1130:. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. Athabaskanists have concluded that it is a Northern Athabaskan language consistent with its geographical occurrence, and that it might have some relation to its distant neighbor Tahltan. Tsetsaut, however, shares its primary hydronymic suffix ("river, stream") with Sekani, Beaver, and Tsuut'ina – PA *-ɢah – rather than with that of Tahltan, Tagish, Kaska, and North and South Tutchone – PA *-tuʼ (Kari 1996; Kari, Fall, & Pete 2003:39). The ambiguity surrounding Tsetsaut is why it is placed in its own subgroup in the Rice–Goddard–Mithun classification.
143:
3458:
947:
rather than sound linguistic comparisons. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative
Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves.
906:'s 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or Athabascan–Eyak–Tlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the
1470:
The
Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language is debatably part of the Pacific Coast subgroup, but has marginally more in common with the Northern Athabaskan languages than it does with the Pacific Coast languages (Leer 2005). It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and
1161:
of east-central Alaska. There are many homologies between Proto-Athabaskan vocabulary and patterns reflected in archaeological sites such as Upward Sun, Swan Point and Broken
Mammoth (Kari 2010). The Northern Athabaskan group also contains the most linguistically conservative languages, particularly
1097:
The
Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. Due to the failure of the usual criteria of shared innovation and systematic phonetic correspondences to provide well-defined subgroupings, the Athabaskan family – especially the Northern group – has been called a "cohesive
1708:
methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed the following classification for the
Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to
321:
in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North
America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and the associated ethnic groups: "I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of
500:
The following list gives the
Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries: these languages are repeated by
1093:
Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other
Athabaskanists. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. As Tuttle and Hargus put it, "we do not consider the points of difference between the two models ... to be decisively settled and in fact expect
946:
The internal structure of the
Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples
492:
The seven
Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of
380:, which is how many of their native speakers identify it. They are applying these terms to the entire language family. For example, following a motion by attendees in 2012, the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Dené Languages Conference.
1045:
Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages.
1109:
Debate continues as to whether the Pacific Coast languages form a valid genealogical grouping, or whether this group may instead have internal branches that are tied to different subgroups in Northern Athabaskan. The position of
476:
The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in
2847:
Krauss, Michael E. (1986). "Edward Sapir and Athabaskan Linguistics, with Preliminary Annotated Bibliography of Sapir's Work on Athabaskan and Na-Dene". In Cowan, William; Foster, Michael; Koerner, K. (eds.).
1118:
are so poor – Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) – that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Nicola may be intermediate between Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai and
3980:
927:, for example, takes the position that recent improved data on Haida have served to conclusively disprove the Haida-inclusion hypothesis. Haida has been determined to be unrelated to Athabaskan languages.
955:
Besides the traditional geographic grouping described previously, there are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the Athabaskan languages. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented.
938:
of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related.
1106:
or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. The languages of the Southern branch are much more homogeneous and are the only clearly genealogical subgrouping.
1436:
The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin.
3217:
1153:
The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. The
517:
British Columbia: Babine–Witsuwit'en, Bearlake, Beaver, Chilcotin, Dakelh/Carrier, Hare, Kaska, Mountain, Nicola Athapaskan, Sekani/Tsek'ene, Slavey, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut
5831:
5826:
5770:
970:(1999). It represents what is generously called the "Rice–Goddard–Mithun" classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice.
4169:
5821:
4027:
4796:
2573:
505:
Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina/Tanaina, Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim
3470:
2995:
Leer, Jeff (2010). "The Palatal Series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an Overview of the Basic Sound Correspondences". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
4787:
3447:
180:
272:). Kari and Potter (2010:10) place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000 sq mi).
5780:
2583:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 194–222. Archived from
5816:
5676:
4323:
2614:
Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (2010). "The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Bridging Asian and North America.". In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2921:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 5. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center. CA962KL1981.
1737:
2666:
3416:
988:(Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Gwich'in, Hän)
1799:
903:
910:
Proto-Athabaskan language. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the daughter languages in the Athabaskan family.
5811:
5775:
2850:
New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984)
3895:
3243:
2876:
1049:
A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:72–74):
2246:
1114:
is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group – if that exists – or into the Northern group. The records of
3129:
Sapir, Edward (1931). "The concept of phonetic law as tested in primitive languages by Leonard Bloomfield". In Rice, S. A. (ed.).
5836:
2999:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 168–193.
2478:
Hoijer, Harry (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock". In Basso, Keith H.; Opler, M. E. (eds.).
4780:
3440:
3211:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 33–99.
1709:
generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation.
994:(Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan)
2618:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 1–24.
529:
Oregon: Applegate, Clatskanie, Galice, Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua
4800:
3745:
3316:
3237:
3063:
2963:
2865:
2632:
2392:
2131:
341:—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the
3486:
923:
in their definition of the Na-Dene family, linguists who work actively on Athabaskan languages discount this position. The
261:
3357:
2884:. Sitka, AK: Division of Alaska State Museums and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum. pp. 105–108. Archived from
2642:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1996). "Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations". In
1133:
For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups:
5649:
3478:
2932:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 1. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. CA965L1979b.
4563:
4529:
4316:
4285:
2623:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1993). "Transitivity increase in Athabaskan languages". In Comrie, Bernard; Polinsky, Maria (eds.).
2584:
2482:. Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona. Vol. 21. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–6.
397:
95:
1145:. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted.
5729:
4773:
3433:
3378:
3031:
3013:
2973:
Leer, Jeff (2005). "How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2655:
2604:
2367:
2348:
2308:
2041:
501:
location in this list. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article.
232:
3168:
Saville-Troike, Muriel (1985). "On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences".
5785:
4127:
3765:
3680:
3159:
Sapir, Edward; Golla, Victor (2001). "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". In Golla, Victor; O'Neill, Sean (eds.).
2878:
Faces, Voices & Dreams: A celebration of the centennial of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, Alaska, 1888–1988
881:
5179:
5148:
4226:
3383:
162:
2287:
1987:
1061:(Ahtna, Dena'ina, Deg Hit'an, Koyukon, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Gwich'in, Hän)
3925:
3850:
3685:
2473:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2384:
2107:
1489:
1407:
1378:
Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup.
