342:
359:
322:
1067:
The dative-locative may denote not only an indirect object, but also local and temporal expressions, both static and dynamic. The accusative ending may be replaced by the unmarked nominative, especially if the noun is not definite and specific; in such cases, stems ending in unstable /n/ lose it. The
317:
The temporal delimitation of Middle Mongol causes some problems as shown in definitions ranging from the 13th until the early 15th or until the late 16th century. This discrepancy arises from the lack of documents written in the
Mongolian language from between the early 15th and late 16th centuries.
5035:
Except for the marked translations from de
Rachewiltz and Cleaves, all information in the following discussion up to but not including the comparison with modern Mongolian were taken from Poppe 1965. Poppe also argues for a "passive of necessity and possibility", but part of his examples can be
430:
The term "Middle Mongol" is problematic insofar as there is no body of texts that is commonly called "Old Mongol". While a revision of this terminology for the early period of
Mongolian has been attempted, the lack of a thorough and linguistically-based periodization of Mongolian up to now has
412:
argues that it is unlikely that the stele was erected at the place where it was found in the year of the event it describes, suggesting that it is more likely to have been erected about a quarter of a century later, when Yisüngge had gained more substantial political power. If so, the earliest
688:
In transliteration, /ø/ and /y/ are commonly indicated as <ö> and <ü>, respectively; /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are written <c> (or <č>), <j> and <sh> (or <š>); /j/ is denoted by <y>; /ŋ/ is spelt <ng>; and /ɢ/ may be expressed by <gh> (or
2802:
In §131, Belgütei is negatively affected by an unknown actor. In §112, the addressee is the passive subject. While it is possible for the speech content to be passive subject, it is far less frequent. In §178, the referent of the subject is directly affected, but syntactically, the affected
318:
It is not clear whether these two delimitations constitute conscious decisions about the classification of e.g. a small text from 1453 with less than 120 words or whether the vaster definition is just intended to fill up the time gap for which little proper evidence is available.
684:
There appears to have been a positionally determined allophonic variation ~, ~, with the postvelar allophones occurring in back-vowel contexts. Both have been claimed to occur before /i/ (depending on its origin from Proto-Mongolic */i/ or */ɯ/), which would make them phonemic.
2081:
There are a number of participles. They may be used attributively or as standalone heads of nominal phrases, and several may also be combined with a copula to form complex verbal forms, or simply be used predicatively without a copula. They are listed in the following table.
1711:. There are two present and two past forms, with a modal distinction between a marked and unmarked form within each pair, and a pluperfect. The usual suffixes are displayed in the table below. As above, more innovative variants are introduced with the sign >.
701:, where /a/, /o/ and /u/ alternate with /e/, /ø/ and /y/; in the rest of this article, morphemes are represented only by their back-vocalic allomorph. The vowel /i/ is neutral with respect to vowel harmony. Certain stems end in an 'unstable /n/' (here marked
909:
The case endings have different allomorphs depending on whether the stem ends in a vowel, the consonant /n/ or another consonant. There is also some chronological variation between earlier and later texts, as marked with the sign > in the table.
3777:(as do many of the units); the decimals, apart from 'ten', share the same historical root with the corresponding units, but the exact derivational relation is not regular and transparent. The most common and archaic forms are as follows:
268:. The term "Middle Mongol" is somewhat misleading, as what would generally by language naming rules be termed "Old Mongolian" in this terminology is actually Proto-Mongolic. The existence of another ("old") Mongol clan federation in
1075:
possessive suffix (meaning 'his own', 'my own' and so on) can be placed after a noun declined for any case. Its shape varies depending on phonological factors and the genitive ending of vowel stems is also changed in front of it:
4962:
in several morphemes. In modern
Mongolian, the latter variant occurs after the unaspirated stops, /s/ and /r/; Poppe (1955: 277) and Rybatzki (2003) do not explain how and whether the Middle Mongol alternation is
4802:
tends to be realised as /d/ after vowels, semivowels, nasals and the lateral, whereas /t/ tends to be found after obstruents; in some scripts and areas, however, no such allomorphy is expressed (Poppe 1955:
5054:
Cleaves 1982: 87. "wives and sons" might also have been a general term for ‘family’. De
Rachewiltz 2004: 82, 591 simply translates "of my people and my wife here" in accordance with his interpretation of
431:
constituted a problem for any such attempts. The related term "Preclassical
Mongolian" is applied to Middle Mongol documents in Mongolian script, since these show some distinct linguistic peculiarities.
408:
is considered to be its first surviving monument. It is a sports report written in
Mongolian writing that was already fairly conventionalized then and most often dated between 1224 and 1225. However,
3544:'my' etc.) are often placed as enclitics after the head instead. Number agreement between attributes and the nouns they modify is observed optionally. There is also gender agreement (for the suffix
4841:, and then only in some scripts. Rybatzki (2003: 69) therefore suspects that these spellings might be instances of archaising orthography with no counterparts in the contemporary spoken language.
1707:
The finite indicative verbal suffixes express different shades of temporal, aspectual and modal meaning, and the ones with a past meaning also agree with the subject in semantic/biological
3548:
and some verbal forms), but no case agreement; instead, only the head receives the case marker. There are no conjunctions. Long sequences of converbs preceding the finite verb are common.
4871:
These are actually the demonstrative pronouns 'this', 'that' and 'the same', used in place of personal pronouns because the nominative forms of the original ones had been lost.
3540:
after the verb rather than before it. In noun phrases, modifiers are normally placed in front of heads (i.e. adjectives and possessors precede nouns), but possessive pronouns (
341:
423:, a document that must originally have been written in Mongolian script in 1252, but which only survives in an edited version as a textbook for learning Mongolian from the
3122:(as in §188 and §31). In contrast to the passive suffix, the causative suffix does not attach to a phrase, but to single verbs (as long as they denote different actions):
2811:
in other contexts). In §163, it is not the referent of the subject noun phrase, but people related to it that are directly affected to the distress of the subject.
3343:'She had her daughter-in-law perform the rites pertaining to a daughter in law, ordered that the ceremonial wine be drunk and the horse fiddle be played, and ...'
3114:
that is, however, less notable. Subjects of intransitive verbs of clauses that are causativized get accusative marking (as in §79), while former subjects of
2063:
wish or concern referring to a possible action by the first or second person ('Let him not do X!', 'You/he should not do X', 'But suppose he does X!').
5311:
de
Rachewiltz, Igor (1999): Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich and Peter Wyzlic (eds.):
705:), which is obligatorily or optionally dropped in front of various suffixes. The consonants /g/ and /k/ are elided in front of vowel-initial suffixes.
5077:
is related to the position of
Genghis, not of Jamuqa. This interpretation is in full agreement with de Rachewiltz 2004: 129: 'when Jamuqa was brought
5457:
4259:
2. Duwa Soqor, having a single eye in the middle of (his) forehead, was capable of peering at a place (at a distance) of three journeys.
