587:
5960:
266:
3347:
5071:
850:. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.
5057:
344:
7331:
4973:
535:
305:
318:
5006:. He was instrumental in obtaining unanimous consent from all political parties to change the standing orders to allow Indigenous languages to be spoken in the House of Commons, with full translation services provided. This historic change enabled Ouellette to deliver a speech in Cree with interpretation supported by language educator Kevin Lewis, marking the first use of an Indigenous language in the House of Commons on Jan 28, 2019.
292:
121:
331:
4960:
6477:
5038:
The
Government of the Northwest Territories releases an annual report on First Nations languages. The 2016–2017 report features successes they have had in revitalizing and supporting and projects they are working on. For example, they released a Medicinal Plant Guide that had information in both Cree
5018:
As of 2017, Cree had about 117,000 documented speakers. They are still a minority language given the dominance of
English and French in Canada. There are programs in place to maintain and revitalize the language, though. In the Quebec James Bay Cree community, a resolution was put into action in 1988
4944:
cultivated the prejudice that their language was inferior. While students were still speaking their native language at home, their learning stopped at school. When they left residential schools as adults, they went home and their vocabulary and knowledge of language did not include concepts or forms
3187:
morphosyntax. A common grammatical feature in Cree dialects, in terms of sentence structure, is non-regulated word order. Word order is not governed by a specific set of rules or structure; instead, "subjects and objects are expressed by means of inflection on the verb". Subject, Verb, and Object
1351:
then qualifies as
Montagnais. For practical purposes, Cree usually covers the dialects which use syllabics as their orthography (including Atikamekw but excluding Kawawachikamach Naskapi), the term Montagnais then applies to those dialects using the Latin script (excluding Atikamekw and including
4771:
can neither stand alone as a separate word, nor is it an essential part of a stem. There are some more complex situations where it is difficult to determine whether an element is a particle. Some frequently used compound words can be written as unhyphenated. Stress can be predicted in some cases
5009:
Furthermore, Bill C-91, the
Indigenous Languages Act passed in 2019, was enacted to support and revitalize Indigenous languages across Canada. This legislation, aims to reclaim, revitalize, and maintain Indigenous languages through sustainable funding and the establishment of the Office of the
5105:"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"
6197:
5815:
5827:
5039:
and
English. An important part of making the guide was input from the elders. Another accomplishment was the dubbing of a movie in Cree. They are working on broadcasting a radio station that "will give listeners music and a voice for our languages".
4955:
The third point
Cuthand argues is that Cree language loss was adopted by the speakers. Parents stopped teaching their children their native language in the belief that doing so would help their children find economic success or avoid discrimination.
5816:
https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2019CanLIIDocs3786#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc3Page3/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAFMAc0I4BKADTJspQhACKiQrgCe0AORLhEQmFwIZcxSrUatIAMp5SAIUUAlAKIAZGwDUAggDkAwjeGkwAI2ik7IKCQA
2064:
have merged in the northern dialect but are distinct in the southern. Southern East Cree is divided between coastal (southwestern) and inland (southeastern) varieties. Also, the inland southern dialect has lost the distinction between
3378:
represent the language phonetically. Cree is always written from left to right horizontally. The easternmost dialects are written using the Latin script exclusively. The dialects of Plains Cree, Woods Cree, and western Swampy Cree use
6136:
4752:
Hyphenation can be used to separate a particle from the root word that it prefixes, especially particles that precede verbs ("preverbs" or "indeclinable preverbs") or nouns ("prenouns" or "indeclinable prenouns"). One example is
4357:
Speakers of various Cree dialects have begun creating dictionaries to serve their communities. Some projects, such as the Cree
Language Resource Project, are developing an online bilingual Cree dictionary for the Cree language.
861:(and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the
6052:
Bakker, Peter and Robert A. Papen. "Michif: A Mixed
Language based on French and Cree". Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective. Ed. Sarah G. Thomason. 17 vols. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1997.
7853:
5172:
3275:
in a system that classifies nouns as animate or inanimate. The distribution of nouns between animate or inanimate is not phonologically transparent, which means gender must be learned along with the noun.
846:, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of
1347:
sound change (BC–QC) while
Montagnais encompasses the territory where this sound change has occurred (QC–NL). These labels are very useful from a linguistic perspective but are confusing as
9165:
8402:
3195:
can be defined as any third-person ranked lower on a hierarchy of discourse salience than some other (proximate) discourse-participant. "Obviative animate nouns, , are marked by ending
3320:
This means that changing the word order in Cree can place emphasis on different pieces of the sentence. Wolfart and
Carroll give the following example by transposing the two Cree words:
5240:
9175:
5010:
Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. Ouellette was the chair of the Indigenous caucus in the House of Commons and helped ensure it passage before the election of 2019.
6047:
8042:
9170:
5926:
4952:, voluntarily or not. Oftentimes, the elders are left on the reserve. This breaks up the traditional intergenerational flow of lingual knowledge from elder to youth.
7900:
1902:
Together with the Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In Swampy Cree-influenced areas, some speakers use
6438:
7343:
6531:
5896:
1343:
Very often the Cree dialect continuum is divided into two languages: Cree and Montagnais. Cree includes all dialects which have not undergone the *k >
5362:
Linguasphere code 62-ADA is called "Cree+Ojibwa net", listing four divisions of which three are shown here—the fourth division 62-ADA-d representing the
7320:
5140:
5526:
5165:
3279:
As is common in polysynthetic languages, a Cree word can be very long, and express something that takes a series of words in English. For example:
4553:, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g.
9185:
5989:
8497:
8196:
6171:
MacKenzie, Marguerite, Marie-Odile Junker, Luci Salt, Elsie Duff, Daisy Moar, Ruth Salt, Ella Neeposh & Bill Jancewicz (eds) (2004–2008)
5104:
3407:
are placed after the syllabic to represent the corresponding vowels. Finals represent stand-alone consonants. The Cree language also has two
1784:
Eastern Swampy Cree, together with Moose Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In the western dialect,
4940:
Doug Cuthand argues three reasons for the loss of the Cree language among many speakers over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First,
1792:. Western Swampy Cree also known as "York Cree;" together with Northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree, also known as "Western Woodland Cree."
5758:
5714:"Agreement on Governance in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Between the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Gouvernement du Québec, 2012"
5275:
5804:
544:
6293:
5297:
5248:
9180:
6242:, H. C. & Freda Ahenakew, The Student's Dictionary of Literary Plains Cree. Memoir 15, Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1998.
4681:
can be included in the sentence to mark a yes–no question such that this is sometimes considered to be sufficient without including a
7768:
6669:
6299:
5582:
5062:
3135:). Eastern James Bay Cree prefers to indicate long vowels (other than ) by doubling the vowel, while the western Cree use either a
6229:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new ser., v. 63, pt. 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1973.