4495:
3288:"Recent advances in AET comparison: Paper prepared for the Dene-Yeniseian Symposium. Fairbanks, Feb. 26, 2008"
5806:
4765:
4670:
4665:
4650:
4340:
4309:
1860:
924:
855:
511:
Northwest Territories: Bearlake, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Gwich'in, Hare, Mountain, Slavey, Tłįchǫ Yatiì/Dogrib
402:
392:
346:
100:
90:
268:, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or
4202:
3965:
2744:
Krauss, Michael E. (1968). "Noun-classification systems in the Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit and Haida verbs".
388:
Linguists conventionally divide the Athabaskan family into three groups, based on geographic distribution:
370:
is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms
2958:. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 73–98.
176:
172:
5497:
4072:
3875:
3425:
2852:. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 147–190.
2264:. University Museum Anthropological Publications. Vol. 8. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
508:
Yukon: Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Kaska, Mountain, Tagish, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Upper Tanana
5841:
5734:
5115:
4190:
4174:
3995:
3970:
3940:
3885:
3695:
2715:
Krauss, Michael E. (1965). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, II: The morphology".
1934:
1928:
1705:
1574:
4510:
4107:
4097:
3960:
3915:
3700:
2686:
Krauss, Michael E. (1964). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology".
2627:. Studies in Language Comparison Series. Vol. 23. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 47–68.
1111:
907:
78:
3299:
Saxon, Leslie (2024). "Dene – Athabaskan". In Carmen Dagostino; Marianne Mithun; Keren Rice (eds.).
5744:
5595:
5577:
5240:
4823:
4423:
4132:
4087:
3820:
3665:
3461:
1754:
1224:
1138:
885:
812:
342:
2675:
2516:
Kari, James (1989). "Affix positions and zones in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo".
4680:
4092:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4032:
3930:
3830:
3800:
3795:
3775:
3770:
3690:
3327:
1665:
4500:
3395:
3207:
Vajda, Edward (2010). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
884:, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun
5571:
5529:
5338:
5304:
5022:
4718:
4214:
4122:
4052:
3910:
3790:
3785:
3760:
3100:. Memoirs of the Canadian Geological Survey. Vol. 90. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.
1623:
877:
158:
3413:
2906:
Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan languages". In Helm, J. (ed.).
2815:
Krauss, Michael E. (1979a). "Na-Dene and Eskimo". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
5739:
5685:
5604:
5582:
5223:
5105:
4635:
4428:
4403:
4231:
4195:
4137:
4000:
3920:
3840:
3710:
3602:
3287:
3261:
3138:
Sapir, Edward (1936). "Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho".
2983:
2927:
2916:
2803:
1883:
1876:
1809:
1457:
1232:
1026:
835:
422:
5637:
5630:
4549:
2938:
2835:
2825:
5564:
5412:
4978:
4153:
4005:
3815:
3514:
2546:
2206:
Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
2160:
1995:, another trade language based on at least Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and Gwich'in (Loucheux).
1922:
1768:
1582:
1365:
1269:
1185:
674:
605:
466:
314:
4381:
4360:
3457:
3095:
2885:
1403:(also known as "British Columbian" in contrast with "Cordilleran" = Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska)
8:
5749:
5588:
5546:
5486:
5465:
5259:
5195:
5138:
5086:
5071:
5044:
5012:
4828:
4392:
4112:
4077:
4062:
4017:
4010:
3985:
3955:
3945:
3900:
3805:
3568:
2358:
Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (1989). "Introduction". In Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2060:
1785:
1720:
1641:
1208:
1142:
1134:
931:
720:
302:
24:
4290:
3388:
2378:
2331:
2250:
2164:
5660:
5616:
5540:
5440:
5426:
5356:
5246:
5062:
5006:
4999:
4910:
4894:
4696:
4444:
4418:
4376:
3835:
3499:
3185:
2761:
2732:
2703:
2533:
2504:
2448:
2223:
2183:
2148:
1889:
1680:
1648:
1539:
1423:
1241:
1200:
1120:
1115:
789:
766:
628:
486:
446:
275:
4883:
133:
5724:
5666:
5419:
5402:
5377:
5363:
5218:
5081:
5076:
5038:
4921:
4543:
4454:
4413:
4408:
3880:
3870:
3855:
3780:
3715:
3617:
3312:
3233:
3229:
3189:
3109:
3101:
3059:
3027:
3009:
2959:
2896:
Krauss, Michael E. (2005). "Athabaskan tone". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2861:
2765:
2736:
2707:
2651:
2628:
2600:
2537:
2508:
2452:
2398:
2388:
2363:
2344:
2304:
2265:
2227:
2188:
2127:
1837:
1747:
1391:
1328:
1262:
1255:
1127:
1099:
1034:
895:
442:
61:
1067:(Tsetsaut, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver)
5754:
5699:
5692:
5610:
5551:
5479:
5472:
5391:
5349:
5314:
5272:
5253:
5228:
5189:
5168:
5162:
5125:
5032:
4930:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4841:
4741:
4621:
4598:
4591:
4505:
4479:
4398:
4207:
3810:
3607:
3576:
3304:
3225:
3177:
3147:
3082:
2853:
2753:
2724:
2695:
2558:
2525:
2496:
2440:
2419:
2327:
2215:
2178:
2168:
1961:
1956:
1870:
1831:
1791:
1727:
1532:
1415:
1302:
1216:
891:
743:
426:
194:
3151:
3086:
2910:. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 67–85.
2786:. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 1. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 903–978.
2423:
2092:
282:
is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico.
5557:
5514:
5507:
5384:
5370:
5320:
5234:
5209:
5132:
5098:
5092:
4989:
4955:
4855:
4817:
4675:
4628:
4615:
4536:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4449:
3865:
3656:
3581:
3495:
3420:
3396:"Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon"
3361:
3117:
2362:. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 15. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–61.
2273:
2173:
2123:
The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
2121:
2045:
1992:
1909:
1824:
1816:
1657:
1592:
1444:
1357:
1336:
1320:
1295:
1022:
1015:(Upper Umpqua, Tututni, Galice–Applegate, Tolowa, Hupa, Mattole, Eel River, Kato)
967:
470:
456:
318:
279:
56:
20:
4386:
3301:
The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide
2259:
1901:
1277:
697:
5623:
5455:
5433:
5286:
5265:
5157:
5051:
4971:
4964:
4903:
4848:
4756:
4733:
4701:
4579:
4459:
4355:
4257:
3750:
3735:
3730:
3474:
3354:
2643:
1981:
1965:
1915:
1854:
1761:
1687:
1547:
1494:
1310:
1178:
1079:(Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib)
920:
582:
298:
4795:
3308:
3274:
3113:
2563:
2547:"A Preliminary View of Hydronymic Districts in Northern Athabaskan Prehistory"
5800:
5327:
5293:
5279:
4937:
4834:
4585:
3725:
3670:
3561:
3521:
2402:
1977:
1731:
1524:
1158:
869:
651:
294:
290:
278:
is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while
265:
49:
19:"Athabaskan" redirects here. For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see
3163:. Vol. 14: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2875:
Krauss, Michael E. (1987). "The name Athabaskan". In Corey, Peter L. (ed.).
