195:
980:
271:
509:) with initial *d and *n versus Common Turkic *y are sufficiently archaic to indicate loans from an earlier stage of Oghur (Pre-Proto-Bulgaric). This is because Chuvash and Common Turkic do not differ in these features despite differing fundamentally in rhotacism-lambdacism (Janhunen 2006). Oghur tribes lived in the Mongolian borderlands before the 5th century, and provided Oghur loanwords to Early Pre-Proto-Mongolic before Common Turkic loanwords.
1470:
In another classificational approach, there is a tendency to call
Central Mongolian a language consisting of Mongolian proper, Oirat and Buryat, while Ordos (and implicitly also Khamnigan) is seen as a variety of Mongolian proper. Within Mongolian proper, they then draw a distinction between Khalkha
589:
Research into reconstruction of the consonants of Middle Mongol has engendered several controversies. Middle Mongol had two series of plosives, but there is disagreement as to which phonological dimension they lie on, whether aspiration or voicing. The early scripts have distinct letters for velar
1475:(containing everything else) on the other hand. A less common subdivision of Central Mongolic is to divide it into a Central dialect (Khalkha, Chakhar, Ordos), an Eastern dialect (Kharchin, Khorchin), a Western dialect (Oirat, Kalmyk), and a Northern dialect (consisting of two Buryat varieties).
995:
The case system of Middle Mongol has remained mostly intact down to the present, although important changes occurred with the comitative and the dative and most other case suffixes did undergo slight changes in form, i.e., were shortened. The Middle Mongol comitative
1199:
The syntax of verb negation shifted from negation particles preceding final verbs to a negation particle following participles; thus, as final verbs could no longer be negated, their paradigm of negation was filled by particles. For example, Preclassical
Mongolian
324:, from the 13th century until the early 15th century or late 16th century, depending on classification spoken. (Given the almost entire lack of written sources for the period in between, an exact cutoff point cannot be established.) Again influenced by
531:. Most features of modern Mongolic languages can thus be reconstructed from Middle Mongol. An exception would be the voice suffix like -caga- 'do together', which can be reconstructed from the modern languages but is not attested in Middle Mongol.
1016:'not having', it has been suggested that a "privative case" ('without') has been introduced into Mongolian. There have been three different case suffixes in the dative-locative-directive domain that are grouped in different ways: -
2216:
Languages of
Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan
947:
This reconstruction has recently been opposed, arguing that vowel developments across the
Mongolic languages can be more economically explained starting from basically the same vowel system as Khalkha, only with
634:
was lost in some instances, which raises the question of what the conditioning factors of those instances were. More recently, the other possibility has been assumed; namely, that the correspondence between UM
356:'s early expansion in the 1200-1210s. Pre-Proto-Mongolic, by contrast, is a continuum that stretches back indefinitely in time. It is divided into Early Pre-Proto-Mongolic and Late Pre-Proto-Mongolic.
2342:; Ryder, Robin J.; de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso; Antonov, Anton; Xia, Ziyang; Zhang, Yuxuan; Ji, Xiaoyan; Ren, Xiaoying; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Rui; Yang, Xiaomin; Zhao, Jing; Xu, Dan;
1845::72), " believed that at least some of their constituent tribes spoke a Mongolian language, though there is still some argument that a particular variety of Turkic may have been spoken among them."
1084:
Middle Mongol had a slightly larger set of declarative finite verb suffix forms and a smaller number of participles, which were less likely to be used as finite predicates. The linking converb -
1088:
became confined to stable verb combinations, while the number of converbs increased. The distinction between male, female and plural subjects exhibited by some finite verbal suffixes was lost.
992:
In the ensuing discourse, as noted earlier, the term "Middle Mongol" is employed broadly to encompass texts scripted in either Uighur
Mongolian (UM), Chinese (SM), or Arabic (AM).
6812:
1342:
Contemporary
Mongolic languages are as follows. The classification and numbers of speakers follow Janhunen (2006), except for Southern Mongolic, which follows Nugteren (2011).
352:
is the name for the stage of
Mongolic that precedes Proto-Mongolic. Proto-Mongolic can be clearly identified chronologically with the language spoken by the Mongols during
1486:
such as the one above faces other problems because of the close contacts between, for example, Buryat and
Khalkha Mongols during history, thus creating or preserving a
2147:
The reconstruction of a social gender distinction is fairly commonplace, see e.g. Rybatzki (2003b): 75. A strong argument for the number distinction between -
606:) are to be reconstructed. One prominent, long-running disagreement concerns certain correspondences of word medial consonants among the four major scripts (
486:, spoken by 1 million people in European Russia, is the only living representative of Oghur Turkic which split from Proto Turkic around the 1st century AD.
626:
of Uyghur
Mongolian (UM) has not one, but two correspondences with the three other scripts: either /k/ or zero. Traditional scholarship has reconstructed *
894:
were monophthongized. In noninitial syllables, short vowels were deleted from the phonetic representation of the word and long vowels became short; e.g.
340:
The standard
Mongolian language has been in official use since 1919, and this form of the language is used in the economic, political, and social fields.
2482:
1587:
988:
which goes back to a lost Mongolian script original is the only document that allows the reconstruction of agreement in social gender in Middle Mongol.
2590:
1740:
In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.
590:
plosives and uvular plosives, but as these are in complementary distribution according to vowel harmony class, only two back plosive phonemes, *
6010:
3197:
6145:
2837:
1230:
The Mongolic languages have no convincingly established living relatives. The closest relatives of the Mongolic languages appear to be the
554:
dynasty, for which the surviving evidence is very sparse, and Khitan, for which evidence exists that is written in the two Khitan scripts (
523:
Proto-Mongolic, the ancestor language of the modern Mongolic languages, is very close to Middle Mongol, the language spoken at the time of
359:
Late Pre-Proto-Mongolic refers to the Mongolic spoken a few centuries before Proto-Mongolic by the Mongols and neighboring tribes like the
6862:
4112:
562:) which have as yet not been fully deciphered, a direct affiliation to Mongolic can now be taken to be most likely or even demonstrated.
3977:
2630:
2155:
is made in Tümenčečeg (1990): 103–108, also see Street (2008) where it is also argued that this has been the case for other suffixes.
1590:
refers to Central Mongolic as "Eastern Mongolic" and classifies the group as follows, using data from Rybatzki (2003) as the basis:
6802:
3430:
3269:
367:. Certain archaic words and features in Written Mongolian go back past Proto-Mongolic to Late Pre-Proto-Mongolic (Janhunen 2006).
2496:
7012:
1096:
Neutral word order in clauses with pronominal subject changed from object–predicate–subject to subject–object–predicate; e.g.
2686:
2643:
2570:
2546:
2224:
2198:
2328:
Robbeets, Martine et al. 2021 Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages, Nature 599, 616–621
5525:
5106:
2921:
1632:
1472:
1379:
5635:
1483:
305:
4607:
3190:
7032:
5792:
3392:
2744:
2709:
1976:
984:
7037:
6885:
6138:
5768:
5007:
2830:
2256:
Chen, Sanping 2005. Turkic or Proto-Mongolian? A Note on the Tuoba Language. Central Asiatic Journal 49.2: 161–73.