6420:
5850:"Schooling as a Vehicle for Aboriginal Language Maintenance: Implementing Cree as the Language of Instruction in Northern Quebec"
5144:
7313:
5773:
4801:) can be written or not written, as sandhi representation introduces greater complexity. There are additional rules regarding
9160:
9124:
7618:
6194:
5635:
5566:
2965:
8237:
7359:
6081:
Carter, Sarah. Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900. University of Toronto Press Inc. Toronto: 1999.
4948:
Cuthand also argues that the loss of the Cree language can be attributed to the migration of native families away from the
4782:, is not denoted in order to be more cross-dialectal—instead of using apostrophes, the full unreduced vowels are written.
7351:
6369:
2914:
2891:
604:
566:
8158:
2995:
5745:"Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne"
5468:
4920:
Cree has also been incorporated into another mixed language within Canada, Nehipwat, which is a blending of Cree with
2073:. Here, the inland southern dialect falls in line with the rest of the Naskapi groups where both phonemes have become
9120:
8490:
8189:
7306:
6264:
6247:
6234:
6217:
6166:
6145:
6129:
6115:
6101:
6086:
6076:
6058:
6034:
6011:
5615:
5384:
4985:
687:
635:
5982:
5713:
5417:
4671:
In alphabetic writing, the use of punctuation has been inconsistent. For instance, in the Plains Cree dialect, the
8000:
7638:
7553:
7098:
6380:
2834:
2824:
2775:
2765:
691:
5607:
4998:, A Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting Indigenous languages especially Cree within the
8575:
8258:
8099:
6979:
6288:
5792:"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-91 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Indigenous Languages Act - Parliament of Canada"
5744:
4465:
letters are not used. For more details on the phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the
4373:) or a double em-width space has been used between words to signal the transition from one sentence to the next.
3030:
556:
6150:
Junker, Marie-Odile, Marguerite MacKenzie, Luci Salt, Alice Duff, Daisy Moar & Ruth Salt (réds) (2007–2008)
4600:. Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within a work. The vowel
9055:
7798:
7723:
7558:
6333:
5904:
5502:
4749:) can be used, as in other languages, and questions marks can thus be used for such questions in Cree as well.
8623:
4980:
The social and legal status of Cree varies across Canada. Cree is one of the eleven official languages of the
600:
9190:
6662:
3367:
862:
594:
374:
241:
3115:, while materials accommodating Woods Cree will indicate the Western Swampy Cree that is in Woods Cree as
392:
8979:
8959:
8483:
8182:
8075:
7838:
7157:
6966:
6816:
6602:
6466:
6094:
Castel's English–Cree Dictionary and Memoirs of the Elders Based on the Woods Cree of Pukatawagan, Manitoba
3005:
2989:
2818:
2759:
865:
stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the
4635:
4631:
4604:
4570:
4505:
4473:
1344:
1331:
1327:
949:
945:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
890:
9101:
8865:
8417:
8389:
7945:
7748:
7298:
7179:
7066:
7061:
6851:
6551:
6546:
6413:
5336:
Smith, James G. E. (August 1987). "the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality".
2975:
2869:
2848:
2105:
1994:
1166:
1139:
955:
However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of
473:
463:
6321:
5176:
4821:: Michif, Northern Michif, Bungi, Oji-Cree, and Nehipwat. Michif and Bungi are spoken by members of the
8063:
8047:
7868:
7843:
7813:
7758:
7568:
6203:
5627:
5213:
3065:
2881:
2749:
2739:
1319:
5805:
https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/HillStudies/PDF/2015-131-E.pdf
8525:
7980:
7970:
7833:
7788:
7573:
7261:
6458:
5972:
5003:
4941:
956:
839:
675:
5791:
5759:"Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca"
3103:, while materials accommodating Rocky Cree will indicate the Plains Cree that is in Rocky Cree as
8005:
7960:
7693:
7538:
7334:
7093:
6655:
5976:
5968:
4390:
3011:
5849:
8939:
8875:
7965:
7930:
7920:
7915:
7905:
7803:
7703:
7673:
7668:
7648:
7643:
7563:
7118:
7088:
7078:
6858:
4995:
4989:
4638:
emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where
4488:
in more recent material. Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify
2808:
2787:
1353:
1326:: East of the Ontario–Quebec border (except for Atikamekw), Proto-Algonquian *k has changed into
941:
8633:
9145:
9107:
9086:
8822:
8397:
8087:
7995:
7925:
7783:
7663:
7658:
7633:
6723:
6617:
6612:
6406:
5993:
5497:. Carroll, Janet F. (New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
5363:
5272:
5019:
that made Cree the language of education in primary schools and eventually elementary schools.
3384:
3380:
3268:
marks Susan as the obviative, or 'fourth' person, the person furthest away from the discourse.
3184:
3107:. Similarly, in dictionaries focused on Western Swampy Cree, Woods Cree may readily substitute
3095:. In dictionaries focused on Southern Plains Cree, Northern Plains Cree may readily substitute
2672:
2646:
This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Cree language or one of its varieties.
9155:
8104:
8068:
8010:
7873:
7793:
7713:
7583:
7475:
6865:
6838:
5877:
4981:
2714:
2702:
937:
683:
663:
271:
8688:
6398:
6152:
Le Dictionnaire du cri de l'Est de la Baie James sur la toile: français-cri et cri-français
9091:
8903:
8792:
8615:
8580:
8542:
8407:
8248:
8026:
7878:
7688:
7387:
7254:
6771:
6766:
6717:
6686:
6509:
6504:
6494:
6453:
5022:
The Mistissini council decided to require their employees to learn Cree syllabics in 1991.
4921:
4386:
4382:
3201:, and are used to refer to third persons who are more peripheral in the discourse than the
3079:
In dictionaries focused on Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree may readily substitute
1720:
1610:
1058:
1004:
917:
858:
655:
443:
423:
199:
8648:
7330:
5586:
2077:. Nonetheless, the people from the two areas easily communicate. In the northern dialect,
8:
9096:
9060:
8736:
8605:
8506:
8444:
8353:
8263:
8205:
7985:
7950:
7935:
7890:
7883:
7858:
7828:
7818:
7773:
7678:
7441:
7136:
7128:
7103:
7039:
6984:
6943:
6844:
6761:
6709:
6695:
6513:
6499:
4999:
4534:
are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords.
2319:
1842:
1445:
1368:
The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east:
1247:
1220:
1085:
1031:
643:
493:
453:
433:
168:
8163:
6159:
Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary = Alperta Ohci Kehtehayak Nehiyaw Otwestamakewasinahikan
9070:
9005:
8847:
8784:
8769:
8638:
8560:
8555:
8306:
8288:
7708:
7372:
7229:
7173:
7163:
7056:
6936:
6889:
6792:
6541:
6518:
6064:
5869:
5520:
5395:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016).
