession of something.

3892: 3739: 1112: 1018: 14164:

The Chakhar dialect of Mongol: a morphological description

8229:

Mongolian uses differential case marking, being a regular

3415:

Walker (1997) proposes that stress falls on the rightmost

2484:

Mongolian divides vowels into three groups in a system of

939:

referred to the Mongolian language in Chinese as "Guoyu" (

576:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

13794:

Syntactic and pragmatic options in Mongolian – a study of

13311:"Mongol helnij kirill üsgijg latin üsgeer galiglah tuhaj" 12874:

Gaunt, John; Bayarmandakh, L.; Chuluunbaatar, L. (2004).

11481: 11417:"Mongγul kele bičig-ün aǰil-un ǰöblel". See Sečenbaγatur 3879:), which is unmarked in most nouns but takes the suffix ‑ 14186:

Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal

14103:

Mongol ard ulsyn ugsaatny sudlal helnij šinžlelijn atlas

14092:. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica Verlag: 235–246. 14090:

Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube

12432: 7891:

is the present/future tense verb for 'to be'; likewise,

1819: 1807: 1774: 1762: 1729: 1717: 1684: 1672: 1578: 1563: 14304:

Mongγul kelen-ü kele ǰüiǰigsen yabuča-yin tuqai sudulul

13567:ÖMAKQ = Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a [ 11073: 9190:

into Mongolian, so as the Mongolian vocabulary now has

8204: 8190: 8178: 8164: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8105: 8094: 8070: 8055: 8040: 8025: 8010: 7995: 7980: 7965: 7950: 7935: 7919: 7908: 7897: 7886: 7875: 7864: 7853: 7842: 7831: 7820: 7809: 7798: 7787: 7776: 7765: 7754: 7743: 7732: 7713: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7622: 7607: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6088: 6073: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5962: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5899: 5887: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5784: 5766: 5752: 5732: 5720: 5708: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5642: 5615: 5594: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5532: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5423: 5376: 5361: 5349: 5334: 5322: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5194: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5086: 5045: 5026: 5014: 4980: 4966: 4940: 4920: 4908: 4894: 4882: 4857: 4837: 4811: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4741: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4608: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4424: 4404: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4338: 4323: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4257: 4242: 4212: 4192: 4180: 4165: 4153: 4138: 4123: 4111: 4096: 4084: 4069: 4043: 4023: 4011: 3996: 3970: 3904: 3886: 3814:

Roughly speaking, Mongolian has between seven and nine

3797: 3787: 3773: 3759: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3727: 3706: 3705:

denoting something that belongs to the modified word (‑

3700: 3686: 3676: 3666: 3656: 3650: 1832: 1787: 1742: 1697: 1639: 1624: 1609: 1594: 13672:

Mongol hel, sojolijn surguul: Erdem šinžilgeenij bičig

12435:"Vowels in Mongolian speech: deletions and epenthesis" 11737:"Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China" 9224:'fire cart') 'train'. Other loan translations include 5647:) after front vowel stems (other than those ending in 3899:, indicating that the marked noun is possessed by the 3248: 1163:) is spoken to the east in eastern Inner Mongolia and 12615:

Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 103–104, 124–125, 130–131.

11722:

China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies

11700:

China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies

11655:

China's Minorities on the Move: Selected Case Studies

8345:'even from that beautiful young man that we have met' 6392:

exist for the first and second person, while the old

5620:) after back vowel stems (other than those ending in 1303:

in the Eastern varieties is usually seen as a merely

13988:

Mongol hel, tüünij bičgijn tüühen högžlijn tovč tojm

13644:

Hel šinžlelijn ner tom"joony züjlčilsen tajlbar toli

12757: 12755: 11241: 11111: 7596:, depending on the last sound in the previous word. 719:

Some classify several other Mongolic languages like

14407:

Mongolian stress, licensing, and factorial typology

13821:Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 1993. <-san> no imiron. 13628:Ashimura, Takashi. 2002. Mongorugo jarōto gengo no 8458:'s/he wrote it without saying , I can assure you.' 770:. In sentence linking, a special role is played by 14253:Street, John C. 2008. Middle Mongolian Past-tense 14065:. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. 13925:Luvsanvandan, Š. 1959. Mongol hel ajalguuny učir. 13800:n'. Ph.D. Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University. 13236:"5. Official script changes in socialist Mongolia" 10869:are thought to have been brought to Europe by the 3293:. is restricted to codas (else it becomes ), and 14248:The language of the Secret History of the Mongols 13398:Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st 13362:"Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script" 12752: 12513:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 9114:) usually require that if the subject is not the 9032:) it can form a subset of complement clauses. As 9020:- literally means 'to say' and in converbal form 7098:) after participles and by the negation particle 5537:) after stems ending in a long vowel (other than 3742:, which can only be used sentence-finally, i.e. ‑ 1259:inventory. While the placement of a variety like 1143:) is spoken in Mongolia, but some dialects (e.g. 1108:, spoken in Afghanistan, and is possibly extinct; 887:The earliest surviving Mongolian text may be the 692:is predominant, and is currently written in both 16160: 14434:(Ph.D. thesis). Bloomington: Indiana University. 14259:Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 (3) 13745:(pp. 2367–2371). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 11717:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11. 11672:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 16. 11612:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11. 11016:, Mongolian is the official language along with 8604:. In the next position, participles followed by 8342:we-GEN meet-PRF that beautiful young.man-ABL FOC 859:referred to Mongolian as "the Mongol language". 793:. It was believed that Mongolian was related to 14522:Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss) 14233:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages 13275:Batchuluun Yembuu, Khulan Munkh-Erdene (2005). 13151:Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli (2005): 792–793. 12222:Mongolian language. In: Christopher P. Atwood: 11719: 11652: 11395:. MongolianLaws.com. 2003-05-15. Archived from 11186:Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters 11085:in Mongolian, written in the Mongolian script: 11057: 10856: 10843: 10830: 10817: 10800: 10783: 10763: 10749: 10739: 10729: 10714: 10697: 10680: 10663: 10646: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10582: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10521: 10506: 10491: 10476: 10461: 10446: 10431: 10416: 10401: 10386: 10371: 10356: 10341: 10326: 10311: 10296: 10281: 10266: 10251: 10236: 10221: 10206: 10191: 10176: 10161: 10146: 10131: 10116: 10101: 10086: 10071: 10056: 10041: 10026: 10011: 9996: 9981: 9966: 9951: 9936: 9921: 9906: 9891: 9876: 9861: 9846: 9831: 9816: 9801: 9786: 9774: 9762: 9748: 9736: 9724: 9712: 9700: 9688: 9676: 9664: 9652: 9640: 9628: 9616: 9604: 9592: 9568: 9547: 9526: 9505: 9488: 9471: 9454: 9437: 9420: 9403: 9386: 9369: 9352: 9335: 9318: 9301: 9279: 9261: 9243: 9225: 9207: 9197: 9191: 8474:' in order to avoid syntactic ambiguity, since 8210: 8198: 8184: 8172: 8158: 8144: 8132: 8120: 8111: 8100: 8088: 8064: 8049: 8034: 8019: 8004: 7989: 7974: 7959: 7944: 7929: 7914: 7903: 7892: 7881: 7870: 7859: 7848: 7837: 7826: 7815: 7804: 7793: 7782: 7771: 7760: 7749: 7738: 7727: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7616: 7601: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7541: 7528: 7515: 7500: 7487: 7474: 7459: 7446: 7433: 7418: 7405: 7392: 7377: 7364: 7351: 7336: 7323: 7310: 7295: 7282: 7269: 7254: 7241: 7228: 7213: 7200: 7187: 7171: 7158: 7145: 7103: 7093: 6372: 6363: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6082: 6067: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5956: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5778: 5759: 5745: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5636: 5627: 5621: 5609: 5587: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5538: 5526: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5429: 5417: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5370: 5355: 5343: 5328: 5316: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5187: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5080: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5039: 5020: 5008: 4973: 4959: 4933: 4914: 4902: 4888: 4876: 4850: 4831: 4804: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4734: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4601: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4417: 4398: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4332: 4317: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4251: 4236: 4205: 4186: 4174: 4159: 4147: 4132: 4117: 4105: 4090: 4078: 4063: 4036: 4017: 4005: 3990: 3880: 3591: 3568: 3533: 3509: 3484: 3459: 3434: 3370: 3364: 3358: 2695:, the suffixes will use the +ATR suffix forms. 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 1827: 1782: 1737: 1692: 1634: 1619: 1604: 1589: 1206: 1194: 1158: 1138: 1025: 46: 30: 14306:. Liyuuning-un ündüsüten-ü keblel-ün qoriy-a. 13870:The encyclopedia of language & linguistics 12479:elaborating on Bosson (1964) and Poppe (1970). 12224:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 9579: 9574: 9558: 9553: 9537: 9532: 9516: 9511: 9499: 9494: 9482: 9477: 9465: 9460: 9448: 9443: 9431: 9426: 9414: 9409: 9397: 9392: 9380: 9375: 9363: 9358: 9346: 9341: 9329: 9324: 9312: 9307: 9106:the subject, if different from the subject of 8684:, and overt restrictive focus with the clitic 3691:that forms nouns created by the action (like - 406:Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 15893: 15151: 14791: 14577: 14139:Sravnitel'naja grammatika mongol'skih jazykov 14056:Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies 13743:An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography 13233: 12235: 12127:in research work like Bayančoγtu (2002): 306. 11734: 10708: 10703: 10691: 10686: 10674: 10669: 10657: 10652: 10640: 10576: 10527: 10512: 10497: 10482: 10467: 10452: 10437: 10422: 10407: 10392: 10377: 10362: 10347: 10332: 10317: 10302: 10287: 10272: 10257: 10242: 10227: 10212: 10197: 10182: 10167: 10152: 10137: 10122: 10107: 10092: 10077: 10062: 10047: 10032: 10017: 10002: 9987: 9972: 9957: 9942: 9927: 9912: 9897: 9882: 9867: 9852: 9837: 9822: 9807: 9792: 9780: 9768: 9754: 9742: 9730: 9718: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9670: 9658: 9646: 9634: 9622: 9610: 9598: 9291: 9285: 9273: 9267: 9255: 9249: 9237: 9231: 9219: 9213: 9133: 8396:, as in the following example with predicate 7117:Pronunciation and writing of numbers in text 6332:Another way of forming plurals is by adding - 1211:) is spoken to the north, in the Republic of 14332:Mongol dörvölžin üsegijn durashalyn sudalgaa 14085:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 487–508. 14017:Mongol chronicles and Chinggisid genealogies 13937:Orčin cagijn mongol helnij ügzüjn bajguulalt 12761: 12725: 12597:Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 151–153, 161–163. 11603: 11601: 11599: 10811: 10806: 10794: 10789: 10777: 10772: 8995:'I've found it, but I won't give it to you'. 8865:we it-ACC find-COND.CVB you.FAM-DAT give-FUT 8224: 1932:vowel phonemes. They are aligned into three 994:as well as several chronicles. In 1686, the 14267:. 2003. Khalkha. In Janhunen 2003: 154–176. 13897:, 10: 1–23. Seoul: Hanʼguk Monggol Hakhoe . 13833:Mongorugo no kopyura kōbun no imi no ruikei 13174:Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli (2005): 828. 12998:Tserenpil and Kullmann (2005): 88, 363–364. 11988:Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai (2006-04-11). 11952:See Janhunen (ed.) (2003) and Sečenbaγatur 11526:Garudi (2002): 7, but see Rachewiltz (1976) 10723: 9202:'beer' ('yellow kumys'). There are several 9174:. However, more recent loanwords come from 8979: 8478:is itself derived from a verb and hence an 8248:Mongolian also exhibits a specific type of 8099:) – the negative form of the verb 'to be' ( 5585:Note: If the stem ends in a short vowel or 5185:Note: If the stem ends in a short vowel or 1077:, which is spoken in the northeast area of 15900: 15886: 15158: 15144: 14798: 14784: 14584: 14570: 14483:(ru) Bobrovnikov, Aleksieĭ Aleksandrovich 13271: 13269: 13161:Baabar (2008-12-09), "Yum bolgon nertei", 12650:"Differential object marking in Mongolian" 12647: 12511:Harnud (2003) was reviewed by J. Brown in 10914:. It has 127 leaves and 15,000 characters. 3748:(mainly future or generic statements) or ‑ 3331:does not seem to appear in second position 2282:but are pronounced more like ; e.g. ой in 1005: 545: 15907: 14591: 14510:(fr, ru) Kovalevskiĭ, Osip Mikhaĭlovich, 11994:. Springer Science & Business Media. 11713:Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". 11668:Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". 11608:Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". 11596: 8983: 8841: 8592:Suffixes occupying this position express 8452:ter hel-eh-güi-geer üün-iig bich-sen shüü 8339:bid-nii uulz-san ter saihan zaluu-gaas ch 8183:) is used for negative imperatives; e.g. 6362:The final way is an irregular form used: 5853:), and a small number of stems ending in 873:Yesün Temür Khan, Emperor Taiding of Yuan 16199:Languages attested from the 13th century 14206:. Shanghai: Shanghai Yuandong Chubanshe. 13877:Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective 13783:Differential Object Marking in Mongolian 13569:Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House 13308: 12935:Tserenpil and Kullmann (2005): 237, 347. 12903:"Differential Case Marking in Mongolian" 11923:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 3. 11916: 11712: 11667: 11607: 11442: 10917: 10894: 8826: 8455:s/he without:saying it-ACC write-PRF PTC 7943:Informed Past Tense (any point in past) 2665:, in which case all −ATR vowels lead to 1029: 866: 657:. Mongolian is the official language of 510: – Peripheral Mongolian (part) 433:Council for Language and Literature Work 14036:Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli. 2005 . 13970:Orčin tsagijn mongol helnij bajmžijn aj 13902:Rhythm and intonation in Halh Mongolian 13477:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 13266: 13034:Tserenpil and Kullmann (2005): 348–349. 12682:Tsedendamba and Möömöö (1997): 234–241. 12624:Tsedendamba and Möömöö (1997): 222–232. 12312: 11987: 11850: 11697: 11448: 11432:"Mongolian scripts and writing culture" 11393:"Törijn alban josny helnij tuhaj huul'" 9075: 8925:become.tired-PRF because sleep-WIT.PAST 8815: 8425: 8018:(Reflective) Present Progressive Tense 5793: 5228:) after stems ending in the diphthongs 3891:) when the stem has an unstable nasal. 2784:, is restricted to words with vowels. 1104:the Moghol branch, made up of just the 815:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 608:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 570:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 389:Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture 16161: 14805: 14417:. Rutgers Optimality Archive, ROA-172. 14073:Orčin cagijn mongol helnij ögüülberzüj 13879:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 313–347. 13704:. Dissertation, University of Toronto. 13160: 12900: 11956:(2005) for two classificatory schemes. 11698:Iredale, Robyn (August 2, 2003). "3". 11682: 11638:Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". 11623:Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". 9043:Mongolian clauses tend to be combined 8272:clitics are put behind the head noun. 7924:is pronounced 'hello, how are you?'. 2691:If the only vowel in the word stem is 1073:the Dagur branch, made up of just the 15881: 15165: 15139: 14779: 14565: 14384: 14359:Tserenpil, D. and R. Kullmann. 2005. 14274:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13900:Karlsson, Anastasia Mukhanova. 2005. 13679:Modern Mongolian; a primer and reader 13614:. Běijīng: Mínzú Chūbǎnshè. 334–343. 13234:Saruul-Erdene, Myagmar (2021-03-04). 13192: 12869: 12867: 12764:Modern Mongolian : a course-book 12728:Modern Mongolian : a course-book 12643: 12641: 12639: 11965:Sanžeev (1953): 27–61, especially 55. 11912: 11910: 11908: 11637: 11622: 11308: 11306: 11097:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 11083:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 11067:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 11046:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9130:meal 'the meal that s/he had eaten'. 8323: 8285: 8264:has the order: demonstrative pronoun/ 8131:). This suffix is added to verbs, so 7880:'I/you/he/she/we/they (will) study'. 3895:can also take a reflexive-possessive 3782:, which can link clauses or function 2789: 2573:are often conventionally rendered as 1497: 58: 16204:Languages written in Cyrillic script 16141: 14028:Journal of Asian and African studies 13694:Studies on Mongolian verb morphology 13502:, in this example "Harnud"; compare 13448:"UDHR - Mongolian, Halh (Mongolian)" 13302: 12796:"Mongolian Grammar - Linguistics 35" 11824: 11772: 11451:"The case against the Altaic theory" 11274: 8992:I find-PRF but you-DAT give-IPFV-NEG 8868:'if we find it we'll give it to you' 8856: 8789: 7554: 5713:) after front vowel stems ending in 5354:) after front vowel stems ending in 5213:For regular stems, it is formed by: 3419:unless this syllable is word-final: 2739:The pronunciation of long and short 1312:Standard Mongolian of Inner Mongolia 1012:Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia 384:Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture 320: 14531:Elementi della grammatica mongolica 14513:Dictionnaire Mongol-Russe-Franca̧is 14504:Récherches sur les langues tartares 13642:Bajansan, Ž. and Š. Odontör. 1995. 13588:ŠUA = Šinžleh Uhaany Akademi [ 13547:Muroran kōgyō daigaku kenkyū hōkoku 12648:Guntsetseg, Dolgor (January 2008). 12109:'I knew him' is accepted and ? 12079:(2005): 143, Poppe (1955): 110–115. 11798: 11735:Barry Sautman (December 24, 2007). 11683:Otsuka, Hitomi (30 Nov 2012). "6". 10704: 10687: 10670: 10653: 9615:'brandy', ultimately from Arabic), 9212:'train' ('fire cart') from Chinese 8968: 8845: 8732: 8255: 7958:Informed Past Tense (not long ago) 6206:Some plurals are formed by adding - 5674:) after back vowel stems ending in 5381:) after back vowel stems ending in 5327:) after back vowel stems ending in 5050:) after back vowel stems ending in 3870:. In addition to case, a number of 3249:Syllable structure and phonotactics 2698: 1329: 680:residents of the Inner Mongolia of 13: 14557:Bolor Mongolian-English dictionary 14495:Grammatik der mongolischen Sprache 14439: 13805:A Basic Study of Mongolian Prosody 12864: 12636: 12313:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). 11905: 11627:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 59. 11303: 10884: 9118:, then it take the genitive, e.g. 8916: 8695:in Mongolian consists of passive, 8384:The verbal phrase consists of the 6412:, the last being rather numerous. 4998: 4989: 3554:this syllable can get the stress: 3349:or their palatalized counterparts. 1936:groups by a parameter called ATR ( 1867: 14: 16215: 14538: 14058:. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. 13825:, 43: 49–94. Sapporo: Dō daigaku. 13753:Ménggǔyǔ jiǎnzhì. Běijīng: Mínzú. 11825:Feng, Emily (16 September 2020). 11174:SASM/GNC romanization § Mongolian 8912: 8743: 5952:) when it is preceded by a vowel. 3649:morphemes. For example, the word 3235:voiced alveolar lateral fricative 3217: 3208: 3201: 3181: 3174: 3150: 3143: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3090: 3062: 3055: 3029: 3022: 2996: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2601:, not belonging to either group. 