855:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. On page 9, Juhanen writes: "In Outer Mongolia, the Khalkha group comprises, apart from Khalkha proper, the Khotgoit (Xotgaid) and Darkhat (Darxed) dialects in the north and the Dariganga (Darygengg) dialect in the southeast. This group also includes the Tsongol (Tzonggel) and Sartul (Sartool) dialects, officially classified as "Buryat", on the Russian side. On the Inner Mongolian side, the Khalkha group comprises the so-called Ulan Tsab (Oulaan Tzab) dialects, including Chakhar (Tzaxer), Urat (Ourd), Darkhan (Darxen), Muumingan (Moo Minggen), Dörben Huuhet (Deurben Xuuxed) and Keshigten (Xeshegten), as well as the so-called Shilingol (Shiliin Gol) dialects, including Udzumuchin (Udzemcen), Khuuchit (Xooced), Abaga (Abegh), Abaganar (Abeghner) and Sunit (Seund). Most of the dialects genetically belonging to the Khalkha group but areally spoken on the Inner Mongolian side are in some ways transitional, in that they incorporate secondary influences from dialects of the Khorchin type. Khalkha proper itself is also dialectally diversified and comprises, among others, two major groups of subdialects known as Northern Khalkha and Southern Khalkha. The modern Ulan Bator dialect of Khalkha, which for political reasons has a prestige status in Mongolia, has also developed into a distinct form of speech.".
1481:
400:
is essentially based on the
Central Khalkha dialect. Among the main differences is the pronunciation of initial letter х in feminine words which is in Central Khalkha pronounced as it is written, in Western Khalkha as h, and in Eastern Khalkha as g; e.g.
698:
Svantesson et al. 2005: 143. Janhunen 2003: 179-180 mentions that such an approach might be possible. Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 207 without further discussion include at least
Shiliin gol and Ulaanchab into the Chakhar
733:
683:
374:. However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that the border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of
285:
There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of
Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example, the normative language uses proximal
1516:
396:
One of the classifications of
Khalkha dialect in Mongolia divides it into 3 subdialects: Central, Western and Eastern. The orthography of the
964:
784:(2005): 237. While this reference is a bit fuzzy as it includes parts of Southern Khalkh into Chakhar, it does not mention stems like
1324:
1393:
730:
271:
1744:
860:
1693:
1048:
2059:
2024:
1604:
1560:
1337:
338:
Khalkha may roughly be divided into
Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid etc. Both varieties share
274:
of
Mongolian, it is de facto the national language of Mongolia. The name of the dialect is related to the name of the
1737:
2054:
1686:
1528:
957:
680:
835:Ölǰeyibürin (2001): 17-18. He assumes voicing to be distinctive, while the above transcription follows Svantesson
1443:
1967:
1798:
1453:
1780:
1703:
1582:
1353:
1317:
1822:
1501:
1465:
1448:
1428:
1277:
798:
785:
580:
490:
441:
437:
429:
386:
382:
371:
367:
355:
351:
347:
343:
332:
324:
320:
308:
300:
293:
1896:
1886:
1727:
1543:
950:
397:
1665:
1609:
1550:
1533:
1506:
1470:
1952:
1906:
1681:
1565:
1538:
1924:
1881:
1834:
1785:
1715:
1647:
1458:
1433:
1423:
1383:
1310:
1770:
1720:
1263:
1197:
1947:
1775:
1732:
1670:
1438:
1270:
1254:
1095:
428:(Eastern Khalkha). The initial letter х is pronounced in masculine words in Western Khalkha as
1866:
1808:
1790:
1708:
1698:
1660:
1489:
1408:
1173:
850:
1985:
1957:
1635:
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1041:
8:
2017:
1916:
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1758:
1523:
1345:
1100:
1937:
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973:
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126:
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109:
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2033:
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1901:
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328:
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1079:
1053:
1844:
1587:
1418:
1227:
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1148:
1068:
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907:Ölǰeyibürin (2001): Sünid aman ayalγun-u geyigülügči abiyalaburi-yin sistem. In:
737:
687:
551:
359:
275:
168:
117:
101:
82:
1220:
1293:
1234:
1183:
1165:
1143:
1118:
1108:
1019:
1014:
935:
Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna
Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005):
599:
375:
312:
161:
2048:
1614:
1398:
1363:
901:
891:
753:(2005): 2,6-7, 91, but it follows Ölǰeyibürin (2001) in writing instead of .