5129:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
4672:
4585:
3272:
3136:
2667:
2657:
2528:
2267:
Western Naskapi (or simply referred to as Naskapi). Spoken in Kawawachikamach, Quebec.
1112:
866:
503:
176:
6173:
The Eastern James Bay Cree Dictionary on the Web : English-Cree and Cree-English
5130:
4984:, but is only spoken by a small number of people there in the area around the town of
525:
518:
9050:
9000:
8855:
8837:
8832:
8812:
8807:
8759:
8693:
7753:
7743:
7728:
7653:
7588:
7490:
7236:
7168:
7108:
7083:
7072:
7025:
6990:
6973:
6260:
6243:
6230:
6213:
6190:
6162:
6141:
6125:
6111:
6097:
6082:
6072:
6054:
6030:
5631:
5611:
5562:
5508:
5498:
5396:
5380:
5108:
4929:
4838:
4809:
that may not match a given speaker's speech, to enable a standardized transcription.
3346:
3040:
2904:
2689:
2679:
933:
878:
679:
651:
21:
5608:
ana kâ-pimwêwêhahk okakêskihkêmowina / The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw
5025:
The Cree School Board now has its annual report available in both English and Cree.
4875:
in the United States. Michif is still spoken in central Canada and in North Dakota.
562:
9045:
9035:
9020:
9015:
9010:
8934:
8929:
8919:
8885:
8827:
8774:
8721:
8683:
8628:
8590:
8550:
8520:
8464:
8436:
8366:
8283:
8080:
7683:
7480:
7449:
7185:
6960:
6916:
6872:
6802:
6703:
6558:
5861:
5345:
5042:
4914:
4902:
4882:
2662:
2192:
1193:
647:
618:
483:
209:
172:
6178:
5349:
3016:⟨uu/ū/û \ ō/ô⟩
2460:
Part of Western Montagnais, but more precisely referred to as Central Montagnais.
678:
with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any
9040:
9030:
9025:
8984:
8893:
8860:
8817:
8764:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8703:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8643:
8595:
8585:
8361:
8335:
8273:
7738:
7529:
7454:
7368:
7273:
7048:
7035:
6900:
6894:
6678:
6586:
6447:
6337:
6325:
6252:
6182:
5279:
4945:
that an adult speaker who had not been taken to a residential school would have.
4894:
4890:
4852:
4844:
4775:
3375:
2696:
2684:
194:
186:
8653:
5881:
5031:
In 2013, free Cree language electronic books for beginners became available for
3383:
and the dialects of eastern Swampy Cree, East Cree, Moose Cree, and Naskapi use
8974:
8924:
8898:
8797:
8658:
8600:
8130:
7623:
7608:
7603:
7347:
7289:
7281:
7212:
7206:
7113:
6907:
6636:
6607:
6039:
6029:, Cree Language Structures: A Cree Approach. Pemmican Publications Inc., 1987.
6026:
4949:
4886:
4848:
4818:
4742:
3363:
3147:
without doubling or using a diacritic. While Western Cree dialects make use of
245:
230:
5828:"Meet Robert-Falcon Ouellette: Veteran, former parliamentarian, and professor"
5774:"Sound of native languages in parliament to mark win for indigenous Canadians"
1318:
Another important phonological variation among the Cree dialects involves the
686:, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in
9150:
9139:
8964:
8570:
8380:
8321:
8223:
7598:
7543:
7434:
7394:
7018:
6832:
6563:
6282:
6096:. Brandon, Man: Brandon University Northern Teacher Education Program, 2001.
5399:. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5076:
4860:
4834:
4682:
2947:
2468:
in intervocalic position, especially amongst middle-aged and young speakers.
2311:
Eastern Naskapi; also known as Mushuau Innu. Spoken in Natuashish, Labrador.
138:
6347:
5028:
There is a push to increase the availability of Cree stations on the radio.
3188:(SVO) in a sentence can vary in order, for example, SVO, VOS, OVS, and SOV.
853:
A traditional view among 20th-century anthropologists and historians of the
9065:
8969:
8726:
8092:
7013:
7005:
6580:
6239:
6222:
5512:
5472:
4925:
4878:
4868:
3411:. The semivowels may follow other consonants or be on their own in a word.
3371:
1389:
349:
237:
17:
8870:
7328:
4988:. It is also one of two principal languages of the regional government of
3399:, can be written four ways, each direction representing its corresponding
498:
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
409:
8711:
8138:
6110:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1991.
5720:
4462:
3415:
2959:
2942:
2859:
3191:
Obviation is also a key aspect of the Cree language(s). In a sense, the
8802:
8122:
7410:
6797:
6776:
6140:. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge, 2003.
5873:
4593:
4477:
3404:
3140:
3053:
2952:
2387:
Western Montagnais (Lehlueun); also known as the "Betsiamites dialect"
1357:
205:
8475:
8174:
4972:
4841:
are blends of Cree with Assiniboine (Nehipwat) and Ojibwe (Oji-Cree).
8716:
8343:
8311:
7698:
7427:
7403:
7377:
6751:
5453:(New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
5135:
4826:
4362:
3408:
3396:
3202:
3192:
3022:
2800:
1399:
854:
847:
511:
402:
384:
366:
6330:
6157:
LeClaire, Nancy, George Cardinal, Earle H. Waugh, and Emily Hunter.
5865:
5045:
is one writer who has used the Cree language as part of his poetry.
4917:, as its features are being abandoned in favor of standard English.
2056:
Also known as "James Bay Cree" or "East Main Cree". The long vowels
534:
7514:
7506:
7498:
7467:
7420:
6305:
6302:—OpenType font repository of aboriginal languages (including Cree).
4910:
4906:
4867:. Michif is unique to the Canadian prairie provinces as well as to
4675:
4578:
3359:
843:
671:
574:
310:
6647:
4822:
120:
8316:
6375:
6205:
Alkalmazkodni és újat adni – avagy „accomodatio“ a paleográfiában
5032:
4898:
4872:
4685:(?). However, in many modern publications and text collections (
4611:
is never used. In northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with
2733:
882:
702:
667:
570:
323:
297:
142:
6476:
4607:, used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme
4389:, Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the
885:
and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of
7277:
6756:
6393:
5128:
4830:
4786:
3403:. Some dialects of Cree have up to seven vowels, so additional
3355:
1352:
Kawawachikamach Naskapi). The term Naskapi typically refers to
886:
659:
541:
336:
134:
6308:– Explore Treaty 9, Aboriginal Cree and First Nations history.