2258: 2251: 2233: 2226: 2204: 2193: 2186: 2170: 2163: 2141: 2134: 2123: 2116: 2019: 2013: 1244:, spoken around Inner Mongolia's 1083:Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner 921:The Secret History of the Mongols 902:wordlist of 55 words compiled by 708:for convenience on the Internet. 551:Map of where Mongolian is spoken. 394:Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County 16140: 16129: 16128: 16016:Inner Mongolia Normal University 15312: 13715:Odu üj-e-jin mongγul kelen-ü ǰüi 13469: 13440: 13418: 13391: 13372: 13354: 13341: 13328: 13289: 13277:Literacy country study: Mongolia 13227: 13186: 13177: 13168: 13154: 13145: 13136: 13127: 13118: 13109: 13100: 13091: 13082: 13073: 13064: 13055: 13046: 13037: 13028: 13019: 13010: 13001: 12992: 12983: 12974: 12965: 12956: 12947: 12938: 12929: 12920: 12894: 12515:(December 2006). 36(2): 205–207. 11702:. Routledge. pp. 56, 64–67. 11359: 11341: 11323: 11275: 11114: 9296:'public collaboration nation'). 9196:'president' ('generalizer') and 9095:that.one come-CVB I.ACC kiss-PRF 8446: 5771:), it is replaced by the suffix. 5599:), it is replaced by the suffix. 5204: 5199:), it is replaced by the suffix. 1928:The standard language has seven 1903:Problems playing this file? See 1883: 588: 358: 345: 14516:, Volumes 1–3, Kazan 1844-46-49 14162:Sechenbaatar , Borjigin. 2003. 13872:. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 231–234. 13612:Miànxiàng xīn shìjìde ménggǔxué 13583:Inner Mongolia University Press 13538:Kyūshū daigaku gengogaku ronshū 12877:Modern Mongolian: A Course-book 12855: 12830: 12821: 12812: 12788: 12719: 12694: 12685: 12676: 12667: 12627: 12618: 12609: 12600: 12591: 12582: 12558: 12545: 12536: 12527: 12518: 12505: 12496: 12482: 12473: 12460: 12447: 12426: 12417: 12404: 12391: 12378: 12365: 12352: 12339: 12306: 12293: 12269: 12256: 12247: 12216: 12203: 12190: 12181: 12152: 12143: 12130: 12116: 12095: 12082: 12069: 12060: 12047: 12030: 12017: 12008: 11981: 11968: 11959: 11946: 11937: 11896: 11887: 11874: 11844: 11818: 11792: 11773:Shih, Gerry (August 31, 2020). 11766: 11741:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 11728: 11706: 11691: 11676: 11661: 11646: 11631: 11616: 11587: 11578: 11569: 11560: 11547: 11538: 11529: 11520: 11242: 11191:Sino–Mongolian Transliterations 11038: 9711:'powder/gunpowder, medicine'), 9086: 9064: 8949: 8893: 8876:in the preceding sentence with 8862:bid üün-iig ol-bol cham-d ög-nö 8830: 8747: 8646: 8636: 8625: 8583: 8573: 8562: 8525: 8514: 8436: 8388:in the center, preceded by its 8296: 7615:Open Ended Question Particles - 6293:is added without the "n"; e.g. 6078:) after stems ending in vowels. 4748:with (e.g. by means of a) book 3497:'the residents of Ulaanbaatar' 2734: 1815: 1803: 1770: 1758: 1725: 1713: 1680: 1668: 1065:In Juha Janhunen's book titled 14519:(fr) Soulié, Charles Georges, 14379:Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli 14141:. Moskva: Akademija Nauk USSR. 13576:Inner Mongolia Education Press 13556:Tōkyō daigaku gengogaku ronshū 12524:Harnud (2003): 44–54, 94–100. 12433:Anastasia Mukhanova Karlsson. 12236: 11507: 11475: 11424: 11411: 11385: 11367: 11262: 11259: 11229: 11089: 11069:in Mongolian transliteration: 11058: 11004:campaign, which increased the 10974: 9142:from many languages including 8462:In this clause the adverbial, 2479: 1947:has become centralised to the 1548: 944: 777:Modern Mongolian evolved from 754:. Verbs are marked for voice, 503: – Khalkha Mongolian 40: 37: 1: 16194:Subject–object–verb languages 14432:A study of Mongolian negation 13654:Qorčin aman ayalγun-u sudulul 13590:Mongolian Academy of Sciences 13366:China.org.cn (March 19, 2020) 13079:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 152–153. 13043:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 116–123. 11851:Kashgar, Kasim (2023-09-13). 11291: 11049:in Mongolian, written in the 10906:) is written in the Mongolic 9651:'chess queen/female tiger'), 8989:bi olson, harin chamd ögöhgüi 8928:'I slept because I was tired' 8333: 8079: 4818:with (e.g. alongside a) book 3632: 3375:'neutral' are, phonemically, 2766: 2381: 1299:in the Central varieties v. - 1283:'year' versus Proto-Mongolic 1050:development of the Mongolian 823:, rather than common origin. 781:, the language spoken in the 730:Mongolian is a language with 665:and a recognized language of 167:(6.2 million cited 1982–2020) 16:Official language of Mongolia 15087: 14469:Traditional Mongolian script 14235:, 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill. 14231:, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. 13842:Janhunen, Juha (ed.). 2003. 11799:Qin, Amy (August 31, 2020). 11296: 11267: 11248: 8756:I that.one-DAT fool-CAUS-PRF 8250:differential subject marking 7632:Basic interrogative pronouns 6093:) after stems ending in the 5967:) after stems ending in the 3754:(second person imperative); 2669:and all +ATR vowels lead to 2657:Other suffixes can occur in 1860: 1536:traditional Mongolian script 1183:, is spoken to the west, in 1026:Classification and varieties 982:The next distinct period is 538:of 44-BAA-b part of 44-BAA-b 7: 15350:Historical cities and towns 15287:Mongolian People's Republic 14492:(de) Schmidt, Isaak Jakob, 14474:(ru) Schmidt, Isaak Jakob, 14322:Mongol helnij tüühen helzüj 14213:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 14063:Mongolian language handbook 13831:Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 2004. 13686:Hokkaidō gengo bunka kenkyū 13142:Temürčereng (2004): 99–102. 12944:Svantesson (2003): 164–165. 12673:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 32–46. 11349:Peripheral Mongolian (part) 11181:Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet 11107: 11074: 11028:, used predominantly among 10857: 10844: 10831: 10818: 10812: 10801: 10795: 10784: 10778: 10764: 10750: 10740: 10730: 10715: 10709: 10698: 10692: 10681: 10675: 10664: 10658: 10647: 10641: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10522: 10507: 10492: 10477: 10462: 10447: 10432: 10417: 10402: 10387: 10372: 10357: 10342: 10327: 10312: 10297: 10282: 10267: 10252: 10237: 10222: 10207: 10192: 10177: 10162: 10147: 10132: 10117: 10102: 10087: 10072: 10057: 10042: 10027: 10012: 9997: 9982: 9967: 9952: 9937: 9922: 9907: 9892: 9877: 9862: 9847: 9832: 9817: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9580: 9569: 9559: 9548: 9538: 9527: 9517: 9506: 9500: 9489: 9483: 9472: 9466: 9455: 9449: 9438: 9432: 9421: 9415: 9404: 9398: 9387: 9381: 9370: 9364: 9353: 9347: 9336: 9330: 9319: 9313: 9302: 9300:Sanskrit loanwords include 9286: 9280: 9268: 9266:'corn, maize' from Chinese 9262: 9250: 9244: 9232: 9226: 9214: 9208: 9198: 9192: 8775:-, and the cooperative by - 8501:that express direction and 8231:differential object marking 8209:) is the formal version of 8205: 8191: 8179: 8165: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8106: 8095: 8071: 8056: 8041: 8026: 8011: 7996: 7981: 7966: 7951: 7936: 7920: 7909: 7898: 7887: 7876: 7865: 7854: 7843: 7832: 7821: 7810: 7799: 7788: 7777: 7766: 7755: 7744: 7733: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7623: 7608: 7600:Yes/No Question Particles - 7080: 6384: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6129: 6117: 6105: 6089: 6074: 6054: 6042: 6030: 6018: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5963: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5785: 5767: 5753: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5643: 5616: 5595: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5543:), or after the diphthongs 5533: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5424: 5377: 5362: 5350: 5335: 5323: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5195: 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5087: 5046: 5027: 5015: 4981: 4967: 4941: 4921: 4909: 4895: 4883: 4858: 4838: 4812: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4742: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4609: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4425: 4405: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4339: 4324: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4258: 4243: 4213: 4193: 4181: 4166: 4154: 4139: 4124: 4112: 4097: 4085: 4070: 4044: 4024: 4012: 3997: 3971: 3905: 3887: 3798: 3788: 3774: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3734: 3728: 3707: 3701: 3687: 3677: 3667: 3657: 3651: 3371: 3365: 3359: 2374: 2362: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 1833: 1788: 1743: 1698: 1640: 1625: 1610: 1595: 1532:Shuluun Huh/Zhènglán Banner 1509: 1207: 1195: 1173:is spoken to the south, in 1159: 1139: 700:. In Inner Mongolia, it is 10: 16220: 16179:Central Mongolic languages 14445:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012): 14272:The Phonology of Mongolian 13515:List of abbreviations used 13491: 13388:, Montsame, 18 March 2020. 13213:10.1163/156853205774910106 13124:Temürčereng (2004): 86–99. 12388:(2005): 1–7, 22–24, 73–75. 12277:The phonology of Mongolian 11917:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). 11014:People's Republic of China 10888: 9800:Chinese loanwords include 9591:Persian loanwords include 9487:'mineral water, nectar'), 9248:'population' from Chinese 9134:Loanwords and coined words 9098:'S/he came and kissed me.' 8763:The semantic attribute of 8759:'I was fooled by her/him'. 8663: 8003:Present Progressive Tense 7111: 6404:(which take participles), 6190: 5743:Note: If the stem ends in 3699:) and the complex suffix ‑ 3681:‑ (hence 'to found'), the 3623: 1879:Mongolians speaking Khalkh 1081:in China, specifically in 1009: 862: 841:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi 641:and other closely related 16124: 16106:Mausoleum of Genghis Khan 16088: 16072: 16029: 16011:Inner Mongolia University 16001: 15968: 15930: 15916: 15844: 15748: 15663: 15654: 15599: 15590: 15476: 15467: 15330: 15321: 15310: 15177: 15120: 15086: 15029: 14997: 14969: 14921: 14822: 14813: 14757: 14676: 14615: 14599: 14038:Odu üy-e-yin mongγul kele 13691:Chuluu, Ujiyediin. 1998. 13313:. InfoCon. Archived from 13183:Rybatzki (2003a): 385–387 12962:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 167. 12317:. Routledge. p. 13. 11974:Quoted from Sečenbaγatur 11753:10.1080/13537119808428530 11464:: 181–187. Archived from 11130:Mongolian writing systems 10985:Mongolian Cyrillic script 10891:Mongolian writing systems 10807: 10790: 10773: 10754:'courier/post station'); 10528: 10513: 10498: 10483: 10468: 10453: 10438: 10423: 10408: 10393: 10378: 10363: 10348: 10333: 10318: 10303: 10288: 10273: 10258: 10243: 10228: 10213: 10198: 10183: 10168: 10153: 10138: 10123: 10108: 10093: 10078: 10063: 10048: 10033: 10018: 10003: 9988: 9973: 9958: 9943: 9928: 9913: 9898: 9883: 9868: 9853: 9838: 9823: 9808: 9735:'telescope/microscope'), 9575: 9554: 9533: 9512: 9495: 9478: 9461: 9444: 9427: 9410: 9393: 9376: 9359: 9342: 9325: 9308: 9292: 9274: 9256: 9238: 9220: 9092:ter ir-eed namaig üns-sen 8922:yadar-san uchraas unt-laa 8668:Unmarked phrase order is 8225:Differential case marking 8219: 8211: 8199: 8185: 8173: 8159: 8155:'do not go/will not go'). 8145: 8133: 8121: 8112: 8101: 8089: 8065: 8050: 8035: 8020: 8005: 7990: 7975: 7960: 7945: 7930: 7915: 7904: 7893: 7882: 7871: 7869:to the stem, for example 7860: 7849: 7838: 7827: 7816: 7805: 7794: 7783: 7772: 7761: 7750: 7739: 7728: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7617: 7602: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7542: 7529: 7516: 7501: 7488: 7475: 7460: 7447: 7434: 7419: 7406: 7393: 7378: 7365: 7352: 7337: 7324: 7311: 7296: 7283: 7270: 7255: 7242: 7229: 7214: 7201: 7188: 7172: 7159: 7146: 7104: 7094: 6994: 6926: 6923: 6831: 6676: 6673: 6566: 6546: 6540: 6455: 6452: 6420: 6373: 6364: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6265: 6256: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6083: 6068: 6048: 6036: 6024: 6012: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5957: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5807: 5779: 5760: 5746: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5610: 5588: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5539: 5527: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5430: 5418: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5371: 5356: 5344: 5329: 5317: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5188: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5021: 5009: 4974: 4960: 4934: 4915: 4903: 4889: 4877: 4851: 4832: 4805: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4735: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4602: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4418: 4399: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4333: 4318: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4252: 4237: 4206: 4187: 4175: 4160: 4148: 4133: 4118: 4106: 4091: 4079: 4064: 4037: 4018: 4006: 3991: 3881: 3592: 3569: 3534: 3510: 3485: 3472:'separating' (adverbial) 3460: 3435: 3403: 3195: 3164: 3076: 3007: 2885: 2839: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2436: 2432: 2413: 2391: 2368: 2366:) 'individually', уа in 2356: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2081: 2076: 2071: 1923: 1828: 1783: 1738: 1693: 1635: 1620: 1605: 1590: 1520:Mongolian Cyrillic script 1147:) are also spoken in the 1038:Mongolian belongs to the 649:and surrounding parts of 645:who are native to modern 637:. It is spoken by ethnic 556: 544: 530: 514: 481: 463: 445: 440: 415: 337:Official language in 335: 330: 286: 262: 237: 209: 171: 161: 147: 76: 66: 54: 31: 26: 21: 15960:Administrative divisions 15527:Administrative divisions 15217:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 14480:, Saint-Petersburg, 1832 13972:. Ulaanbaatar: Moncame. 13115:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 36. 12057:(2005): 166–73, 184–195. 11449:Clauson, Gerard (1956). 11222: 11169:Mongolian Latin alphabet 11157:Horizontal square script 10702:'chief of commandant'), 9284:'republic' from Chinese 9138:Mongolian first adopted 7721: 6275:In other plurals, just - 5916:), most stems ending in 5892:) after stems ending in 5403:), short vowels (except 5066:), short vowels (except 3809: 3802:(the action of the main 2620:that can be realized as 1534:, and is written in the 1525: 1518:, and is written in the 914:(Ph) (used in decrees), 839:dated to 584 CE and the 813:and contrasted with the 610: instead of text in 308:(in Mongolia and Russia) 16174:Agglutinative languages 16116:Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda 16111:Hexigten Global Geopark 16039:Music of Inner Mongolia 14765:Mongolian Sign Language 14423:Weiers, Michael. 1969. 14394:Central Asiatic Journal 14354:Orčin cagijn mongol hel 14257:in the Secret History. 14202:Siqinchaoketu . 1999). 14061:Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. 14015:Okada, Hidehiro. 1984. 13792:Hammar, Lucia B. 1983. 13677:Bosson, James E. 1964. 13133:Svantesson (2003): 127. 13106:Pürev-Očir (1997): 131. 13061:Svantesson (2003): 172. 12158:Janhunen, Juha (2003). 11495:Encyclopedia Britannica 11458:Central Asiatic Journal 11212:Mongolian Sign Language 10991:. The establishment of 10822:'chest of an animal'); 10520:'potato noodles'), and 10385:'manner, appearance'), 9980:'vinegar, soy sauce'), 9230:'essence' from Chinese 8169:) is the word for 'no'. 7088:is mostly expressed by 5940:), and stems ending in 3637:Modern Mongolian is an 3259:syllable-final position 2604:All the vowels in a non 1006:Geographic distribution 961:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 850: 633:that originated in the 427:State Language Council, 302:(in China and Mongolia) 15781:Goyol Fashion Festival 15571:Chief of General Staff 14498:, St. Petersburg, 1831 14404:Walker, Rachel. 1997. 14363:. Ulaanbaatar: Admon. 14302:Toγtambayar, L. 2006. 14246:Street, John C. 1957. 14211:A grammar of Mangghuer 13844:The Mongolic languages 13776:Journal of Linguistics 13770:, Peter A. Michalove, 13407:, Gogo, 1 July 2015. " 12989:Guntsetseg (2008): 54. 12926:Guntsetseg (2008): 55. 12570:www.linguamongolia.com 12198:The Mongolic Languages 12160:The Mongolic Languages 11642:. Bloomsbury Academic. 11593:Nadmid (1967): 98–102. 