2857:
2318:
Cook, Eung-Do (1981). "Athabaskan linguistics: Proto-Athapaskan phonology".
2278:
1085:(Tsuut'ina/Sarsi, Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai)
4219:
3372:
3121:
2951:
2269:
2192:
1562:
1248:
1030:
963:
935:
434:
409:
The 32 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of
3455:
2460:
Hoijer, Harry (1963). "The Athapaskan languages". In Hoijer, Harry (ed.).
2219:
2038:
317:
and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language. The name was assigned by
119:
4265:
3408:
1094:
them to be debated for some time to come." (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74)
497:. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo.
3056:
Morpheme Order and Semantic Scope: Word Formation in the Athapaskan Verb
2339:
Cook, Eung-Do (1992). "Athabaskan languages". In Bright, William (ed.).
4301:
4249:
3537:
2301:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2292:
Native American Studies Collection, Ethnic Studies Library, UC Berkeley
959:
915:
872:
and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called
482:
355:
142:
2817:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
3825:
3554:
3530:
3504:
3073:
Sapir, Edward (1915). "The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report".
2149:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
2103:
1778:
127:
113:
109:
3303:. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 875–930.
2431:
Hoijer, Harry (1956). "The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages".
3641:
3633:
3625:
3594:
3547:
3181:
2775:
On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb
2757:
2728:
2699:
2668:
A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family
2529:
2500:
2444:
1471:
the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004).
1154:
438:
269:
168:
3105:
3097:
Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: A study in method
2792:
Krauss, Michael E. (1976). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2782:
Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2597:
Shem Pete's Alaska: The territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Denaʼina
3350:
2950:
Leer, Jeff (1990). "Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?". In
2574:"The concept of geolinguistic conservatism in Na-Dene prehistory"
2360:
Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family
430:
2804:"Proto-Athabaskan–Eyak fricatives and the first person singular"
2487:
Hymes, Dell H. (1957). "A note on Athapaskan glottochronology".
2072:
1578:(also known as Tututni, Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek and Coquille)
3328:"Athabaskan Languages and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers"
2648:
Athabaskan language studies: Essays in honor of Robert W. Young
1411:(also known as Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley/Lakes District)
958:
The following is an outline of the classification according to
494:
478:
469:(Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of
414:
410:
310:
2836:"On the history and use of comparative Athapaskan linguistics"
930:
A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the
894:
is distantly related to the Athabaskan–Eyak group to form the
481:; Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, and Tolowa in northern
224:
3041:
Rice, Keren (1997). "A reexamination of Proto-Athabaskan y".
532:
California: Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, Kato, Tolowa
418:
3201:. Vol. 1–20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2056:
1126:
Similarly to Nicola, there is very limited documentation on
371:
203:
3541:
3509:
3367:
2650:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 259–304.
2410:
Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages".
1586:(also known as Galice/Taltushtuntede, Applegate/Dakubetede)
544:
New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo
206:
2464:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–29.
2034:
1162:
Koyukon, Ahtna, Dena'ina, and Dakelh/Carrier (Leer 2008).
3133:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 297–306.
215:
200:
2261:
Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians
1003:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin, Nicola?)
363:
in naming the language family and individual languages.
3414:
ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics
2646:; Midgette, Sally; Rice, Keren; Saxon, Leslie (eds.).
1369:(also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Soun'liné)
827:
822:
817:
804:
799:
794:
781:
776:
771:
758:
753:
748:
735:
730:
725:
712:
707:
702:
689:
684:
679:
666:
661:
656:
643:
638:
633:
620:
615:
610:
597:
592:
587:
520:
Alberta: Beaver, Dëne Sųłiné, Slavey, Tsuut'ina/Sarcee
2343:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–128.
233:
221:
218:
197:
5832:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
5827:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
2249:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from
212:
167:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3203:(As of January 2024, vols. 18–20 not yet published)
1291:Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska (also known as "Cordilleran")
919:still gives the Athabaskan family as a relative of
209:
147:
Geographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages
1596:(also known as Smith River, Chetco, Siletz Dee-ni)
1543:(also known as Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone)
526:Washington: Kwalhioqua-Clatskanai (Willapa, Suwal)
5822:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
2929:Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology
2777:. Baltimore: Waverly Press by Indiana University.
2594:
1037:, Mescalero–Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Plains)
854:Information in this table was retrieved from the
5798:
2956:Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology
2014:Native American Place Names of the United States
1204:(also known as Deg Hitʼan, Ingalik (deprecated))
181:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3393:
2595:Kari, James; Fall, James A.; Shem Pete (2003).
2288:"California Indian Library Collections Project"
1157:of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the
1073:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin)
560:
450:
5496:
3167:
2977:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 278–318.
2902:Revision of unpublished manuscript dated 1979.
2016:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52
1528:(also known as Hupa-Chilula, Chilula, Whilkut)
16:Group of indigenous languages of North America
4781:
4317:
3441:
3170:International Journal of American Linguistics
2939:"Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list"
2900:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 51–136.
2746:International Journal of American Linguistics
2717:International Journal of American Linguistics
2688:International Journal of American Linguistics
2599:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
2518:International Journal of American Linguistics
2489:International Journal of American Linguistics
2433:International Journal of American Linguistics
1699:
2146:
460:
5675:
2905:
2674:. ALT-IV. Santa Barbara, CA. Archived from
2120:Kari, James M.; Potter, Ben Austin (2011).
1506:
541:Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache
4788:
4774:
4324:
4310:
3448:
3434:
3379:Athabaskan Satellites & ASL Ion-Morphs
3196:
3158:
2914:
2613:
2119:
941:
864:
4797:Indigenous language families and isolates
3896:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
3026:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1973.