1582:
and have merged into Woods Cree. While Woods Cree proper have
1334:
before front vowels. See the table above for examples in the *
627:
6428:
6318:
6277:
6151:
4864:
4856:
3400:
881:
can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern
9166:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
6172:
7414:
7382:
6342:
5084:
4959:
3143:
diacritic; as is always long, often it is written as just
153:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
4361:
Cree syllabics has not commonly or traditionally used the
904:, while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as
573:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4897:. Some French words have also been incorporated into its
540:
Six dialects of Cree are classified as Vulnerable by the
6364:
5559:
How to Spell it in Cree (The Standard Roman Orthography)
792:
787:
779:
774:
658:
spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across
109:
103:
96:
90:
6359:
6187:
How to spell it in Cree: the Standard Roman Orthography
5533:
2533:
6259:. . Canadian Plains Research Center, 15 October 2001.
5212:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-03-29).
5313:
Rhodes and Todd, "Subarctic Algonquian Languages" in
636:
621:
9176:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
5654:
5652:
5211:
5052:
4913:) by the mid- to late-1800s. Bungi is now virtually
4778:
or vowel dropping, as is common of unstressed short
3418:
of Eastern and Western Cree dialects, respectively:
624:
6257:
nēhiýawēwin: itwēwina / Cree: Words / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ: ᐃᑗᐏᓇ
4817:Cree is also a component language in at least five
3395:In Cree syllabics, each symbol, which represents a
2081:is found in situations were short unaccented vowel
838:Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the
165:
96,000, 27% of ethnic population (2016 census)
5556:
5273:Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988
5141:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
4796:
4790:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4663:
4652:
3354:Cree dialects, except for those spoken in eastern
3087:, while Lowland Moose Cree may readily substitute
1597:
1335:
995:
985:
908:and in the east the phonemes are merged as either
9171:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
5679:
5649:
5640:
5166:"Official Languages of the Northwest Territories"
753:
748:
740:
735:
714:
709:
83:
77:
70:
64:
44:
38:
9137:
5981:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
5848:McAlpine, Lynn; Herodier, Daisy (22 June 1994).
5847:
1591:
842:spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the
766:
761:
727:
722:
57:
51:
6161:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1998.
6137:Origins of predicates evidence from Plains Cree
6124:. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2000.
5897:"E-books show kids the colour of Cree language"
5298:"2016–2017 annual report on official languages"
800:
5606:Ahenakew, Freda, and H.C. Wolfart, eds. 1998.
5557:Okimāsis, Jean & Wolvengrey, Arok (2008).
4976:A Quebec stop sign in Cree, English and French
4725:
3239:
3225:
8491:
8190:
7314:
6663:
6414:
6122:Spoken Cree, Level I, west coast of James Bay
6044:Text-Based Grammar in Cree Language Education
5575:
5495:Meet Cree : a guide to the Cree language
5449:Wolfart, H. C., & Carroll, J. F. (1981).
5315:Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic
5013:
4901:. This language flourished at and around the
4690:The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw
3350:Trilingual plaque in English, French and Cree
1932:dialect but has transitioned and merged with
6381:Wasaho Ininiwimowin (Wasaho Cree) Dictionary
6372:(covers both Northern and Southern dialects)
5561:. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Houghton Boston.
5525:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5377:Encyclopedia of World's Endangered Languages
5193:
4992:in Northern Quebec, the other being French.
3159:, Eastern Cree dialects instead make use of
2020:
1486:
1477:
1464:
1435:
5626:Okimâsis, Jean, and Arok Wolvengrey. 2008.
5173:Northwest Territories Language Commissioner
4924:. Nehipwat is found only in a few southern
3310:
2568:
2554:
2337:
2217:
2210:
1574:). Also known as "Rocky Cree". Historical
1480:
916:. In several dialects, including northern
857:posits that the Western Woods Cree and the
8498:
8484:
8197:
8183:
7321:
7307:
6670:
6656:
6421:
6407:
5610:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
5492:
5431:
5422:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5303:. Government of the Northwest Territories.
4658:
4647:
4520:are distinct phonemes. In other dialects,
3332:
3324:
3263:
3196:
2110:
1999:
1923:
1916:
1847:
1804:
1725:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1569:
1450:
1305:
1293:
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1265:
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1204:
1184:
1177:
1157:
1150:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1076:
1069:
1049:
1042:
1022:
1015:
824:
816:
808:
533:
119:
7769:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
6202:Steller, Lea-Katharina (née Virághalmy):
6012:Learn how and when to remove this message
5063:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
3292:
1406: dialect type
821:(Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect)
813:(Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect)
7854:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
6383:at Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre
6370:Online Eastern James Bay Cree dictionary
6289:The Gift of Language and Culture website
4971:
4958:
4393:to denote the dialect's ten consonants (
3345:
3296:
962:in the modern dialects, as shown below:
674:. If considered one language, it is the
545:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
8505:
8204:
6092:Castel, Robert J., and David Westfall.
6046:, Msc Thesis, University of Manitoba.
5901:University of Alberta News & Events
5469:"Ager, Simon: Omniglot, Cree Syllabary"
5463:
5461:
5459:
5451:Meet Cree: A guide to the Cree language
5402:
5245:Government of the Northwest Territories
833:
605:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
595:Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters
567:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
125:Historical distribution of Cree peoples
9138:
5661:
5268:
5266:
5214:"Indigenous languages in Canada, 2021"
4855:. For the most part, Michif uses Cree
4584:Long vowels are denoted with either a
4369:). Instead, either a full-stop glyph (
3313:'knowing-it-together-by-example place'
9186:Indigenous languages of North America
8479:
8178:
7619:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
7302:
6651:
6402:
6296:(Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
5924:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5771:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5445:
5443:
5335:
4932:. Nothing is known of its structure.
4711:
2574:
2524:
2315:
2188:
2131:
2124:
2117:
1928:: 'human'. Kesagami Lake Cree was an
1871:
1861:
1854:
1732:
1621:
1614:
1470:
1457:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1378:
5953:
5894:
5456:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5241:"Education, Culture, and Employment"
5235:
5233:
5207:
5205:
4812:
4524:is used even when pronounced like .
1279:dialect, refer to their language as
869:of Alberta before European contact.
6677:
5263:
4935:
872:
13:
8403:Pro-Tactile American Sign Language
8159:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
5834:
5772:Cecco, Leyland (27 January 2019).
5688:
5440:
5366:, listed as "Ojibwa+ Anissinapek".
5282:(as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)
5196:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
4759:('start speaking!'), derived from
4721:
4692:(1998)) full punctuation is used.