11535:Djahukyan (1991): 2368 11485:; Sanders, Alan J.K.; 10934: 10915: 10734:'island'); Chinese 衚衕 10724: 9036:it may function as an 8143:'go/will go') becomes 7988:Present Perfect Tense 6398:interrogative pronouns 6394:demonstrative pronouns 2459:Non-initial positions 2414:Non-initial positions 2274:Khalkha also has four 1872: 1035: 884: 811:Altaic language family 736:agglutinative language 596:This article contains 558:This article contains 47: 16184:Languages of Mongolia 16059:Northeastern Mandarin 15950:Independence movement 15542:Third neighbor policy 15242:Northern Yuan dynasty 14593:Languages of Mongolia 14348:Tsedendamba, Ts. and 14334:. Ulaanbaatar: IAMS. 14330:Tömörtogoo, D. 2002. 14320:Tömörtogoo, D. 1992. 14209:Slater, Keith. 2003. 14151:. Kökeqota: ÖMASKKQ. 14137:Sanžeev, G. D. 1953. 14071:Pürev-Očir, B. 1997. 13846:. London: Routledge. 13781:Guntsetseg, D. 2008. 13772:Alexis Manaster Ramer 13603:Amaržargal, B. 1988. 13016:Hammar (1983): 45–80. 12762:Gaunt, John. (2006). 12726:Gaunt, John. (2006). 12375:(2005): 46–47, 50–51. 12196:Juha Janhunen (Hg.): 12066:Janhunen (2003): 180. 11902:Janhunen (2003): 189. 11575:Janhunen (2003a): 32. 11566:Rybatzki (2003b): 57. 11544:Rybatzki (2003b): 58. 10956:was first adopted by 10922:Mongolian script and 10921: 10898: 10805:'castrated animal'), 8771:-, the plurative by - 8033:Simple Present Tense 5300:), or the long vowel 4050:the book (as object) 3931:Mongolian noun cases 3655:consists of the root 1871: 1091:Meilisi Daur District 1054:, as well as for its 1033: 879:retains the complete 870: 300:Traditional Mongolian 60:[ˈmɔɴ.ɢəɮxiɮ] 15801:Traditional medicine 15520:Constitutional Court 15362:Environmental issues 15192:Prehistoric Mongolia 14882:Peripheral Mongolian 14265:Svantesson, Jan-Olof 14225:Starostin, Sergei A. 14168:Finno-Ugrian society 14002:Mongγol kelen-ü toli 13803:Harnud, Huhe. 2003. 13656:. Kökeqota: ÖMYSKQ. 13409:Misinterpretation 1: 12953:Mönh-Amgalan (1998). 12901:Guntsetseg, Dolgor. 12244:/ Галсанпунцаг 2004. 10505:'sleeveless vest'), 8534:drink-CVB leave-PERF 5794:Dative-locative case 4219:of (a) book; book's 3942:English preposition 3911:reflexive-possessive 2330:) 'factory', эй in 1938:advanced tongue root 1219:, as well as in the 825:Mongolian literature 696:and the traditional 16189:Languages of Russia 16089:Visitor attractions 15486:State Great Khural 15277:Soviet intervention 15111:Classical Mongolian 14677:Immigrant languages 14528:(it) Puini, Carlo, 14501:(fr) Rémusat, Abel 14188:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. 14105:. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA. 14079:Rachewiltz, Igor de 14075:. Ulaanbaatar: n.a. 14040:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. 14004:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. 13990:. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA. 13735:. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA. 13717:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. 13632:no yōhō ni tsuite. 13607:. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA. 12838:"Mongolian Grammar" 12533:Sečenbaγatur (2003) 12423:Karlsson (2005): 17 12253:Atwood p. 374. 12111:Bi öčögedür iregsen 11779:The Washington Post 10947:Khitan large script 10912:Khitan large script 10861:'valerian plant'). 10400:'characteristic'), 10130:'fried dumpling'), 9436:'tales, stories'), 8882:imperfective-dative 8784:Liena nücgen untdag 8753:Bi tüün-d huurt-san 8274:Possessive pronouns 8116:means 'is/are not'. 7997:-dag/-dog/-deg/-dög 7991:-даг/-дог/-дэг/-дөг 7967:-laa/-loo/-lee/-löö 7961:-лаа/-лоо/-лээ/-лөө 7937:-san/-son/-sen/-sön 7931:-сан/-сон/-сэн/-сөн 7118: 6417: 5385:consonants (except 5054:consonants (except 3932: 3906:bi najz-aa avar-san 2581:, while the vowels 2318:) 'to cry', үй in 1960: 1857:have been adopted. 984:Classical Mongolian 740:subject–object–verb 227:Classical Mongolian 16169:Mongolian language 16044:Mongolian language 16021:Chifeng University 15725:List of Mongolians 15632:Telecommunications 15272:Chinese occupation 14807:Mongolic languages 14616:Minority languages 14550:2022-03-19 at the 14430:Yu, Wonsoo. 1991. 14413:2011-09-27 at the 14129:Mongol hel šinžlel 14022:2023-01-05 at the 13837:Muroran kōdai kiyō 13764:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. 13700:2023-01-05 at the 13652:Bayančoγtu. 2002. 13403:2022-04-09 at the 13384:2020-08-05 at the 13299:(2005): 34, 40–41. 13282:2023-01-05 at the 13246:. pp. 79–83. 12103:bi tegün-i taniǰei 11805:The New York Times 11483:Harris, Chauncy D. 11238:Mongolian Cyrillic 10935: 10924:Mongolian Cyrillic 10916: 10744:'passageway'), 站赤 10265:'recorded disc'), 9920:'cutting board'), 9890:'electric lamp'), 9453:'poems, verses'), 9281:bügd nairamdah uls 9104:subordinate clause 9009:- very similar to 8655:Here, an explicit 8645:s/he come-PERF be- 8608:may follow, e.g., 8594:grammatical aspect 8380:'our teacher Dorj' 7902:is 'to read', and 7759:are suffixed with 7137:Text in Mongolian 7116: 6416:Personal Pronouns 6415: 6350:'teacher' becomes 5031:) has an unstable 3945:Example (Cyrillic) 3930: 3447:'to be organized' 2661:being realized as 2440:Initial positions 2395:Initial positions 1965:Mongolian Cyrillic 1959: 1873: 1504:standard varieties 1498:Standard varieties 1227:in Inner Mongolia. 1177:in Inner Mongolia. 1040:Mongolic languages 1036: 904:Kirakos of Gandzak 885: 847:texts discovered. 764:epistemic modality 624:principal language 306:Mongolian Cyrillic 16156: 16155: 16064:Plain Blue Banner 16048:in Inner Mongolia 15875: 15874: 15840: 15839: 15650: 15649: 15586: 15585: 15578:Political parties 15537:Foreign relations 15463: 15462: 15133: 15132: 15127:extinct languages 15025: 15024: 14829:Buryat–Mongolian 14773: 14772: 14600:Official language 14463:978-90-272-3820-7 14361:Mongolian grammar 14219:978-0-7007-1471-1 13986:Nadmid, Ž. 1967. 13917:Language Research 13885:978-3-11-014357-7 13253:978-1-000-33715-0 13199:. Second Series. 12887:978-0-7007-1305-9 12606:Hashimoto (1993). 12542:Bayančoγtu (2002) 12324:978-1-317-30598-9 12286:978-0-19-926017-1 12187:Dàobù 1982, p. 2. 12001:978-1-4020-8039-5 11930:978-90-272-3820-7 11357:(26th ed., 2023) 11339:(26th ed., 2023) 11331:Khalkha Mongolian 11321:(26th ed., 2023) 11205:Mongolian Braille 11095:Article 1 of the 11081:Article 1 of the 11065:Article 1 of the 11051:Cyrillic alphabet 11043:Article 1 of the 11022:Sino-Soviet split 10355:'borrow, lend'), 10085:'sledgehammer'), 9278:'jade rice') and 9260:'person mouth'), 9242:'true quality'), 9204:loan translations 9150:(these often via 9120:tüünii idsen hool 8790:Complex sentences 8691:The inventory of 7555:Forming questions 7552: 7551: 7131:Text in Mongolian 7125:Text in Mongolian 7078: 7077: 6447:(all other cases) 6390:Personal pronouns 6371:'person' becomes 6320:'mother' becomes 4951: 4950: 4947:towards (a) book 4864:without (a) book 3903:of the sentence: 3645:. There are many 3607: 3606: 3549: 3548: 3318:may precede only 3231: 3230: 3136: 3086: 3048: 3015: 2951: 2893: 2649:(instrumental) → 2635:(instrumental) → 2595:⟨u⟩ 2591:⟨o⟩ 2589:are expressed as 2579:⟨ü⟩ 2575:⟨ö⟩ 2556: 2555: 2477: 2476: 2354:(эй); e.g. иа in 2270: 2269: 2061: 2060: 1890: 1843: 1842: 1543:Khorchin dialects 1324:Plain Blue Banner 1320:literary standard 1225:Hulun Buir League 1052:dialect continuum 889:Stele of Yisüngge 875:(1328). Only the 837:Bugut inscription 807:Japonic languages 750:. There are five 748:grammatical cases 742:, ordering among 714:Chakhar Mongolian 690:Khalkha Mongolian 635:Mongolian Plateau 604:rendering support 584: 583: 566:rendering support 562:phonetic symbols. 496:Individual codes: 417:Regulated by 312:Mongolian Braille 71:Mongolian Plateau 16211: 16144: 16143: 16132: 16131: 16054:Mongolian script 15902: 15895: 15888: 15879: 15878: 15860: 15853: 15827: 15826:(New Year's Day) 15814: 15766: 15693:Southern Mongols 15661: 15660: 15627: 15597: 15596: 15507: 15489: 15474: 15473: 15328: 15327: 15316: 15212:Rouran Khaganate 15160: 15153: 15146: 15137: 15136: 14820: 14819: 14800: 14793: 14786: 14777: 14776: 14586: 14579: 14572: 14563: 14562: 14422: 14401: 14386:Vovin, Alexander 14376: 14350:Sürengiin Möömöö 14347: 14329: 14319: 14301: 14287: 14204:Kangjiayu yanjiu 14201: 14183: 14146: 14136: 14126: 14116: 14099:Rinchen, Byambyn 14097: 14070: 14035: 13995: 13985: 13966:Mönh-Amgalan, J. 13964: 13954: 13944: 13934: 13927:Studia Mongolica 13924: 13892: 13830: 13820: 13759: 13750: 13740: 13731:Coloo, Ž. 1988. 13730: 13709: 13669: 13651: 13641: 13631: 13627: 13602: 13485: 13484: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13454:. Archived from 13444: 13438: 13437: 13432:. Archived from 13422: 13416: 13395: 13389: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13358: 13352: 13345: 13339: 13332: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13306: 13300: 13293: 13287: 13273: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13205:Brill Publishers 13190: 13184: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13158: 13152: 13149: 13143: 13140: 13134: 13131: 13125: 13122: 13116: 13113: 13107: 13104: 13098: 13095: 13089: 13086: 13080: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13062: 13059: 13053: 13050: 13044: 13041: 13035: 13032: 13026: 13023: 13017: 13014: 13008: 13007:Apatoczky (2005) 13005: 12999: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12981: 12980:Hashimoto (2004) 12978: 12972: 12969: 12963: 12960: 12954: 12951: 12945: 12942: 12936: 12933: 12927: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12871: 12862: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12848: 12834: 12828: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12800:sites.google.com 12792: 12786: 12785: 12759: 12750: 12749: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12706:Languages Gulper 12698: 12692: 12689: 12683: 12680: 12674: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12645: 12634: 12631: 12625: 12622: 12616: 12613: 12607: 12604: 12598: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12562: 12556: 12549: 12543: 12540: 12534: 12531: 12525: 12522: 12516: 12509: 12503: 12500: 12494: 12486: 12480: 12477: 12471: 12464: 12458: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12415: 12408: 12402: 12395: 12389: 12382: 12376: 12369: 12363: 12356: 12350: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12310: 12304: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12273: 12267: 12266:(2005): 249–384. 12260: 12254: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12220: 12214: 12207: 12201: 12194: 12188: 12185: 12179: 12172: 12163: 12156: 12150: 12147: 12141: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12099: 12093: 12086: 12080: 12073: 12067: 12064: 12058: 12051: 12045: 12034: 12028: 12027:(2005): 265–266. 12021: 12015: 12012: 12006: 12005: 11985: 11979: 11978:(2005): 167–168. 11972: 11966: 11963: 11957: 11950: 11944: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11914: 11903: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11885: 11884:(2005): 218–229. 11878: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11863:on June 29, 2024 11859:. Archived from 11857:Voice of America 11848: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11822: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11718: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11605: 11594: 11591: 11585: 11582: 11576: 11573: 11567: 11564: 11558: 11551: 11545: 11542: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11524: 11518: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11501: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11455: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11428: 11422: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11346: 11345: 11328: 11327: 11310: 11285: 11280: 11279: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11256:Mongolian script 11251: 11245: 11244: 11233: 11199: 11152:ʼPhags-pa script 11135:Mongolian script 11124: 11119: 11118: 11091: 11077: 11061: 11060: 11018:Mandarin Chinese 10976: 10954:Mongolian script 10952:The traditional 10860: 10847: 10834: 10821: 10815: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10767: 10753: 10743: 10733: 10727: 10718: 10712: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10685:'iron armour'), 10684: 10678: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10651:'royal guard'), 10650: 10644: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10586: 10581:'T-shirt'), and 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10465: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10066: 10065: 10060: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010:'steamed bun'), 10006: 10005: 10000: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9333: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9211: 9201: 9195: 9184:Mandarin Chinese 9129: 9125: 9112:relative clauses 9088: 9077: 9066: 8999:Mongolian has a 8985: 8981: 8970: 8951: 8918: 8914: 8895: 8883: 8858: 8847: 8843: 8832: 8828: 8817: 8749: 8745: 8734: 8648: 8638: 8627: 8588:'she is running' 8585: 8582:s/he run-CVB be- 8575: 8564: 8527: 8516: 8473: 8448: 8438: 8427: 8377:Dorj teacher our 8374:Dorzh bagsh maan 8335: 8325: 8298: 8287: 8256:Phrase structure 8214: 8213: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7545: 7544: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7518: 7504: 7503: 7491: 7490: 7478: 7477: 7463: 7462: 7450: 7449: 7437: 7436: 7422: 7421: 7409: 7408: 7396: 7395: 7381: 7380: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7299: 7298: 7286: 7285: 7273: 7272: 7258: 7257: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7217: 7216: 7204: 7203: 7191: 7190: 7175: 7174: 7162: 7161: 7149: 7148: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7106: 7097: 7096: 6895:Tanai/ Ta Nariin 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6414: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6366: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6336: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6279: 6268: 6267: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6210: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5748: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4612: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4216: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4047: 4040: 4039: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3974: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3801: 3791: 3777: 3763: 3753: 3747: 3737: 3731: 3710: 3704: 3690: 3680: 3670: 3660: 3654: 3598: 3597: 3575: 3574: 3559: 3558: 3540: 3539: 3517: 3516: 3492: 3491: 3467: 3466: 3442: 3441: 3424: 3423: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3244: 3240: 3221: 3212: 3205: 3185: 3178: 3154: 3147: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3094: 3082: 3066: 3059: 3044: 3033: 3026: 3013: 3000: 2991: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2959: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699:Rounding harmony 2694: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639:'by a household' 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2493: 2492: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2294:) 'dog', ай in 2293: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2262: 2255: 2237: 2230: 2208: 2197: 2190: 2174: 2167: 2145: 2138: 2127: 2120: 2067: 2066: 2023: 2017: 1961: 1958: 1946: 1892: 1891: 1870: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1330:List of dialects 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1210: 1198: 1162: 1151:region of China. 