107:
writes: "The absolute dating of Proto-Mongolic depends on when, exactly, the linguistic unity of its speakers ended", that is, when it evolved into separate
Mongolic languages; this event took place "only after the geographical dispersal of the ancient Mongols under Chinggis Khan", which was "not
92:, the language spoken at the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Most features of modern Mongolic languages can thus be shown to descend from Middle Mongol. An exception would be the Common Mongolic
108:
earlier than the thirteenth century." As a result, "his means that the present-day differences between the
Mongolic languages are likely to be the result of less than 800 years of divergent evolution."
71:
1274:
914:
636:
779:
1507:
1346:
705:
998:
1267:
1469:
747:
654:
619:
2042:
907:
365:. However, for words ending with the consonant n, l, or r would lose the final letter, and just add d, for example
58:
after the thirteenth century, after geographical dispersal of the ancient
Mongols under Chinggis Khan and his heirs
772:
1299:
1260:
1227:
313:
270:
249:
229:
156:
139:
100:'do together', which can be reconstructed from the modern languages but is not attested in Middle Mongol.
2047:
2017:
1351:
900:
2025:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of
Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
1378:
765:
2052:
1147:
1366:
1220:
1204:
1045:
89:
55:
2021:
1319:
1314:
871:
866:
1123:
1388:
991:
8:
1636:
1291:
1050:
1769:
1373:
1334:
1324:
1013:
954:
923:
817:
812:
807:
85:
30:
1676:
1304:
1128:
1008:
959:
822:
743:
701:
650:
615:
695:
1954:
1739:
1734:
1706:
1421:
1309:
1283:
1191:
1075:
1063:
1029:
1003:
802:
788:
642:
607:
1985:
1791:
1686:
1177:
1104:
1098:
1018:
974:
949:
93:
1817:
1427:
1170:
1970:
1822:
1729:
1560:
1383:
1356:
1243:
1184:
1133:
1115:
1093:
1068:
1058:
969:
964:
858:
2036:
1965:
1959:
1899:
1876:
1812:
1754:
1525:
1515:
1484:
1474:
1406:
1398:
1361:
1329:
881:
104:
1933:
1927:
1866:
1764:
1621:
1545:
984:
979:
848:
1163:
646:
611:
1938:
1861:
1616:
1464:
1156:
1990:
1943:
1434:
843:
838:
1691:
1646:
1580:
892:
40:
757:
1904:
1881:
1631:
1605:
1575:
1570:
1550:
1540:
1252:
44:
1948:
1891:
1871:
1856:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1806:
1749:
1724:
1719:
1696:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1595:
1585:
1565:
1555:
1520:
1479:
1454:
1444:
1411:
738:
Janhunen, Juha (2003a). "Proto-Mongolic". In
Janhunen, J. (ed.).
1490:
1995:
1975:
1849:
1801:
1796:
1783:
1744:
1600:
1590:
1535:
1530:
1449:
1416:
333:
One way in which Proto-Mongolic formed plurals was by adding -
2001:
1910:
1827:
1759:
1641:
1626:
1610:
1459:
1439:
1714:
1497:
357:
would be added to words ending in consonants, for example
103:
Regarding the time period when Proto-Mongolic was spoken,
345:
would be added to words ending in vowels, for example
84:
is the hypothetical ancestor language of the modern
635:Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
602:Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
2034:
16:Reconstructed ancestor of the Mongolic languages
1705:
1268:
908:
773:
1275:
1261:
915:
901:
780:
766:
737:
720:
681:
669:
693:
634:
601:
2035:
922:
1256:
896:
787:
761:
1282:
13:
14:
2064:
628:
714:
687:
675:
663:
641:. pp. Chapter 1, page 1.
595:
1:
730:
694:Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27).
323:
742:. Routledge. pp. 1–29.