4512:is used in Eastern dialects where
3362:, are traditionally written using
1291:, whereas Woods Cree speakers say
14:
9202:
9181:First Nations languages in Canada
6271:
5285:
5230:
5202:
4829:and European settlers of Western
3288:
3064:
3039:
3029:
3010:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2974:
2964:
2913:
2890:
2880:
2868:
2847:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2786:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2713:
2701:
2512:Eastern Montagnais (Innu-aimûn).
1658:Divided to Southern Plains Cree (
1363:
1275:The Plains Cree, speakers of the
928:have merged into a single vowel,
7329:
6475:
6175:(Northern and Southern dialect).
5958:
5493:Christoph., Wolfart, H. (1981).
5069:
5055:
3337:→ 'It was the old man he asked.'
920:and Woods Cree, the long vowels
617:
585:
342:
329:
316:
303:
290:
264:
6353:
6227:Plains Cree A Grammatical Study
5949:
5918:
5888:
5820:
5809:
5798:
5784:
5765:
5751:
5737:
5706:
5670:
5620:
5600:
5486:
5389:
5369:
5356:
5329:
5320:
5147:from the original on 2022-10-15
4967:
4376:
1303:, and Swampy Cree speakers say
932:. In the Quebec communities of
104:
91:
78:
65:
52:
39:
7724:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
6283:The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas
6278:The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas
6154:(dialectes du Sud et du Nord).
5307:
5187:
5158:
5122:
5097:
4466:
3930:
3925:* Used only in foreign sounds
3414:The following tables show the
3370:, but can be written with the
522: Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
1:
6348:Cree on-line Spelling Lessons
6071:. New York: AMS Press, 1974.
5854:Canadian Journal of Education
5350:10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020
5090:
4833:and in parts of the Northern
3420:
3368:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
2342:Uashau Innuts + Bersimis
863:Museum of the American Indian
242:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
27:Aboriginal language continuum
9161:Central Algonquian languages
8980:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
8398:American Sign Language (ASL)
8057:Not headquartered in Alberta
6603:Bible translations into Cree
5375:Moseley, Christopher. 2007.
4905:(the modern-day location of
3390:
3205:third person". For example:
2641:
2534:
2106:Southern East Cree
1995:Northern East Cree
1676:). In the Northern dialect,
1664:) and Northern Plains Cree (
1254:
1227:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1119:
1092:
1065:
1038:
1011:
844:original Algonquian homeland
825:
817:
809:
801:
788:
775:
762:
749:
736:
723:
710:
110:
97:
84:
71:
58:
45:
16:Not to be confused with the
7:
9102:Plains Indian Sign Language
8344:Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)
7946:Western Cree Tribal Council
7284:language •
6873:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
6852:Massachusett Pidgin English
5048:
4825:, and historically by some
4797:
4791:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4747:where, when, what, why, who
4717:
4707:
4699:
4664:
4653:
3333:
3325:
3283:
3264:
3231:
3217:
3209:
3197:
2111:
2000:
1924:
1917:
1848:
1805:
1726:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1598:
1570:
1451:
1336:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1050:
1043:
1023:
1016:
996:
986:
10:
9207:
8953:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
8048:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
7814:North Peace Tribal Council
6387:
6343:The East Cree language web
6312:
5014:Support and revitalization
4504:when those are pronounced
3341:
793:
780:
767:
754:
741:
728:
715:
607: instead of syllabics.
15:
9117:
9079:
8993:
8952:
8912:
8884:
8846:
8783:
8735:
8702:
8614:
8541:
8534:
8513:
8457:
8435:
8425:Anishinaabe Sign Language
8416:
8388:
8379:
8352:
8334:
8312:Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn
8297:
8272:
8247:
8236:
8219:
8212:
8154:
8115:
8056:
8035:
8019:
7981:Yellowhead Tribal Council
7979:
7944:
7899:
7852:
7812:
7767:
7754:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
7722:
7669:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
7617:
7582:
7537:
7526:
7489:
7465:
7358:
7341:
7271:
7246:
7221:
7198:
7149:
7127:
7047:
7034:
7004:
6953:
6926:
6882:
6824:
6815:
6785:
6742:
6733:
6694:
6685:
6628:
6595:
6572:
6527:
6484:
6473:
6459:Proto-Algonquian language
6437:
6210:Paleográfiai kalandozások
5397:"Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi"
5131:"Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi"
5004:Canadian House of Commons
4851:which combines Cree with
4659:
4648:
4350:
4342:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3329:→ 'He asked the old man.'
3306:know.CAUS.APPL.RECP.place
3178:
3073:
3003:
2987:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2630:
2614:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2540:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2323:
2234:
2231:
2196:
2101:
2055:
2026:
2023:
2013:
2006:
1901:
1868:
1838:
1796:
1783:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1716:
1657:
1628:
1606:
1535:
1493:
1483:
1441:
1405:
840:Proto-Algonquian language
553:
532:
509:
400:
382:
364:
359:
277:
259:Official language in
257:
252:
227:
183:
159:
149:
130:
118:
37:
32:
22:Creek language (Muscogee)
8960:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
8317:iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)
8036:Not federally recognized
7539:Athabasca Tribal Council
7335:First Nations in Alberta
7158:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
7099:North of Superior Ojibwa
6108:Plains Cree Morphosyntax
5967:This section includes a
5630:. Regina: miywâsin ink.
4391:ISO basic Latin alphabet
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3183:Cree features a complex
982:Word for 'native person'
697:
7006:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
6735:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
6430:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
5996:more precise citations.
5703:. Regina: Coteau Books.
5685:Bakker and Papen p. 305
5658:Bakker and Papen p. 304
5646:Bakker and Papen p. 295
5628:How to Spell it in Cree
5428:Dahlstrom, introduction
5278:March 24, 2009, at the
4996:Robert Falcon Ouellette
4990:Eeyou Istchee James Bay
3934:Western Cree syllabary
3424:Eastern Cree syllabary
2780:⟨ch/tc/č⟩
1936:dialect of Moose Cree.
1592:
1487:Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi
1478:Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi
1393:code and name
1386:code and name
1381:code and name
1194:Kawawachikamach Naskapi
9125:Canadian dictionaries
9108:Maritime Sign Language
9087:American Sign Language
8576:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
8259:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
7901:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
7360:Ethnolinguistic groups
6980:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
6376:Online Cree dictionary
5701:Askiwina: A Cree world
5326:Rhodes and Todd, 60–61
4977:
4964:
4859:, question words, and
4772:based on hyphenation.