1142: 1124:Mongolian proper 996:Soyombo alphabet 973:Xianbei language 957:Jurchen language 946: 912:'Phags-pa script 897: 877:'Phags-pa script 855:Writers such as 698:Mongolian script 643:Mongolic peoples 612:Mongolian script 598:Mongolian script 592: 591: 549: 540: 526: 509: 502: 494:– inclusive code 493: 486: 477: 476: 468: 459: 458: 450: 364: 362: 361: 351: 349: 348: 292: 222:Middle Mongolian 187:Central Mongolic 177: 138:Issyk-Kul Region 102:Zabaykalsky Krai 62: 50: 42: 39: 34: 33: 19: 18: 16219: 16218: 16214: 16213: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16120: 16084: 16068: 16025: 15997: 15964: 15926: 15912: 15906: 15876: 15871: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15836: 15825: 15812: 15764: 15744: 15740:Writing systems 15730:Sex trafficking 15720:Public holidays 15646: 15625: 15582: 15561:Law enforcement 15505: 15487: 15459: 15317: 15308: 15304:Modern Mongolia 15299:1990 Revolution 15282:1921 Revolution 15262:1911 Revolution 15252:Dzungar Khanate 15227:Medieval tribes 15173: 15164: 15134: 15129: 15116: 15082: 15021: 14993: 14965: 14917: 14815: 14809: 14804: 14774: 14769: 14753: 14672: 14611: 14595: 14590: 14552:Wayback Machine 14541: 14534:, Firenze, 1878 14442: 14440:Further reading 14437: 14420: 14415:Wayback Machine 14374: 14345: 14327: 14317: 14299: 14285: 14199: 14181: 14144: 14134: 14124: 14114: 14095: 14068: 14052:Poppe, Nicholas 14033: 14024:Wayback Machine 13993: 13983: 13962: 13952: 13942: 13932: 13922: 13890: 13828: 13818: 13757: 13748: 13738: 13728: 13707: 13702:Wayback Machine 13667: 13649: 13639: 13625: 13600: 13508: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13475: 13474: 13470: 13461: 13459: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13405:Wayback Machine 13396: 13392: 13386:Wayback Machine 13377: 13373: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13346: 13342: 13338:(2005): 34, 40. 13333: 13329: 13320: 13318: 13307: 13303: 13294: 13290: 13284:Wayback Machine 13274: 13267: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13232: 13228: 13191: 13187: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13155: 13150: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13132: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13114: 13110: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13092: 13088:Johanson (1995) 13087: 13083: 13078: 13074: 13069: 13065: 13060: 13056: 13051: 13047: 13042: 13038: 13033: 13029: 13024: 13020: 13015: 13011: 13006: 13002: 12997: 12993: 12988: 12984: 12979: 12975: 12971:Matsuoka (2007) 12970: 12966: 12961: 12957: 12952: 12948: 12943: 12939: 12934: 12930: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12899: 12895: 12888: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12856: 12846: 12844: 12836: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12822: 12817: 12813: 12804: 12802: 12794: 12793: 12789: 12774: 12760: 12753: 12738: 12724: 12720: 12710: 12708: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12690: 12686: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12646: 12637: 12632: 12628: 12623: 12619: 12614: 12610: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12592: 12587: 12583: 12574: 12572: 12564: 12563: 12559: 12550: 12546: 12541: 12537: 12532: 12528: 12523: 12519: 12510: 12506: 12502:Harnud (2003). 12501: 12497: 12487: 12483: 12478: 12474: 12465: 12461: 12452: 12448: 12439: 12437: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12418: 12409: 12405: 12396: 12392: 12383: 12379: 12370: 12366: 12357: 12353: 12344: 12340: 12325: 12311: 12307: 12298: 12294: 12287: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12261: 12257: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12231: 12229: 12227: 12221: 12217: 12208: 12204: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12182: 12173: 12166: 12157: 12153: 12149:Janhunen 2003d. 12148: 12144: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12117: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12087: 12083: 12074: 12070: 12065: 12061: 12052: 12048: 12035: 12031: 12022: 12018: 12014:Janhunen (2003) 12013: 12009: 12002: 11986: 11982: 11973: 11969: 11964: 11960: 11951: 11947: 11942: 11938: 11931: 11915: 11906: 11901: 11897: 11892: 11888: 11879: 11875: 11866: 11864: 11849: 11845: 11835: 11833: 11823: 11819: 11809: 11807: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11755: 11747:(1–2): 86–118. 11733: 11729: 11711: 11707: 11696: 11692: 11681: 11677: 11666: 11662: 11651: 11647: 11636: 11632: 11621: 11617: 11606: 11597: 11592: 11588: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11565: 11561: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11539: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11521: 11512: 11508: 11499: 11497: 11487:Lattimore, Owen 11480: 11476: 11468: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11416: 11412: 11402: 11400: 11391: 11390: 11386: 11373: 11372: 11368: 11358: 11347: 11340: 11329: 11322: 11311: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11288: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11193: 11122:Language portal 11120: 11113: 11110: 11041: 10998:Cyrillic script 10908:Khitan language 10893: 10887: 10885:Writing systems 10875:Pannonian Avars 10850:Old High German 10788:'royal meal'), 10557:'train wagon', 10280:'restaurant'), 10160:'flour soup'), 10145:'cream soup'), 9905:'paintbrush'), 9368:'good deeds'), 9136: 9127: 9123: 9100: 9090: 9079: 9068: 9057: 8997: 8987: 8972: 8961: 8953: 8942: 8930: 8920: 8905: 8897: 8881: 8870: 8860: 8849: 8834: 8819: 8808: 8792: 8761: 8751: 8736: 8725: 8666: 8653: 8642:ter irsen baina 8640: 8629: 8618: 8590: 8579:ter güizh baina 8577: 8566: 8555: 8539: 8529: 8518: 8471: 8460: 8450: 8440: 8429: 8418: 8413:hel-eh-güi-geer 8410: 8394:modal particles 8382: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8347: 8337: 8327: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8289: 8258: 8227: 8222: 8192:bitgii yawaarai 8082: 8042:-na/-no/-ne/-nö 8036:-на/-но/-нэ/-нө 8027:-aa/-oo/-ee/-öö 8021:-аа/-оо/-ээ/-өө 7724: 7557: 7114: 7083: 7071: 7062: 7054: 7043: 7034: 7023: 7014: 7006: 6987: 6978: 6967: 6958: 6947: 6938: 6919: 6910: 6899: 6892:Танай/ Та Нарын 6890: 6882: 6874: 6860: 6851: 6843: 6825: 6816: 6805: 6796: 6785: 6776: 6760: 6751: 6740: 6731: 6720: 6711: 6700: 6691: 6669: 6660: 6649: 6640: 6624: 6615: 6604: 6595: 6584: 6575: 6564: 6555: 6536: 6527: 6516: 6507: 6496: 6487: 6476: 6467: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6387: 6302:'city' becomes 6193: 5796: 5207: 5001: 4999:Accusative case 4992: 4990:Nominative case 4414:on, to, at, in 3948:Transliteration 3914: 3910: 3812: 3778:'want to'; and 3635: 3626: 3406: 3251: 2769: 2743:depends on the 2737: 2727:'came in', but 2701: 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2498:+ATR ("front") 2482: 2384: 2378:) 'barracks'. 2306:) sea', уй in 2278:: historically 1926: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1820: 1808: 1775: 1763: 1730: 1718: 1685: 1673: 1644:) in Mongolia: 1579: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1551: 1528: 1512: 1500: 1467:Outer Mongolian 1332: 1236:(including the 1106:Moghol language 1060:morphosyntactic 1056:sociolinguistic 1028: 1014: 1008: 965:Khitan language 949:Manchu language 891: 865: 853: 791:Khitan language 631:language family 617: 616: 615: 602:Without proper 593: 589: 564:Without proper 552: 536: 522: 505: 504: 498: 497: 495: 489: 482: 472: 471: 464: 454: 453: 446: 436: 370: 359: 357: 346: 344: 338: 331:Official status 326: 293: 288: 258: 240: 233: 212: 205: 178: 175:Language family 173: 164: 163:Native speakers 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16217: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16150: 16138: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16092: 16090: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16082: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16041: 16035: 16033: 16027: 16026: 16024: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16007: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15995: 15990: 15988:Tengger Desert 15985: 15980: 15974: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15936: 15934: 15928: 15927: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15909:Inner Mongolia 15905: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15882: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15862: 15861: 15854: 15846: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15829: 15821: 15816: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15760: 15754: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15670: 15664: 15658: 15652: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15645: 15644: 15642:Transportation 15639: 15634: 15629: 15621: 15619:Stock Exchange 15616: 15611: 15606: 15600: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15580: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15563: 15558: 15557: 15556: 15546: 15545: 15544: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15509: 15501: 15499:Prime Minister 15496: 15491: 15483: 15477: 15471: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15440: 15438:National parks 15435: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15337: 15331: 15325: 15319: 15318: 15311: 15309: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15163: 15162: 15155: 15148: 15140: 15131: 15130: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15114: 15107: 15100: 15097:Proto-Mongolic 15092: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15071: 15064: 15057: 15043: 15035: 15033: 15027: 15026: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15003: 15001: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14984: 14979: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14931: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14860: 14855: 14845: 14835: 14826: 14824: 14817: 14811: 14810: 14803: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14780: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14761: 14759: 14758:Sign languages 14755: 14754: 14752: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14609: 14603: 14601: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14566: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14540: 14539:External links 14537: 14536: 14535: 14526: 14517: 14508: 14499: 14490: 14481: 14471: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14435: 14428: 14418: 14402: 14382: 14375:(in Mongolian) 14372: 14357: 14356:. Ulaanbaatar. 14352:(eds.). 1997. 14346:(in Mongolian) 14343: 14328:(in Mongolian) 14325: 14324:. Ulaanbaatar. 14318:(in Mongolian) 14315: 14300:(in Mongolian) 14297: 14286:(in Mongolian) 14283: 14268: 14262: 14251: 14244: 14222: 14207: 14197: 14182:(in Mongolian) 14179: 14160: 14145:(in Mongolian) 14142: 14132: 14125:(in Mongolian) 14122: 14115:(in Mongolian) 14112: 14109: 14106: 14096:(in Mongolian) 14093: 14086: 14076: 14069:(in Mongolian) 14066: 14059: 14049: 14034:(in Mongolian) 14031: 14030:, 27: 147–154. 14013: 13994:(in Mongolian) 13991: 13984:(in Mongolian) 13981: 13963:(in Mongolian) 13960: 13959:, 14: 667–680. 13950: 13940: 13933:(in Mongolian) 13930: 13923:(in Mongolian) 13920: 13919:, 47.1: 23–43. 13913: 13898: 13888: 13873: 13866: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13854: 13840: 13826: 13816: 13801: 13790: 13779: 13765: 13760:Garudi. 2002. 13758:(in Mongolian) 13755: 13746: 13736: 13729:(in Mongolian) 13726: 13708:(in Mongolian) 13705: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668:(in Mongolian) 13665: 13650:(in Mongolian) 13647: 13646:. Ulaanbaatar. 13640:(in Mongolian) 13637: 13636:, 21: 147–200. 13623: 13608: 13601:(in Mongolian) 13597: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13586: 13579: 13572: 13564: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13549: 13540: 13530: 13529: 13517: 13516: 13504:Mongolian name 13493: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13481:United Nations 13468: 13439: 13436:on 2023-06-05. 13417: 13390: 13371: 13353: 13340: 13327: 13309:Sühbaatar, B. 13301: 13288: 13265: 13252: 13226: 13185: 13176: 13167: 13153: 13144: 13135: 13126: 13117: 13108: 13099: 13090: 13081: 13072: 13063: 13054: 13045: 13036: 13027: 13018: 13009: 13000: 12991: 12982: 12973: 12964: 12955: 12946: 12937: 12928: 12919: 12893: 12886: 12863: 12854: 12829: 12820: 12811: 12787: 12772: 12751: 12736: 12718: 12693: 12684: 12675: 12666: 12635: 12626: 12617: 12608: 12599: 12590: 12581: 12557: 12555:(2005): 58–59. 12544: 12535: 12526: 12517: 12504: 12495: 12481: 12472: 12459: 12457:(2005): 62–72. 12446: 12425: 12416: 12403: 12390: 12377: 12364: 12362:(2005): 43–50. 12351: 12338: 12323: 12305: 12292: 12285: 12268: 12255: 12246: 12215: 12202: 12189: 12180: 12164: 12151: 12142: 12129: 12115: 12094: 12081: 12068: 12059: 12046: 12029: 12016: 12007: 12000: 11980: 11967: 11958: 11945: 11936: 11929: 11904: 11895: 11886: 11873: 11843: 11817: 11791: 11765: 11727: 11705: 11690: 11675: 11660: 11645: 11630: 11615: 11595: 11586: 11577: 11568: 11559: 11546: 11537: 11528: 11519: 11506: 11474: 11471:on 2016-03-03. 11441: 11423: 11410: 11384: 11366: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11252: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11217:Mongolian name 11214: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11183: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11166: 11164:Soyombo script 11161: 11160: 11159: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11140:Galik alphabet 11126: 11125: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11093: 11092: 11079: 11078: 11063: 11062: 11040: 11037: 10989:Russian Empire 10910:using cursive 10889:Main article: 10886: 10883: 10848:'container'); 10835:'container'); 10756:Middle Chinese 10626:'online', and 10596:'management', 10537: 10536: 10490:'porcelain'), 10115:'dumplings'), 9798: 9785:'stool'), and 9723:'telescope'), 9589: 9504:'chronicle'), 9402:'continent'), 9135: 9132: 9080: 9069: 9058: 9050: 9049: 9045:paratactically 9004:auxiliary verb 9001:complementizer 8973: 8962: 8954: 8943: 8935: 8934: 8906: 8898: 8887: 8886: 8850: 8835: 8820: 8809: 8801: 8800: 8791: 8788: 8737: 8726: 8718: 8717: 8665: 8662: 8630: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8567: 8556: 8548: 8547: 8545:'to be', e.g. 8519: 8508: 8507: 8441: 8430: 8419: 8416:without:saying 8411: 8403: 8402: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8348: 8328: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8290: 8279: 8278: 8257: 8254: 8235:referentiality 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8196: 8186:битгий яваарай 8170: 8156: 8117: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8061: 8048:Simple Future 8046: 8031: 8016: 8001: 7986: 7971: 7956: 7941: 7792:respectively: 7723: 7720: 7629: 7628: 7613: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7539: 7536: 7526: 7523: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7498: 7495: 7485: 7482: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7457: 7454: 7444: 7441: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7413: 7403: 7400: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7362: 7359: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7334: 7331: 7321: 7318: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7293: 7290: 7280: 7277: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7252: 7249: 7239: 7236: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7211: 7208: 7198: 7195: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7169: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7113: 7110: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7007: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6360: 6330: 6311:'cities', and 6273: 6263:'eye' becomes 6254:is used; e.g. 6239:'rat' becomes 6230:is used; e.g. 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6134: 6079: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6008: 5953: 5878: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5739: 5738: 5699: 5660: 5633: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5581: 5580: 5523: 5474:), as well as 5414: 5367: 5340: 5313: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5181: 5180: 5131:), as well as 5077: 5036: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4900: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4801:together with 4799: 4798: 4797: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4676: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4615:from (a) book 4613: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4543: 4492: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4344: 4329: 4314: 4263: 4248: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4171: 4144: 4129: 4102: 4075: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4002: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3811: 3808: 3652:baiguullagiinh 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3603:'having read' 3601: 3599: 3589: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3432: 3417:heavy syllable 3405: 3402: 3351: 3350: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3250: 3247: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2768: 2765: 2763:requirements. 