4926:
4862:
4105:
2349:
Triangulation fails when neither linguistic, genetic, nor archaeological data support the Transeurasian narrative
388:
In the case of Early Pre-Proto-Mongolic, certain loanwords in the Mongolic languages point to early contact with
6727:
6715:
7017:
5539:
4781:
3970:
1719:
5290:
2809:
2536:
6942:
6932:
6927:
6792:
6620:
6404:
6399:
6005:
5652:
4787:
4612:
4398:
4392:
4316:
3222:
3183:
1750:
7027:
6947:
6917:
6772:
6015:
6000:
5699:
5000:
4987:
4758:
4719:
3150:
331:
93:
950:
940:
934:
928:
918:
912:
907:
902:
896:
890:
884:
879:
874:
869:
860:
855:
851:
842:
836:
831:
827:
818:
812:
806:
781:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
724:
719:
710:
699:
657:
596:
297:
7022:
7007:
6895:
6797:
6236:
6131:
5995:
5989:
5774:
5047:
4965:
4938:
4642:
4632:
3940:
3274:
2823:
6564:
5561:
5222:
5019:
4817:
4677:
4647:
4637:
4627:
4333:
4098:
1336:
865:
776:
3948:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
2605:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6820:
6742:
6737:
6393:
6379:
6154:
5973:
5780:
5756:
5731:
5704:
5687:
4697:
4652:
4622:
4595:
4166:
4121:
3963:
3301:
6787:
6732:
6503:
6333:
6222:
6020:
5827:
5464:
5452:
5284:
4346:
4339:
4155:
1723:
304:
Pre-Proto-Mongolic, from approximately the 4th century AD until the 12th century AD, influenced by
6601:
6496:
6446:
6425:
6416:
6298:
6215:
6175:
5025:
4950:
4353:
4303:
4074:
3262:
3136:
3070:
1231:
1221:
1048:'within', thus indicating a span of time, the second account seems to be more likely. Of these, -
518:
311:
275:
111:
6757:
6752:
6517:
6489:
6480:
6439:
6039:
5887:
5682:
5458:
5411:
5041:
4958:
4617:
4601:
4409:
4310:
4173:
4149:
3289:
3143:
3127:
2968:
1552:
1479:
1408:
959:
325:
321:
5677:
2347:
2188:
1966:
6909:
6782:
6762:
6510:
6305:
6243:
6085:
5983:
5672:
5475:
5265:
5254:
5216:
4823:
4797:
4702:
4692:
4375:
4291:
4142:
4069:
4064:
3944:
3242:
3237:
2556:
2247:
Vovin, Alexander. 2007. ‘Once again on the Tabγač language.’ Mongolian Studies XXIX: 191-206.
286:
5786:
5511:
3046:
2754:
Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The End of the Altaic Controversy: In Memory of Gerhard Doerfer".
2674:
2649:
2460:
2268:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
958:. Moreover, the sound changes involved in this alternative scenario are more likely from an
785:
was dropped with most case forms, but still appears with the ablative, dative and genitive.
6890:
6880:
6870:
6720:
6574:
6387:
6271:
6060:
5817:
5625:
5598:
5581:
5549:
5447:
5161:
5086:
5013:
4792:
4769:
4741:
4672:
4583:
4364:
3311:
2914:
2701:
1659:
1490:. Another problem lies in the sheer comparability of terminology, as Western linguists use
713:
in Ulaanbaatar Khalkha and the Mongolian dialects south of it, e.g. Preclassical Mongolian
467:
The above words are thought to have been borrowed from Oghur Turkic during the time of the
194:
5945:
8:
6937:
6710:
6695:
6630:
6432:
6354:
6264:
6257:
6208:
6166:
5837:
5741:
5641:
5630:
5592:
5571:
5469:
5428:
5203:
5185:
5179:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5053:
5036:
4775:
4441:
4428:
4322:
4272:
4129:
3559:
3214:
2973:
2804:
2538:
Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage
1712:
1414:
1068:
only survived in a few frozen environments. Finally, the directive of modern Mongolian, -
559:
555:
3692:
2812:
grammars, texts, dictionaries and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
6671:
6625:
6540:
6535:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5693:
5662:
5657:
5610:
5604:
5555:
5500:
5423:
5307:
5271:
5232:
5174:
4981:
4976:
4687:
4446:
4415:
4369:
4328:
4203:
4015:
4010:
3296:
3247:
2936:
2877:
2785:
2763:
2361:
2295:
1734:
1617:
1538:
1373:
1320:
1285:
1281:
337:
247:
127:
5848:
5811:
2468:
2401:
185:
6875:
6852:
6847:
6825:
6767:
6545:
6468:
6361:
5762:
5667:
5647:
5586:
5566:
5277:
5238:
5209:
5197:
5134:
5080:
5058:
5031:
4971:
4944:
4763:
4724:
4714:
4682:
4555:
4481:
4463:
4457:
4359:
4277:
4191:
4020:
3599:
3227:
3051:
2931:
2882:
2740:
2705:
2682:
2675:
2639:
2566:
2542:
2464:
2365:
2339:
2299:
2287:
2230:
2220:
2194:
1972:
1666:
1622:
1487:
1312:
1289:
823:
290:
5853:
5842:
5822:
4160:
6837:
6830:
6777:
6705:
6700:
6657:
6650:
6580:
6524:
6462:
6368:
6340:
6326:
6312:
6229:
6201:
6189:
6182:
6070:
5930:
5920:
5915:
5869:
5863:
5832:
5725:
5620:
5544:
5482:
5434:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5330:
5314:
5249:
5244:
5227:
5168:
5062:
4994:
4905:
4872:
4840:
4736:
4708:
4657:
4578:
4562:
4548:
4530:
4523:
4509:
4469:
4451:
4435:
4421:
4243:
4226:
4000:
3986:
3877:
3662:
3657:
3629:
3344:
3232:
3206:
3114:
2998:
2986:
2952:
2926:
2486:
2353:
2346:; Zhang, Menghan; Wen, Shaoqing; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Pellard, Thomas (12 June 2022),
2279:
1708:
1701:
1684:
1670:
1641:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1528:
1448:
1419:
1361:
1324:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1239:
1225:
745:
was originally followed by a vowel that later dropped, it remained unchanged, e.g.
483:
382:
215:
76:
32:
5910:
5858:
4850:
2735:
Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzén, Vivan (2005).
769:
became phonemic. Consonants in words containing back vowels that were followed by
6664:
6615:
6569:
6452:
6347:
6319:
6278:
6195:
6065:
5940:
5925:
5894:
5615:
5576:
5441:
5387:
5259:
5121:
4887:
4882:
4747:
4662:
4543:
4536:
4516:
4498:
4403:
4386:
4185:
3908:
3714:
3609:
3100:
3027:
3021:
2941:
2897:
2872:
1733:
influence, in 1941 Mongolia switched to a version of the Russian alphabet called
1656:
1601:
1580:
1542:
1532:
1517:
Rybatzki (2003: 388–389) recognizes the following 6 areal subgroups of Mongolic.