4577:, as it is in various
3385:Eastern Cree syllabics
3381:Western Cree syllabics
3351:
3271:The Cree language has
3255:Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV
3131:(which also serves as
3070:⟨aa/ā/â⟩
2980:⟨ii/ī/î⟩
2839:⟨sh/c/š⟩
2516:is mostly realized as
1922:v. lowland Moose Cree
1586:, Missinipi Cree have
1373:Cree dialect ISO codes
593:This article contains
555:This article contains
9121:Canadian style guides
7839:Little Red River Cree
7584:Blackfoot Confederacy
7476:Blackfoot Confederacy
6365:Moose Cree dictionary
6360:Proto-Cree dictionary
6331:Cree Language Lessons
5583:"Language Geek: Cree"
5194:Laurie Bauer (2007).
4982:Northwest Territories
4975:
4962:
4881:is a creole based on
4642:can be lengthened to
4549:, and the affricate,
3349:
3334:kisēýiniwa kakwēcimēw
3326:kakwēcimēw kisēýiniwa
3303:kiskinohamātowikamikw
3284:kiskinohamātowikamikw
3035:⟨e/ē/ê⟩
2886:⟨y/i/ý⟩
2719:⟨n/ñ/ń⟩
2569:Western Cree (cont'd)
2089:without changing the
1632:Northern Alberta Cree
1578:have transitioned to
758:(Eastern Swampy Cree)
745:(Western Swampy Cree)
684:Northwest Territories
664:Northwest Territories
642:; also known as Cree–
272:Northwest Territories
9191:Vulnerable languages
9092:Quebec Sign Language
8535:Indigenous languages
8408:Quebec Sign Language
7362:(by language family)
6825:Southern New England
6319:Nehinawe: Speak Cree
6212:. Szentendre, 1995.
5699:Cuthand, D. (2007).
5338:American Ethnologist
5218:www150.statcan.gc.ca
4963:Map of Cree dialects
4928:reserves and is now
4903:Red River Settlement
4741:Additionally, other
4646:, as for example in
4622:The use of unmarked
4619:is not used at all.
4569:, etc. The phoneme
4433:) and seven vowels (
1914:, upland Moose Cree
1409:additional comments
1322:of Proto-Algonquian
834:Origin and diffusion
829:(Eastern Montagnais)
797:(Northern East Cree)
784:(Southern East Cree)
656:Algonquian languages
9061:Pennsylvania German
8507:Languages of Canada
8458:Immigrant languages
8206:Languages of Quebec
7554:Athabasca Chipewyan
7527:Tribal councils and
7104:Northwestern Ojibwa
7067:Border Lakes Ojibwa
7062:Berens River Ojibwa
6967:Carolina Algonquian
6845:Massachusett Pidgin
6540:From west to east:
6510:Eastern Swampy Cree
6505:Western Swampy Cree
6493:From west to east:
6294:Our Languages: Cree
6065:Bloomfield, Leonard
5925:Whitehead, Joshua.
5035:language teachers.
5000:Canadian Parliament
4942:residential schools
4863:while using French
4731:John cî kî-mîciso-w
4696:John cî kî-mîcisow?
3000:⟨u\o⟩
2936:
2651:
2650:Consonant phonemes
2435:Uashaui Innuts
1812:Eastern Swampy Cree
1806:Ininiwi-Išikišwēwin
1759:Western Swampy Cree
1689:Nuclear Plains Cree
1602:: 'he/she is red'.
1590:, e.g., Woods Cree
1375:
676:aboriginal language
279:Recognised minority
9097:Inuk Sign Language
9056:Newfoundland Irish
9021:Tagalog (Filipino)
8994:Minority languages
8866:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
8624:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
8514:Official languages
8445:Inuk Sign Language
8428:Cree Sign Language
8043:Aseniwuche Winewak
6817:Eastern Algonquian
6552:Southern East Cree
6547:Northern East Cree
6532:Montagnais-Naskapi
6467:Central Algonquian
6336:2005-07-05 at the
6324:2000-08-16 at the
6306:Path of the Elders
6300:Languagegeek: Cree
5969:list of references
5933:. CBC/Radio-Canada
5182:on March 23, 2012.
4978:
4965:
4930:nearing extinction
4785:Representation of
4734:John Q PST-eat-3SG
4657:'sing (now)!' and
4573:is represented by
4482:⟨th⟩
3352:
3273:grammatical gender
3165:⟨uu⟩
3125:⟨tc⟩
3081:⟨sh⟩
2934:
2813:⟨th⟩
2649:
2487:Eastern Montagnais
2362:Western Montagnais
2222:Mushau Innuts
2132:Southern East Cree
2122:Southern East Cree
2027:Northern East Cree
2011:Northern East Cree
1596:v. Missinipi Cree
1371:
1167:Southern East Cree
1140:Northern East Cree
867:Peace River Region
662:in 2021, from the
474:Southern East Cree
464:Northern East Cree
9133:
9132:
9051:Doukhobor Russian
8948:
8947:
8473:
8472:
8453:
8452:
8375:
8374:
8330:
8329:
8284:Wôbanakiôdwawôgan
8274:Anishinaabemowin
8232:
8231:
8213:Official language
8172:
8171:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8135:
8127:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
7989:
7954:
7909:
7862:
7822:
7777:
7744:Lubicon Lake Band
7732:
7627:
7592:
7559:Chipewyan Prairie
7547:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7491:Numbered Treaties
7296:
7295:
7290:extinct languages
7194:
7193:
7145:
7144:
7073:Broken Oghibbeway
7000:
6999:
6811:
6810:
6645:
6644:
6637:extinct languages
6573:Contact languages
6432:dialect continuum
6394:Little Cree Books
6195:978-0-9784935-0-9
6069:Plains Cree Texts
6022:
6021:
6014:
5676:Blain. (1989: 15)
5636:978-0-9784935-0-9
5568:978-0-9784935-0-9
5109:Canada Statistics
4819:contact languages
4813:Contact languages
4668:'sing (later)!'.
4630:for the phonemes
4628:⟨ō⟩
4624:⟨o⟩
4617:⟨ē⟩
4609:⟨e⟩
4598:⟨â⟩
4590:⟨ā⟩
4575:⟨c⟩
4567:⟨d⟩
4563:⟨t⟩
4559:⟨b⟩
4555:⟨p⟩
4532:⟨r⟩
4528:⟨l⟩
4510:⟨š⟩
4502:⟨ñ⟩
4498:⟨n⟩
4494:⟨ý⟩
4490:⟨y⟩
4486:⟨ð⟩
4459:⟨ē⟩
4455:⟨ō⟩
4451:⟨ī⟩
4447:⟨ā⟩
4443:⟨o⟩
4439:⟨i⟩
4435:⟨a⟩
4431:⟨h⟩
4427:⟨y⟩
4423:⟨w⟩
4419:⟨n⟩
4415:⟨m⟩
4411:⟨s⟩
4407:⟨k⟩
4403:⟨c⟩
4399:⟨t⟩
4395:⟨p⟩
4371:⟨᙮⟩
4367:⟨.⟩
4355:
4354:
3929:
3928:
3258:"Sam sees Susan."