2736: 2733: 2700: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2684:(causative) → 2680:'to take"l' + 2655: 2654: 2640: 2631:'household' + 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501:−ATR ("back") 2499: 2496: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2383: 2380: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1925: 1922: 1900: 1894: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653:Inner Mongolia 1651: 1550: 1547: 1527: 1524: 1511: 1508: 1506:of Mongolian. 1502:There are two 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1336:Inner Mongolia 1331: 1328: 1270:Proto-Mongolic 1238:Kalmyk variety 1229: 1228: 1200: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1152: 1149:Inner Mongolia 1128: 1127: 1120: 1109: 1102: 1075:Dagur language 1027: 1024: 1007: 1004: 1000:Buddhist texts 864: 861: 857:Owen Lattimore 852: 849: 663:Inner Mongolia 606:, you may see 594: 587: 586: 585: 582: 581: 568:, you may see 554: 553: 550: 542: 541: 534: 528: 527: 520: 512: 511: 487: 479: 478: 469: 461: 460: 451: 443: 442: 441:Language codes 438: 437: 435: 434: 431: 428: 425: 421: 419: 413: 412: 411: 410: 409: 408: 398: 397: 396: 391: 386: 376: 374:Inner Mongolia 369: 368: 355: 341: 339: 336: 333: 332: 328: 327: 325: 324: 314: 309: 303: 296: 294: 290:Writing system 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 264: 260: 259: 257: 256: 250: 243: 241: 239:Standard forms 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 230: 229: 217:Proto-Mongolic 215: 213: 210: 207: 206: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 181: 179: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 149: 145: 144: 98:Irkutsk Oblast 86:Inner Mongolia 78: 74: 73: 68: 67:Native to 64: 63: 56: 52: 51: 44: 43: 35: 27: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16216: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16149: 16148: 16139: 16137: 16136: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16087: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16049: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16028: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15971: 15967: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15924: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15903: 15898: 15896: 15891: 15889: 15884: 15883: 15880: 15868: 15865: 15864: 15859: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15843: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15786:Horse culture 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15751: 15747: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15653: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15589: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15515:Supreme Court 15513: 15512: 15510: 15508: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15315: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15289: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15232:Mongol Empire 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15197:Proto-Mongols 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15161: 15156: 15154: 15149: 15147: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15128: 15124: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15104:Middle Mongol 15101: 15099: 15098: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15077: 15076: 15072: 15070: 15069: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15058: 15056: 15055: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15044: 15042: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15031:Para-Mongolic 15028: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14929:Eastern Yugur 14927: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14812: 14808: 14801: 14796: 14794: 14789: 14787: 14782: 14781: 14778: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14587: 14582: 14580: 14575: 14573: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14525:, Paris, 1903 14524: 14523: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14507:, Paris, 1820 14506: 14505: 14500: 14497: 14496: 14491: 14489:, Kazan, 1849 14488: 14487: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14472: 14468: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14443: 14433: 14429: 14426: 14419: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14381:, 3: 102–120. 14380: 14373: 14370: 14369:99929-0-445-3 14366: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14351: 14344: 14341: 14340:99929-56-24-0 14337: 14333: 14326: 14323: 14316: 14313: 14312:7-80722-206-9 14309: 14305: 14298: 14295: 14294:7-5311-5893-0 14291: 14284: 14281: 14280:0-19-926017-6 14277: 14273: 14269: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14249: 14245: 14242: 14241:90-04-13153-1 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14223: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14205: 14198: 14195: 14194:7-204-07621-4 14191: 14187: 14180: 14177: 14176:952-5150-68-2 14173: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14157:7-5311-4963-X 14154: 14150: 14147:Sečen. 2004. 14143: 14140: 14133: 14130: 14123: 14121:, 13: 95–111. 14120: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14104: 14101:(ed.). 1979. 14100: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14074: 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14047: 14046:7-204-07631-1 14043: 14039: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14011: 14010:7-204-03423-6 14007: 14003: 14000:(eds.) 1999. 13999: 13992: 13989: 13982: 13979: 13978:99929-951-2-2 13975: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13958: 13953:(in Japanese) 13951: 13948: 13943:(in Japanese) 13941: 13938: 13931: 13928: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13910:91-974116-9-8 13907: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13889: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13839:, 54: 91–100. 13838: 13834: 13829:(in Japanese) 13827: 13824: 13819:(in Japanese) 13817: 13814: 13813:952-10-1347-8 13810: 13806: 13802: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13768:Georg, Stefan 13766: 13763: 13756: 13754: 13751:Dàobù. 1983. 13747: 13744: 13737: 13734: 13727: 13724: 13723:7-204-04593-9 13720: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13666: 13663: 13662:7-81074-391-0 13659: 13655: 13648: 13645: 13638: 13635: 13626:(in Japanese) 13624: 13621: 13620:7-105-07208-3 13617: 13613: 13609: 13606: 13599: 13598: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13507: 13505: 13501: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13458:on 2021-07-24 13457: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13413: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13394: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13375: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13350: 13347:Sečenbaγatur 13344: 13337: 13331: 13317:on 2009-01-29 13316: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13292: 13285: 13281: 13278: 13272: 13270: 13255: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13230: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13197: 13189: 13180: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13148: 13139: 13130: 13121: 13112: 13103: 13097:Mizuno (1995) 13094: 13085: 13076: 13067: 13058: 13052:Brosig (2009) 13049: 13040: 13031: 13022: 13013: 13004: 12995: 12986: 12977: 12968: 12959: 12950: 12941: 12932: 12923: 12908: 12907:Research Gate 12904: 12897: 12889: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12870: 12868: 12858: 12843: 12839: 12833: 12824: 12815: 12801: 12797: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12773:0-7007-1305-0 12769: 12766:. Routledge. 12765: 12758: 12756: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12737:0-7007-1305-0 12733: 12729: 12722: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12688: 12679: 12670: 12655: 12654:Research Gate 12651: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12630: 12621: 12612: 12603: 12594: 12588:Sečen (2004). 12585: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12554: 12548: 12539: 12530: 12521: 12514: 12508: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12476: 12470:(2005): 95–97 12469: 12463: 12456: 12450: 12436: 12429: 12420: 12413: 12407: 12400: 12394: 12387: 12381: 12374: 12368: 12361: 12355: 12348: 12342: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12296: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12265: 12262:Sečenbaγatur 12259: 12250: 12225: 12219: 12213:(2005): 11-12 12212: 12206: 12199: 12193: 12184: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12161: 12155: 12146: 12139: 12136:Sečenbaγatur 12133: 12119: 12112: 12104: 12098: 12091: 12085: 12078: 12072: 12063: 12056: 12053:Sečenbaγatur 12050: 12043: 12039: 12036:Sečenbaγatur 12033: 12026: 12023:Sečenbaγatur 12020: 12011: 12003: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11984: 11977: 11971: 11962: 11955: 11949: 11940: 11932: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11899: 11890: 11883: 11877: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11847: 11832: 11828: 11821: 11806: 11802: 11795: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11731: 11724:. p. 61. 11723: 11716: 11709: 11701: 11694: 11687:. p. 99. 11686: 11679: 11671: 11664: 11657:. p. 84. 11656: 11649: 11641: 11634: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11590: 11581: 11572: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11541: 11532: 11523: 11516: 11510: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11478: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11414: 11399:on 2009-08-22 11398: 11394: 11388: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11307: 11302: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11197: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11145:Todo alphabet 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11112: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11036: 11033: 11032:in Xinjiang. 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11010: 11007: 11006:literacy rate 11003: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10981: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10962:Uyghur script 10959: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10882: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10803: 10797: 10786: 10780: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10719:'scissors'); 10717: 10711: 10700: 10694: 10683: 10677: 10668:'pheasant'), 10666: 10660: 10649: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10614:'marketing', 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10551:'chocolate', 10549: 10543: 10534: 10524: 10519: 10509: 10504: 10494: 10489: 10479: 10475:'calendar'), 10474: 10464: 10459: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10414: 10404: 10399: 10389: 10384: 10374: 10369: 10359: 10354: 10344: 10339: 10329: 10324: 10314: 10309: 10299: 10294: 10284: 10279: 10269: 10264: 10254: 10249: 10239: 10234: 10224: 10219: 10209: 10205:'princess'), 10204: 10194: 10189: 10179: 10174: 10164: 10159: 10149: 10144: 10134: 10129: 10119: 10114: 10104: 10099: 10089: 10084: 10074: 10069: 10059: 10054: 10044: 10039: 10029: 10024: 10014: 10013:naimaa/maimaa 10009: 9999: 9994: 9984: 9979: 9969: 9965:'mushroom'), 9964: 9954: 9949: 9939: 9934: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9904: 9894: 9889: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9844: 9834: 9829: 9819: 9814: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9761:'high God'), 9759: 9758: 9751: 9747:'notebook'), 9745: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9627:'building'), 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9603:'amethyst'), 9601: 9595: 9590: 9587: 9582: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9508: 9502: 9491: 9485: 9474: 9468: 9457: 9451: 9440: 9434: 9423: 9417: 9406: 9400: 9389: 9383: 9372: 9366: 9355: 9349: 9338: 9332: 9321: 9317:'religion'), 9315: 9304: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9288: 9282: 9270: 9264: 9252: 9246: 9234: 9228: 9216: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9194: 9193:yerönhiilögch 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9056: 9053: 9048: 9046: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8960: 8957: 8952: 8946: 8941: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8909: 8904: 8901: 8896: 8892:become.tired- 8890: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8848: 8838: 8833: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8807: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8724: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8658: 8652: 8651:'he has come' 8649: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8628: 8622: 8617: 8614: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8554: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8363: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8320: 8315: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8207: 8197: 8193: 8181: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8153: 8141: 8129: 8118: 8108: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8073: 8062: 8058: 8047: 8043: 8032: 8028: 8017: 8013: 8012:-zh/-ch baina 8002: 7998: 7987: 7983: 7972: 7968: 7957: 7953: 7942: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7916:сайн байна уу 7911: 7900: 7889: 7878: 7867: 7856: 7845: 7834: 7823: 7812: 7801: 7790: 7779: 7768: 7757: 7746: 7735: 7719: 7718:'what kind') 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7633: 7625: 7614: 7610: 7609:uu/üü/yuu/yuü 7599: 7598: 7597: 7548: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7109: 7101: 7091: 7087: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6679: 6672: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6271: 6262: 6247: 6238: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6135: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6096: 6091: 6080: 6076: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6009: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5970: 5965: 5954: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5879: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5815: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5787: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5758: 5755: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5661: 5645: 5634: 5618: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5535: 5524: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5460: 5448: 5437: 5426: 5415: 5412: 5384: 5383:unpalatalized 5379: 5368: 5364: 5352: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5205:Genitive case 5200: 5197: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5094: 5089: 5078: 5075: 5053: 5052:unpalatalized 5048: 5037: 5035:(unstable g). 5034: 5029: 5017: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4972: 4969: 4958: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4885: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4677: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4493: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4396: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4345: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4264: 4260: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4183: 4172: 4168: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4014: 4003: 3999: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3878: 3877:attributively 3873: 3872:postpositions 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:agglutinative 3630: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3401: 3391: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3333: 3327: 3314: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2764: 2762: 2759:according to 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2696: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2653:'by a sentry' 2641: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2607: 2602: 2565:, the vowels 2564: 2563:romanizations 2551: 2548: 2545: 2543:Romanization 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486:vowel harmony 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2379: 2376: 2364: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280:/ui,ʊi,ɔi,ai/ 2277: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974:Romanization 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:central vowel 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934:vowel harmony 1931: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1880: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650:Middle Mongol 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1627: 1612: 1597: 1583: 1568: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433:Dörben Küüket 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 942: 938: 933: 931: 930:Middle Mongol 927: 923: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 895: 890: 883:vowel system. 