1460:
1383:
1367:
1316:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1235:
963:
679:
479:
389:
211:
152:
146:
88:
3740:
3350:
3093:
6842:
6610:
6123:
6075:
5935:
5904:
5875:
5506:
5392:
5375:
5325:
5320:
5191:
5128:
4898:
4892:
4812:
4807:
4753:
4730:
4475:
4297:
4254:
4237:
4231:
4209:
4197:
4056:
3893:
3745:
3652:
3483:
3306:
3279:
3166:
3107:
3056:
3038:
3016:
2991:
2981:
2892:
2887:
1715:) was first developed for Proto-Mongolic, possibly as early as the 7th century.
1688:
1680:
1674:
1627:
1570:
1566:
1546:
1522:
1499:
1442:
1436:
1393:
1352:
1253:
1243:
706:
547:
475:
259:
219:
139:
68:
48:
2357:
2283:
1256:
as a Mongolic language. However, Chen (2005) argues that Tuoba (Tabγač) was a
7001:
5959:
5899:
5881:
5397:
5381:
5335:
5092:
4912:
4877:
4867:
4845:
4802:
4667:
4248:
4180:
4079:
3888:
3882:
3822:
3799:
3735:
3677:
3448:
3438:
3407:
3397:
3329:
3321:
3284:
3252:
2670:
2291:
2234:
1308:
571:
535:
528:
393:
392:(Pre-Proto-Bulgaric) Turkic, also known as r-Turkic. These loanwords precede
376:
4090:
6747:
6555:
6289:
4856:
4046:
3856:
3850:
3789:
3687:
3544:
3468:
2907:
2902:
2491:
2446:
Rybatzki, Volker. 2003. "Intra-Mongolic taxonomy." In Janhunen, Juha (ed).
2343:
1730:
1389:
847:
728:
551:
524:
353:
315:
223:
3086:
282:
171:
3861:
3784:
3539:
3387:
2517:
858:. Thus, the vowel harmony shifted from a velar to a pharyngeal paradigm.
270:
72:
3079:
2789:
2767:
1012:'having a horse/with a horse'. As this adjective functioned parallel to
1004:
that originally derived adjectives denoting possession from nouns, e.g.
6922:
6641:
6591:
6457:
4503:
4041:
4036:
3913:
3866:
3357:
2681:. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. pp. 47–82.
1402:
732:
482:(Bulgharic) Turkic, which withdrew to the west in the 4th century. The
227:
80:
1268:
was a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.
576:
The changes from Proto-Mongolic to Middle Mongol are described below.
478:
in Mongolia all spoke forms of Common Turkic (z-Turkic) as opposed to
3614:
3569:
3503:
2815:
2473:
231:
179:
165:
3955:
2267:
1000:
could not be used attributively, but it was replaced by the suffix -
698:
were fronted in Northern Modern Mongolian dialects such as Khalkha.
3827:
3804:
3554:
3528:
3498:
3493:
3473:
3463:
3175:
2700:. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Vol. 243. Helsinki:
2560:
251:
243:
239:
235:
60:
56:
44:
2718:
Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe. (2005).
1195:"Kökseü sabraq spoke saying, 'Alas! You speak a great boast....' "
6158:
3871:
3814:
3794:
3779:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3729:
3672:
3647:
3642:
3619:
3604:
3594:
3586:
3518:
3508:
3488:
3478:
3443:
3402:
3377:
3367:
3334:
2734:
2580:
Janhunen, Juha (2006). "Mongolic languages". In Brown, K. (ed.).
2478:
2450:, 364–390. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.
1794:
1192:
Kökseü sabraq speak-CVB alas big word speak-PAST you ... say-NFUT
1040:
as locative, in both cases with some functional overlapping. As -
979:
888:. VhV and VjV sequences where the second vowel was any vowel but
543:
468:
314:, from approximately the 13th century, spoken around the time of
255:
6599:
3413:
2638:(PhD dissertation). Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics.
2120:
Weiers (1969): Morphologie, §B.III; Luvsanvandan (1987): 86–104.
1189:
Kökseü sabraq ügü.le-run ayyi yeke uge ugu.le-d ta ... kee-jüü.y
6250:
6099:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6080:
5978:
3918:
3898:
3772:
3724:
3719:
3706:
3667:
3523:
3513:
3458:
3453:
3372:
3339:
2459:
539:
364:
360:
64:
2776:
Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the Tabgač language".
622:, which were discussed in the preceding section). Word-medial
274:
A timeline-based graphical representation of the Mongolic and
3924:
3833:
3750:
3682:
3564:
3549:
3533:
3382:
3362:
2726:
Starostin, Sergei A.; Dybo, Anna V.; Mudrak, Oleg A. (2003).
52:
639:
and zero in the other scripts points to a distinct phoneme,
3637:
3420:
2698:
The Chakhar dialect of Mongol – A morphological description
2562:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
2518:
Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025
2129:
Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 126, Činggeltei (1999): 251–252.
868:
to the following vowel; in word-initial position it became
2111:
Weiers (1969): Morphologie, §B.II; Svantesson (2003): 166.
2720:
Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal
2591:"Khitan – Understanding the language behind the scripts"
2138:
Rybatzki (2003b): 77, Luvsanvandan (ed.) (1987): 126–137
1854:
see Vovin 2007 for Tabghach and Janhunen 2012 for Khitan
546:
peoples might have been related to Proto-Mongolic. For
2616:
Luvsanvandan, Š. (1959). "Mongol hel ajalguuny učir".
1478:
The broader delimitation of Mongolian may be based on
250:, is the primary language of most of the residents of
643:, which would correspond to the word-initial phoneme
1076:'downwards'. Social gender agreement was abandoned.
156:
2725:
2313:
1824:
926:drops; vowel reduction) > /jama(n)/ 'goat', and
735:, many speakers will say ). Originally word-final *
381:Pre-Proto-Mongolic has borrowed various words from
2632:Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages
2483:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1588:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1204:'did not come' v. modern spoken Khalkha Mongolian
2337:
962:point of view and early Middle Mongol loans into
246:. The best-known member of this language family,
199:Geographic distribution of the Mongolic languages
6999:
6153:
1964:
864:in the first syllable of back-vocalic words was
788:Only foreign origin words start with the letter
3628:
2728:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
1307:suggested that Mongolic languages belong to a "
779:in Modern Mongolian. In some words, word-final
491:
2582:The encyclopedia of language & linguistics
2437:quoted from Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005:167–168)
1327:, but this view has been severely criticized.
6139:
4120:
4106:
3971:
3191:
2831:
2669:Rybatzki, Volker (2003). "Middle Mongol". In
2272:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
2186:
2022:Rybatzki (2003b): 67, Svantesson (2003): 162.
1971:. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–.
804:The standard view is that Proto-Mongolic had
6983:Families with more than 30 languages are in
6109:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2695:
2615:
2434:
2207:
2102:Rybatzki 2003b: 73, Svantesson (2003): 166.
1401:Southern Mongolic (part of a Gansu–Qinghai
1276:A few linguists have grouped Mongolic with
370:
262:, with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers.