2830:(Published with revisions as Krauss 2005)
2579:. In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2562:
2341:International encyclopedia of linguistics
2277:
2182:
2172:
1461:(also known as Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuu T'ina)
1273:(also known as Kutchin, Loucheux, Tukudh)
309:' there are reeds one after another') in
5401:
4331:
3981:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
3325:
2357:
2298:
2205:
2073:"Dené (Athabaskan) Languages Conference"
485:; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in
445:in the Northwest Territories, including
3330:. Juneau: Alaska Native Language Center
2918:Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit sonorants
2915:Krauss, Michael E.; Leer, Jeff (1981).
2814:
5799:
3131:Methods in social science: A case book
3003:
2895:
2874:
2846:
2833:
2823:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2772:
2743:
2714:
2685:
2664:
2641:
2622:
2480:Apachean culture history and ethnology
2477:
2468:
2459:
2430:
2409:
2147:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014).
1605:
1342:Slavey (also known as Southern Slavey)
1148:
23:. For the ethnic group in Alaska, see
5817:Indigenous languages of North America
4769:
4305:
3746:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
3429:
3298:
3215:
3206:
3137:
3128:
3093:
3072:
3006:The Languages of Native North America
2796:. New York: Plenum. pp. 283–358.
2486:
2376:
2303:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1497:–Tlatskanie or Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai)
3394:Don Macnaughtan (10 February 2014).
3285:
3272:
3259:
3197:Sturtevant, William C., ed. (1978).
3053:
3040:
3004:Mithun, Marianne (4 November 1999).
2994:
2981:
2972:
2949:
2936:
2925:
2834:Krauss, Michael E. (November 1981).
2819:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2571:
2544:
2515:
2338:
2317:
2257:
1575:Lower Rogue River and Upper Coquille
171:. For the distinction between ,
2984:"Recent advances in AET comparison"
2471:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2462:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2332:10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001345
1950:
1448:(also known as Stuwix, Similkameen)
550:Oklahoma: Chiricahua, Plains Apache
13:
4286:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
3355:Pan-Athapaskan Comparative Lexicon
3252:
3199:Handbook of North American Indians
2908:Handbook of North American Indians
2061:Language Family Trees – Athapaskan
1984:based on Slavey, French, and Cree.
1395:(also known as Tsʼetsʼaut, Wetalh)
398:Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages
14:
5853:
5812:First Nations languages in Canada
3344:
2126:. Alaska Native Language Center.
1401:Central British Columbia subgroup
1189:(also known as Tanaina, Kenaitze)
425:, as well as in the provinces of
413:and the interior of northwestern
3456:
3375:(University of Alaska Fairbanks)
3275:"Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon"
2794:Native languages of the Americas
1220:(also known as Denaakkʼe, Tenʼa)
441:. Five Athabaskan languages are
193:
141:
3218:"The Dené-Yeniseian Hypothesis"
3216:Vajda, Edward J. (2023-01-12).
3161:Collected Works of Edward Sapir
2238:
2199:
1669:(also known as Coyotero Apache)
163:International Phonetic Alphabet
5837:Languages of the United States
3851:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
3373:Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon
3353:(PanDeneComPlex; formerly the
3292:Alaska Native Language Archive
3279:Alaska Native Language Archive
3266:Alaska Native Language Archive
3230:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0064
3058:. Cambridge University Press.
3008:. Cambridge University Press.
2988:Alaska Native Language Archive
2840:Alaska Native Language Archive
2808:Alaska Native Language Archive
2385:University of California Press
2140:
2113:
2108:University of Alaska Fairbanks
2097:
2086:
2065:
2050:
2028:
2019:
2006:
1738:South Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1519:California Athabaskan subgroup
1479:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie subgroup
962:, based on those published in
1:
3368:Alaska Native Language Center
3209:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
3152:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040
3087:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080
2997:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2943:Alaska Native Language Center
2616:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2581:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2545:Kari, James (December 1996).
2424:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080
2320:Annual Review of Anthropology
2104:Alaska Native Language Center
2035:Alaska Native Language Center
2025:Albert Gallatin, 1836:116–17.
1999:
1968:of the Athabaskan languages.
1195:Central Alaska–Yukon subgroup
1102:(1973, 1982). Therefore, the
925:Alaska Native Language Center
856:Alaska Native Language Center
403:Southern Athabaskan languages
393:Northern Athabaskan languages
347:Alaska Native Language Center
4184:Not headquartered in Alberta
3384:Yukon Native Language Center
3351:Pan-Dene Comparative Lexicon
2784:Linguistics in North America
2174:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1627:(also known as Kiowa-Apache)
1361:(also known as Tłįchǫ Yatiì)
1287:Northwestern Canada subgroup
561:Alaskan Athabaskan languages
451:
383:
306:
7:
4073:Western Cree Tribal Council
3054:Rice, Keren (18 May 2000).
3043:Anthropological Linguistics
2824:Krauss, Michael E. (1979).
2802:Krauss, Michael E. (1977).
2788:(Reprinted as Krauss 1976.)
2773:Krauss, Michael E. (1969).
2625:Causatives and Transitivity
2469:Hoijer, Harry, ed. (1963).
2380:California Indian languages
1971:
1427:(also known as Tsilhqot'in)
950:
845:
842:
839:
826:
821:
816:
803:
798:
793:
780:
775:
770:
757:
752:
747:
734:
729:
724:
711:
706:
701:
688:
683:
678:
665:
660:
655:
642:
637:
632:
619:
614:
609:
596:
591:
586:
538:Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo
10:
5858:
4175:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
3941:North Peace Tribal Council
2665:Kibrik, Andrej A. (2001).
1954:
1706:computational phylogenetic
1700:Sicoli & Holton (2014)
1566:(also known as Etnemitane)
1557:Oregon Athabaskan subgroup
1348:Bearlake (Northern Slavey)
1345:Mountain (Northern Slavey)
18:
5763:
5717:
5648:
5528:
5454:
5337:
5303:
5208:
5178:
5147:
5114:
5061:
5021:
4988:
4954:
4920:
4893:
4807:
4750:
4732:
4710:
4689:
4658:
4649:
4608:
4571:
4562:
4521:
4488:
4437:
4369:
4348:
4339:
4281:
4242:
4183:
4162:
4146:
4108:Yellowhead Tribal Council
4106:
4071:
4026:
3979:
3939:
3894:
3881:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
3849:
3796:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
3744:
3709:
3664:
3653:
3616:
3592:
3485:
3468:
3309:10.1515/9783110712742-039
3262:"Na-La-Dene cognate sets"
3260:Leer, Jeff (1992-03-17).