882: 881:Middle Mongol 878: 874: 869: 860: 858: 848: 846: 845:Para-Mongolic 842: 838: 835:peoples. The 834: 830: 826: 822: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Mongol Empire 780: 779:Middle Mongol 775: 773: 769: 768:evidentiality 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:vowel harmony 728: 726: 722: 717: 715: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678:ethnic Mongol 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 629: 625: 621: 613: 609: 605: 601: 599: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 561: 555: 548: 543: 539: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 518: 513: 508: 501: 492: 488: 485: 480: 475: 470: 467: 462: 457: 452: 449: 444: 439: 432: 429: 426: 423: 422: 420: 418: 414: 407: 404: 403: 402: 399: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 356: 354: 343: 342: 340: 334: 329: 322: 319:(historical, 318: 315: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 295: 291: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 265: 261: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 242: 236: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 214: 208: 198: 195: 194: 192: 189: 188: 186: 185: 184: 180: 176: 170: 166: 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132:provinces in 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 61: 57: 55:Pronunciation 53: 49: 36: 29: 28: 25: 20: 16145: 16133: 16101:Zhaojun Tomb 16043: 15824:Tsagaan Sar 15758:Architecture 15715:Prostitution 15709: 15668:Demographics 15549:Human rights 15488:(parliament) 15481:Constitution 15292:World War II 15267:Bogd Khanate 15237:Yuan dynasty 15222:Liao dynasty 15122: 15109: 15102: 15095: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15052: 15045: 15038: 14986: 14837: 14814:Contemporary 14606: 14530: 14521: 14512: 14503: 14494: 14485: 14476: 14446: 14431: 14424: 14406: 14400:(1): 71–132. 14397: 14393: 14389: 14378: 14360: 14353: 14331: 14321: 14303: 14271: 14258: 14254: 14247: 14232: 14229:Anna V. Dybo 14210: 14203: 14200:(in Chinese) 14185: 14166:. Helsinki: 14163: 14148: 14138: 14135:(in Russian) 14128: 14118: 14102: 14089: 14082: 14072: 14062: 14055: 14037: 14027: 14001: 13997: 13987: 13969: 13956: 13949:, 28: 39–68. 13946: 13936: 13926: 13916: 13901: 13894: 13876: 13869: 13843: 13836: 13822: 13804: 13797: 13793: 13786: 13778:, 35: 65–98. 13775: 13761: 13752: 13749:(in Chinese) 13742: 13739:(in English) 13732: 13714: 13693: 13688:, 7: 71–101. 13685: 13678: 13671: 13653: 13643: 13633: 13611: 13604: 13555: 13551: 13546: 13542: 13537: 13533: 13519: 13518: 13509: 13496: 13495: 13480: 13471: 13460:. Retrieved 13456:the original 13451: 13442: 13434:the original 13429: 13420: 13411: 13408: 13393: 13374: 13365: 13356: 13351:(2005): 398. 13348: 13343: 13335: 13330: 13319:. Retrieved 13315:the original 13304: 13296: 13291: 13257:. Retrieved 13239: 13229: 13207:: 397, 406. 13200: 13194: 13188: 13179: 13170: 13163:Ödriin sonin 13162: 13156: 13147: 13138: 13129: 13120: 13111: 13102: 13093: 13084: 13075: 13066: 13057: 13048: 13039: 13030: 13021: 13012: 13003: 12994: 12985: 12976: 12967: 12958: 12949: 12940: 12931: 12922: 12910:. Retrieved 12906: 12896: 12876: 12857: 12845:. Retrieved 12842:Learn101.org 12841: 12832: 12823: 12814: 12803:. Retrieved 12799: 12790: 12763: 12727: 12721: 12709:. Retrieved 12705: 12696: 12687: 12678: 12669: 12657:. Retrieved 12653: 12629: 12620: 12611: 12602: 12593: 12584: 12573:. Retrieved 12569: 12560: 12552: 12547: 12538: 12529: 12520: 12512: 12507: 12498: 12490: 12484: 12475: 12467: 12462: 12454: 12449: 12438:. Retrieved 12428: 12419: 12411: 12406: 12401:2005: 25–30. 12398: 12393: 12385: 12380: 12372: 12367: 12359: 12354: 12346: 12341: 12314: 12308: 12300: 12295: 12276: 12271: 12263: 12258: 12249: 12242:ᠭᠠᠯᠰᠠᠩᠫᠤᠩᠰᠣᠭ 12223: 12218: 12210: 12205: 12197: 12192: 12183: 12178:(2005): 9-10 12175: 12159: 12154: 12145: 12137: 12132: 12118: 12110: 12102: 12097: 12089: 12084: 12076: 12071: 12062: 12054: 12049: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12024: 12019: 12010: 11990: 11983: 11975: 11970: 11961: 11953: 11948: 11939: 11919: 11898: 11889: 11881: 11876: 11865:. Retrieved 11861:the original 11856: 11846: 11836:17 September 11834:. Retrieved 11830: 11820: 11808:. Retrieved 11804: 11794: 11782:. Retrieved 11778: 11768: 11756:. Retrieved 11744: 11740: 11730: 11721: 11714: 11708: 11699: 11693: 11684: 11678: 11669: 11663: 11654: 11648: 11639: 11633: 11624: 11618: 11609: 11589: 11584:Okada (1984) 11580: 11571: 11562: 11554: 11549: 11540: 11531: 11522: 11517:(2005): 111. 11514: 11509: 11498:. Retrieved 11477: 11466:the original 11461: 11457: 11444: 11435: 11426: 11421:(2005): 204. 11418: 11413: 11401:. Retrieved 11397:the original 11387: 11378: 11369: 11352: 11334: 11316: 11254:Traditional 11231: 11099:in English: 11096: 11094: 11082: 11080: 11066: 11064: 11044: 11042: 11039:Example text 11034: 11026:Clear Script 11011: 10993:Soviet Union 10982: 10979: 10951: 10936: 10928:Sukhbaatar's 10904:Western Liao 10879: 10867:balchirgan-a 10866: 10862: 10858:balchirgan-a 10852: 10839: 10826: 10759: 10745: 10735: 10634: 10602:'computer', 10589: 10563:'calendar', 10538: 10532: 10517: 10502: 10487: 10472: 10460:'pancake'), 10457: 10442: 10427: 10412: 10397: 10382: 10367: 10352: 10337: 10322: 10307: 10292: 10277: 10262: 10247: 10235:'general'), 10232: 10217: 10202: 10187: 10172: 10157: 10142: 10127: 10112: 10097: 10082: 10067: 10052: 10040:'noodles'), 10037: 10022: 10007: 9995:'cabbage'), 9992: 9977: 9962: 9947: 9932: 9917: 9902: 9887: 9872: 9857: 9842: 9827: 9812: 9675:'crystal'), 9470:'strophe'), 9385:'instant'), 9263:erdene shish 9137: 9119: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9084: 9081: 9073: 9070: 9062: 9059: 9054: 9051: 9042: 9038:evidentialis 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8977: 8974: 8966: 8963: 8958: 8955: 8947: 8944: 8939: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8910: 8907: 8902: 8899: 8891: 8888: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8854: 8851: 8839: 8836: 8824: 8821: 8813: 8810: 8805: 8802: 8795: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8741: 8738: 8730: 8727: 8722: 8719: 8712: 8708: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8634: 8631: 8623: 8620: 8615: 8612: 8605: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8571: 8568: 8560: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8531:uuzh orhison 8530: 8523: 8520: 8512: 8509: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8476:helehgüigeer 8475: 8467: 8464:helehgüigeer 8463: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8434: 8431: 8423: 8420: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8397: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8353: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8321: 8318: 8313: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8294: 8291: 8283: 8280: 8259: 8247: 8228: 8083: 7921:sain bain uu 7725: 7631: 7630: 7558: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7505: 7492: 7479: 7464: 7451: 7438: 7423: 7411:arvan zurgaa 7410: 7407:арван зургаа 7397: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7341: 7328: 7315: 7300: 7287: 7274: 7259: 7246: 7233: 7218: 7205: 7192: 7177: 7163: 7150: 7099: 7089: 7084: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7051: 7048: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7003: 7000: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6444:Oblique stem 6440:(possession) 6402:conjunctions 6388: 6377: 6368: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6281: 6269: 6260: 6245: 6236: 6221: 6212: 6197: 6194: 5797: 5764: 5750: 5742: 5592: 5584: 5208: 5192: 5184: 5002: 4993: 4978: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4731:with, using 4621:instrumental 4431:in (a) book 3951:Translation 3848:instrumental 3813: 3732:'to speak', 3717: 3697:organisation 3696: 3692: 3661:'to be', an 3647:derivational 3636: 3627: 3610: 3593: 3585: 3571: 3563: 3552: 3535: 3527: 3512: 3503: 3487: 3478: 3462: 3453: 3437: 3428: 3414: 3407: 3369:'work', and 3352: 3253:The maximal 3252: 3232: 2770: 2753:vowel length 2751:contrast in 2738: 2735:Vowel length 2731:'inserted'. 2702: 2690: 2656: 2603: 2559: 2483: 2385: 2273: 1953: 1942: 1927: 1911: 1902: 1844: 1818: 1806: 1773: 1761: 1728: 1716: 1683: 1671: 1577: 1562: 1552: 1540: 1529: 1513: 1501: 1466: 1441: 1411: 1395: 1370: 1342: 1333: 1309: 1307:difference. 1254: 1249: 1230: 1129: 1123: 1099:Heilongjiang 1066: 1064: 1037: 1015: 981: 977:Northern Wei 969:Liao dynasty 953:Qing dynasty 937:Yuan dynasty 934: 919: 886: 854: 818: 776: 744:noun phrases 729: 718: 710: 706:Latin script 675: 619: 618: 595: 557: 532:Linguasphere 515: 321:among others 196: 118:Heilongjiang 16096:Shiretu Juu 15983:Gobi Desert 15604:Agriculture 15504:Government 15389:Gobi Desert 15345:Ulaanbaatar 14934:Shirongolic 14875:Sart Kalmyk 14421:(in German) 14131:, 4: 33–50. 13891:(in Korean) 13789:, 1: 53–69. 13674:, 18: 9–20. 13452:unicode.org 13430:unicode.org 13334:Svantesson 13295:Svantesson 13025:Kang (2000) 12702:"Mongolian" 12551:Svantesson 12466:Svantesson 12453:Svantesson 12410:Svantesson 12397:Svantesson 12384:Svantesson 12371:Svantesson 12358:Svantesson 12345:Svantesson 12299:Svantesson 12209:Svantesson 12174:Svantesson 12105:I him know. 12088:Svantesson 12075:Svantesson 11810:1 September 11784:1 September 11513:Svantesson 11268:moŋɣol kele 11249:mongol khel 11194: [ 10932:Ulaanbaatar 10824:Old English 10445:'weight'), 10430:'target'), 10340:'cherry'), 10310:'flower'), 10250:'eunuch'), 10100:'window'), 10055:'single'), 9935:'pepper'), 9845:'radish'), 9830:'candle'), 9699:'prison'), 9687:'sesame'), 9419:'planet'), 9351:'talent'), 9188:terminology 9108:main clause 8602:resultative 8598:progressive 8499:Auxiliaries 8390:complements 8262:noun phrase 8195:'don't go') 8063:Infinitive 8006:-ж/-ч байна 7982:-zhee/-chee 7928:Past Tense 7603:уу/үү/юу/юү 7452:arvan doloo 7448:арван долоо 7329:arvan döröv 7325:арван дөрөв 7288:arvan gurav 7284:арван гурав 7247:arvan hoyor 6924:3rd person 6674:2nd person 6453:1st person 6359:'teachers'. 6097:consonants 6095:palatalized 5971:consonants 5969:palatalized 5438:consonants 5436:palatalized 5095:consonants 5093:palatalized 3784:adverbially 3756:participles 3396:produces ; 3390:centralized 3197:Approximant 3014:unaspirated 2892:unaspirated 2761:phonotactic 2645:'sentry' + 2538:и, ы and й 2480:ATR harmony 1930:monophthong 1914:Ulaanbaatar 1549:Differences 1516:Ulaanbaatar 1378:Aru Horchin 975:during the 967:during the 959:during the 951:during the 910:alphabet), 892: [ 787:long vowels 702:dialectally 572:instead of 211:Early forms 108:; parts of 96:; parts of 16163:Categories 15813:(festival) 15791:Literature 15626:(currency) 15511:Judiciary 15247:Four Oirat 15088:Historical 14734:Portuguese 14447:Mongolian. 14261:: 399–422. 13895:Monggolhak 13852:0700711333 13711:Činggeltei 13592:(MAS)] 13562:Publishers 13500:patronymic 13462:2022-01-08 13321:2009-01-03 13259:2021-11-16 13196:T'oung Pao 12805:2020-02-11 12575:2020-02-11 12440:2014-07-26 12303:(2005): 22 11867:2023-09-18 11500:2023-05-11 11491:"Mongolia" 11436:MONGOLIANZ 11403:2009-03-27 11379:Ethnologue 11354:Ethnologue 11336:Ethnologue 11318:Ethnologue 11292:References 11243:монгол хэл 10967:Tata-tonga 10930:statue in 10900:Nova N 176 10837:Old French 10620:'credit', 10593:menezhment 10569:'system', 10545:'doctor', 10325:'peach'), 10295:'lotus'), 10070:'steel'), 10025:'trade'), 9860:'gourd'), 9815:'board'), 9663:'steel'), 9639:'tiger'), 9560:vrihaspati 9549:barhasvadi 9334:'space'), 9227:mön chanar 9209:galt tereg 9199:shar airah 9144:Old Turkic 8701:reciprocal 8688:('only'). 8537:'drank up' 8503:aktionsart 8472:accusative 8322:young.man- 8319:zaluu-gaas 8243:topicality 8057:-h (bolno) 8051:-х (болно) 7658:'where'), 7646:'what'), - 7493:arvan naim 7489:арван найм 7243:арван хоёр 7067:ted nariin 6629:inclusive 6544:exclusive 6430:Accusative 6423:Nominative 6329:'mothers'. 4754:comitative 3983:accusative 3957:nominative 3919:adjectives 3868:indefinite 3852:comitative 3840:accusative 3820:nominative 3724:productive 3683:derivative 3663:epenthetic 3633:Morphology 3522:'angrily' 3355:epenthetic 3320:/ʃ,x,ɡ,ɡʲ/ 2767:Consonants 2757:determined 2729:/ɔr-ʊɮ-ɮa/ 2382:Allophones 2276:diphthongs 2151:Near-Close 1905:media help 1816:ᠵᠢᠮ ᠡ 1804:ᠵᠢᠮ ᠡ 1449:Üdzümüchin 1305:stochastic 1291:, Chakhar 1287:, Khalkha 1279:, Chakhar 1275:, Khalkha 1246:Ordos City 1223:region of 1175:Ordos City 1115:region of 1048:historical 1010:See also: 971:, and the 831:and other 820:Sprachbund 655:North Asia 279:Peripheral 249:(Mongolia) 193:–Mongolian 142:Kyrgyzstan 32:монгол хэл 16003:Education 15970:Geography 15763:Biyelgee 15700:Education 15614:Companies 15532:Elections 15506:(cabinet) 15494:President 15416:Mountains 15394:Grassland 15323:Geography 15257:Qing rule 15125:indicate 15007:Qoqmončaq 14913:Khamnigan 14838:Mongolian 14607:Mongolian 14455:1382-3485 13244:Routledge 12782:615102455 12746:615102455 12566:"Grammar" 12349:(2005): 1 12333:919495714 12240:1999 and 11920:Mongolian 11715:Mongolian 11670:Mongolian 11610:Mongolian 11313:Mongolian 11297:Citations 10768:'calf'); 10611:marketing 10518:fěntiáozi 10415:'pear'), 10220:'duke'), 10190:'king'), 10143:rǔzhītāng 9950:'leek'), 9918:zhǎnbǎnzi 9875:'lamp'), 9773:'soap'), 9287:gònghéguó 9140:loanwords 9122:that.one- 8889:yadar-san 8739:huurt-san 8731:that.one- 8705:plurative 8697:causative 8386:predicate 8314:beautiful 7976:-жээ/-чээ 7706:'when'), 7547:hoyor zuu 7534:arvan yös 7370:arvan tav 7366:арван тав 7206:arvan neg 7202:арван нэг 7064:Тэд Нарын 6927:singular 6680:familiar 6677:singular 6456:singular 6426:(subject) 6410:particles 6380:'people'. 6357:bagsh nar 6199:Plurality 4870:directive 4824:privative 3909:I friend- 3860:directive 3856:privative 3794:sentences 3720:compounds 3711:would be 3673:causative 3614:intensity 3486:Улаанбаат 3078:Fricative 3046:aspirated 3009:Affricate 2949:aspirated 2651:/xarʊɮar/ 2622:/a,ɔ,e,o/ 2529:Cyrillic 2180:Close-Mid 1918:phonology 1861:Phonology 1847:loanwords 1614:) versus 1491:Dariganga 1443:Shilingol 1436:Keshigten 1430:Muumingan 1293:/tʃoːləŋ/ 1289:/tsoːɮəŋ/ 1285:*tʃøhelen 1191:Khamnigan 1185:Dzungaria 1165:Manchuria 1089:, and in 1087:Hulunbuir 1079:Manchuria 1067:Mongolian 1044:varieties 871:Edict of 620:Mongolian 517:Glottolog 484:ISO 639-3 466:ISO 639-2 448:ISO 639-1 424:Mongolia: 317:ʼPhags-pa 197:Mongolian 148:Ethnicity 22:Mongolian 16135:Category 15945:Politics 15867:Category 15819:Religion 15710:Language 15566:Military 15469:Politics 15404:Khövsgöl 15187:Timeline 15171:articles 15167:Mongolia 15012:Tangwang 14938:Baoanic 14922:Southern 14897:Khorchin 14816:Mongolic 14739:Japanese 14694:Mandarin 14548:Archived 14411:Archived 14392:2003)". 14054:. 1955. 14020:Archived 13713:. 1999. 13698:Archived 13528:Journals 13401:Archived 13382:Archived 13280:Archived 12912:16 March 12659:14 March 11758:2 August 11108:See also 11002:literacy 10853:Baldrian 10819:ebchigün 10659:qarqâvol 10608:'file', 10599:komputer 10578:futbolka 10572:podwoolk 10560:kalendar 10548:shokolad 10503:kǎndōudu 10370:'pea'), 10338:yīngtáor 10233:jiāngjūn 10223:zhanzhin 10175:'soy'), 10128:hǔoshāor 10118:huushuur 10098:chūanghu 9933:qīngjiāo 9923:chinzhuu 9726:duranbai 9624:pishivân 9567:'), and 9555:वृहस्पति 9484:rašayana 9314:shashana 9168:Tungusic 9148:Sanskrit 9124:genitive 9055:that.one 9040:marker. 