6146:
6132:
4113:
4099:
3978:
3964:
3198:
3184:
2838:
2824:
1958:
281:The possible precursor to Mongolic is the
2490:
2331:
2668:
2628:
2588:
2584:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 231–234.
2579:
2389:
2377:
2338:Tian, Zheng; Tao, Yuxin; Zhu, Kongyang;
2213:
2180:
1806:
1252:(2007) identifies the extinct Tabγač or
978:
969:
944:(vowel reduction) > /oms-/ 'to wear'
932:(regressive rounding assimilation) >
647:that is present in those other scripts.
630:for both correspondences, arguing that *
269:
2565:. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române.
2534:
2425:e.g. Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005:193–194)
1842:
1724:Mongolian version of the Latin alphabet
655:) is sometimes assumed to derive from *
579:
7000:
2845:
2555:
1830:
550:, the language of the founders of the
6127:
4094:
3985:
3959:
3179:
2819:
2775:
2753:
2659:
2317:
2265:
1818:
1726:as the official script for Mongolian.
344:
3205:
2499:from the original on 17 January 2024
1498:, while Mongolian linguists use the
1473:Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia
1091:
459:(to smelt ore) versus Common Turkic
2314:Starostin, Dybo & Mudrak (2003)
1995:(2005): 181, 184, 186–187, 190–195.
1335:For a more comprehensive list, see
661:, which would also explain zero in
13:
2469:"Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Mongolic"
2467:; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023).
2219:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
1695:
1650:
1156:
396:(z-Turkic) loanwords and include:
334:, from approximately 1700 to 1900.
14:
7049:
2798:
2772:(review of Starostin et al. 2003)
2352:, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
1260:. Vovin (2018) suggests that the
1215:
1183:
1044:seems to be grammaticalized from
985:The Secret History of the Mongols
974:
723:'heavy', became Modern Mongolian
512:
434:(weapon) from Pre-Proto-Bulgaric
1079:
565:
534:The languages of the historical
404:(twins) from Pre-Proto-Bulgaric
193:
2696:Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003).
2559:(2011). Hriban, Cătălin (ed.).
2511:
2453:
2440:
2428:
2419:
2394:
2383:
2371:
2322:
2306:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2171:
2158:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1985:
1945:
1936:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1892:
1879:
1121:
792:and none start with the letter
1870:
1857:
1848:
1836:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1763:
1551:South-Central Mongolic (SC) =
1445:(Dongxiang) (200,000 speakers)
1311:" superfamily also comprising
1:
1776:
1579:Southwestern Mongolic (SW) =
1557:Southeastern Mongolic (SE) =
1521:Northeastern Mongolic (NE) =
1482:, but an analysis based on a
1292:as part of the controversial
584:
419:(ox) from Pre-Proto-Bulgaric
238:and surrounding areas and in
2662:Grammar of Written Mongolian
1781:
1330:
1234:, which include the extinct
449:(calf) versus Common Turkic
285:, heavily influenced by the
7:
2739:. Oxford University Press.
1744:
1720:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
7054:
6803:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
2737:The Phonology of Mongolian
2664:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
2541:. Vol. 1. Melisende.
2535:Andrews, Peter A. (1999).
2527:
2520:, Montsame, 18 March 2020.
2193:. Routledge. p. 393.
2067:Toγtambayar (2006): 33–34.
2058:Toγtambayar (2006): 18–35.
1955:(2005): 124, 165–166, 205.
1942:Rinchen (ed.) (1979): 210.
1751:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi
1699:
1337:List of Mongolic languages
1334:
1219:
1072:, has been innovated from
938:(vowel velarization) >
810:. According to this view,
775:in Proto-Mongolian became
569:
516:
374:
265:
16:Language family of Eurasia
7013:Mongolic–Khitan languages
6971:
6908:
6861:
6811:
6691:
6684:
6639:
6590:
6554:
6479:
6415:
6378:
6288:
6165:
6094:
6053:
6030:
5969:
5958:
5802:
5535:
5524:
5492:
5419:
5410:
5299:
5116:
5105:
5072:
4934:
4925:
4833:
4591:
4577:
4491:
4286:
4268:
4219:
4137:
4128:
4122:Primary language families
4055:
4029:
3993:
3937:
3843:
3813:
3705:
3585:
3578:
3429:
3320:
3213:
3160:
3126:
3069:
3037:
3009:
2961:
2862:
2853:
2660:Poppe, Nicholas (1964) .
2604:: 107–132. Archived from
2402:"Glottolog 4.7 – Mogholi"
2358:10.1101/2022.06.09.495471
2284:10.1163/25898833-12340008
2266:Vovin, Alexander (2019).
2214:Shimunek, Andrew (2017).
1965:S. Robert Ramsey (1987).
1271:
799:
192:
178:
164:
117:
107:
89:Linguistic classification
87:
38:
28:
23:
7033:Languages of Afghanistan
4939:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1756:
1527:Northern Mongolic (N) =
1471:on the one hand and the
1008:'having a horse' became
727:(but in the vicinity of
690:The palatal affricates *
673:in some instances where
371:Relationship with Turkic
7038:Languages of Kyrgyzstan
6980:have no living members.
6863:East and Southeast Asia
6106:have no living members.
2756:Central Asiatic Journal
2629:Nugteren, Hans (2011).
2589:Janhunen, Juha (2012).
2049:Garudi (2002): 101–107.
1795:Svantesson et al. (2005
1537:Central Mongolic (C) =
1428:Mangghuer/Minhe Monguor
1232:para-Mongolic languages
1222:Para-Mongolic languages
519:Proto-Mongolic language
489:Words in Mongolic like
276:Para-Mongolic languages
6086:Unclassified languages
6040:list of sign languages
5008:Northeastern Tasmanian
2805:Ethnic map of Mongolia
2677:The Mongolic languages
2492:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
2448:The Mongolic Languages
2190:The Mongolic Languages
2187:Juha Janhunen (2006).
1968:The Languages of China
1510:(nutuγ-un ayalγu) and
1480:mutual intelligibility
1425:Mongghul/Huzhu Monguor
1376:(5.2 million speakers)
1056:was first reduced to -
989:
497:(brown, Common Turkic
492:
408:(versus Common Turkic
278:
7018:Languages of Mongolia
6061:Constructed languages
2040:Rybatzki (2003b): 68.
2031:Janhunen (2003c): 27.
1662:–Mongolic languages.
982:
970:Changes in morphology
739:turned into /ŋ/; if *
505:(fist, Common Turkic
375:Further information:
273:
4608:Binanderean–Goilalan
2922:Peripheral Mongolian
2702:Finno-Ugrian Society
1633:Peripheral Mongolian
1628:Oirad–Kalmyk–Darkhat
1380:Peripheral Mongolian
1242:, and possibly also
807:*i,*e,*y,*ø,*u,*o,*a
765:. After i-breaking,
677:indicates /p/; e.g.