3173:⟨û⟩
3169:⟨ū⟩
3161:⟨u⟩
3157:⟨ô⟩
3153:⟨ō⟩
3149:⟨o⟩
3145:⟨e⟩
3133:⟨i⟩
3129:⟨i⟩
3121:⟨c⟩
3119:. Atikamekw uses
3117:⟨ń⟩
3113:⟨ī⟩
3109:⟨ē⟩
3105:⟨ý⟩
3101:⟨ī⟩
3097:⟨ē⟩
3093:⟨l⟩
3089:⟨ñ⟩
3085:⟨s⟩
3077:
3076:
3045:⟨a⟩
2970:⟨i⟩
2932:
2931:
2919:⟨l⟩
2896:⟨w⟩
2874:⟨r⟩
2853:⟨h⟩
2829:⟨s⟩
2792:⟨k⟩
2770:⟨c⟩
2754:⟨t⟩
2744:⟨p⟩
2707:⟨m⟩
2639:
2638:
2349:Pointe Bleue
1801:Swampy Cree, East
1744:Swampy Cree, West
1543:Western York Cree
1273:
1272:
944:, the long vowel
879:dialect continuum
652:dialect continuum
601:rendering support
581:
580:
563:rendering support
559:phonetic symbols.
415:Individual codes:
9198:
9046:Hutterite German
8539:
8538:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8477:
8476:
8418:Plains Sign Talk
8386:
8385:
8381:Manual languages
8270:
8269:
8245:
8244:
8238:Oral Indigenous
8217:
8216:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8176:
8175:
8164:Métis in Alberta
8141:
8133:
8125:
8102:
8090:
8078:
8066:
7983:
7948:
7916:Beaver Lake Cree
7906:Beaver Lake Cree
7903:
7856:
7816:
7771:
7726:
7644:Beaver Lake Cree
7621:
7586:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7530:band governments
7517:
7509:
7501:
7481:Iron Confederacy
7333:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7300:
7299:
7262:Proto-Algonquian
7094:Nipissing Ojibwa
7045:
7044:
6822:
6821:
6740:
6739:
6692:
6691:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6528:Eastern variants
6485:Western variants
6479:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6253:Wolvengrey, Arok
6225:, H. Christoph.
6183:Wolvengrey, Arok
6106:Dahlstrom, Amy.
6017:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5992:this section by
5983:inline citations
5962:
5961:
5954:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5903:. Archived from
5892:
5886:
5885:
5845:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5747:. 8 August 2019.
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5719:. Archived from
5718:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5686:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5624:
5618:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5585:. Archived from
5579:
5573:
5572:
5554:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5471:. Archived from
5465:
5454:
5447:
5438:
5437:Dahlstrom pp. 11
5435:
5429:
5426:
5420:
5418:Thunder, Dorothy
5415:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5373:
5367:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5294:
5283:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5251:on July 27, 2018
5247:. Archived from
5237:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5175:. Archived from
5170:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5101:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5043:Joshua Whitehead
4936:Loss of language
4883:Scottish English
4837:. Nehipwat and
4800:
4794:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4533:
4529:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4372:
4368:
3931:
3421:
3336:
3328:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3267:
3241:
3227:
3200:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3071:
3068:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2937:
2933:
2920:
2917:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2875:
2872:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2793:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2720:
2717:
2708:
2705:
2652:
2648:
2537:
2114:
2085:transitioned to
2003:
1986:(Kesagami Lake)
1927:
1920:
1851:
1808:
1788:has merged with
1729:
1680:has merged into
1675:
1669:
1663:
1601:
1595:
1573:
1568:Missinipi Cree (
1527:has merged into
1523:In this dialect
1454:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1356:(y-dialect) and
1346:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1269:
1262:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1208:
1188:
1181:
1161:
1154:
1134:
1127:
1107:
1100:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1046:
1026:
1019:
999:
989:
965:
964:
957:Proto-Algonquian
951:
948:has merged with
947:
931:
927:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
892:
873:Dialect criteria
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
795:
791:
783:
782:
778:
770:
769:
765:
757:
756:
752:
744:
743:
739:
731:
730:
726:
718:
717:
713:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
623:
589:
588:
537:
528:
521:
501:
491:
481:
471:
461:
451:
441:
431:
421:
413:– inclusive code
412:
405:
396:
395:
387:
378:
377:
369:
348:
346:
345:
335:
333:
332:
322:
320:
319:
309:
307:
306:
296:
294:
293:
281:language in
270:
268:
267:
233:
189:
123:
113:
107:
106:
100:
94:
93:
87:
81:
80:
74:
68:
67:
61:
55:
54:
48:
42:
41:
30:
29:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9113:
9075:
9041:Canadian Gaelic
8989:
8944:
8940:Coast Tsimshian
8908:
8880:
8842:
8779:
8731:
8698:
8610:
8530:
8509:
8504:
8474:
8469:
8449:
8431:
8412:
8371:
8348:
8326:
8293:
8275:
8268:
8239:
8228:
8208:
8203:
8173:
8168:
8146:
8111:
8100:Smith's Landing
8052:
8031:
8015:
7975:
7940:
7895:
7848:
7808:
7763:
7739:Loon River Cree
7718:
7659:Ermineskin Cree
7613:
7578:
7528:
7522:
7485:
7461:
7354:
7337:
7327:
7297:
7292:
7267:
7247:Proto-languages
7242:
7217:
7190:
7141:
7123:
7030:
6996:
6949:
6922:
6901:Pidgin Delaware
6878:
6807:
6781:
6729:
6681:
6679:Algic languages
6676:
6646:
6641:
6624:
6618:Eastern version
6613:Western version
6591:
6587:Michif language
6568:
6529:
6523:
6486:
6480:
6471:
6433:
6427:
6390:
6356:
6338:Wayback Machine
6326:Wayback Machine
6315:
6274:
6269:
6134:Hirose, Tomio.
6040:Ahenakew, Freda
6027:Ahenakew, Freda
6018:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5987:
5973:related reading
5963:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5927:"'mihkokwaniy'"
5923:
5919:
5910:
5908:
5895:Betowski, Bev.
5893:
5889:
5866:10.2307/1495244
5846:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5592:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5555:
5534:
5518:
5517:
5505:
5491:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5364:Ojibwe dialects
5361:
5357:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5280:Wayback Machine
5271:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5203:
5192:
5188:
5179:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5150:
5148:
5127:
5123:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5016:
4970:
4938:
4891:Scottish Gaelic
4815:
4776:Vowel reduction
4739:
4737:"Did John eat?"
4729:
4715:
4705:
4697:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4597:
4589:
4579:other languages
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4531:
4527:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4469:section above.