2221:
are used as modifiers of the finite verb and their subject is normally the same as that of the finite verb. The following types occur:
5073:Ōsaki 2006: 216. The translation adapts elements from Cleaves 1982: 136, but follows the Mongolian translation below in assuming that
2722:‘If I think evil I shall be subject to letting out my blood like this’ or ‘Now if I think evil ..., let my blood be shed like this!’
1766:
form (used to state something that can be deduced from available evidence) or as expressing certainty ('of course', 'obviously').
5145:
5541:
189:
5420:
5810:
358:
4706:
4673:
3981:
forms for 'first' and 'second', although the less common regular ones are attested in composite numerals. The suffix
419:
5450:
5138:
The
Mongolian manuscripts on birch bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
3959:, lit. 'twenty six'. Multiples of hundred, thousand and ten thousand are also expressed by juxtaposition, e.g. 500
5430:
179:
3977:, but the shape of the stem often deviates from that of the cardinal, as seen in the table below, and there are
481:
for Proto-Mongolic cannot be reconstructed from internal evidence that used to be based solely on word-initial
3963:, lit. 'five hundred'; in these cases, the second component may also optionally stand in the plural, e.g. 500
3536:
The usual word order is SOV, but there are deviations. A pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person may be placed as an
4228:
326:
4336:
733:. Middle Mongol rather freely allows for predicate–object, which is due to language contact. There are nine
153:
5770:
5270:
2827:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4628:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
446:
5805:
5443:
1833:
Stresses the fact that a past action or state has been witnessed or is otherwise known beyond any doubt.
726:
722:
4311:
8. If she is not (yet) given to a man, let us request (her) for you, my younger brother Dobun Mergen!”,
3040:
nor the suffixing of passive suffixes to phrases are possible, so the modern translation of §200 runs:
2361:
The voice morphology can be viewed as part of word formation. The following suffixes may be mentioned:
3951:
Both teens and sums of other tens and a unit are formed by juxtaposing the ten and the unit, e.g. 15
5108:
de Rachewiltz 2004: 109, 667. He points out that Kököčü most likely held considerable social status.
5036:
refuted and part are rhetorical questions that do not fit the category (although they are peculiar).
232:, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to
2113:
May also be used predicatively as a future tense. Also used as a general action noun (infinitive).
5756:
5690:
5284:
88:
5255:
Based on Cleaves, Francis Woodman. 1982. The Secret History of the Mongols. Vol. I (translation)
4287:
5. seeing a band of people journeying, coming (and) about to approach down the Tüŋgelig stream,
5763:
5747:
5588:
4575:
See Rachewiltz 1999 for a critical review of the terminology used in periodizations of Mongolic
4303:
7. at the front part of one black cart, it turns out that (there is) one maiden (who) is good.
3500:
indicative present-tense forms, futuritive participle and modal converb, as well as dubitative
3345:'making the daughters in law perform the rites of a daughter in law, making one to present the
714:
427:, thus reflecting the pronunciation of Middle Mongol from the second half of the 14th century.
5246:
Based on Street, John C. 2013. Street's text of the Secret History of the Mongols. Version 24.
2291:'if he does X', 'when he did X' (the subject may be different from that of the finite verb).
1954:
There are a number of forms expressing wishes and commands, as shown in the following table.
5666:
4391:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
2795:{Naiman (tribal name)-DAT} people {homestead-one's own} woman {son-one's own} pillage-PAST I
5534:
3360:
272:
during the 12th century is historical, but there is no language material from this period.
5268:
Atwood, Christopher (2007): The date of the "Secret history of the Mongols" reconsidered.
405:
8:
5593:
5392:
5382:
Poppe, Nicholas (1965): The passive constructions in the language of the Secret history.
2490:
1916:
49:
5355:
1935:
in the narrative form). There are also some attestations of the finite use of a form in
385:
109:
5556:
5497:
5466:
5301:
4418:
4331:
3033:
2950:
2798:‘I have been spoiled by the Naiman in respect of my people and folk and wives and sons’
2489:
or in the other Mongolic languages. While it might also have fulfilled the function to
2418:
1708:
1687:
750:
409:
397:
334:
302:
257:
233:
214:
113:
67:
4485:(2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot".
414:
293:
into the "Para-Mongolic" family, meaning it is related to the Mongolic languages as a
169:
5671:
5551:
5502:
5141:
4702:
4669:
4450:"Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter"
4422:
4410:
3413:
3119:
2954:
2498:
2494:
1072:
1023:
5306:
Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata
217:
185:
5734:
5618:
5606:
5572:
5546:
4694:
4661:
4464:
4402:
1947:
1763:
1136:
734:
486:
401:
306:
280:
105:
4449:
4295:
6. saying: “In (the midst of) those people who are about to approach, journeying,
4284:
5. Tüŋgelig qoroqan huruu niken bölög irgen newüjü, oroju ayisuquyi qaraju üjejü,
5720:
5647:
5641:
5561:
5517:
5492:
5424:
4880:
In addition, the comitative of the 3rd person singular is formed with the ending
4482:
4445:
3970:
3737:
3115:
2808:
2807:
is marked with the reflexive-possessive suffix (that on its own can resemble the
2482:
2455:
2167:
1050:
953:
352:
298:
290:
276:
117:
59:
5713:
5786:
5727:
5676:
5658:
5636:
5611:
5601:
5512:
5507:
5365:
3028:'Jamuqa, being seized by his companions and forced to come (unto Genghis Khan)'
333:. The rows with large characters represent Mongolian phonetic transcription in
253:
98:
4406:
5799:
5417:
5348:
5342:
5332:
4414:
4268:
4256:
2. Duwa Soqor, maŋlay dumda qaqca nidütü, qurban neürid qajara qaraqu bülee.
3379:
is common to modern Mongolic languages, it is not attested in Middle Mongol.
2478:
1463:
1403:
1001:
979:
931:
698:
393:
378:
286:
265:
241:
221:
146:
5099:
The argument and the four examples below are taken from Ōsaki 2006: 245–247.
4468:
4264:
3. Niken üdür Duwa Soqor Dobun Mergen deülüebeen Burqan Qaldun deere qarba.
850:
The stem-final consonant is elided; likewise the entire stem-final sequence
5527:
5522:
3219:{horse-one's own} Kököčü {keeper of geldings-DAT-one's own} seize-CAUS-PAST
2069:
A polite request can also be expressed by a future passive participle form
1375:
757:
precede their modificatum and agree with it in number. The pronouns have a
424:
389:
321:
294:
283:
was a Mongolic language and close, but not identical, to Middle Mongolian.
261:
237:
225:
5706:
5304:(1976): Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisüngge. In: Walter Heissig et al.:
4698:
4665:
1793:
perfective tense, expressing the notion of 'having just done' something).