9011:Japanese 8432:bich-sen 8292:uulz-san 8152:yawahgüi 8080:Negation 7694:'how'), 7682:'why'), 7670:'who'), 7543:хоёр зуу 7530:арван ес 7086:Negation 7081:Negation 6437:Genitive 6433:(object) 6406:spatials 6385:Pronouns 6353:багш нар 6246:harhnuud 6242:xapхнууд 6195:Source: 6178: (‑ 6166: (‑ 6154: (‑ 6142: (‑ 6087: (‑ 6072: (‑ 6052: (‑ 6040: (‑ 6028: (‑ 6016: (‑ 5961: (‑ 5886: (‑ 5811: (‑ 5783: (‑ 5707: (‑ 5668: (‑ 5641: (‑ 5614: (‑ 5531: (‑ 5422: (‑ 5375: (‑ 5348: (‑ 5321: (‑ 5222: (‑ 5085: (‑ 5044: (‑ 5013: (‑ 4982:tsergiin 4836: (‑ 4790: (‑ 4778: (‑ 4766: (‑ 4720: (‑ 4696: (‑ 4684: (‑ 4669: (‑ 4657: (‑ 4645: (‑ 4633: (‑ 4587: (‑ 4575: (‑ 4563: (‑ 4551: (‑ 4536: (‑ 4512: (‑ 4500: (‑ 4485: (‑ 4461: (‑ 4449: (‑ 4437:ablative 4388: (‑ 4376: (‑ 4364: (‑ 4352: (‑ 4337: (‑ 4307: (‑ 4295: (‑ 4283: (‑ 4271: (‑ 4256: (‑ 4241: (‑ 4229:locative 4191: (‑ 4179: (‑ 4164: (‑ 4152: (‑ 4137: (‑ 4122: (‑ 4110: (‑ 4095: (‑ 4083: (‑ 4068: (‑ 4056:genitive 4022: (‑ 4010: (‑ 3995: (‑ 3923:ellipsis 3885: (‑ 3864:definite 3844:ablative 3836:locative 3828:genitive 3824:unmarked 3786:, i.e. ‑ 3780:converbs 3718:Nominal 3713:genitive 3685:suffix ‑ 3643:morpheme 3580:'goose' 3388:it is a 3385:/saːrmɡ/ 3255:syllable 2749:phonemic 2745:syllable 2606:compound 2549:a, u, o 2546:e, ü, ö 2535:а, у, о 2532:э, ү, ө 2504:Neutral 2339:heregtei 2333:хэрэгтэй 2214:Open-mid 1989:и, ий/ы 1659:Meaning 1656:Mongolia 1510:Mongolia 1477:Hotogoit 1458:Abaganar 1413:Ulan cab 1403:Harachin 1344:Tongliao 1213:Buryatia 1196:Hamnigan 1155:Khorchin 1126:belongs. 979:period. 900:Armenian 799:Tungusic 772:converbs 694:Cyrillic 686:Mongolia 667:Xinjiang 659:Mongolia 647:Mongolia 628:Mongolic 578:Help:IPA 524:mong1331 379:Xinjiang 353:Mongolia 263:Dialects 183:Mongolic 122:Xinjiang 110:Liaoning 94:Kalmykia 90:Buryatia 82:Mongolia 16147:Commons 16080:Hot pot 16073:Cuisine 16031:Culture 15993:Climate 15955:Economy 15940:History 15932:General 15923:capital 15851:Outline 15811:Naadam 15776:Cuisine 15765:(dance) 15750:Culture 15683:Buryats 15678:Khalkha 15673:Mongols 15656:Society 15637:Tourism 15624:Tögrög 15609:Banking 15592:Economy 15448:Selenga 15431:Khentii 15426:Khangai 15377:Mammals 15357:Climate 15335:Borders 15207:Xianbei 15202:Xiongnu 15179:History 15123:Italics 15075:Tuyuhun 14959:Monguor 14947:Kangjia 14892:Chakhar 14858:Darkhad 14843:Khalkha 14823:Central 14749:Turkish 14744:Russian 14729:Chinese 14714:Italian 14699:Spanish 14684:English 14658:Russian 14653:Chinese 14628:Darkhad 13996:Norčin 13492:Sources 13221:4529015 13203:(4/5). 12493:(2005). 12228:ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠭᠣᠯ 11438:. 2017. 11375:"China" 11273:Image: 11012:In the 10971:Chinese 10958:Temüjin 10939:Xianbei 10751:zhamchi 10746:zhanchi 10716:kayichi 10682:zhebseg 10665:girgawl 10642:kešikci 10639:کشيكچى 10637:Persian 10587:'car'. 10535:'tea'). 10508:püntüüz 10493:hantaaz 10478:shaazan 10473:huángli 10433:zhin(g) 10398:xìngzhì 10293:liánhuā 10283:lianhua 10248:tàijiàn 10203:gōngzhǔ 10158:fěntāng 10083:lángtou 10038:gùamiàn 9938:zhuucai 9908:gambanz 9878:chiiden 9797:'cup'). 9782:sandali 9757:Ohrmazd 9750:hurmast 9678:gunzhid 9618:baishin 9570:sanchir 9565:Jupiter 9523:Mercury 9501:shastra 9496:शास्त्र 9490:shastir 9348:abhyasa 9331:sansāra 9303:shashin 9206:, e.g. 9180:English 9176:Russian 9172:Chinese 9164:Tibetan 9156:Persian 9128:perfect 9102:In the 9082:üns-sen 8975:ögöhgüi 8908:unt-laa 8903:because 8900:uchraas 8811:üün-iig 8765:animacy 8670:subject 8664:Clauses 8657:perfect 8596:; e.g. 8521:orhison 8421:üün-iig 8398:bichsen 8362:teacher 8281:bid-nii 8266:numeral 8239:animacy 8146:явахгүй 7899:unshina 7679:yaagaad 7506:neg zuu 7502:нэг зуу 7112:Numbers 7039:tedniig 7036:Тэднийг 7032:tedniig 7029:Тэднийг 7019:ted nar 7016:Тэд Нар 6995:plural 6963:tüüniig 6960:Түүнийг 6956:tüüniig 6953:Түүнийг 6832:plural 6765:polite 6716:chamaig 6709:chamaig 6580:bidniig 6577:Биднийг 6573:bidniig 6570:Биднийг 6541:plural 6341:; e.g. 6327:eezhüüd 6272:'eyes'. 6270:nüdnüüd 6266:нүднүүд 6191:Plurals 6127: ( 6115: ( 6103: ( 6001: ( 5989: ( 5977: ( 5946: ( 5934: ( 5922: ( 5910: ( 5898: ( 5871: ( 5859: ( 5847: ( 5835: ( 5823: ( 5765: ( 5751: ( 5731: ( 5719: ( 5692: ( 5680: ( 5593: ( 5573: ( 5561: ( 5549: ( 5516: ( 5504: ( 5492: ( 5480: ( 5468: ( 5456: ( 5444: ( 5413:vowels. 5411:iotated 5360: ( 5333: ( 5306: ( 5294: ( 5282: ( 5270: ( 5258: ( 5246: ( 5234: ( 5193: ( 5173: ( 5161: ( 5149: ( 5137: ( 5125: ( 5113: ( 5101: ( 5076:vowels. 5074:iotated 5025: ( 4979: ( 4975:цэргийн 4965: ( 4942:nom ruu 4935:ном руу 4930:towards 4919: ( 4907: ( 4893: ( 4881: ( 4847:without 3915:perfect 3901:subject 3766:perfect 3726:, e.g. 3671:‑, the 3624:Grammar 3372:saarmag 3363:'two', 3134:lateral 3084:central 2887:Plosive 2725:/ɔr-ɮɔ/ 2723:; e.g. 2673:; e.g. 2643:/xarʊɮ/ 2637:/orxor/ 2624:; e.g. 2518:/a,ʊ,ɔ/ 2513:/e,u,o/ 2363:amiaraa 2357:амиараа 2327:üildver 2321:үйлдвэр 2078:Central 1855:Chinese 1851:Russian 1749:street 1584:) into 1569:) and * 1452:Huuchit 1384:Ongniut 1372:Juu Uda 1353:Jasagtu 1350:Horchin 1265:Darkhad 1257:phoneme 1160:Horchin 1135:Khalkha 1095:Qiqihar 992:Tengyur 988:Kangyur 941:Chinese 924:), and 916:Chinese 863:History 833:Xianbei 671:Qinghai 639:Mongols 626:of the 622:is the 574:Unicode 401:Qinghai 269:Khalkha 255:(China) 253:Chakhar 247:Khalkha 156:Buryats 152:Mongols 130:Qinghai 80:All of 15978:Cities 15919:Hohhot 15911:topics 15771:Cinema 15705:Health 15688:Oirats 15453:Orkhon 15443:Rivers 15340:Cities 15169: 15061:Khitan 14988:Rouran 14982:Moghol 14887:Baarin 14868:Torgut 14863:Kalmyk 14853:Alasha 14833:Buryat 14724:Hebrew 14709:German 14704:Arabic 14689:French 14668:Uyghur 14643:Kazakh 14638:Evenki 14633:Dukhan 14623:Buryat 14461: 14453: 14390:et al. 14367: 14338: 14310: 14292: 14278: 14239: 14217: 14192: 14174: 14155: 14044: 14008: 13998:et al. 13976: 13968:1998. 13908: 13883: 13850: 13811: 13721: 13660: 13618: 13349:et al. 13336:et al. 13297:et al. 13250: 13219: 12884: 12847:1 June 12780: 12770: 12744: 12734: 12711:1 June 12553:et al. 12491:et al. 12468:et al. 12455:et al. 12412:et al. 12399:et al. 12386:et al. 12373:et al. 12360:et al. 12347:et al. 12331: 12321: 12301:et al. 12283: 12264:et al. 12237:《蒙汉词典》 12211:et al. 12176:et al. 12138:et al. 12090:et al. 12077:et al. 12055:et al. 12042:et al. 12038:et al. 12025:et al. 11998: 11976:et al. 11954:et al. 11927: 11882:et al. 11555:et al. 11515:et al. 11419:et al. 11260:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 11030:Oirats 10973:: 10943:Wuhuan 10863:Köküür 10855:(from 10845:köküür 10842:(from 10840:quivre 10832:köküür 10829:(from 10816:(from 10813:eobjin 10799:(from 10782:(from 10770:Korean 10762:(from 10748:(from 10738:(from 10736:hutong 10728:(from 10713:(from 10696:(from 10693:dâruqe 10688:داروغه 10679:(from 10662:(from 10654:قرقاول 10648:heshig 10645:(from 10629:mesezh 10623:onlain 10617:kredit 10584:mashin 10575:(from 10566:sistem 10542:doktor 10488:shāocí 10463:huanli 10448:bin(g) 10388:shinzh 10383:yàngzi 10368:wāndòu 10358:wandui 10328:intoor 10278:guǎnzi 10263:piànzi 10238:taigan 10148:bantan 10073:lantuu 10028:goimon 10023:mǎimài 10008:mántou 9998:mantuu 9993:báicài 9983:baicaa 9948:jiǔcài 9888:qìdēng 9873:dēnglù 9863:denlüü 9833:luuwan 9776:sandal 9744:daftar 9738:dewter 9732:durbin 9696:zendân 9690:gindan 9684:konjod 9648:farzin 9586:Saturn 9539:shukra 9473:arshan 9467:padaka 9439:shüleg 9433:jātaka 9371:agshin 9343:अभ्यास 9337:awiyas 9320:sansar 9251:rénkǒu 9245:hün am 9233:shízhì 9215:huǒchē 9182:, and 9170:, and 9160:Arabic 9152:Uyghur 9071:namaig 9060:ir-eed 9028:(with 8945:olson, 8911:sleep- 8878:olohod 8837:cham-d 8822:ol-bol 8728:tüün-d 8693:voices 8674:object 8524:leave- 8513:drink- 8495:copula 8484:hurdan 8480:üüniig 8468:üüniig 8435:write- 8311:saihan 8220:Syntax 8212:битгий 8180:bitgii 8174:битгий 7894:уншина 7814:, and 7781:, and 7748:, and 7673:яагаад 7398:zurgaa 7394:зургаа 7060:nariin 6983:tüünii 6980:Түүний 6976:tüünii 6973:Түүний 6888:Nariin 6872:Tanai/ 6869:Танай/ 6856:ta nar 6853:Та Нар 6801:taniig 6794:taniig 6736:chinii 6729:chinii 6713:Чамайг 6706:Чамайг 6600:bidnii 6597:Бидний 6593:bidnii 6590:Бидний 6492:namaig 6489:Намайг 6485:namaig 6482:Намайг 6408:, and 6378:hümüüs 6374:хүмүүс 6323:ээжүүд 6309:hotuud 6305:хотууд 6172:) or ‑ 6121:) and 6046:) or ‑ 5995:) and 5928:) and 5904:) and 5865:) and 5841:) and 5462:) and 5119:) and 4968:tsereg 4859:nomgüy 4852:номгүй 4813:nomtoi 4806:номтой 4743:nomoor 4736:номоор 4610:nomoos 4603:номоос 4225:dative 4214:nomiin 4045:nomiig 3939:Suffix 3897:suffix 3832:dative 3804:clause 3796:) or ‑ 3772:) or ‑ 3735:yarilc 3545:'sad' 3538:гартай 3461:хөндий 3440:лагдах 3409:Stress 3404:Stress 3383:, and 3381:/atʃɮ/ 3377:/xɔjr/ 3289:, and 2808:Uvular 2798:Dental 2793:Labial 2741:vowels 2719:) and 2686:/awʊɮ/ 2392:Short 2375:huaran 2369:хуаран 2346:(иа), 2103:Short 2097:Short 2091:Short 2057:e, ee 2052:э, ээ 2047:ü, üü 2042:ү, үү 2037:u, uu 2032:у, уу 2027:ö, öö 2009:ө, өө 2004:o, oo 1999:о, оо 1994:i, ii 1984:a, aa 1979:а, аа 1924:Vowels 1794:to go 1704:blood 1629:) and 1599:) and 1488:Sartul 1485:Congol 1481:Darhad 1469:group 1446:group 1427:Darhan 1416:group 1400:group 1397:Josotu 1387:Naiman 1381:Baarin 1375:group 1365:Gorlos 1362:Dörbet 1359:Jalait 1347:group 1316:Baarin 1301:/dʒɛː/ 1281:/tʃil/ 1277:/tʃiɮ/ 1261:Alasha 1217:Russia 1208:Buriad 1203:Buryat 963:, the 955:, the 943:: 926:Arabic 918:(SM) ( 908:Uyghur 829:Khitan 803:Korean 795:Turkic 756:aspect 752:voices 721:Buryat 430:China: 363: 350: 191:Buryat 106:Russia 77:Region 48:Mongol 38:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 15858:Index 15832:Sport 15806:Music 15796:Media 15735:Women 15421:Altai 15399:Lakes 15384:Flora 15372:Birds 15367:Fauna 15068:Tuoba 15047:Serbi 15017:Wutun 14999:mixed 14977:Dagur 14970:other 14952:Santa 14942:Bonan 14902:Ordos 14848:Oirat 14719:Hindi 14663:Tuvan 14648:Oirat 13957:TULIP 13947:KULIP 13823:MKDKH 13634:TULIP 13585:] 13578:] 13571:] 13552:TULIP 13543:MKDKH 13534:KULIP 13520:TULIP 13217:JSTOR 12230:ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ 12101:e.g. 11469:(PDF) 11454:(PDF) 11223:Notes 11198:] 10827:cocer 10796:akdae 10785:shüle 10765:tugul 10741:gudum 10721:Uzbek 10710:qeyci 10699:darga 10554:wagon 10428:páizi 10268:guanz 10253:pyanz 10193:günzh 10173:jiàng 10133:zutan 10113:bāozi 9848:huluu 9843:lúobo 9813:bǎnzi 9770:sâbun 9764:sawan 9714:duran 9672:bolur 9666:bolor 9660:pulâd 9581:shani 9544:Venus 9534:शुक्र 9528:sugar 9479:रसायन 9456:badag 9450:šloka 9445:श्लोक 9422:cadig 9416:graha 9405:garig 9399:dvipa 9394:द्वीप 9382:kšana 9365:punya 9360:पुण्य 9354:buyan 9326:सँसार 9085:kiss- 9063:come- 9026:gedeg 9014:to iu 8978:give- 8964:chamd 8956:harin 8948:find- 8880:find- 8874:olbol 8855:give- 8852:ög-nö 8825:find- 8742:fool- 8647:NPAST 8637:NPAST 8632:baina 8624:come- 8621:irsen 8584:NPAST 8574:NPAST 8569:baina 8558:güizh 8359:bagsh 8351:Dorzh 8295:meet- 8270:focus 8140:yawah 7888:baina 7883:байна 7877:surna 7872:сурна 7858:, or 7811:surah 7806:сурax 7722:Verbs 7715:yamar 7703:hezee 7697:хэзээ 7691:yaazh 7655:haana 7649:хаана 7624:be/ve 7618:бэ/вэ 7439:doloo 7435:долоо 7316:döröv 7312:дөрөв 7275:gurav 7271:гурав 7234:hoyor 7057:Нарын 6885:Нарын 6821:tanii 6814:tanii 6798:Таныг 6791:Таныг 6756:cham- 6749:cham- 6733:Чиний 6726:Чиний 6645:manai 6642:Манай 6638:manai 6635:Манай 6620:bidn- 6617:Бидн- 6613:bidn- 6610:Бидн- 6512:minii 6509:Миний 6505:minii 6502:Миний 6348:bagsh 6222:-nüüd 6213:-nuud 5757:) or 5725:) or 5686:) or 5567:) or 5510:) or 5409:) or 5288:) or 5167:) or 5072:) or 5033:velar 4961:цэрэг 4598:from 4207:номын 4038:номыг 3977:book 3913:save- 3893:Nouns 3816:cases 3810:Nouns 3740:verbs 3729:yarih 3693:ation 3366:azhil 3360:hoyor 3287:/tʰʲ/ 3275:/w̜ʲ/ 3166:Trill 2841:Nasal 2830:plain 2822:plain 2814:plain 2803:Velar 2776:/tʃʰ/ 2663:/ʊ,u/ 2629:/orx/ 2437:Long 2350:(уа) 2315:uilah 2309:уйлах 2303:dalai 2297:далай 2291:nohoi 2285:нохой 2112:Close 2106:Long 2100:Long 2094:Long 2073:Front 1849:from 1839:path 1821:ǰim-e 1809:ǰim-e 1776:očiqu 1771:ᠣᠴᠢᠬᠤ 1764:očiqu 1759:ᠣᠴᠢᠬᠤ 1756:oʧixu 1526:China 1461:Sönit 1455:Abaga 1420:Cahar 1406:Tümet 1390:Aohan 1356:Jarut 1273:*tʃil 1242:Ordos 1234:Oirat 1221:Barga 1181:Oirat 1171:Ordos 1145:Cahar 1117:Tibet 896:] 760:tense 725:Oirat 684:. In 682:China 366:China 274:Oirat 134:China 126:Gansu 114:Jilin 15554:LGBT 15054:Duan 15040:Awar 14459:ISBN 14451:ISSN 14365:ISBN 14336:ISBN 14308:ISBN 14290:ISBN 14276:ISBN 14237:ISBN 14215:ISBN 14190:ISBN 14172:ISBN 14153:ISBN 14042:ISBN 14006:ISBN 13974:ISBN 13929:, 1. 13906:ISBN 13881:ISBN 13848:ISBN 13809:ISBN 13796:bol 13719:ISBN 13658:ISBN 13630:-lɛː 13616:ISBN 13248:ISBN 12914:2020 12882:ISBN 12849:2019 12778:OCLC 12768:ISBN 12742:OCLC 12732:ISBN 12713:2019 12661:2020 12329:OCLC 12319:ISBN 12281:ISBN 12232:ᠲᠣᠯᠢ 12125:/sŋ/ 12107:past 11996:ISBN 11925:ISBN 11838:2020 11812:2020 11786:2020 11760:2022 11263:ᠬᠡᠯᠡ 10983:The 10975:塔塔統阿 10871:Huns 10865:and 10802:agta 10779:sura 10731:aral 10725:orol 10705:قیچی 10676:jibe 10671:جیبه 10605:fail 10458:bǐng 10403:liir 10373:yanz 10343:zeel 10323:táor 10313:toor 10308:huār 10298:huar 10218:gōng 10188:wáng 10163:zhan 10103:buuz 10088:conh 10068:gāng 9963:mógu 9953:moog 9893:biir 9858:húlu 9803:banz 9708:dâru 9702:dari 9654:bold 9642:bers 9636:fars 9630:bars 9612:araq 9606:arhi 9600:anar 9594:anar 9546:'), 9525:'), 9518:budh 9428:जातक 9411:ग्रह 9377:क्षण 9269:yùmǐ 9126:eat- 9116:head 9034:gene 9022:gezh 8980:IPFV 8967:you- 8917:PAST 8840:you. 8827:COND 8796:-bol 8773:cgaa 8744:CAUS 8626:PERF 8616:s/he 8606:baj- 8600:and 8561:run- 8553:s/he 8543:baj- 8526:PERF 8510:uuzh 8470:'it- 8443:shüü 8408:s/he 8367:maan 8354:Dorj 8306:that 8260:The 8241:and 8166:ügüi 8160:үгүй 8134:явах 8110:) – 8107:baih 8102:байх 8096:bish 7910:üzne 7905:үзнэ 7822:üzeh 7817:үзэx 7800:baih 7795:байx 7756:üze- 7751:үзэ- 7745:sur- 7740:сур- 7734:bai- 7729:бай- 7709:ямар 7590:and 7578:and 7566:and 7480:naim 7476:найм 7424:naya 7342:zhar 7301:tavi 7297:тавь 7260:döch 7230:хоёр 7219:guch 7178:hori 7173:хорь 7164:arav 7160:арав 7100:bish 7090:-güi 6915:tan- 6912:Тан- 6908:tan- 6905:Тан- 6818:Таны 6811:Таны 6753:Чам- 6746:Чам- 6665:man- 6662:Ман- 6658:man- 6655:Ман- 6532:nad- 6529:Над- 6525:nad- 6522:Над- 6344:багш 6339:-nar 6318:eezh 6291:-üüd 6284:or - 6282:-uud 6251:нүүд 6237:harh 6233:харx 6227:нууд 6218:нүүд 6215:or - 6209:нууд 6160:), ‑ 6148:), ‑ 6034:), ‑ 6022:), ‑ 5786:giin 5780:гийн 5710:inii 5704:иний 5671:inii 5534:giin 5528:гийн 5397:and 5060:and 4971:) → 4784:), ‑ 4772:), ‑ 4714:), ‑ 4702:), ‑ 4690:), ‑ 4663:), ‑ 4651:), ‑ 4639:), ‑ 4590:nees 4584:нээс 4581:), ‑ 4578:nöös 4572:нөөс 4569:), ‑ 4566:noos 4560:ноос 4557:), ‑ 4554:naas 4548:наас 4530:), ‑ 4518:), ‑ 4506:), ‑ 4479:), ‑ 4467:), ‑ 4455:), ‑ 4426:nomd 4419:номд 4382:), ‑ 4370:), ‑ 4358:), ‑ 4301:), ‑ 4289:), ‑ 4277:), ‑ 4194:inii 4188:иний 4185:), ‑ 4182:inii 4158:), ‑ 4140:giin 4134:гийн 4116:), ‑ 4089:), ‑ 4016:), ‑ 3936:Case 3858:and 3775:maar 3770:past 3702:iinh 3688:laga 3515:гаар 3339:/pʲ/ 3337:and 3322:and 3309:and 3299:/pʲ/ 3297:and 3291:/tʲ/ 3283:/rʲ/ 3279:/ɮʲ/ 3263:/w̜/ 2834:pal. 2826:pal. 2818:pal. 2773:/tʃ/ 2721:/ei/ 2715:(or 2707:(or 2678:/aw/ 2593:and 2585:and 2577:and 2569:and 2509:IPA 2352:/ei/ 2348:/ʊa/ 2344:/ia/ 2243:Open 2083:Back 1801:ʤime 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8284:we- 8206:büü 8200:бүү 8128:güi 8122:гүй 8113:биш 8090:биш 7866:-nö 7861:-нө 7855:-ne 7850:-нэ 7844:-no 7839:-но 7833:-na 7828:-на 7778:-ah 7773:-ах 7685:яаж 7667:hen 7661:хэн 7643:yuu 7538:200 7521:yös 7497:100 7465:yer 7420:ная 7383:dal 7379:дал 7357:tav 7353:тав 7338:жар 7256:дөч 7215:гуч 7193:neg 7189:нэг 7151:teg 7147:тэг 7105:биш 7095:гүй 7052:ted 7049:Тэд 7012:nar 7009:Нар 7004:ted 7001:Тэд 6943:ter 6940:Тэр 6936:ter 6933:Тэр 6849:nar 6846:Нар 6696:chi 6689:chi 6560:bid 6557:Бид 6553:bid 6550:Бид 6369:hün 6365:хүн 6335:нар 6314:ээж 6300:hot 6296:хот 6287:үүд 6278:ууд 6261:nüd 6257:нүд 6181:end 6175:энд 6169:önd 6163:өнд 6157:ond 6151:онд 6145:and 6139:анд 6109:), 6090:ind 6084:инд 5983:), 5829:), 5665:ины 5653:or 5644:nii 5638:ний 5626:or 5617:nii 5555:), 5498:), 5486:), 5450:), 5425:iin 5419:ийн 5378:iin 5297:yei 5285:yoi 5276:), 5273:yai 5264:), 5252:), 5240:), 5155:), 5143:), 5107:), 5088:iig 5082:ийг 5047:iig 4922:lüü 4916:лүү 4913:), 4910:luu 4904:луу 4896:rüü 4890:рүү 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