111:
7:
10:
2069:
376:
328:
88:. It is very close to the
2014:
1920:
1890:
1782:
1662:
1655:
1506:
1397:
1290:
1237:
1203:
1146:
1114:
1086:
1038:
939:
930:
857:
831:
795:
62:
50:
36:
26:
21:
588:
2043:Agglutinative languages
740:The Mongolic languages
697:The Mongolic Languages
638:The Mongolic Languages
604:The Mongolic Languages
369:(prince) would become
90:Middle Mongol language
27:Reconstruction of
647:10.4324/9780203987919
612:10.4324/9780203987919
999:Peripheral Mongolian
361:(book) would become
72:Proto-Serbi-Mongolic
1228:Classical Mongolian
383:
349:(man) would become
184:
118:
2048:Mongolic languages
2018:Donghu and Xianbei
1374:Mongolian nobility
1325:Slab Grave culture
924:Mongolic languages
381:
182:
116:
86:Mongolic languages
31:Mongolic languages
2030:
2029:
2010:
2009:
1778:
1777:
1305:Mongolian Plateau
1250:
1249:
1244:extinct languages
1142:
1141:
946:Buryat–Mongolian
890:
889:
789:Altaic hypothesis
707:978-0-203-98791-9
586:
585:
321:
320:
180:
179:
94:pluritative voice
79:
78:
2060:
1707:Southern Mongols
1703:
1702:
1660:
1659:
1310:Mongol heartland
1284:Mongolic peoples
1277:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1253:
937:
936:
917:
910:
903:
894:
893:
782:
775:
768:
759:
758:
753:
724:
718:
712:
711:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
660:
632:
626:
625:
599:
384:
380:
315:
272:
251:
231:
185:
181:
158:
141:
119:
115:
19:
18:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2053:Proto-languages
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2006:
1986:Sichuan Mongols
1916:
1886:
1792:Altai Uriankhai
1774:
1701:
1651:
1508:Medieval tribes
1502:
1393:
1379:Writing systems
1347:Medieval tribes
1286:
1281:
1251:
1246:
1233:
1199:
1138:
1110:
1082:
1034:
932:
926:
921:
891:
886:
859:Proto-languages
853:
832:Early languages
827:
791:
786:
756:
750:
733:
728:
727:
721:Janhunen (2003a
719:
715:
708:
692:
688:
682:Janhunen (2003a
680:
676:
670:Janhunen (2003a
668:
664:
657:
633:
629:
622:
600:
596:
591:
379:
331:
326:
114:
75:
67:
65:
54:Developed into
17:
12:
11:
5:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:Eastern Dorbet
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1384:Soyombo symbol
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1357:Nomadic empire
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:Proto-Mongolic
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1214:Proto-Mongolic
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
994:
989:
988:
987:
977:
972:
962:
952:
943:
941:
934:
928:
927:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:Proto-Mongolic
874:
869:
863:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
797:
793:
792:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
755:
754:
748:
734:
732:
729:
726:
725:
713:
706:
686:
674:
662:
655:
627:
620:
593:
592:
590:
587:
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
388:
378:
375:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
318:
316:
310:
308:
306:
302:
301:
299:
297:
294:
292:
288:
287:
285:
283:
280:
278:
274:
273:
267:
265:
262:
260:
256:
255:
252:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
226:
223:
221:
217:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
178:
177:
174:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
159:
153:
149:
148:
145:
142:
136:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
113:
110:
82:Proto-Mongolic
77:
76:
70:
68:
63:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
22:Proto-Mongolic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2065:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:Yunnan Mongol
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Upper Mongols
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:Ethnic groups
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Khamag Mongol
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1399:Proto-Mongols
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Mongol Empire
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Ordos culture
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:Middle Mongol
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1148:Para-Mongolic
1145:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Eastern Yugur
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
944:
942:
938:
935:
929:
925:
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
899:
898:
895:
883:
882:Proto-Japonic
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
860:
856:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
830:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
790:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
760:
751:
749:9780700711338
745:
741:
736:
735:
722:
717:
709:
703:
700:. Routledge.
699:
698:
690:
683:
678:
671:
666:
658:
656:9780203987919
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
631:
623:
621:9780203987919
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
594:
582:
579:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
317:
311:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
253:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
233:
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120:
109:
106:
105:Juha Janhunen
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
69:
64:Reconstructed
61:
57:
56:Middle Mongol
53:
49:
46:
45:East Mongolia
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
2022:Turco-Mongol
1979:
1367:Turco-Mongol
1352:Modern clans
1339:
1239:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1103:
931:Contemporary
876:
872:Proto-Turkic
867:Proto-Altaic
849:Old Japanese
739:
716:
696:
689:
677:
665:
637:
630:
603:
597:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
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510:
500:
490:
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470:
461:*na(y)ima(n)
460:
450:
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420:
410:
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390:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:to a word. -
338:
334:
332:
102:
97:
81:
80:
1867:Sart Kalmyk
1617:Qara Khitai
1051:Shirongolic
992:Sart Kalmyk
441:*jirguxa(n)
373:(princes).