137:
5431:Éva Csáki (2006) "Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages"
5360:
Shōgaito Masahiro sensei tainin kinen ronshū – Yūrajia shogengo no kenkyū
4308:
8. Güüne ese ögtegsen böesü, Dobun Mergen deüdeen cimada quyuya!” keejü,
3702:
3416:(as well as indefinite pronouns and concessive constructions, see above)
3352:
3333:{daughter-in-law-one's own} {to daughter-in-law-CVB-IMPERF} present_ötög-
2804:
1143:. They mostly take the same case suffixes as the nouns, but display some
975:
741:
being unmarked. The verbal suffixes can be divided into finite suffixes,
5699:
5354:Ōsaki, Noriko (2006): “Genchō hishi” no gengo ni mirareru judōbun. In:
4251:
1. ... The sons of Toroqoljin were two: Duwa Soqor (and) Dobun Mergen.
3978:
3661:
3604:
1877:
1144:
742:
738:
362:
3516:
Identity with nominal parts of speech is negated by means of the word
3025:
Jamuqa {companion-DAT-one's own} seize-CVB-IMPERF come-PASS-CVB-IMPERF
5435:
3720:
3111:
2399:
1994:
Same as above, but more innovative and found only in Arabic sources.
1939:
with plural subjects, whose singular may have been, again, a form in
1786:
1140:
758:
754:
440:
162:
130:
4390:
3359:
Next to these morphemes, Middle Mongol also had suffixes to express
2311:'until he does X'. It also sometimes expresses simultaneous action.
16:
Language spoken in Central Asia during the time of the Mongol Empire
3537:
3388:
3104:
Jamuha {friend-DAT-one's own} seize-PASS-CVB-IMPERF come-CVB-IMPERF
345:
330:
269:
229:
197:
37:
5427:
information on Classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
5160:
Cleaves 1982: 116. The plural reading is perhaps more likely here.
3469:
There are three preposed negative particles used with verb forms:
2020:
3rd person, rarely 2nd person ('He shall do X.', 'Let him do X!')
5389:
Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 47–82.
3758:
2486:
2218:
1924:
1172:
746:
730:
443:
337:, with the right-hand smaller characters representing the glosses
193:
5327:
Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul
2958:
2815:
1981:
1st person singular, sometimes plural ('I or we want to do X')
718:
374:
370:
366:
2715:
bad think-CVB-COND this like {blood-one's own} {come out-PASS-
384:
Middle Mongol survived in a number of scripts, namely notably
4248:
1. ...Toroqoljinu köün Duwa Soqor, Dobun Mergen qoyar bülee.
3346:
2297:, it has concessive function 'even if / although he does X'.
450:
348:
1690:
are formed by combining the interrogatives and the particle
5413:
and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
5395:, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005):
2947:
2497:, it usually seems to mark actions which either affect the
264:
united a number of tribes under his command and formed the
4379:
For further reading on this matter, see de Rachewiltz 1999
4300:
7. niken qarautay tergenü öljigede niken ökin sayin buyu.
798:
vowel stems denoting non-lineal kinship terms and deities
749:
suffixes. Some of the finite suffixes inflect for subject
196:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
247:
244:
and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.
5313:
Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube
1923:
is attested only in late Arabic sources (originally the
904:
297:, rather than as a direct descendant of Proto-Mongolic.
4319:
9. sent his younger brother Dobun Mergen to see (her).
2136:
Rarely used predicatively with a meaning 'has done X'.
5329:. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
5081:
by his companions' (cursive marking by de Rachewiltz).
4279:
4. Duwa Soqor, peering from on top of Burhan Haldun,
3765:, although some are also attested without the final
3745:
On the formation of verbs from other verbs, see the
2942:‘By whom shall the office of shield be done for me?’
301:
has also identified several possible loanwords from
5362:. Tōkyō: Yūrajia gengo no kenkyū kankōkai: 175–253.
5351:(2003b): Para-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 391–402.
5289:
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 13, No. 3/4
2501:directly or indirectly affect it in a harmful way.
457:. The main difference to older approaches is that
413:surviving Mongolian monument would be an edict of
5345:(2003a): Proto-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 1–29.
5315:. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica: 235–246.
4292:6. ügülerün: ”Tede newüjü ayisuqun irgenü dotora
4267:3. One day, Duwa Soqor went up on (the mountain)
3330:berined-iyen berile’üljü ötökle’üljü qu’urda’ulju
3222:'He gave his horse to his equerry Kököčü to hold'
864:other consonant stems (and occasionally stems in
5797:
4457:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
3932:There are also simple numerals for one hundred (
2152:May also be used predicatively as a past tense.
1068:comitative may also be used as an instrumental.
774:The plural suffixes are distributed as follows:
3556:Some of the common suffixes are the following:
3528:, 'other', thus literally 'X is other than Y'.
2792:naimana irge orqoban eme kö’üben da’uliqdaba bi
1931:, on which see below, combined with the copula
1702:
417:of 1240 and the oldest surviving text arguably
4867:
4865:
4859:A summary of the table in Rybatzki (2003: 71).
2564:‘Belgütei, having been chopped in that manner’
2481:construction that is peculiar to it and maybe
5451:
5370:Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies
4999:Rybatzki (2003: 73-74), Poppe (1955: 252-260)
4689:Janhunen, Juha (2003). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
4656:Janhunen, Juha (2003). Janhunen, Juha (ed.).
4395:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
4276:4. Duwa Soqor, Burqan Qaldun deerece qaraju,
2953:to which the passive subject is suffixed are
5186:
5184:
2639:son-PL my khan-PL become-PAST say-PASS-PRS I
2470:Expressing an action affecting the subject.
305:into Khitan. He also identified the extinct
5135:
4862:
4775:Rybatzki (2003: 66), Poppe (1955: 175-184).
3162:Temüjin-ACC {mount a horse-CAUS-CVB-IMPERF}
2712:ma’ui setki’esü ene metü čisuban qarqaqdasu
2561:Belgütei so chop-PASS-CVB-IMPERF be-CVB-PRF
2046:2nd person plural, polite ('Please do X!')
5458:
5444:
5287:(1950): The Sino-Mongolian edict of 1453.
4789:Rybatzki (2003: 69), Poppe (1955: 185-208)
2886:‘Ögödei Khan being befallen by an illness’
2642:‘I am told that my sons have become khans’
1147:and stem allomorphy, as summarised below:
5181:
4206:There are also suffixes for collectives (
3235:
3216:mori-yan Kököčü aqtači-da'an bari’ulju’ui
2883:Ögödei Khan illness reach-PASS-CVB-IMPERF
2485:as well, but is not present in the other
1186:
485:and the then rather incomplete data from
5140:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 103.
4688:
4655:
4355:
2667:
404:and a few western scripts. Usually, the
357:
340:
320:
4360:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 2.
4271:with his younger brother Dobun Mergen.
