307:, the term "stem" is used for the part of the word that never changes, even morphologically, when inflected, and a lemma is the base form of the word. For example, given the word "produced", its lemma (linguistics) is "produce", but the stem is "produc-" because of the inflected form "producing".
280:, the stem is usually not distinct from the "normal" form of the word (the lemma, citation, or dictionary form). However, in other languages, word stems may rarely or never occur on their own. For example, the English verb stem
296:) and always appears in actual speech as a non-finite (infinitive or participle) or conjugated form. Such morphemes that cannot occur on their own in this way are usually referred to as
638:
Historically, the difference in stems arose due to sound changes in the nominative. In the Latin third declension, for example, the nominative singular suffix
407:(Latin) or -ος (Greek) to the oblique stem, and the genitive singular is conventionally listed in Greek and Latin dictionaries to illustrate the oblique.
826:
793:
392:
576:
562:
897:
284:
is indistinguishable from its present tense form (except in the third person singular). However, the equivalent
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A list of all the inflected forms of a word stem is called its inflectional paradigm. The paradigm of the
548:
534:
233:(infinitive, imperative, present subjunctive, and present indicative except in the 3rd-person singular)
304:
718:
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Indo-European Roots Appendix
334:
Some paradigms do not make use of the same stem throughout; this phenomenon is called
71:, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as
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Searchable reference for word stems including affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
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32:
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599:
English words derived from Latin or Greek often involve the oblique stem:
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never appears as such because it is cited with the infinitive inflection (
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486:
338:. An example of a suppletive paradigm is the paradigm for the adjective
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36:
846:
316:
98:. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the
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singular cases. Such words belong to, respectively, the so-called
682:
before the nominative ending was also lost, producing pairs like
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877:
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is combined with a stem-final consonant. If that consonant was
226:: it is the part that is common to all its inflected variants.
72:
687:
364:
330:
tall (positive); taller (comparative); tallest (superlative)
376:
216:
28:
788:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124.
354:
good (positive); better (comparative); best (superlative)
152:, it can not be attached to the root within it to form
136:(which some linguists call a stem, too), the new word
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261:
35:
meaning. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during
110:that cannot appear on its own and that carries the
322:is given below, and the stem of this adjective is
272:In languages with very little inflection, such as
16:Part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning
751:
239:s (3rd person singular simple present indicative)
88:comparative philology and comparative linguistics
884:
863:Williams, Edwin and Anna-Maria DiScullio (1987)
399:of the Ancient Greek grammar. For example, the
82:between word stems and roots within and across
650:(a mere orthographic change), while if it was
215:(examples of compound verbs). The stem of the
188:, on the other hand, is not part of the stem.
814:
54:
48:
860:. Georgetown University Press; 2nd edition.
821:. Cambridge University Press. p. 248.
310:
666:. If the stem-final consonant was another
168:unable to stand alone) is the root of the
191:Stem may either consist of a root (e.g.
395:of the Latin grammar and the so-called
885:
734:Stemming algorithms (computer science)
160:variants are formed. For example, the
156:. A stem is a base from which all its
415:
13:
262:Citation forms and bound morphemes
14:
909:
871:
858:Introducing Linguistic Morphology
207:(examples of compound nouns) or
106:, for example, a verb stem is a
102:of the language in question. In
853:, Glossary of Linguistic Terms.
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785:The 'language instinct' debate
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1:
744:
403:singular is formed by adding
379:uses a different stem in the
172:, while the stem consists of
59:("in the city"); in English,
865:On the definition of a word.
764:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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758:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
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39:with few exceptions due to
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140:was synthesized. While an
305:computational linguistics
78:Uncovering and analyzing
867:Cambridge MA, MIT Press.
719:Morphology (linguistics)
674:), it elided before the
342:: its stem changes from
311:Paradigms and suppletion
257:ing (present participle)
898:Linguistics terminology
714:Morphological typology
346:to the bound morpheme
104:Athabaskan linguistics
55:
49:
856:Bauer, Laurie (2003)
815:Paul Kroeger (2005).
662:, again resulting in
585:μαθήματ- (mathḗmat-)
507:equipment, furniture
375:(inflection) of some
92:determine the history
251:ed (past participle)
31:responsible for its
144:can be attached to
780:Paul Martin Postal
729:Root (linguistics)
704:Lemma (morphology)
678:. In a later era,
668:alveolar consonant
571:κάλπιδ- (kálpid-)
268:Lemma (morphology)
851:SIL International
828:978-0-521-81622-9
818:Analyzing grammar
795:978-0-8264-7385-1
646:, the result was
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195:) alone or a
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118:Root vs stem
86:has allowed
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523:Greek word
423:Latin word
213:standardize
154:friendsship
150:friendships
21:linguistics
887:Categories
834:2009-07-21
801:2009-07-21
745:References
579:(máthēma)
462:altitudin-
385:nominative
373:declension
336:suppletion
288:verb stem
205:bottleneck
199:, such as
146:friendship
138:friendship
100:morphology
37:inflection
893:Morphemes
612:altitudin
582:learning
565:(kálpis)
317:adjective
158:inflected
131:root word
84:languages
80:cognation
56:w mieść-e
25:word stem
782:(2005).
698:See also
692:Atlantic
630:mathemat
526:meaning
503:supellex
475:pointer
453:altitudo
426:meaning
411:Examples
401:genitive
389:vocative
363:Both in
201:meatball
148:to form
124:morpheme
41:apophony
672:t, d, r
660:devoice
551:(anḗr)
537:(ánax)
458:height
286:Spanish
278:Chinese
274:English
220:to wait
209:blacken
162:stabil-
129:to the
50:miast-o
33:lexical
825:
792:
709:Lexeme
654:, the
626:, and
591:
577:μάθημα
563:κάλπις
479:indic-
371:, the
294:correr
184:. The
166:stable
134:friend
73:sandhi
67:, and
45:Polish
688:Atlas
540:lord
470:index
445:adip-
436:adeps
377:nouns
369:Greek
367:and
365:Latin
290:corr-
186:-(e)d
127:-ship
823:ISBN
790:ISBN
621:andr
603:adip
568:jug
554:man
549:ἀνήρ
535:ἄναξ
496:reg-
441:fat
387:and
348:bet-
344:good
340:good
324:tall
320:tall
276:and
255:wait
249:wait
243:wait
237:wait
231:wait
224:wait
217:verb
211:and
203:and
182:-ize
180:and
112:tone
108:root
69:sung
65:sang
61:sing
29:word
23:, a
694:).
632:ics
623:oid
605:ose
487:rex
405:-is
303:In
282:run
222:is
193:run
178:de-
90:to
19:In
889::
849:–
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690:,
676:-s
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614:al
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350:.
326:.
300:.
75:)
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837:.
804:.
680:n
670:(
664:x
652:g
648:x
644:c
142:s
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