647:
363:
286:
1619:
1403:
1388:
1034:
1029:
279:
1213:
188:
1990:
1555:
1511:
530:
1206:
471:(Eastern Khalkha). Initial /tʰ/ is unaspirated in Eastern Khalkha; e.g.
1413:
628:
304:
297:
942:
544:
433:
339:
290:
197:
181:
1302:
880:
BNMAU dah’ mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol’ bichig: halh ajalguu
311:) and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by
1929:
1575:
1333:
653:
512:
358:
except before *i, while
Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and
316:
251:
72:
61:
254:. According to some classifications, the Khalkha dialect includes
1859:
1849:
1839:
1373:
1368:
921:
Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe (2005):
586:
885:
Birtalan, Ágnes (2003): Oirat. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 210-228.
1977:
1854:
888:
Bläsing, Uwe (2003): Kalmuck. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 229-247.
573:
659:
826:(2005): 207, 372-373, probably also Amaržargal (1988): 22-25
315:. On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of
749:
cp. Street (1957): 88, IPA in accordance with
Svantesson
923:
Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal
508:, he groups the Khalkha dialects into the following 19:
925:. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
904:(2003a): Mongol dialects. In: Janhunen 2003: 177-191.
592:
officially, both are classified as "Buryat" dialects.
839:(2005) in assuming only aspiration as distinctive.
930:The language of the Secret history of the Mongols
432:(almost not heard) if the following consonant is
2046:
389:) > may take place, as in Written Mongolian
499:
472:
463:
445:
420:
411:
402:
226:
33:
27:
381:Especially in the speech of younger speakers,
331:. The same holds for the distal demonstrative
1318:
958:
481:
454:
1325:
1311:
965:
951:
621:the Dörben Huuhet (Deurben Xuuxed) dialect
762:Birtalan (2003): 220, Bläsing (2003): 239
729:(2005): 372, cp. Mongolian State (2003):
848:
674:
2047:
972:
327:. This seems to agree with the use in
16:De facto standard dialect of Mongolian
1332:
1306:
946:
731:Törijn alban josny helnij tuhaj huul’
241:
939:. New York: Oxford University Press.
393:> Sünid ~ 'cover (of a book)'.
624:the Muumingan (Moo Minggen) dialect
13:
842:
638:Shilingol (Shiilin Gol) dialects:
14:
2071:
909:Mongγol Kele Utq-a ǰokiyal 2001/1
712:(2005): 372, also see Svantesson
1479:
681:National Census 2010 of Mongolia
872:
829:
816:
803:
932:. American Oriental series 42.
791:
774:
765:
756:
743:
719:
702:
692:
270:. As it was the basis for the
227:
1:
916:Khalkha-mongolische Grammatik
668:
641:Udzumuchin (Udzencem) dialect
797:See the same sources as for
618:the Darkhan (Darxen) dialect
500:Grouping of Khalkha dialects
319:that are based on the stems
94:3,000,000 (2010 census)
7:
1517:Historical cities and towns
1454:Mongolian People's Republic
918:. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
444:) in Eastern Khalkha; e.g.
398:Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet
34:
10:
2076:
2060:Central Mongolic languages
937:The Phonology of Mongolian
849:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012).