4210:, 'X number together'), distributives (
3274:hawk-INSTR seize-CAUS-PERF-PTCP duck-PL
3134:
1168:
1158:
190:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5798:
5465:
5298:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4950:
4948:
4924:Poppe (1955: 264), Rybatzki (2003: 76)
4566:de Rachewiltz 2004: xxix–xxxiv, xl–lix
4487:Journal of Sino-Western Communications
4214:'X number each'), and multiplicatives
1362:Other pronouns and related forms are:
260:, which would to set at the time when
256:, the ancestor language of the modern
248:Definition and historical predecessors
5439:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4481:
4444:
4388:
4316:9. Dobun Mergen deüyüen üjere ileba.
4226:The following is an excerpt from the
3992:are attested with the same function.
3265:
3110:Next to the passive, there is also a
3072:
3008:
2922:
2918:
2866:
2702:
2622:
2618:
2596:
2577:
2529:
1789:tense. According to some, however, a
1182:
1163:
905:Case endings and the reflexive suffix
764:
697:The vowels participate in front-back
5399:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4813:
4811:
4809:
3769:. The decimals from 20 to 50 end in
2636:ke’üt minu qat bolju’u ke’ekdemüi bi
1697:
814:only in texts of eastern provenance
801:only in texts of eastern provenance
447:/p,m,tʰ,t,s,n,l,r,t͡ʃʰ,t͡ʃ,j,kʰ,k,h/
5308:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz: 487–508.
4945:
3773:, while those from 60 to 90 end in
3375:. While the plurative/distributive
3194:
3060:
2981:
2957:. Passive suffixes get suffixed to
2907:
2735:
2033:1st person plural ('Let us do X!')
1177:
717:that makes nearly exclusive use of
351:with Middle Mongol inscriptions in
309:as another Para-Mongolic language.
13:
5211:
4825:and the standalone reflexive stem
4778:
3277:'the ducks ... caught by his hawk'
3254:
3210:
2778:
2607:
725:if the subject is a noun and also
692:
14:
5822:
5408:
5372:. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.
5320:The Secret history of the Mongols
5296:The Secret history of the Mongols
5294:Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1982):
4806:
3551:
3302:
3246:
3206:
3153:
3145:
3095:
3080:
3022:Jamuqa nökötte'en bariju irekdejü
3016:
2997:
2939:shield who-DAT become-PASS-PRES I
2874:
2537:
420:The Secret History of the Mongols
5136:Chiodo, Elisabetta (2000–2009).
4954:There is an alternation between
4606:Svantesson et al. 2005: 111, 118
3363:and cooperative meaning, namely
3165:'they had Temüjin mount a horse'
2293:When combined with the particle
1946:
1744:The usual present-future tense.
5249:
5240:
5231:
5202:
5193:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5067:
5058:
5048:
5039:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4874:
4853:
4844:
4792:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4682:
4649:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
3298:
3271:qarčiqai-bar bari’uluqsan noqut
3250:
3149:
3091:
3076:
3036:, neither the passivization of
3012:
2993:
2946:In both of these examples, the
2870:
2830:never -dur) or the nominative:
2814:The agent may be marked by the
2663:
2558:belgütei teyin čabčiqdaju bö’et
2552:
2548:
2533:
1141:inclusive-exclusive distinction
275:According to Vovin (2019), the
228:'s home region of Northeastern
4506:
4497:
4475:
4438:
4429:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4349:
4221:
3101:Jamuha nöhöddöö barigdaž ireed
2076:
2007:2nd person singular ('Do X!')
1762:Described either as a present
377:with Middle Mongol legends in
1:
5262:
4829:occur in free variation with
4229:Secret History of the Mongols
3761:. Almost all numerals end in
327:Secret History of the Mongols
236:, it is known to have had no
5384:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 36
5377:Grammar of Written Mongolian
5318:de Rachewiltz, Igor (2004):
5271:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
3382:
2880:Ögödei qahan ebetčin gürtejü
2450:Meaning 'to do X together'.
2337:'in consequence of doing X'
1703:Finite indicative verb forms
434:
7:
5281:. Ulaanbaatar: Bolor sudar.
4325:
3752:
2350:'as soon as he had done X'
2213:
1130:
10:
5827:
5397:The Phonology of Mongolian
5379:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
4356:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012).
4337:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi
3118:get marked with dative or
2961:, not verbal stems, e.g.:
708:
252:Middle Mongol is close to
5811:Extinct languages of Asia
5780:
5746:
5689:
5657:
5629:
5581:
5482:
5473:
5375:Poppe, Nicholas (1964 ):
4407:10.1163/25898833-12340008
4389:Vovin, Alexander (2019).
3973:are formed by the suffix
3708:
3649:
3563:
3531:
3351:, making one to play the
3289:daughter-in-law-one's own
2477:Middle Mongol exhibits a
2191:
2180:
2166:
2151:
2140:
2127:
2112:
2101:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1832:
1817:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1748:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1353:
1341:
1334:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1244:
1229:
1197:
1192:
1155:
769:
312:
176:
160:
144:
128:
123:
95:
81:
56:
44:
33:
28:
23:
5404:INSTR:instrumental case
5285:Cleaves, Francis Woodman
5277:Bira, Š. et al. (2004):
4342:
3584:person who deals with X
2356:
2273:'(after) having done X'
727:object–predicate–subject
723:subject–object–predicate
5126:de Rachewiltz 2004: 110
5045:de Rachewiltz 2004: 101
4469:10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4
4435:Janhunen 2003b: 391–394
2936:qalqa kene boldaquyu bi
89:Proto-Mongolic language
5337:The Mongolic languages
5208:Rybatzki (2003: 64-65)
5199:Rybatzki (2003: 78-79)
5190:Rybatzki (2003: 79-80)
5017:Rybatzki (2003: 77-78)
5008:Rybatzki (2003: 76-77)
4906:Rybatzki (2003: 74-76)
4897:Rybatzki (2003: 72-73)
4730:Rybatzki (2003: 63-64)
4691:The Mongolic Languages
4658:The Mongolic Languages
4624:Note that while Poppe
3955:, lit. 'ten five'; 26
3757:The numeral system is
3446:potential, 'possibly'
3387:There are a number of
1880:(past perfect) tense.
1404:proximal demonstrative
715:agglutinating language
469:(sometimes as before
439:Middle Mongol had the
381:
355:
338:
289:(2006) classified the
178:This article contains
5117:de Rachewiltz 2004: 6
4933:Poppe (1955: 266-267)
4699:10.4324/9780203987919
4666:10.4324/9780203987919
3159:Temüjin-i morila’ulju
2826:, but in contrast to
2734:Naiman (tribal name)-
361:
344:
329:published in 1908 by
325:Initial pages of the
324:
5542:Peripheral Mongolian
5393:Svantesson, Jan-Olof
5339:. London: Routledge.
5279:Mongolyn nuuc tovčoo
5169:Гarudi 2002: 336–339
4915:Janhunen (2003a: 24)
3985:and the Turkic loan
3944:) and ten thousand (
3510:other deontic forms
1599:interrogative what?