580:Changes in phonology
7028:Languages of Russia
6621:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6405:Northwest Caucasian
6400:Northeast Caucasian
5890:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5793:Tequiraca–Canichana
5636:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4399:Northwest Caucasian
4393:Northeast Caucasian
4317:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3151:Classical Mongolian
2461:Hammarström, Harald
2435:Luvsanvandan (1959)
2164:Street (1957): 14,
1920:Janhunen (2003c): 6
1713:Old Uyghur alphabet
1422:(150,000 speakers)
717:, reconstructed as
332:Classical Mongolian
298:historical Mongolic
7023:Languages of China
7008:Mongolic languages
6886:Austronesian–Ongan
6685:Proposed groupings
5512:Tarascan/Purépecha
5001:Northern Tasmanian
4759:South Bougainville
4720:North Bougainville
3941:Donghu and Xianbei
3297:Mongolian nobility
3248:Slab Grave culture
2847:Mongolic languages
2722:. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ.
2465:Haspelmath, Martin
2463:; Forkel, Robert;
2340:Jacques, Guillaume
1735:Mongolian Cyrillic
1655:The following are
1586:Additionally, the
1396:(360,000 speakers)
1370:(330,000 speakers)
1321:Tungusic languages
990:
350:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
345:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
338:Standard Mongolian
279:
208:Mongolic languages
6995:
6994:
6904:
6903:
6896:Sino-Austronesian
6680:
6679:
6155:Language families
6121:
6120:
6071:Language isolates
6049:
6048:
5954:
5953:
5520:
5519:
5406:
5405:
5101:
5100:
5048:Western Tasmanian
4966:Eastern Tasmanian
4921:
4920:
4643:East Geelvink Bay
4573:
4572:
4264:
4263:
4088:
4087:
3987:Altaic hypothesis
3953:
3952:
3933:
3932:
3701:
3700:
3228:Mongolian Plateau
3173:
3172:
3167:extinct languages
3065:
3064:
2869:Buryat–Mongolian
2810:Monumenta Altaica
2778:Mongolian Studies
2688:978-0-7007-1133-8
2655:on 8 August 2017.
2645:978-94-6093-070-6
2611:on 19 March 2014.
2572:978-973-27-2152-0
2548:978-1-901764-03-1
2226:978-3-447-10855-3
2200:978-1-135-79690-7
2093:(2005): 228, 386.
2080:(ed.) 1999: 2217.
1933:(2005): 133, 167.
1876:Tömörtogoo (1992)
1769:Presumed extinct.
1595:Eastern Mongolic
1488:dialect continuum
1358:Central Mongolic
1355:(96,000 speakers)
1313:Japonic languages
1092:Changes in syntax
1020:as locative and -
916:disappears) >
882:when followed by
204:
203:
135:Southern Mongolic
132:
123:Central Mongolic
7045:
6963:Proto-Euphratean
6689:
6688:
6597:
6596:
6565:Great Andamanese
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6124:
5967:
5966:
5921:Huaorani/Waorani
5805:(extant in 2000)
5769:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5540:Andoque–Urequena
5533:
5532:
5417:
5416:
5223:Plateau Penutian
5114:
5113:
5089:(Northern Daly?)
4932:
4931:
4818:Northwest Papuan
4782:Trans–New Guinea
4648:East New Britain
4623:Central Solomons
4589:
4588:
4334:Great Andamanese
4284:
4283:
4135:
4134:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4091:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3630:Southern Mongols
3626:
3625:
3583:
3582:
3233:Mongol heartland
3207:Mongolic peoples
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3176:
2860:
2859:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2793:
2771:
2750:
2731:
2730:. Leiden: Brill.
2715:
2692:
2680:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2648:. Archived from
2637:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2585:
2576:
2557:Golden, Peter B.
2552:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2344:Gray, Russell D.
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2013:Tümenčečeg 1990.
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:(2005): 118–124.
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:(2005): 118–120.
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1770:
1767:
1709:Mongolian script
1707:The traditional
1702:Mongolian script
1529:Khamnigan Mongol
1451:(1,000 speakers)
1439:(6,000 speakers)
1411:(4,000 speakers)
1374:Mongolian proper
1364:(2,000 speakers)
1362:Khamnigan Mongol
1325:Turkic languages
1305:Martine Robbeets
1301:Sergei Starostin
1266:Rouran Khaganate
1226:Altaic languages
1185:
1158:
1123:
952:
942:
936:
930:
920:
914:
909:
904:
898:
892:
886:
881:
876:
871:
862:
857:
853:
844:
838:
833:
829:
820:
814:
808:
783:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
726:
721:
712:
704:
659:
598:
495:
484:Chuvash language
383:Turkic languages
283:Xianbei language
216:Mongolic peoples
197:
188:
174:
158:
124:
77:Issyk-Kul Region
33:Mongolic peoples
21:
20:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7042:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6967:
6958:Paleo-Laplandic
6953:Pre-Finno-Ugric
6900:
6857:
6821:Greater Siangic
6807:
6793:Uralic–Yukaghir
6743:Ibero-Caucasian
6738:Elamo-Dravidian
6676:
6635:
6586:
6550:
6475:
6411:
6394:North Caucasian
6374:
6284:
6223:Paleo-Sardinian
6161:
6152:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6090:
6076:Mixed languages
6045:
6026:
5961:
5950:
5804:
5798:
5653:Katembri–Taruma
5527:
5516:
5488:
5402:
5295:
5108:
5097:
5068:
4917:
4829:
4788:Turama–Kikorian
4698:Lower Mamberamo
4653:East Strickland
4581:
4569:
4487:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4215:
4124:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4057:Proto-languages
4051:
4030:Early languages
4025:
3989:
3984:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3929:
3909:Sichuan Mongols
3839:
3809:
3715:Altai Uriankhai
3697:
3624:
3574:
3431:Medieval tribes
3425:
3316:
3302:Writing systems
3270:Medieval tribes
3209:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3156:
3122:
3061:
3033:
3005:
2957:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2801:
2796:
2747:
2712:
2689:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2618:Mongolyn Sudlal
2608:
2593:
2573:
2549:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:Nugteren (2011)
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1747:
1704:
1698:
1696:Writing systems
1653:
1651:Mixed languages
1648:
1609:Mongolia Buriat
1598:Khalkha–Buriat
1514:(aman ayalγu).
1468:
1340:
1333:
1274:
1262:Rouran language
1258:Turkic language
1250:Alexander Vovin
1228:
1218:
1197:
1187:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1036:as dative and -
977:
972:
878:was rounded to
802:
587:
582:
574:
568:
521:
515:
438:(Common Turkic
423:(Common Turkic
379:
373:
347:
268:
212:language family
200:
184:
170:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6817:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:Uralo-Siberian
6785:
6780:
6775:
6773:Serbi–Mongolic
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6733:Dravido-Korean
6730:
6728:Dené–Yeniseian
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6716:Dené–Caucasian
6713:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6644:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6334:Hurro-Urartian
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6216:Paleo-Corsican
6212:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6001:Indo-Pakistani
5998:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5884:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:Piaroa–Saliban
5697:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5467:
5465:Tequistlatecan
5462:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4988:Marrku–Wurrugu
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4552:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4347:Hurro-Urartian
4343:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4075:Proto-Mongolic
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Eastern Dorbet
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:Soyombo symbol
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:Nomadic empire
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:Proto-Mongolic
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3137:Proto-Mongolic
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2799:External links
2797:
2795:
2794:
2773:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2693:
2687:
2671:Janhunen, Juha
2666:
2657:
2644:
2626:
2613:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2553:
2547:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2452:
2439:
2427:
2418:
2393:
2382:
2378:Janhunen (2006
2370:
2330:
2321:
2316:; contra e.g.