2564:10.1179/nam.1996.44.4.253
2247:"Athapaskan Bibliography"
1675:Eastern Apachean subgroup
1633:Western Apachean subgroup
1483:Lower Columbia Athapaskan
1324:(also known as Tsekʼehne)
1173:Southern Alaskan subgroup
1013:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1001:Central British Columbia
850:
523:Saskatchewan: Dëne Sųłiné
140:
126:
108:
84:
74:
57:Linguistic classification
55:
42:
37:
32:
4489:Central British Columbia
4163:Not federally recognized
3666:Athabasca Tribal Council
3462:First Nations in Alberta
2798:(Reprint of Krauss 1973)
2012:Bright, William (2004).
1988:Dené–Yeniseian languages
1514:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1507:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1139:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
343:Tanana Chiefs Conference
96:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
3389:Athapascan Bibliography
3326:Thompson, Chad (1984).
3140:American Anthropologist
3075:American Anthropologist
3024:Tlingit Verb Dictionary
2858:10.1075/sihols.41.08kra
2412:American Anthropologist
2299:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1419:(also known as Carrier)
1314:(also known as Nahanni)
1306:(also known as Nahanni)
1228:(also known as Kolchan)
942:Internal classification
900:Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit
865:External classification
547:Texas: Mescalero, Lipan
461:
372:
260:) is a large family of
159:phonetic transcriptions
5781:Unclassified languages
4522:Other North Athabaskan
4028:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
3487:Ethnolinguistic groups
3094:Sapir, Edward (1916).
2377:Golla, Victor (2011).
2044:June 25, 2010, at the
1966:reconstructed ancestor
1774:West Alaska (Koyukon)
1661:(also known as Navaho)
1618:Plains Apache subgroup
1351:Hare (Northern Slavey)
1332:(also known as Beaver)
1237:(also known as Tanana)
1212:(also known as Innoko)
934:and Na-Dené families.
156:This article contains
4572:California Athabaskan
4530:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
3966:Little Red River Cree
3711:Blackfoot Confederacy
3603:Blackfoot Confederacy
3409:California Athapascan
2220:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
2039:"The Name Athabascan"
1637:Chiricahua–Mescalero
1551:(also known as Cahto)
1490:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
1112:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
1027:White Mountain Apache
1010:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
986:Central Alaska–Yukon
882:sound correspondences
556:Chihuahua: Chiricahua
423:Northwest Territories
313:. Cree is one of the
5807:Athabaskan languages
4370:Central Alaska–Yukon
4333:Athabaskan languages
3489:(by language family)
2572:Kari, James (2010).
2258:Boas, Franz (1917).
1897:Northwestern Canada
992:Northwestern Canada
514:Nunavut: Dëne Sųłiné
349:prefer the spelling
315:Algonquian languages
262:Indigenous languages
256:, and also known as
5730:Algonquian–Wakashan
4438:Northwestern Canada
3681:Athabasca Chipewyan
3654:Tribal councils and
3286:Leer, Jeff (2008).
3273:Leer, Jeff (1996).
2982:Leer, Jeff (2008).
2937:Leer, Jeff (1982).
2926:Leer, Jeff (1979).
2165:2014PLoSO...991722S
1861:Southern Athabaskan
1800:North Pacific Coast
1613:Southern Athabaskan
1606:Southern Athabaskan
1281:(also known as Han)
1168:Northern Athabaskan
1149:Northern Athabaskan
1143:Southern Athabaskan
1135:Northern Athabaskan
1083:Southerly Outlying
880:through consistent
325:The four spellings—
101:Southern Athabaskan
91:Northern Athabaskan
25:Alaskan Athabaskans
5718:Proposed groupings
4808:Language families
4496:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
4170:Aseniwuche Winewak
3419:2010-06-01 at the
3360:2021-06-20 at the
2975:Athabaskan Prosody
2898:Athabaskan Prosody
1533:Mattole–Bear River
1408:Babine–Witsuwit'en
553:Sonora: Chiricahua
443:official languages
366:Although the term
5842:Na-Dene languages
5794:
5793:
5776:Extinct languages
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5524:
5523:
5450:
5449:
5204:
5203:
5180:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4763:
4762:
4757:extinct languages
4728:
4727:
4645:
4644:
4629:Upper Rogue River
4622:Lower Rogue River
4609:Oregon Athabaskan
4558:
4557:
4414:Southern Tutchone
4409:Northern Tutchone
4299:
4298:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4116:
4081:
4036:
3989:
3949:
3904:
3871:Lubicon Lake Band
3859:
3754:
3719:
3686:Chipewyan Prairie
3674:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3618:Numbered Treaties
3318:978-3-11-071274-2
3239:978-0-19-977281-0
3065:978-0-521-58354-1
2965:978-3-11-011908-4
2867:978-90-272-4522-9
2826:"Athabaskan tone"
2634:978-1-55619-375-0
2394:978-0-520-94952-2
2133:978-1-55500-112-4
2093:Dena'ina#Language
1935:Southern Tutchone
1929:Northern Tutchone
1583:Upper Rogue River
1386:Tsetsaut subgroup
1263:Northern Tutchone
1256:Southern Tutchone
1235:and Middle Tanana
1086:
1080:
1074:
1071:British Columbia
1068:
1062:
1038:
1035:San Carlos Apache
1016:
1004:
995:
989:
983:
982:(Dena'ina, Ahtna)
862:
861:
577:Percent Speakers
152:
151:
5849:
5786:Linguistic areas
5673:
5672:
5494:
5493:
5399:
5398:
5112:
5111:
4891:
4890:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4742:Proto-Athabaskan
4690:Eastern Apachean
4659:Western Apachean
4656:
4655:
4569:
4568:
4511:Southern Carrier
4349:Southern Alaskan
4346:
4345:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4291:Métis in Alberta
4268:
4260:
4252:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4110:
4075:
4043:Beaver Lake Cree
4033:Beaver Lake Cree
4030:
3983:
3943:
3898:
3853:
3771:Beaver Lake Cree
3748:
3713:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3657:band governments
3644:
3636:
3628:
3608:Iron Confederacy
3460:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3322:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3247:
3242:. Archived from
3212:
3202:
3193:
3164:
3155:
3134:
3125:
3090:
3069:
3050:
3037:
3019:
3000:
2991:
2978:
2969:
2946:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2871:
2843:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2797:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2740:
2711:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2661:
2638:
2619:
2610:
2591:
2589:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2541:
2512:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2427:
2406:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2314:
2295:
2283:
2281:
2254:
2232:
2231:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2010:
1962:Proto-Athabaskan
1957:Proto-Athabaskan
1951:Proto-Athabaskan
1867:Alaska-Canada-1
1850:Plains-Apachean
1805:Alaska-Canada-2
1743:(unnamed clade)
1104:Stammbaumtheorie
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1020:
1014:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
980:Southern Alaska
898:, also known as
829:
824:
819:
806:
801:
796:
783:
778:
773:
760:
755:
750:
737:
732:
727:
714:
709:
704:
691:
686:
681:
668:
663:
658:
645:
640:
635:
622:
617:
612:
599:
594:
589:
565:
564:
464:
454:
427:British Columbia
375:
240:
236:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
178:
174:
145:
136:
122:
79:Proto-Athabaskan
30:
29:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5759:
5705:
5671:
5653:linguistic area
5652:
5644:
5533:linguistic area
5532:
5520:
5492:
5446:
5397:
5342:linguistic area
5341:
5333:
5307:linguistic area
5306:
5299:
5200:
5174:
5143:
5110:
5057:
5017:
4984:
4950:
4916:
4889:
4809:
4803:
4794:
4764:
4759:
4746:
4724:
4711:Plains Apachean
4706:
4685:
4641:
4604:
4554:
4517:
4484:
4433:
4424:Upper Kuskokwim
4365:
4335:
4330:
4300:
4295:
4273:
4238:
4227:Smith's Landing
4179:
4158:
4142:
4102:
4067:
4022:
3975:
3935:
3890:
3866:Loon River Cree
3845:
3786:Ermineskin Cree
3740:
3705:
3655:
3649:
3612:
3588:
3481:
3464:
3454:
3421:Wayback Machine
3400:
3398:
3362:Wayback Machine
3347:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3319:
3255:
3253:Further reading
3250:
3240:
3066:
3034:
3022:
3016:
2966:
2888:
2881:
2868:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2644:Jelinek, Eloise
2635:
2607:
2587:
2576:
2395:
2370:
2351:
2311:
2286:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2204:
2200:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2046:Wayback Machine
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1993:Loucheux Pidgin
1974:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1755:Upper Kuskokwim
1702:
1697:
1608:
1603:
1509:
1504:
1493:(also known as
1468:
1434:
1376:
1225:Upper Kuskokwim
1151:
1091:
1043:
1007:Tsuut'ina/Sarsi
953:
944:
874:Athabaskan–Eyak
867:
813:Upper Kuskokwim
563:
386:
319:Albert Gallatin
244:; also spelled
238:
234:
196:
192:
186:
185:
184:
148:
132:
118:
44:
28:
21:HMCS Athabaskan
17:
12:
11:
5:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Classification
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Macro-Chibchan
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5592:
5580:
5578:Tequistlatecan
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5536:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5406:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5241:Tequistlatecan
5238:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4734:Proto-language
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4681:Western Apache
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3992:
3990:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Peerless Trout
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3507:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3471:Cultural areas
3469:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3406:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3346:
3345:External links
3343:
3341:
3340:
3323:
3317:
3296:
3294:. CA965L2008b.
3283:
3270:
3268:. CA965L1992b.
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3246:on 2024-01-15.
3238:
3213:
3204:
3194:
3182:10.1086/465977
3176:(4): 572–574.
3165:
3156:
3146:(2): 224–235.
3135:
3126:
3091:
3081:(3): 534–558.
3070:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3020:
3014:
3001:
2992:
2990:. CA965L2008b.
2979:
2970:
2964:
2947:
2934:
2923:
2912:
2903:
2893:
2891:on 2008-07-23.
2872:
2866:
2844:
2831:
2821:
2812:
2810:. CA961K1977a.
2799:
2789:
2779:
2770:
2758:10.1086/465014
2752:(3): 194–203.
2741:
2729:10.1086/464810
2712:
2700:10.1086/464766
2694:(2): 118–131.
2683:
2681:on 2016-07-01.
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2592:
2590:on 2022-05-23.
2569:
2557:(4): 253–271.
2542:
2530:10.1086/466129
2524:(4): 424–454.
2513:
2501:10.1086/464422
2495:(4): 291–297.
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2445:10.1086/464374
2439:(4): 219–232.
2428:
2407:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2355:
2349:
2336:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2284:
2255:
2253:on 2014-10-10.
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2198:
2139:
2132:
2112:
2096:
2085:
2064:
2049:
2027:
2018:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1982:trade language
1973:
1970:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1919:
1905:
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1893:
1880:
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1772:
1765:
1758:
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1741:
1735:
1724:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1666:Western Apache
1662:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:Sarsi subgroup
1449:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1164:
1150:
1147:
1100:Michael Krauss
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
984:
972:
952:
949:
943:
940:
896:Na-Dene family
866:
863:
860:
859:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
832:
831:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
802:
797:
792:
786:
785:
779:
774:
769:
763:
762:
756:
751:
746:
740:
739:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
710:
705:
700:
694:
693:
687:
682:
677:
671:
670:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
641:
636:
631:
625:
624:
618:
613:
608:
602:
601:
595:
590:
585:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
407:
406:
400:
395:
385:
382:
378:Dené languages
299:Lake Athabasca
179:⟩, see
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
138:
137:
130:
124:
123:
116:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
86:
82:
81:
76:
75:Proto-language
72:
71:
70:
69:
59:
53:
52:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5854:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
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5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
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5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
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5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5597:
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5584:
5581:
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5576:
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5555:
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5535:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:Calusa–Tunica
5495:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:
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5248:
5244:
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4851:
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4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4801:North America
4798:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4719:Plains Apache
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Pacific Coast
4561:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4191:Acho Dene Koe
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4098:Sturgeon Lake
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:Stoney Nakoda
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3886:Woodland Cree
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Fort McMurray
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:Fort McMurray
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:. CA965L1996.
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3033:0-933769-25-3
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:0-521-23228-7
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:Baldi, Philip
2948:
2945:. CA965L1982.
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:. CA961K1981.
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:. CA961K1978.