1464:distal demonstrative
1012:-('a)ca > -('a)sa
1007:-('a)ca > -('a)sa
721:. The word order is
713:Middle Mongol is an
388:(decrees during the
5771:Classical Mongolian
5302:de Rachewiltz, Igor
5228:Rybatzki (2003: 70)
5026:Rybatzki (2003: 65)
4990:Rybatzki (2003: 76)
4972:Rybatzki (2003: 74)
4942:Rybatzki (2003: 75)
4850:Rybatzki (2003: 68)
4757:Rybatzki (2003: 64)
4748:Rybatzki (2003: 67)
4721:Rybatzki (2003: 64)
4539:e.g. Γarudi 2002: 7
4370:Janhunen 2003a: 2–3
4236:
4185:in Arabic sources)
4164:in Arabic sources)
4129:in Arabic sources)
3781:
3574:moderative, '-ish'
3560:
3473:
3395:
3297:to daughter-in-law-
3193:keeper of geldings-
2828:Classical Mongolian
2753:homestead-one's own
2365:
2324:'in order to do X'
2225:
2086:
1958:
1715:
1688:Indefinite pronouns
1555:interrogative who?
1366:
1152:
1080:
1017:-(n)(a)ca > -asa
914:
888:stems in a vowel +
778:
554:
494:
461:is identified with
224:. Originating from
52:by the 17th century
50:Classical Mongolian
5806:Mongolic languages
5467:Mongolic languages
5423:2009-04-24 at the
4739:Poppe 1955: 24-172
4548:de Rachewiltz 1976
4332:Praise of Mahakala
4235:
3975:-Du'ar > -Da'ar
3780:
3559:
3472:
3394:
2364:
2346:-gsa-'ar(-gsa-bar)
2260:'(while) doing X'
2224:
2085:
1957:
1722:Name of the form:
1719:Temporal meaning:
1714:
1365:
1151:Personal pronouns
1150:
1118:-yu-'an > -yaan
1079:
913:
854:in earlier texts.
777:
765:Nominal morphology
552:
492:
410:Igor de Rachewiltz
382:
356:
339:
335:Chinese characters
303:Koreanic languages
258:Mongolic languages
114:Chinese characters
5793:
5792:
5787:extinct languages
5685:
5684:
5489:Buryat–Mongolian
5237:Poppe (1953: 247)
5178:Rybatzki 2003: 65
5147:978-3-447-04246-8
4981:Poppe (1955: 261)
4884:rather than just
4817:The instrumental
4766:Rybatzki 2003: 78
4597:Rybatzki 2003: 57
4530:Rybatzki 2003: 58
4503:Rybatzki 2003: 57
4323:
4322:
4204:
4203:
3936:), one thousand (
3930:
3929:
3743:
3742:
3514:
3513:
3467:
3466:
3459:after consonants
3120:instrumental case
2474:
2473:
2374:after consonants
2354:
2353:
2211:
2210:
2067:
2066:
1962:Name of the form
1913:
1912:
1698:Verbal morphology
1685:
1684:
1360:
1359:
1137:personal pronouns
1128:
1127:
1089:after consonants
1065:
1064:
902:
901:
682:
681:
550:
549:
459:⟨γ⟩
406:Stele of Yisüngge
204:
203:
186:rendering support
182:phonetic symbols.
5818:
5480:
5479:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5356:Arakawa Shintarō
5322:. Brill: Leiden.
5256:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5090:Bira et al. 2004
5088:
5082:
5071:
5065:
5064:Cleaves 1982: 46
5062:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4952:
4943:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4842:
4821:, the reflexive
4815:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4483:Vovin, Alexander
4479:
4473:
4472:
4454:
4446:Vovin, Alexander
4442:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4237:
4234:
3995:
3994:
3971:Ordinal numerals
3782:
3779:
3709:Denominal verbs
3564:Denominal nouns
3561:
3558:
3474:
3471:
3396:
3393:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3237:
3212:
3208:
3196:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3116:transitive verbs
3097:
3093:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3062:
3034:modern Mongolian
3018:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2983:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2780:
2737:
2718:
2708:
2704:
2669:
2665:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2598:
2579:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2366:
2363:
2234:meaning and use
2226:
2223:
2087:
2084:
1968:meaning and use
1959:
1956:
1764:inferential mood
1728:Meaning and use
1716:
1713:
1367:
1364:
1344:
1320:
1298:
1276:
1254:
1237:
1232:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1123:-u-'an > -aan
1081:
1078:
923:consonant stems
915:
912:
779:
776:
555:
551:
495:
491:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
402:Mongolian script
396:(dictionaries),
307:Tuyuhun language
281:Rouran Khaganate
234:Modern Mongolian
211:Middle Mongolian
172:
156:
140:
133:
106:Mongolian script
101:
62:
29:Middle Mongolian
21:
20:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5776:
5742:
5681:
5653:
5625:
5577:
5475:
5469:
5464:
5425:Wayback Machine
5418:Lingua Mongolia
5411:
5406:
5366:Poppe, Nicholas
5325:Γarudi (2002):
5265:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4816:
4807:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4654:
4650:
4623:
4619:
4615:e.g. Poppe 1955
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4480:
4476:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4328:
4224:
4162:> naimandaar
3755:
3749:section above.
3650:Deverbal nouns
3616:belonging to X
3554:
3534:
3385:
3357:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3258:
3239:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3199:
3187:
3179:
3177:horse-one's own
3171:
3167:
3157:
3138:
3127:
3108:
3099:
3084:
3065:
3053:
3045:
3030:
3020:
3001:
2986:
2974:
2966:
2944:
2934:
2926:
2911:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2809:accusative case
2800:
2790:
2782:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2693:blood-one's own
2687:
2679:
2671:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2626:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2581:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2541:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2476:
2359:
2216:
2079:
1952:
1915:In addition, a
1787:perfective past
1705:
1700:
1383:plural oblique
1342:
1318:
1314:
1296:
1274:
1270:
1252:
1235:
1230:
1198:
1194:
1133:
1056:-lu'a > -laa
1039:-i'ar > -aar
907:
894:The stem-final
772:
767:
711:
695:
693:Morphophonology
458:
455:/i,e,y,ø,a,u,o/
437:
415:Töregene Khatun
353:Phags-pa script
315:
299:Alexander Vovin
291:Khitan language
277:Rouran language
250:
184:Without proper
168:
152:
149:
136:
129:
118:Arabic alphabet
116:
112:
108:
102:
97:
91:
84:
77:
63:
60:Language family
58:
48:Developed into
40:, China, Russia
17:
12:
11:
5:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5791:
5790:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5757:Proto-Mongolic
5752:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5703:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5486:
5484:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5410:
5409:External links
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5363:
5358:et al. (ed.):
5352:
5349:Janhunen, Juha
5346:
5343:Janhunen, Juha
5340:
5335:(ed.) (2003):
5333:Janhunen, Juha
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5299:
5292:
5282:
5275:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5146:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5066:
5057:
5047:
5038:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4873:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4805:
4791:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4707:
4693:. p. 64.