2305:
2278:(1): 162–197.
2258:
2249:
2240:
2225:
2206:
2199:
2179:
2170:
2166:Secret History
2157:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1984:
1977:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1922:
1913:
1900:
1891:
1878:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1807:Rybatzki (2003
1799:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1727:
1716:
1711:(based on the
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Halh Mongolian
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1555:
1549:
1535:
1525:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1273:
1270:
1254:Tuoba language
1217:
1216:Classification
1214:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1028:as dative or -
976:
975:Nominal system
973:
971:
968:
824:pharyngealized
801:
798:
586:
583:
581:
578:
570:Main article:
567:
564:
517:Main article:
514:
513:Proto-Mongolic
511:
476:Turkic peoples
465:
464:
453:
443:
428:
413:
372:
369:
346:
343:
342:
341:
335:
329:
319:
312:Proto-Mongolic
309:
296:The stages of
267:
264:
260:Inner Mongolia
220:Eastern Europe
214:spoken by the
202:
201:
198:
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
168:
162:
161:
160:
159:
150:
143:
136:
133:
119:
115:
114:
112:Proto-Mongolic
109:
108:Proto-language
105:
104:
103:
102:
94:Serbi–Mongolic
91:
85:
84:
69:Herat Province
49:Inner Mongolia
42:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7050:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:Eskimo–Uralic
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:Paleosiberian
6598:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6497:Austroasiatic
6494:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6447:Austroasiatic
6444:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6426:Indo-European
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6299:Indo-European
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:Indo-European
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:Original Thai
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5775:Hibito–Cholón
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5291:Yuman–Cochimí
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:Southern Daly
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:Darwin Region
4948:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Demta–Sentani
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:Indo-European
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:Austroasiatic
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4081:
4080:Proto-Japonic
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:Yunnan Mongol
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Upper Mongols
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:Ethnic groups
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Khamag Mongol
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3322:Proto-Mongols
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Mongol Empire
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Ordos culture
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:Middle Mongol
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3071:Para-Mongolic
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Eastern Yugur
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2762:(1): 71–132.
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:9780199260171
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2711:952-5150-68-2
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2519:
2514:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2407:
2406:glottolog.org
2403:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2089:Sečenbaγatur
2086:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1978:0-691-01468-X
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1843:Andrews (1999
1839:
1833:, p. 31.
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:In 1931, the
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1612:Russia Buriat
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Mongol proper
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Transeurasian
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:Altaic family
1291:
1287:
1284:and possibly
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1080:Verbal system
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:and then to -
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
987:
986:
981:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
943:
937:
931:
925:
921:
915:
905:
899:
893:
887:
877:
867:
863:
849:
845:
839:
825:
821:
815:
809:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
778:
774:
760:
750:
744:
738:
734:
730:
722:
716:
708:
703:
697:
693:
688:
686:
683:> Khalkha
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
651:(also called
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
593:
577:
573:
572:Middle Mongol
566:Middle Mongol
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
529:Mongol Empire
526:
520:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
397:
395:
394:Common Turkic
391:
386:
384:
378:
377:Turco-Mongols
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:Middle Mongol
320:
317:
316:Chinggis Khan
313:
310:
307:
303:
302:
301:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
277:
272:
263:
261:
258:residents of
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
196:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
154:
151:
149:
148:
144:
142:
141:
137:
134:
130:
129:
122:
121:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
98:
97:
95:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
6984:
6977:
6976:Families in
6933:Pre-Goidelic
6928:Pre-Germanic
6758:Indo-Semitic
6753:Indo-Pacific
6748:Indo-Hittite
6663:
6656:
6649:
6579:
6556:Indian Ocean
6530:
6523:
6518:Austronesian
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6490:Sino-Tibetan
6488:
6467:
6445:
6440:Sino-Tibetan
6438:
6431:
6424:
6392:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6244:North Picene
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6110:
6103:
6102:Families in
6037:
5988:
5886:
5874:
5724:
5692:
5683:Pano-Tacanan
5640:
5603:
5591:
5562:Arutani–Sape
5554:
5499:
5481:
5474:
5459:Oto-Manguean
5457:
5440:
5433:
5380:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5313:
5306:
5283:
5276:
5264:
5237:
5215:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5127:
5120:
5079:
5046:
5042:Western Daly
5020:Pama–Nyungan
5018:
5006:
4999:
4986:
4964:
4959:Eastern Daly
4957:
4949:
4904:
4780:
4768:
4746:
4729:
4707:
4678:Kaure–Kosare
4638:Doso–Turumsa
4628:Chimbu–Wahgi
4618:Bulaka River
4602:Austronesian
4600:
4561:
4554:
4535:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4410:Sino-Tibetan
4408:
4391:
4381:
4374:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4321:
4311:Austronesian
4309:
4302:
4290:
4236:
4174:Nilo-Saharan
4172:
4165:
4150:Austronesian
4148:
4141:
4070:Proto-Turkic
4065:Proto-Altaic
4047:Old Japanese
4005:
3945:Turco-Mongol
3902:
3290:Turco-Mongol
3275:Modern clans
3257:
3162:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3026:
2854:Contemporary
2846:
2781:
2777:
2759:
2755:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2697:
2676:
2661:
2650:the original
2631:
2621:
2617:
2606:the original
2601:
2597:
2581:
2561:
2537:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2472:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2430:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2385:
2373:
2348:
2333:
2324:
2318:Vovin (2005)
2308:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2215:
2209:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1898:Poppe (1955)
1894:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1765:
1654:
1606:China Buriat
1585:
1553:Shira Yughur
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1484:tree diagram
1477:
1469:
1347:
1341:
1298:
1275:
1248:
1229:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
983:
960:articulatory
955:
949:
946:
939:
933:
927:
923:
917:
911:
901:
895:
889:
883:
873:
859:
841:
835:
817:
811:
805:
803:
793:
789:
787:
780:
770:
756:
746:
740:
736:
729:Bayankhongor
718:
714:
701:
695:
691:
689:
684:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
595:
591:
588:
575:
552:Northern Wei
533:
525:Genghis Khan
522:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
473:
466:
460:
456:
450:
446:
439:
435:
431:
424:
420:
416:
409:
405:
401:
387:
380:
358:
354:Genghis Khan
349:
348:
295:
293:) language.