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2657:0-8263-1705-7
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2606:1-889963-56-9
2602:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2369:0-89925-282-6
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2350:0-19-505196-3
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:0-19-509427-1
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:(3): 410–46.
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:(3): e91722.
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:Broken Slavey
1976:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:Plains Apache
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:(also called
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:Tanana Valley
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
985:
979:
978:
977:
974:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
948:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:
911:
909:
908:reconstructed
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
857:
853:
849:
837:
834:
833:
814:
811:
810:
791:
788:
787:
768:
765:
764:
745:
742:
741:
722:
719:
718:
699:
696:
695:
676:
673:
672:
653:
650:
649:
630:
627:
626:
607:
604:
603:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
498:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
463:
462:Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:or "Apachean"
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
381:
379:
374:
369:
364:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Cree language
293:version of a
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
266:North America
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
229:
190:
182:
170:
166:
164:
160:
144:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
50:North America
47:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
5735:Aztec–Tanoan
5698:
5691:
5686:Guanahatabey
5684:
5677:Pre-Arawakan
5659:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5603:
5594:
5587:
5572:Oto-Manguean
5570:
5563:
5556:
5539:
5530:Mesoamerican
5513:
5506:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5339:Coahuiltecan
5326:
5319:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5252:
5245:
5233:
5188:
5167:
5149:Coast Oregon
5131:
5124:
5091:
5050:
5043:
5031:
5023:Macro-Siouan
5005:
4998:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4909:
4902:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4816:
4810:and isolates
4752:
4717:
4636:Upper Umpqua
4634:
4627:
4620:
4597:
4590:
4578:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4429:Upper Tanana
4404:Lower Tanana
4391:
4332:
4147:Unaffiliated
4063:Kehewin Cree
3926:Sucker Creek
3806:Kehewin Cree
3701:Mikisew Cree
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3522:
3515:
3399:. Retrieved
3332:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3244:the original
3221:
3208:
3198:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3096:
3078:
3074:
3055:
3049:(3): 423–26.
3046:
3042:
3023:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2974:
2955:
2942:
2928:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2886:the original
2877:
2849:
2839:
2816:
2807:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2723:(1): 18–28.
2720:
2716:
2691:
2687:
2676:the original
2667:
2647:
2624:
2615:
2596:
2585:the original
2580:
2554:
2550:
2521:
2517:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2436:
2432:
2418:(1): 75–87.
2415:
2411:
2383:. Berkeley:
2379:
2359:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2300:
2291:
2260:
2251:the original
2239:Bibliography
2211:
2207:
2201:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2122:
2115:
2099:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2067:
2052:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1960:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1888:
1884:Lower Tanana
1882:
1877:Upper Tanana
1875:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1740:(California)
1714:
1703:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1591:
1581:
1573:
1563:Upper Umpqua
1561:
1556:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1364:
1356:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1249:Upper Tanana
1247:
1240:
1233:Lower Tanana
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1152:
1132:
1125:
1108:
1103:
1098:complex" by
1096:
1092:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1031:Tonto Apache
975:
957:
954:
945:
936:Edward Vajda
929:
914:
912:
902:(AET). With
899:
890:
878:demonstrated
876:(AE) – well-
873:
868:
851:
836:Upper Tanana
535:Utah: Navajo
499:
491:
475:
435:Saskatchewan
408:
387:
377:
367:
365:
360:
354:
350:
338:
334:
330:
326:
324:
286:
284:
274:
257:
253:
249:
245:
188:
187:
175:and ⟨
157:
85:Subdivisions
66:
45:distribution
5740:Macro-Mayan
5605:Uto-Aztecan
5583:Totozoquean
5413:Coahuilteco
5224:Palaihnihan
5106:Tsimshianic
4445:Dene Suline
3836:Samson Cree
3831:Saddle Lake
3593:Historical
3555:Dënesųłı̨ne
3222:Linguistics
2208:Diachronica
1366:Dene Suline
966:(1996) and
322:the lake."
5801:Categories
5596:Mixe–Zoque
5565:Misumalpan
5487:Chitimacha
4979:Algonquian
4945:Athabaskan
4824:Yuki–Wappo
4666:Chiricahua
4393:Holikachuk
4377:Deg Hitʼan
4250:Papaschase
4243:Terminated
4215:Onion Lake
4203:Kelly Lake
4113:Morinville
4093:Horse Lake
4078:Valleyview
4058:Heart Lake
3946:High Level
3931:Swan River
3901:Slave Lake
3811:Louis Bull
3801:Heart Lake
3781:Enoch Cree
3691:Fort McKay
3538:Athapascan
3500:Algonquian
3401:2018-05-30
3114:1085619259
3106:gs17000020
2326:: 253–73.
2057:Ethnologue
2000:References
1786:Holikachuk
1715:Athabaskan
1642:Chiricahua
1495:Kwalhioqua
1337:Slave–Hare
1209:Holikachuk
1055:Athabaskan
976:Athabaskan
960:Keren Rice
916:Ethnologue
886:morphology
721:Holikachuk
571:Population
487:Washington
483:California
452:Dënesųłıné
368:Athabaskan
361:Athapaskan
356:Ethnologue
351:Athabascan
339:Athapascan
335:Athapaskan
331:Athabascan
327:Athabaskan
303:Moose Cree
291:anglicized
287:Athabaskan
254:Athapascan
250:Athapaskan
246:Athabascan
189:Athabaskan
67:Athabaskan
43:Geographic
33:Athabaskan
5750:Tolatecan
5650:Caribbean
5638:Alagüilac
5631:Purépecha
5617:Cuitlatec
5589:Totonacan
5547:Jicaquean
5466:Muskogean
5441:Mamulique
5427:Comecrudo
5357:Karankawa
5260:Jicaquean
5247:Chimariko
5196:Kalapuyan
5139:Sahaptian
5087:Yok-Utian
5072:Chinookan
5045:Iroquoian
5013:Chimakuan
4829:Chumashan
4755:indicate
4697:Jicarilla
4671:Mescalero
4550:Tsuutʼina
4501:Chilcotin
4419:Tanacross
4258:Sharphead
4123:Alexander
4053:Frog Lake
4048:Cold Lake
4018:Tsuut'ina
3986:Tsuut'ina
3961:Dene Tha'
3916:Kapawe'no
3911:Driftpile
3791:Frog Lake
3776:Cold Lake
3761:Alexander
3569:Tsuut'ina
3562:Dene Tha'
3531:Saulteaux
3505:Blackfoot
3479:Subarctic
3190:144286904
2766:143582680
2737:144404147
2708:144615266
2538:143799443
2509:143745953
2453:144276480
2403:755008853
2279:24180632M
2228:209542004
1890:Tanacross
1779:Deg Xinag
1721:Yeniseian
1681:Jicarilla
1649:Mescalero
1540:Eel River
1458:Tsuut'ina
1424:Chilcotin
1242:Tanacross
1201:Deg Xinag
1121:Chilcotin
1019:Apachean
932:Yeniseian
913:Although
904:Jeff Leer
790:Tanacross
629:Deg Xinag
447:Chipewyan
384:Languages
307:Āðapāskāw
297:name for
285:The word
276:Chipewyan
128:Glottolog
110:ISO 639-2
5661:Arawakan
5541:Chibchan
5420:Cotoname
5378:Quinigua
5364:Maratino
5063:Penutian
5007:Wakashan
5000:Salishan
4911:Eskimoan
4895:Eskaleut
4651:Southern
4544:Tsetsaut
4382:Gwichʼin
4361:Denaʼina
4341:Northern
4154:Bigstone
4138:Sunchild
4133:O'Chiese
4088:Duncan's
4001:Bearspaw
3971:Tallcree
3921:Sawridge
3856:Atikameg
3841:Sunchild
3821:O'Chiese
3716:Standoff
3642:Treaty 8
3634:Treaty 7
3626:Treaty 6
3595:polities
3523:Woodland
3417:Archived
3358:Archived
3122:7099707M
2193:24621925
2153:PLOS ONE
2106:(ANLC).