4681:
4674:
4660:. p. 63.
4648:
4637:explains it as
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4474:
4437:
4428:
4401:(1): 162–197.
4381:
4372:
4363:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4223:
4220:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3957:qorin jirqo'an
3928:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3754:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3626:female animal
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3552:Word formation
3550:
3533:
3530:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3480:negated forms
3478:
3465:
3464:
3463:interrogative
3461:
3454:after vowels,
3448:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3384:
3381:
3318:
3307:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3259:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3200:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3144:mount a horse-
3139:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3085:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3002:
2987:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2927:
2912:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2783:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2627:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2542:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2078:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1349:ede, tede, müt
1345:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:ene, tere, mün
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
906:
903:
900:
899:
892:
886:
880:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
848:
834:
828:
827:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
809:
803:
802:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
783:
771:
768:
766:
763:
710:
707:
694:
691:
680:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
664:
662:
660:
657:
655:
651:
650:
648:
646:
643:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
521:
518:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
436:
433:
365:of the Mongol
314:
311:
254:Proto-Mongolic
249:
246:
220:spoken in the
218:koiné language
202:
201:
188:, you may see
174:
173:
166:
158:
157:
150:
145:
142:
141:
134:
126:
125:
124:Language codes
121:
120:
103:
99:Writing system
96:
93:
92:
87:
85:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
66:
64:
57:
54:
53:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5823:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5764:Middle Mongol
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5691:Para-Mongolic
5688:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Eastern Yugur
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5185:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5114:
5105:
5096:
5087:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5061:
5051:
5042:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4710:
4708:9780203987919
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4675:9780203987919
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4638:
4627:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4512:Poppe 1964: 1
4509:
4500:
4493:(2): 157–166.
4492:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4463:(2): 207–15.
4462:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:Burhan Haldun
4266:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:located in X
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3312:present_ötög-
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2769:son-one's own
2767:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:reciprocative
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:after vowels
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:imperfective
2251:
2250:
2247:'by doing X'
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:imperfective
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2073:(see below).
2072:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:-Dkun (-gtun)
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:desiderative
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:confirmative
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:after vowels
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
977:
974:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
942:-un, -in, -ai
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
919:
917:
916:
911:
897:
893:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
780:
775:
762:
761:distinction.
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
699:vowel harmony
690:
686:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
557:
556:
545:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
497:
496:
490:
488:
452:
445:
442:
432:
428:
426:
422:
421:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
379:Uighur script
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
350:
347:
343:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Juha Janhunen
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
266:Khamag Mongol
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
242:vowel harmony
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Mongol Empire
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:Middle Mongol
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
175:
171:
167:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
147:Linguist List
143:
139:
135:
132:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
94:
90:
86:
80:
74:
73:Middle Mongol
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
24:Middle Mongol
22:
19:
5782:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5646:
5474:Contemporary
5412:
5403:
5396:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5359:
5336:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5295:
5288:
5278:
5269:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5204:
5195:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5137:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5060:
5050:
5041:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4955:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4855:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4799:
4794:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4690:
4684:
4657:
4651:
4636:
4625:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4521:Cleaves 1950
4517:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4460:
4456:
4440:
4431:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4351:
4243:Translation
4227:
4225:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4161:
4158:*naimandu'ar
4157:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4020:
4016:
4011:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:harban tabun
3952:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3656:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3621:
3611:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3436:contrastive
3431:
3421:
3408:bar, bae, ci
3407:
3391:particles:
3386:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3320:qu’urda’ulju
3319:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3286:berined-iyen
3285:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3244:
3242:bari’uluqsan
3241:
3233:
3231:qarčiqai-bar
3230:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3204:
3202:bari’ulju’ui
3201:
3192:
3190:aqtači-da'an
3189:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3089:
3086:
3070:
3067:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2988:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2955:intransitive
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2445:
2440:
2437:cooperative
2428:
2423:
2409:
2404:
2390:
2385:
2360:
2345:
2332:
2329:preparative
2319:
2306:
2303:terminative
2294:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:conditional
2268:
2255:
2242:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2160:
2147:
2131:
2121:
2108:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2038:benedictive
2028:
2025:voluntative
2015:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1871:
1865:resultative
1855:
1851:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1801:
1790:
1780:
1774:terminative
1756:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1706:
1691:
1686:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1134:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:instrumental
1016:
1011:
1006:
994:
989:
984:
968:
963:
958:
946:
941:
936:
920:vowel stems
908:
895:
889:
883:
873:
869:
865:
859:
851:
845:
841:
837:
831:
824:vowel stems
819:
806:
793:
773:
753:and gender.
712:
702:
696:
689:<γ>).
687:
683:
438:
429:
425:Ming dynasty
418:
390:Yuan dynasty
383:
316:
295:sister group
285:
274:
262:Genghis Khan
251:
240:, different
226:Genghis Khan
210:
206:
205:
177:
161:
72:
18:
5594:Shirongolic
5535:Sart Kalmyk
4588:2005: 98–99
4584:Svantesson
4557:Atwood 2007
4222:Sample text
4218:'X times'.
3965:tabun ja'ut
3961:tabun ja'un
3703:action noun
3674:instrument
3337:play_qu'ur-
3323:play_qu'ur-
3309:ötökle’üljü
3294:berile’üljü
3141:morila’ulju
2805:noun phrase
2774:da’uliqdaba
2717:voluntative
2707:voluntative
2342:abtemporal
2265:perfective
2141:perfective
2077:Participles
2051:dubitative
2012:concessive
1999:imperative
1900:ambivalent
1862:pluperfect
1848:ambivalent
1808:ambivalent
1658:ö'er (öber)
1593:keji'e,keli
1423:ede(-er/ci)
1139:exhibit an
1094:basic form
985:-Du(r), -Da
898:is elided.
743:participles
729:if it is a
553:Consonants
477:), so that
238:long vowels
192:instead of
5800:Categories
5748:Historical
5386:: 365–377.
5291:: 431–454.
5263:References
4963:different.
4232:, §§ 4-6.
4127:jirghudaar
4123:jirqotu'ar
4000:Cardinals
3979:suppletive
3738:inchoative
3662:agent noun
3605:diminutive
3496:ül(ü), üle
3361:reciprocal
3197:-one's own
3063:-one's own
2984:-one's own
2980:companion-
2977:nökötte'en
2698:qarqaqdasu
2614:ke’ekdemüi
2525:čabčiqdaju
2491:foreground
2055:-'uja('a)i
1878:pluperfect
1868:masculine
1821:masculine
1785:The usual
1777:masculine
1749:deductive
1736:narrative
1654:reflexive
1145:suppletion
1051:comitative
954:accusative
947:-(n)u('ai)
785:Used with
755:Adjectives
739:nominative
668:Semivowel
624:Fricative
363:Gold dinar
83:Early form
5785:indicate
5667:Qoqmončaq
5573:Khamnigan
5498:Mongolian
5274:37: 1–48.