183:Consonants
2037:Categories
2016:See also:
1991:Sogwo Arig
1205:Historical
844:Old Korean
839:Old Turkic
731:References
451:*doluxa(n)
324:Morphology
305:Semivowel
259:Fricative
1944:Dongxiang
1692:Khotogoid
1677:Dariganga
1647:Uriankhai
1622:Qara'unas
1581:Khongirad
1335:Languages
1242:indicate
1124:Qoqmončaq
1030:Khamnigan
955:Mongolian
581:*minga(n)
481:*xarba(n)
471:*yersü(n)
421:*dörbe(n)
411:*gurba(n)
193:Alveolar
112:Phonology
41:Manchuria
1905:Hamnigan
1882:Zakhchin
1770:Üzemchin
1740:Khorchin
1735:Kharchin
1632:Taichiud
1606:Olkhonud
1541:Borjigin
1389:Religion
1300:Timeline
1129:Tangwang
1055:Baoanic
1039:Southern
1014:Khorchin
933:Mongolic
818:Koreanic
813:Tungusic
808:Mongolic
796:Families
571:*jaxu(n)
561:*yere(n)
551:*naya(n)
541:*dala(n)
531:*jira(n)
521:*tabi(n)
511:*döci(n)
501:*guci(n)
491:*kori(n)
431:*tabu(n)
391:*nike(n)
382:Numbers
277:Lateral
196:Palatal
127:Neutral
66:ancestor
1971:Monguor
1955:Kangjia
1892:Buryats
1872:Torghut
1857:Myangad
1833:Khoshut
1823:Dzungar
1807:Chantuu
1697:Sartuul
1687:Khalkha
1682:Eljigin
1672:Darkhad
1664:Mongols
1586:Manghud
1571:Katagan
1556:Eljigin
1551:Dughlat
1480:Didouyu
1455:Tuyuhun
1445:Kumo Xi
1428:Yujiulü
1412:Xianbei
1292:History
1240:Italics
1192:Tuyuhun
1076:Monguor
1064:Kangjia
1009:Chakhar
975:Darkhad
960:Khalkha
940:Central
823:Japonic
723::16–17)
377:Lexicon
329:Plurals
291:Liquid
220:Fortis
190:Labial
117:Vowels
96:suffix
1976:Khatso
1966:Moghol
1960:Mughal
1949:Hazara
1850:Buzava
1848:incl.
1844:Kalmyk
1838:Khoton
1818:Dörbet
1813:Choros
1797:Baatud
1784:Oirats
1750:Naiman
1745:Jaruud
1725:Chahar
1720:Baarin
1596:Naiman
1591:Merkit
1576:Kerait
1566:Jalair
1561:Gorlos
1546:Chonos
1531:Barlas
1521:Baarin
1489:incl.
1485:Khitan
1475:Shiwei
1450:Murong
1426:incl.
1422:Rouran
1417:Wuhuan
1407:Donghu
1320:Rulers
1315:States
1178:Khitan
1105:Rouran
1099:Moghol
1004:Baarin
985:Torgut
980:Kalmyk
970:Alasha
950:Buryat
803:Turkic
746:
704:
653:
618:
401:*koxar
239:Lenis
204:Nasal
199:Velar
124:Front
98:-cAgA-
37:Region
2002:Yugur
1996:Tuvan
1934:Bonan
1928:Aimaq
1921:Other
1911:Soyot
1900:Barga
1828:Khoid
1802:Bayad
1760:Tumed
1755:Ordos
1642:Tumed
1637:Tatar
1627:Sunud
1611:Ongud
1601:Oirat
1536:Bayad
1526:Barga
1460:Tuoba
1440:Yuwen
1185:Tuoba
1164:Serbi
1134:Wutun
1116:mixed
1094:Dagur
1087:other
1069:Santa
1059:Bonan
1019:Ordos
965:Oirat
589:Notes
363:nomud
250:/d͡ʒ/
230:/t͡ʃ/
135:High
130:Back
1939:Daur
1862:Olot
1765:Urad
1715:Asud
1498:Zubu
1491:Yelü
1470:Tufa
1465:Qifu
1435:Duan
1171:Duan
1157:Awar
744:ISBN
702:ISBN
651:ISBN
616:ISBN
577:1000
351:eres
337:or -
168:Low
152:Mid
684::6)
672::4)
643:doi
608:doi
567:100
371:kad
367:kan
359:nom
353:. -
347:ere
314:/j/
312:*y
296:*r
282:*l
271:/h/
269:*x
264:*s
254:*g
248:*j
245:*d
242:*b
234:*k
228:*c
225:*t
215:*ŋ
210:*n
207:*m
176:*a
171:*e
163:*o
157:/ø/
155:*ö
147:*u
144:*i
140:/y/
138:*ü
51:Era
2039::
2020:·
1998:**
1962:**
1951:**
1930:**
649:.
614:.
606:.
557:90
547:80
537:70
527:60
517:50
507:40
497:30
487:20
477:10
355:ud
339:ud
74:?
43:-
1982:)
1978:(
1913:*
1907:*
1840:*
1809:*
1613:*
1276:e
1269:t
1262:v
916:e
909:t
902:v
781:e
774:t
767:v
752:.
710:.
659:.
645::
624:.
610::
467:9
457:8
447:7
437:6
427:5
417:4
407:3
397:2
387:1
343:s
335:s
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