2078:18 March
2042:Archived
1972:See also
1838:Dane-zaa
1810:Gwich’in
1802:(Oregon)
1769:Dena'ina
1748:Tsetsaut
1392:Tsetsaut
1329:Dane-zaa
1270:Gwich'in
1186:Dena'ina
1155:urheimat
1128:Tsetsaut
1077:Eastern
1059:Alaskan
998:Tsetsaut
951:Overview
675:Gwich'in
606:Dena'ina
574:Speakers
568:Language
467:Gwich'in
439:Manitoba
270:Apachean
173:/ /
169:Help:IPA
134:atha1247
48:Western
5725:Amerind
5700:Ciguayo
5693:Macorix
5667:Cariban
5641: ?
5500: ?
5480:Atakapa
5473:Natchez
5458: ?
5405: ?
5403:Pakawan
5392:Tonkawa
5350:Aranama
5305:Pueblo
5273:Salinan
5254:Esselen
5219:Shastan
5212: ?
5190:Takelma
5182: ?
5169:Siuslaw
5151: ?
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5065: ?
5039:Caddoan
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4992: ?
4931:Tlingit
4922:Na-Dene
4877:Waikuri
4870:Timucua
4863:Kutenai
4842:Beothuk
4753:Italics
4599:Wailaki
4592:Mattole
4480:Tahltan
4455:Dunneza
4399:Koyukon
4006:Chiniki
3816:Montana
3736:Siksika
3731:Piikani
3548:Daneẕaa
2954:(ed.).
2270:1678979
2184:3951421
2161:Bibcode
1964:is the
1832:Carrier
1792:Koyukon
1728:Tlingit
1303:Tahltan
1217:Koyukon
964:Goddard
892:Tlingit
852:Source:
744:Koyukon
431:Alberta
417:in the
161:in the
62:Na-Dene
5755:Waroid
5611:Xincan
5552:Lencan
5515:Calusa
5508:Tunica
5385:Solano
5371:Naolan
5315:Tanoan
5229:Pomoan
5163:Coosan
5158:Alsean
5133:Molala
5093:Yokuts
5033:Siouan
4884:Pericú
4856:Cayuse
4676:Navajo
4616:Tolowa
4537:Nicola
4506:Dakelh
4475:Tagish
4470:Slavey
4465:Sekani
4450:Dogrib
4269:(1958)
4266:Michel
4261:(1897)
4253:(1891)
4128:Alexis
4011:Wesley
3956:Beaver
3766:Alexis
3726:Kainai
3645:(1899)
3637:(1877)
3629:(1876)
3582:Nakoda
3577:Siouan
3516:Plains
3475:Plains
3334:2 July
3315:
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3188:
3120:
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3030:
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1910:Slavey
1908:South
1871:Tanana
1843:Beaver
1825:Slavey
1823:North
1817:Dogrib
1704:Using
1658:Navajo
1593:Tolowa
1445:Nicola
1416:Dakelh
1358:Dogrib
1321:Sekani
1296:Tagish
1116:Nicola
1065:Yukon
1023:Navajo
968:Mithun
767:Tanana
621:<10
616:<50
495:Mexico
479:Oregon
471:Slavey
457:Dogrib
415:Canada
411:Alaska
337:, and
311:Canada
289:is an
280:Navajo
177:
5764:Lists
5624:Huave
5558:Mayan
5434:Garza
5321:Keres
5287:Washo
5266:Karuk
5235:Yuman
5210:Hokan
5099:Utian
5052:Yuchi
4990:Mosan
4972:Yurok
4965:Wiyot
4956:Algic
4904:Aleut
4849:Bidai
4818:Haida
4702:Lipan
4460:Kaska
4356:Ahtna
3751:Enoch
3496:Algic
3186:S2CID
2889:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2762:S2CID
2733:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2679:(PDF)
2672:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
2577:(PDF)
2551:Names
2534:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2224:S2CID
1916:Kaska
1855:Sarsi
1762:Ahtna
1688:Lipan
1311:Kaska
1179:Ahtna
921:Haida
749:2,300
680:1,100
583:Ahtna
419:Yukon
359:uses
165:(IPA)
5456:Gulf
5328:Zuni
5294:Yana
5280:Seri
4938:Eyak
4835:Adai
4586:Hupa
4580:Kato
3826:Paul
3542:Dene
3510:Cree
3336:2020
3313:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3110:OCLC
3102:LCCN
3060:ISBN
3028:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2399:OCLC
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2345:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2266:OCLC
2189:PMID
2128:ISBN
2080:2020
1980:, a
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870:Eyak
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805:29.6
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713:24.0
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421:and
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258:Dene
239:BASK
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4387:Hän
3305:doi
3226:doi
3178:doi
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2169:doi
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