4803:196-197).
4423:198833565
4415:2589-8825
4358:Mongolian
4199:qoridu'ar
4183:yisüde'er
4179:yisüdu'ar
4143:dolodu'ar
4049:qoyadu'ar
4037:feminine
4021:niketü'er
4003:Ordinals
3814:feminine
3721:factitive
3645:having X
3477:particle
3426:emphatic
3399:Particle
3383:Particles
3130:Temüjin-i
3112:causative
2914:boldaquyu
2701:come out-
2659:setki’esü
2405:-'a, -'ul
2400:causative
2256:-ju (-ji)
2184:singular
2181:agentive
2144:singular
2105:singular
1973:optative
1925:converbal
1885:feminine
1838:feminine
1798:feminine
1791:near past
1395:quantity
1253:inclusive
1236:exclusive
1114:genitive
1073:reflexive
876:as well)
836:stems in
759:clusivity
747:converbal
563:Alveolar
453:phonemes
441:consonant
435:Phonology
386:ʼPhags-pa
163:Glottolog
131:ISO 639-3
110:ʼPhags-pa
5672:Tangwang
5598:Baoanic
5582:Southern
5557:Khorchin
5476:Mongolic
5421:Archived
5368:(1955):
4448:(2017).
4326:See also
4117:jirwa'an
4113:jirqo'an
3877:jirwa'an
3873:jirqo'an
3788:decimal
3753:Numerals
3635:, fem. -
3538:enclitic
3490:default
3412:marks a
3389:enclitic
3174:mori-yan
3133:Temüjin-
3068:barigdaž
3056:nöhöddöö
3004:irekdejü
2777:pillage-
2512:Belgütei
2509:belgütei
2487:dialects
2410:-ka, -ga
2382:passive
2219:Converbs
2214:Converbs
2168:habitual
2061:negative
1977:-su('ai)
1917:durative
1740:‑m(u(i))
1733:present
1619:> yaa
1607:> yaa
1372:nom.sg.
1319:singular
1275:singular
1199:singular
1131:Pronouns
1044:-(n)i'ar
1002:ablative
980:locative
937:-yin, -n
932:genitive
926:n-stems
811:unclear
719:suffixes
640:Lateral
566:Palatal
503:Neutral
449:and the
444:phonemes
346:Yuan era
331:Ye Dehui
270:Mongolia
230:Mongolia
215:Mongolic
198:Help:IPA
170:midd1351
68:Mongolic
38:Mongolia
5783:Italics
5735:Tuyuhun
5619:Monguor
5607:Kangjia
5552:Chakhar
5518:Darkhad
5503:Khalkha
5483:Central
4138:dolo'an
4080:dötu'er
4065:qutu'ar
4017:teri'ün
3983:-tu/-ta
3891:dolo'an
3759:decimal
3699:, etc.
3639:, pl. -
3524:), pl.
3059:friend-
2959:phrases
2917:become-
2862:gürtejü
2857:illness
2854:ebetčin
2766:kö’üben
2750:orqoban
2731:naimana
2690:čisuban
2606:become-
2603:bolju’u
2499:subject
2495:patient
2479:passive
2286:(-basu)
2231:suffix
2196:plural
2157:plural
2118:plural
2102:future
2094:Suffix
2071:-qda-qu
1965:suffix
1948:Deontic
1927:suffix
1919:suffix
1725:Suffix
1523:'same'
1389:manner
1380:plural
1376:oblique
1315:person
1271:person
1219:na(ma)-
1195:person
782:Suffix
731:pronoun
709:Grammar
654:Liquid
590:Fortis
560:Labial
493:Vowels
487:Monguor
398:Chinese
279:of the
194:Unicode
5721:Khitan
5648:Rouran
5642:Moghol
5547:Baarin
5528:Torgut
5523:Kalmyk
5513:Alasha
5493:Buryat
5144:
4705:
4672:
4626:writes
4586:et al.
4421:
4413:
4181:(>
4153:naiman
4125:(>
4075:dörben
4060:qurban
4045:nökö'e
3942:mingan
3938:minqan
3905:naiman
3845:dörben
3831:qurban
3801:harban
3532:Syntax
3377:-čaγa-
3303:IMPERF
3282:(§189)
3245:seize-
3205:seize-
3185:Kököčü
3182:Kököčü
3170:(§188)
3154:IMPERF
3096:IMPERF
3081:IMPERF
3071:seize-
3051:Jamuha
3048:Jamuha
3044:(§200)
3017:IMPERF
2998:IMPERF
2992:seize-
2989:bariju
2972:Jamuqa
2969:Jamuqa
2965:(§200)
2898:shield
2891:(§111)
2875:IMPERF
2865:reach-
2841:Ögödei
2838:Ögödei
2834:(§272)
2816:dative
2745:people
2727:(§163)
2662:think-
2647:(§178)
2569:(§112)
2538:IMPERF
2505:(§131)
2483:Buryat
2456:middle
2377:Notes
2316:final
2239:modal
2132:-'a(i)
2109:-ku(i)
2097:Notes
2016:-Dukai
1908:‑Ja'ai
1904:-Ju'ui
1893:-Ji'ai
1889:-Ji'i,
1856:‑la'ai
1852:-lu'ai
1709:gender
1692:-ba(r)
1644:yambar
1503:teyimü
1488:teden-
1386:place
1343:plural
1297:plural
1263:bidan-
1231:plural
1185:&
1171:&
976:dative
807:-nu'ud
770:Number
751:number
737:, the
607:Lenis
574:Nasal
569:Velar
500:Front
394:Arabic
375:Arghun
371:Persia
367:ilkhan
313:Corpus
213:was a
5728:Tuoba
5707:Serbi
5677:Wutun
5659:mixed
5637:Dagur
5630:other
5612:Santa
5602:Bonan
5562:Ordos
5508:Oirat
5055:§162.