289:(later, the
287:Proto-Turkic
280:
234:, mostly in
224:Central Asia
207:
205:
145:
138:
126:
118:Subdivisions
99:
41:distribution
18:
6783:Ural-Altaic
6763:Indo-Uralic
6575:Sentinelese
6306:Afroasiatic
6272:Eteocypriot
5996:Germanosign
5900:Mura-Pirahã
5781:Lule–Vilela
5757:Bora-Witoto
5732:Uru–Chipaya
5705:Ticuna–Yuri
5688:Peba–Yaguan
5673:Nambikwaran
5476:Uto-Aztecan
5412:Mesoamerica
5266:Uto-Aztecan
5255:Tsimshianic
5217:Palaihnihan
5087:Malak-Malak
4824:Papuan Gulf
4798:West Papuan
4703:Lower Sepik
4693:Lakes Plain
4596:Arai–Samaia
4584:the Pacific
4292:Afroasiatic
4167:Niger–Congo
4143:Afroasiatic
3790:Sart Kalmyk
3540:Qara Khitai
2974:Shirongolic
2915:Sart Kalmyk
2784:: 191–206.
2411:27 December
1991:Svantesson
1951:Svantesson
1929:Svantesson
1907:Svantesson
1885:Svantesson
1863:Svantesson
1831:Golden 2011
1819:Poppe (1964
1502:trichotomy
1409:Shira Yugur
1246:languages.
1052:was lost, -
954:instead of
866:assimilated
777:palatalized
707:spirantized
306:Shaz-Turkic
125:(including
73:Afghanistan
7002:Categories
6923:Pre-Celtic
6891:East Asian
6881:Austro-Tai
6871:Andamanese
6721:Eurasiatic
6642:North Asia
6592:North Asia
6504:Hmong–Mien
6458:Burushaski
6417:South Asia
6388:Kartvelian
6355:Philistine
6265:Eteocretan
6209:Tartessian
5990:Francosign
5838:Chiquitano
5818:Alacalufan
5626:Guaicuruan
5599:Chapacuran
5582:Cahuapanan
5550:Araucanian
5453:Mixe–Zoque
5448:Misumalpan
5162:Comecrudan
5014:Nyulnyulan
4793:Upper Yuat
4770:Torricelli
4742:Senu River
4673:Foja Range
4579:New Guinea
4504:Burushaski
4365:Kartvelian
4340:Hmong–Mien
4156:Khoe–Kwadi
4042:Old Korean
4037:Old Turkic
3939:See also:
3914:Sogwo Arig
3128:Historical
2503:17 January
1777:References
1722:adopted a
1700:See also:
1403:Sprachbund
1299:Following
1220:See also:
1117:ügü.le-run
922:(unstable
733:Baruun-Urt
585:Consonants
291:Lir-Turkic
228:North Asia
81:Kyrgyzstan
39:Geographic
6948:Pre-Vedic
6938:Pre-Greek
6910:Substrata
6813:Arunachal
6711:Nostratic
6696:Alarodian
6631:Yeniseian
6481:East Asia
6433:Dravidian
6290:West Asia
6258:Tyrsenian
6021:Tanzanian
5962:languages
5859:Hodï/Joti
5803:Isolates
5742:Yanomaman
5678:Otomákoan
5642:Jirajaran
5631:Guajiboan
5593:Catacaoan
5572:Barbacoan
5501:Cuitlatec
5470:Totonacan
5429:Jicaquean
5308:Chimariko
5204:Muskogean
5186:Kalapuyan
5180:Iroquoian
5155:Chumashan
5148:Chinookan
5141:Chimakuan
5059:Yangmanic
5054:Worrorran
5037:Wagaydyic
4927:Australia
4776:Trans-Fly
4442:Yeniseian
4429:Tyrsenian
4323:Dravidian
3867:Dongxiang
3615:Khotogoid
3600:Dariganga
3570:Uriankhai
3545:Qara'unas
3504:Khongirad
3258:Languages
3165:indicate
3047:Qoqmončaq
2953:Khamnigan
2878:Mongolian
2474:Glottolog
2380::232–233)
2366:249649524
2300:198833565
2292:2589-8825
2235:993110372
2217:Phonology
2177:Yu (1991)
2004:Ko (2011)
1782:Citations
1642:Khamnigan
1618:Mongolian
1563:Mangghuer
1463:(extinct)
1415:Shirongol
1331:Languages
1202:ese irebe
1179:kee-jüü.y
848:velarized
463:(to melt)
455:Mongolic
445:Mongolic
430:Mongolic
415:Mongolic
400:Mongolic
248:Mongolian
232:East Asia
180:Glottolog
166:ISO 639-5
128:Mongolian
29:Ethnicity
6943:Vasconic
6918:Atlantic
6672:Eskaleut
6626:Yukaghir
6541:Koreanic
6536:Tungusic
6531:Mongolic
6469:Harappan
6380:Caucasus
6362:Sumerian
6237:Ligurian
6054:See also
6031:Isolates
6006:Japanese
5946:Yuracaré
5828:Candoshi
5787:Macro-Jê
5752:Zaparoan
5747:Zamucoan
5737:Witotoan
5720:Tucanoan
5715:Tiniguan
5710:Timotean
5694:Quechuan
5663:Matacoan
5658:Mascoian
5648:Jivaroan
5611:Chibchan
5605:Charruan
5556:Arawakan
5493:Isolates
5424:Chibchan
5300:Isolates
5272:Wakashan
5233:Salishan
5175:Eskaleut
5081:Giimbiyu
5073:Isolates
4982:Jarrakan
4977:Iwaidjan
4834:Isolates
4688:Kutubuan
4556:Sumerian
4492:Isolates
4447:Yukaghir
4416:Tungusic
4382:Mongolic
4370:Koreanic
4329:Eskaleut
4220:Isolates
4204:Ubangian
4016:Koreanic
4011:Tungusic
4006:Mongolic
3994:Families
3828:Hamnigan
3805:Zakhchin
3693:Üzemchin
3663:Khorchin
3658:Kharchin
3555:Taichiud
3529:Olkhonud
3464:Borjigin
3312:Religion
3223:Timeline
3052:Tangwang
2978:Baoanic
2962:Southern
2937:Khorchin
2856:Mongolic
2790:43193441
2768:41928378
2497:Archived
2168:190.13v.
1745:See also
1685:Mandarin
1671:Mandarin
1667:Tangwang
1559:Mongghul
1506:(kele),
1504:language
1500:Grimmian
1492:language
1433:Baoanic
1348:Mongolic
1286:Koreanic
1282:Tungusic
1210:irsengüi
1152:ugu.le-d
1006:mori-tai
906:becomes
548:Tabghach
527:and the
254:and the
252:Mongolia
244:Buryatia
240:Kalmykia
236:Mongolia
186:mong1329
100:Mongolic
61:Kalmykia
57:Buryatia
45:Mongolia
24:Mongolic
6978:italics
6876:Austric
6853:Kho-Bwa
6848:Hrusish
6826:Siangic
6768:Karasuk
6668: ?
6581:Kenaboi
6546:Japonic
6511:Kra–Dai
6472: ?