482:
455:
342:depalatalization, namely,
246:) is a dialect of central
2011:
1915:
1830:
1821:
1766:
1757:
1643:
1634:
1497:
1488:
1477:
1344:
1287:
1253:
1196:
1164:
1136:
1088:
989:
980:
644:Khuuchit (Xooced) dialect
473:
464:
446:
421:
412:
403:
222:
195:
179:
174:
158:
146:
98:
88:
78:
67:
57:
50:
28:
26:
21:
1694:Administrative divisions
1384:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
914:Poppe, Nicholas (1951):
605:the Ulan Tsab dialects:
504:In Juha Janhunen's book
2055:Agglutinative languages
878:Amaržargal, B. (1988):
615:the Urat (Ourd) dialect
521:Khalkha Proper dialect
436:, and is pronounced as
1948:Goyol Fashion Festival
1738:Chief of General Staff
896:The Mongolic languages
740:, retrieved 2009-03-27
362:in that it exhibits a
1709:Third neighbor policy
1409:Northern Yuan dynasty
928:Street, John (1957):
307:which takes the stem
243:[χaɬχajɮˈɢʊː]
1968:Traditional medicine
1687:Constitutional Court
1529:Environmental issues
1359:Prehistoric Mongolia
1049:Peripheral Mongolian
898:. London: Routledge.
272:Cyrillic orthography
1653:State Great Khural
1444:Soviet intervention
1278:Classical Mongolian
882:. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
631:(Xeshegten) dialect
566:(Darygengg) dialect
496:(Eastern Khalkha).
489:(Western Khalkha),
480:(Central Khalkha),
462:(Western Khalkha),
453:(Central Khalkha),
419:(Western Khalkha),
410:(Central Khalkha),
366:deaspiration; e.g.
1892:List of Mongolians
1799:Telecommunications
1439:Chinese occupation
974:Mongolic languages
822:e.g. Sečenbaγatur
736:2009-08-22 at the
686:2011-09-15 at the
656:(Abeghner) dialect
533:dialect of Khalkha
258:varieties such as
256:Southern Mongolian
2042:
2041:
2007:
2006:
1817:
1816:
1753:
1752:
1745:Political parties
1704:Foreign relations
1630:
1629:
1300:
1299:
1294:extinct languages
1192:
1191:
996:Buryat–Mongolian
862:978-90-272-3820-7
780:See Sečenbaγatur
547:(Xotgaid) dialect
440:(and devoiced to
329:Chakhar Mongolian
250:widely spoken in
211:
210:
2067:
2027:
2020:
1994:
1993:(New Year's Day)
1981:
1933:
1860:Southern Mongols
1828:
1827:
1794:
1764:
1763:
1674:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1379:Rouran Khaganate
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1303:
987:
986:
967:
960:
953:
944:
943:
867:
866:
846:
840:
833:
827:
820:
814:
813:(2005): 143, 206
807:
801:
800:
795:
789:
787:
778:
772:
771:Poppe (1951): 72
769:
763:
760:
754:
747:
741:
723:
717:
706:
700:
696:
690:
678:
612:(Tzaxer) dialect
554:(Darxed) dialect
527:southern Khalkha
524:northern Khalkha
492:
485:
484:
476:
475:
467:
466:
458:
457:
449:
448:
443:
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431:
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388:
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302:
296:(except for the
295:
245:
239:
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229:
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207:
191:
184:
164:
114:Central Mongolic
104:
46:
45:
42:
37:
31:
30:
19:
18:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2003:
1992:
1979:
1931:
1911:
1907:Writing systems
1897:Sex trafficking
1887:Public holidays
1813:
1792:
1749:
1728:Law enforcement
1672:
1654:
1626:
1484:
1475:
1471:Modern Mongolia
1466:1990 Revolution
1449:1921 Revolution
1429:1911 Revolution
1419:Dzungar Khanate
1394:Medieval tribes
1340:
1331:
1301:
1296:
1283:
1249:
1188:
1160:
1132:
1084:
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863:
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817:
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796:
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766:
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757:
748:
744:
738:Wayback Machine
724:
720:
707:
703:
697:
693:
688:Wayback Machine
679:
675:
671:
662:(Seund) dialect
650:(Abegh) dialect
502:
360:Ordos Mongolian
276:Khalkha Mongols
236:
233:
232:
215:Khalkha dialect
203:
187:
180:
169:Cyrillic script
165:
160:
142:
105:
102:Language family
100:
91:
90:Native speakers
83:Khalkha Mongols
43:
40:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1927:
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1913:
1912:
1910:
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1809:Transportation
1806:
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1786:Stock Exchange
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1666:Prime Minister
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1264:Proto-Mongolic
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902:Janhunen, Juha
899:
894:(ed.) (2003):
892:Janhunen, Juha
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600:Inner Mongolia
597:
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559:Southeastern:
557:
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555:
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513:Outer Mongolia
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498:
376:South Mongolia
287:demonstratives
209:
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175:Language codes
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162:Writing system
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71:widespread in
69:
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58:Native to
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47:
24:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
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2010:
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1989:
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1982:
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1953:Horse culture
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1697:
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1683:
1682:Supreme Court
1680:
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1518:
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1513:
1510:
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1499:
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1487:
1482:
1472:
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1427:
1425:
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1412:
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1400:
1399:Mongol Empire
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Proto-Mongols
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
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1305:
1295:
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1271:Middle Mongol
1268:
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1256:
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1244:
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1218:
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1216:
1215:
1211:
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1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:Para-Mongolic
1195:
1185:
1182:
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1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1156:
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1135:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
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1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Eastern Yugur
1094:
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1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
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1036:
1033:
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1023:
1021:
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1016:
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1003:
1001:
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985:
979:
975:
968:
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961:
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934:
931:
927:
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917:
913:
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906:
903:
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897:
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884:
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877:
876:
864:
858:
854:
853:
845:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
806:
794:
783:
777:
768:
759:
752:
746:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725:Sečenbaγatur
722:
715:
711:
708:Sečenbaγatur
705:
695:
689:
685:
682:
677:
673:
661:
658:
655:
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649:
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643:
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623:
620:
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561:
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470:
461:
452:
435:
427:
418:
409:
399:
394:
392:
379:
377:
365:
364:dissimilating
361:
341:
336:
330:
318:
314:
306:
299:
292:
289:based on the
288:
283:
281:
280:Khalkha river
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
220:
216:
206:
202:
200:
199:
194:
190:
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178:
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157:
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145:
133:
130:
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128:
125:
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119:
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107:
103:
97:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
51:Pronunciation
49:
36:
25:
20:
1991:Tsagaan Sar
1925:Architecture
1882:Prostitution
1835:Demographics
1716:Human rights
1655:(parliament)
1648:Constitution
1459:World War II
1434:Bogd Khanate
1404:Yuan dynasty
1389:Liao dynasty
1289:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1153:
1009:
981:Contemporary
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
895:
879:
873:Bibliography
851:
844:
836:
831:
823:
818:
810:
805:
793:
781:
776:
767:
758:
750:
745:
726:
721:
713:
709:
704:
694:
676:
583:) (Tzonggel)
505:
503:
493:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
425:
416:
407:
395:
390:
380:
337:
284:
267:
263:
259:
228:Halh ayalguu
214:
212:
196:
131:
35:Halh ayalguu
1771:Agriculture
1671:Government
1556:Gobi Desert
1512:Ulaanbaatar
1101:Shirongolic
1042:Sart Kalmyk
809:Svantesson
260:Shiliin gol
223:Халх аялгуу
29:Халх аялгуу
2049:Categories
1980:(festival)
1958:Literature
1793:(currency)
1678:Judiciary
1414:Four Oirat
1255:Historical
716:(2005): 36
669:References
589:(Sartool)
540:Northern:
531:Ulan Bator
305:accusative
298:nominative
1930:Biyelgee
1867:Education
1781:Companies
1699:Elections
1673:(cabinet)
1661:President
1583:Mountains
1561:Grassland
1490:Geography
1424:Qing rule
1292:indicate
1174:Qoqmončaq
1080:Khamnigan
1005:Mongolian
852:Mongolian
629:Keshigten
579:Tsongol (
564:Dariganga
506:Mongolian
434:voiceless
340:affricate
317:paradigms
291:word stem
264:Ulaanchab
219:Mongolian
198:Glottolog
182:ISO 639-3
152:see below
127:Mongolian
122:Mongolian
79:Ethnicity
2034:Category
1986:Religion
1877:Language
1733:Military
1636:Politics
1571:Khövsgöl
1354:Timeline
1338:articles
1334:Mongolia
1179:Tangwang
1105:Baoanic
1089:Southern
1064:Khorchin
983:Mongolic
911:: 16-23.