4882:-'ari
4644:/p~b/
4635:, he
4453:(PDF)
4419:S2CID
4343:Notes
4240:Text
4208:-'ula
4194:qorin
4173:yisün
4103:tu'ar
4090:tabun
4039:jirin
4032:qoyar
4012:niken
3946:tümen
3934:ja'un
3925:yeren
3919:yisün
3911:nayan
3897:dalan
3883:jiran
3865:tabin
3859:tabun
3851:döcin
3837:qucin
3823:qorin
3816:jirin
3809:qoyar
3795:niken
3785:unit
3747:Voice
3622:-kcin
3570:-btur
3526:busud
3506:bu(u)
3414:topic
3373:-lča-
3369:-lda-
3365:-ldu-
3353:qu'ur
3264:duck-
3261:noqut
3236:INSTR
3234:hawk-
3227:(§31)
3126:(§79)
3090:come-
3087:ireed
3007:come-
2951:stems
2895:qalqa
2846:qahan
2761:woman
2651:ma’ui
2595:khan-
2573:ke’üt
2544:bö’et
2528:chop-
2517:teyin
2446:-ulca
2429:-uldu
2357:Voice
2307:-tala
2282:-'asu
2205:‑gcid
2200:-gcin
2161:-gsad
2148:-gsan
1990:-'asa
1950:forms
1906:>
1872:-Ju'u
1854:>
1842:-li'i
1829:‑la'a
1827:>
1825:-lu'a
1771:past
1757:(-yi)
1663:ö'er-
1639:yekin
1627:ya'ud
1588:kedüi
1515:tedüi
1498:teyin
1493:tende
1443:eyimü
1428:eden-
1398:time
1392:kind
1290:cima-
1224:nada-
1214:nama-
1187:INSTR
1108:-i'an
995:-(n)a
969:-(n)i
788:Note
735:cases
511:High
506:Back
451:vowel
349:paiza
5714:Duan
5700:Awar
5142:ISBN
5079:here
4958:and
4886:-'ar
4839:ö'er
4837:and
4835:-'an
4831:-'ar
4827:öber
4823:-ban
4819:-bar
4798:The
4703:ISBN
4670:ISBN
4642:and
4640:/pʰ/
4631:and
4411:ISSN
4216:'-ta
4212:'-aD
3948:).
3923:90:
3909:80:
3895:70:
3881:60:
3863:50:
3849:40:
3835:30:
3821:20:
3799:10:
3716:cila
3689:lang
3683:, -(
3600:-kan
3542:minu
3522:busi
3518:busu
3402:Use
3371:and
3348:ötög
3255:PTCP
3251:PERF
3247:CAUS
3211:PAST
3207:CAUS
3146:CAUS
3073:PASS
3009:PASS
2948:verb
2923:PRES
2919:PASS
2906:who-
2903:kene
2867:PASS
2849:Khan
2822:and
2779:PAST
2742:irge
2703:PASS
2685:like
2682:metü
2677:this
2668:COND
2619:PASS
2617:say-
2608:PAST
2584:minu
2576:son-
2530:PASS
2493:the
2466:-ura
2441:-lca
2424:-ldu
2386:-gda
2333:-run
2295:-ber
2269:-'ad
2188:-gci
2173:-dag
2122:-kun
1921:-nam
1876:The
1812:-bai
1668:ö'ed
1634:qa'a
1615:ya'u
1603:ya'u
1567:ken-
1506:(pl.
1483:tede
1469:tere
1455:edüi
1446:(pl.
1438:eyin
1433:ende
1336:ima-
1307:tan-
1285:cin-
1258:bida
1246:man-
1209:min-
1135:The
1102:-ban
1098:-'an
1033:-bar
1029:-'ar
852:-sun
794:-nar
745:and
616:d͡ʒ
599:t͡ʃ
538:Low
525:Mid
473:and
465:and
5075:ir-
4695:doi
4662:doi
4633:/b/
4629:/p/
4465:doi
4403:doi
4190:20
4095:tab
3987:-ci
3917:9:
3903:8:
3889:7:
3871:6:
3857:5:
3843:4:
3829:3:
3807:2:
3793:1:
3775:-an
3771:-in
3731:, -
3695:, -
3691:, -
3681:dal
3657:aci
3641:tan
3637:tai
3612:-ki
3590:-du
3580:-ci
3546:-tu
3486:ese
3452:yuu
3339:c i
3335:c i
3325:c i
3314:c i
3299:CVB
3195:DAT
3150:CVB
3135:ACC
3092:CVB
3077:CVB
3061:DAT
3038:ir-
3032:In
3013:CVB
2994:CVB
2982:DAT
2908:DAT
2871:CVB
2824:-da
2758:eme
2736:DAT
2674:ene
2664:CVB
2654:bad
2623:PRS
2592:qat
2553:PRF
2549:CVB
2547:be-
2534:CVB
2461:-ra
2391:-da
2320:-ra
2029:-ya
1802:-bi
1781:-ba
1753:-yu
1581:ker
1572:ked
1537:müt
1532:mün
1527:mün
1474:teü
1414:e'ü
1409:ene
1355:an-
1331:in-
1313:3rd
1269:2nd
1193:1st
1183:ABL
1178:DAT
1173:COM
1169:ACC
1164:GEN
1159:NOM
959:-yi
860:-ud
483:/h/
479:*pʰ
475:/y/
471:/u/
467:/ɡ/
463:/h/
392:),
369:of
209:or
180:IPA
154:xng
138:xng
45:Era
5802::
5213:^
5183:^
4947:^
4864:^
4833:,
4808:^
4780:^
4701:.
4668:.
4489:.
4461:70
4459:.
4455:.
4417:.
4409:.
4397:.
4393:.
4169:9
4149:8
4134:7
4115:,
4109:6
4086:5
4071:4
4056:3
4051:)
4041:)
4028:2
4023:)
4008:1
3967:.
3875:,
3818:)
3767:-n
3763:-n
3733:si
3729:ra
3685:ku
3670:ur
3655:-'
3633:tu
3457:uu
3442:je
3432:lu
3422:gü
3367:~
3266:PL
2929:bi
2820:-a
2785:bi
2629:bi
2597:PL
2587:my
2578:PL
2520:so
2243:-n
2202:,
2059:A
2003:-∅
1943:.
1941:-n
1937:-d
1933:a-
1929:-n
1694:.
1559:ke
1510:)
1508:-n
1450:)
1448:-n
1351:)
1327:)
1302:ta
1280:ci
1241:ba
1204:bi
1104:)
1071:A
1035:)
990:-a
964:-i
896:-y
890:-y
884:-n
874:-r
872:,
870:-l
868:,
866:-n
846:-r
844:,
842:-l
840:,
838:-n
832:-d
820:-s
676:j
671:w
659:r
645:l
635:h
632:ʃ
629:s
619:g
613:d
610:b
602:k
596:t
593:p
585:ŋ
580:n
577:m
546:a
541:e
533:o
528:ø
520:u
517:i
514:y
489:.
400:,
373:,
5459:e
5452:t
5445:v
5150:.
4960:c
4956:j
4888:.
4800:D
4711:.
4697::
4678:.
4664::
4646:.
4491:7
4471:.
4467::
4425:.
4405::
4399:1
4177:*
4160:(
4121:*
4101:)
4099:u
4097:(
4047:(
4035:(
4019:(
3989:n
3940:/
3812:(
3727:-
3714:-
3697:m
3693:l
3687:)
3679:-
3668:-
3631:-
3520:(
3355:'
3301:-
3253:-
3249:-
3209:-
3152:-
3148:-
3094:-
3079:-
3075:-
3015:-
3011:-
2996:-
2932:I
2921:-
2873:-
2869:-
2818:(
2788:I
2719:}
2705:-
2666:-
2632:I
2621:-
2551:-
2536:-
2532:-
1621:n
1617:n
1609:n
1605:n
1561:n
1478:-
1476:n
1418:-
1416:n
1347:(
1323:(
1100:(
1031:(
978:-
703:n
200:.
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