6463:Kusunda
6369:Elamite
6341:Kassite
6327:Kaskian
6230:Camunic
6202:Iberian
6159:Eurasia
6104:italics
6081:Pidgins
6066:Creoles
6016:Swedish
5984:Chinese
5931:Urarina
5916:Puinave
5870:Itonama
5864:Irantxe
5833:Chimane
5763:Chimuan
5668:Nadahup
5587:Cariban
5567:Aymaran
5528:America
5370:Waikuri
5363:Tonkawa
5356:Timucua
5349:Takelma
5342:Siuslaw
5331:Kutenai
5315:Esselen
5278:Wintuan
5239:Shastan
5210:Na-Dene
5198:Maiduan
5135:Caddoan
5109:America
5063:Wagiman
5061:(incl.
5032:Tangkic
4972:Garawan
4945:Bunuban
4906:Tambora
4873:Maybrat
4841:Abinomn
4764:Teberan
4725:Pauwasi
4715:Mairasi
4683:Kiwaian
4563:Tambora
4549:Shompen
4531:Kusunda
4524:Kenaboi
4510:Elamite
4482:Siangic
4464:Kho-Bwa
4458:Hrusish
4376:Kra–Dai
4360:Japonic
4269:Eurasia
4244:Sandawe
4227:Bangime
4192:Songhay
4021:Japonic
3894:Monguor
3878:Kangjia
3815:Buryats
3795:Torghut
3780:Myangad
3756:Khoshut
3746:Dzungar
3730:Chantuu
3620:Sartuul
3610:Khalkha
3605:Eljigin
3595:Darkhad
3587:Mongols
3509:Manghud
3494:Katagan
3479:Eljigin
3474:Dughlat
3403:Didouyu
3378:Tuyuhun
3368:Kumo Xi
3351:Yujiulü
3335:Xianbei
3215:History
3163:Italics
3115:Tuyuhun
2999:Monguor
2987:Kangjia
2932:Chakhar
2898:Darkhad
2883:Khalkha
2863:Central
2673:(ed.).
2598:Scripta
2528:Sources
2479:Leipzig
2076:Norčin
1683:(mixed
1669:(mixed
1660:Sinitic
1575:Kangjia
1512:Mundart
1508:dialect
1496:dialect
1449:Kangjia
1420:Monguor
1290:Japonic
1264:of the
1240:Tuyuhun
1206:ireegüi
1046:dotur-a
1010:mor'toj
919:*jamaːn
897:*imahan
834:, then
761:became
758:*kʰoina
751:became
720:*kʰynty
544:Xianbei
503:nidurga
469:Xiongnu
365:Keraits
361:Merkits
266:History
6838:Mijiic
6831:Digaro
6778:Pontic
6706:Borean
6701:Altaic
6665:Rouran
6658:Turkic
6651:Uralic
6640:Other
6525:Turkic
6453:Nihali
6348:Gutian
6320:Hattic
6313:Turkic
6279:Minoan
6251:Sicani
6196:Basque
6190:Turkic
6183:Uralic
6167:Europe
5979:BANZSL
5941:Yamana
5926:Trumai
5895:Movima
5849:Fulniô
5812:Aikanã
5726:Tupian
5621:Chonan
5545:Arauan
5483:Xincan
5435:Lencan
5388:Yokuts
5285:Yukian
5250:Tanoan
5245:Siouan
5228:Pomoan
5169:Coosan
4995:Mirndi
4888:Porome
4883:Pawaia
4737:Senagi
4709:Madang
4658:Eleman
4613:Border
4544:Nihali
4537:Minoan
4517:Hattic
4499:Basque
4470:Mijiic
4452:Digaro
4436:Uralic
4422:Turkic
4273:Europe
4130:Africa
4001:Turkic
3899:Khatso
3889:Moghol
3883:Mughal
3872:Hazara
3773:Buzava
3771:incl.
3767:Kalmyk
3761:Khoton
3741:Dörbet
3736:Choros
3720:Baatud
3707:Oirats
3673:Naiman
3668:Jaruud
3648:Chahar
3643:Baarin
3519:Naiman
3514:Merkit
3499:Kerait
3489:Jalair
3484:Gorlos
3469:Chonos
3454:Barlas
3444:Baarin
3412:incl.
3408:Khitan
3398:Shiwei
3373:Murong
3349:incl.
3345:Rouran
3340:Wuhuan
3330:Donghu
3243:Rulers
3238:States
3101:Khitan
3028:Rouran
3022:Moghol
2927:Baarin
2908:Torgut
2903:Kalmyk
2893:Alasha
2873:Buryat
2788:
2766:
2743:
2708:
2685:
2642:
2569:
2545:
2364:
2298:
2290:
2233:
2223:
2197:
2091:et al.
2078:et al.
1993:et al.
1975:
1953:et al.
1931:et al.
1909:et al.
1887:et al.
1867:(2005)
1865:et al.
1731:Soviet
1729:Under
1602:Buriat
1581:Moghol
1533:Buryat
1461:Moghol
1390:Kalmyk
1368:Buryat
1317:Korean
1278:Turkic
1272:Altaic
1236:Khitan
1155:speak-
1120:speak-
1112:sabraq
1109:sabraq
1104:Kökseü
1101:Kökseü
964:Korean
941:*omus-
935:*ømys-
929:*emys-
800:Vowels
763:/xɔin/
755:, but
725:/xunt/
618:, and
542:, and
540:Wuhuan
536:Donghu
507:yudruk
501:) and
474:Later
451:buzagu
447:biragu
326:Turkic
256:Mongol
210:are a
153:Rouran
147:Moghol
75:) and
65:Russia
6616:Nivkh
6570:Ongan
5936:Warao
5905:Nukak
5876:Kunza
5854:Guató
5843:Cofán
5823:Camsá
5616:Choco
5577:Boran
5526:South
5507:Huave
5442:Mayan
5393:Yuchi
5376:Washo
5326:Karuk
5321:Haida
5260:Utian
5192:Keres
5129:Alsea
5122:Algic
5107:North
4899:Taiap
4893:Sulka
4748:Sepik
4663:Engan
4404:Ongan
4387:Nivkh
4255:Shabo
4238:Jalaa
4232:Hadza
4186:Mande
3925:Yugur
3919:Tuvan
3857:Bonan
3851:Aimaq
3844:Other
3834:Soyot
3823:Barga
3751:Khoid
3725:Bayad
3683:Tumed
3678:Ordos
3565:Tumed
3560:Tatar
3550:Sunud
3534:Ongud
3524:Oirat
3459:Bayad
3449:Barga
3383:Tuoba
3363:Yuwen
3108:Tuoba
3087:Serbi
3057:Wutun
3039:mixed
3017:Dagur
3010:other
2992:Santa
2982:Bonan
2942:Ordos
2888:Oirat
2786:JSTOR
2764:JSTOR
2653:(PDF)
2636:(PDF)
2609:(PDF)
2594:(PDF)
2362:S2CID
2312:e.g.
2296:S2CID
2151:and -
1797::141)
1757:Notes
1689:Bonan
1681:Wutun
1675:Santa
1657:mixed
1571:Santa
1567:Bonan
1547:Oirat
1543:Ordos
1523:Dagur
1443:Santa
1437:Bonan
1394:Oirat
1384:Ordos
1353:Dagur
1244:Tuoba
1074:uruγu
1064:and -
1032:and -
998:luγ-a
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