734:Archived
699:dialect.
684:Archived
654:Abaganar
545:Khotgoit
518:Central
303:and the
278:and the
252:Mongolia
248:Mongolic
205:halh1238
147:Dialects
110:Mongolic
73:Mongolia
62:Mongolia
2018:Outline
1978:Naadam
1943:Cuisine
1932:(dance)
1917:Culture
1850:Buryats
1845:Khalkha
1840:Mongols
1823:Society
1804:Tourism
1791:Tögrög
1776:Banking
1759:Economy
1615:Selenga
1598:Khentii
1593:Khangai
1544:Mammals
1524:Climate
1502:Borders
1374:Xianbei
1369:Xiongnu
1346:History
1290:Italics
1242:Tuyuhun
1126:Monguor
1114:Kangjia
1059:Chakhar
1025:Darkhad
1010:Khalkha
990:Central
610:Chakhar
552:Darkhat
391:qabtasu
368:*tʰatʰa
132:Khalkha
22:Khalkha
1938:Cinema
1872:Health
1855:Oirats
1620:Orkhon
1610:Rivers
1507:Cities
1336:
1228:Khitan
1155:Rouran
1149:Moghol
1054:Baarin
1035:Torgut
1030:Kalmyk
1020:Alasha
1000:Buryat
859:
837:et al.
824:et al.
811:et al.
782:et al.
751:et al.
727:et al.
714:et al.
710:et al.
587:Sartul
574:Russia
469:gutaga
465:гутага
460:hutaga
456:hутага
372:/tatʰ/
321:inʉːn-
237:ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ
234:ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ
118:Buryat
68:Region
44:ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ
41:ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ
2025:Index
1999:Sport
1973:Music
1963:Media
1902:Women
1588:Altai
1566:Lakes
1551:Flora
1539:Birds
1534:Fauna
1235:Tuoba
1214:Serbi
1184:Wutun
1166:mixed
1144:Dagur
1137:other
1119:Santa
1109:Bonan
1069:Ordos
1015:Oirat
660:Sunit
648:Abaga
451:hutga
447:хутга
426:götöl
422:гөтөл
417:kötöl
413:көтөл
408:hötöl
404:хөтөл
370:>
356:/tsʰ/
354:>
352:/tʃʰ/
346:>
333:/tir/
325:inĕn-
313:Oirat
294:ʉː/n-
268:Sönid
1721:LGBT
1221:Duan
1207:Awar
857:ISBN
799:/in/
786:ʉːn-
627:the
608:the
562:the
550:the
543:the
494:dalh
491:далх
487:talq
483:талқ
478:talh
474:талх
385:(or
350:and
348:/ts/
344:/tʃ/
323:and
309:ʉːn-
266:and
213:The
1576:Uvs
442:/q/
438:/ɢ/
430:/h/
387:/w/
383:/p/
231:/
189:khk
2051::
602::
581:ru
576::
515::
378:.
335:.
301:in
282:.
262:,
240:,
225:/
221::
1326:e
1319:t
1312:v
966:e
959:t
952:v
865:.
788:.
217:(
120:–
38:/
32:/
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