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4379:
4370:
4366:
3393:
3376:writing systems
3366:, a variant of
3344:
3315:
3301:
3260:
3243:
3229:
3215:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3044:
3034:
3015:
2999:
2979:
2969:
2918:
2895:
2885:
2873:
2852:
2838:
2828:
2812:
2791:
2779:
2769:
2753:
2743:
2718:
2706:
2674:
2644:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2576:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2531:
2483:
2476:
2464:is realized as
2434:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2395:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2286:Eastern Naskapi
2282:
2275:
2242:Western Naskapi
2236:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2133:
2129:Cree, Southeast
2128:
2121:
2108:
2028:
2017:
2010:
1997:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1845:
1802:
1800:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1625:
1618:
1537:
1495:
1488:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1403:name (and code)
1402:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1354:Kawawachikamach
993:
983:
975:
942:Kawawachikamach
875:
836:
789:iyiyiu-Ayamiwin
776:iyiniu-Ayamiwin
700:
680:official status
637:
620:
616:
610:
609:
608:
599:Without proper
590:
586:
561:Without proper
549:
548:
524:
523:
517:
497:
496:
487:
486:
477:
476:
467:
466:
457:
456:
447:
446:
437:
436:
427:
426:
417:
416:
414:
408:
401:
391:
390:
383:
373:
372:
365:
355:
354:
343:
341:
330:
328:
317:
315:
304:
302:
291:
289:
282:
280:
265:
263:
260:
253:Official status
234:
229:
223:
190:
187:Language family
185:
166:
162:
161:Native speakers
126:
111:Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin
102:
98:Iyiniu-Ayamiwin
89:
76:
63:
50:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
9204:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9131:
9130:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9083:
9081:
9080:Sign languages
9077:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8975:Chinook Jargon
8972:
8967:
8962:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8878:
8876:Nuu-chah-nulth
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8789:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8741:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8708:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8547:
8545:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8441:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8289:Anicinâbemowin
8286:
8280:
8278:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8242:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8202:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8179:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8136:
8128:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8097:
8085:
8073:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7865:
7863:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7825:
7823:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:Peerless Trout
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7532:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7504:
7495:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7380:
7365:
7363:
7356:
7355:
7344:Cultural areas
7342:
7339:
7338:
7326:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7294:
7293:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7180:Miami–Illinois
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7119:Western Ojibwa
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7089:Eastern Ojibwa
7086:
7081:
7079:Central Ojibwa
7076:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7042:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7014:Mesquakie–Sauk
7010:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6859:Mohegan–Pequot
6855:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6828:
6826:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6700:
6698:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6652:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6608:Cree syllabics
6605:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6537:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6463:
6450:
6443:
6441:
6439:Classification
6435:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6328:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6273:
6272:External links
6270:
6268:
6267:
6250:
6237:
6220:
6200:
6179:Okimāsis, Jean
6176:
6169:
6155:
6148:
6132:
6118:
6104:
6090:
6079:
6062:
6050:
6037:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6002:September 2012
5977:external links
5966:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5917:
5887:
5860:(2): 128–141.
5833:
5819:
5808:
5797:
5783:
5764:
5750:
5736:
5705:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5648:
5639:
5619:
5599:
5574:
5567:
5532:
5503:
5485:
5455:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5401:
5388:
5368:
5355:
5344:(3): 434–448.
5328:
5319:
5306:
5284:
5262:
5229:
5201:
5186:
5157:
5121:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5066:
5050:
5047:
5015:
5012:
4969:
4966:
4937:
4934:
4861:demonstratives
4849:mixed language
4814:
4811:
4743:interrogatives
4716:
4706:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4378:
4375:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3392:
3389:
3374:as well. Both
3364:Cree syllabics
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3282:
3281:
3230:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3180:
3177:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2428:Uashaui-Innuts
2421:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2099:
2098:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1439:Cree (generic)
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1365:
1364:Dialect groups
1362:
1320:palatalisation
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1044:iðiniw/ithiniw
1040:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:SK, AB, BC, NT
1007:
1001:
1000:
992:Word for 'you'
990:
980:
972:
969:
889:differentiate
874:
871:
835:
832:
831:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
785:
772:
759:
746:
733:
720:
699:
696:
603:, you may see
591:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
565:, you may see
551:
550:
539:
538:
530:
529:
515:
507:
506:
406:
398:
397:
388:
380:
379:
370:
362:
361:
360:Language codes
357:
356:
353:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
286:
285:
283:
278:
275:
274:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:
235:
231:Writing system
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
193:
191:
184:
181:
180:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
132:
131:Native to
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9203:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9146:Cree language
9144:
9143:
9141:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8965:Broken Slavey
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
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8064:Acho Dene Koe
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7971:Sturgeon Lake
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7759:Woodland Cree
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7569:Fort McMurray
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7544:Fort McMurray
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6724:Nawathinehena
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6465:Areal group:
6464:
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6460:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6446:Macrofamily:
6445:
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6405:
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6298:
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6284:
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6276:
6275:
6266:
6265:0-88977-127-8
6262:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:0-921064-15-2
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:0-87169-635-5
6232:
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6219:
6218:963-450-922-3
6215:
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6168:
6167:0-88864-309-8
6164:
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6149:
6147:
6146:0-415-96779-1
6143:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6131:
6130:0-88864-347-0
6127:
6123:
6120:Ellis, C. D.
6119:
6117:
6116:0-8153-0172-3
6113:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:0-9689858-0-7
6099:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:0-8020-7995-4
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:0-404-58166-8
6074:
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6066:
6063:
6060:
6059:1-55619-172-3
6056:
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6049:
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6041:
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6036:
6035:0-919143-42-3
6032:
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5991:
5985:
5984:
5978:
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5970:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5907:on 2013-01-30
5906:
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5806:
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5779:
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5768:
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5754:
5746:
5740:
5726:on 2017-10-11
5722:
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5673:
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5643:
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5633:
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5623:
5617:
5616:0-88755-648-5
5613:
5609:
5603:
5589:on 2012-02-04
5588:
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5553:
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5543:
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5500:
5496:
5489:
5475:on 2012-01-17
5474:
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5077:Canada portal
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4835:United States
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4756:māci-pīkiskwē
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4709:
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4683:question mark
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4673:interrogative
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3253:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3185:polysynthetic
3176:
3142:
3138:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3007:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2229:Koksoak River
2227:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:Nīhiyawīmowin
1668:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1360:(n-dialect).
1359:
1355:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
981:
979:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
953:
943:
939:
938:Whapmagoostui
935:
919:
899:
897:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
786:
777:
773:
764:
760:
751:
747:
738:
734:
725:
721:
719:(Plains Cree)
712:
708:
707:
706:
704:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
632:
614:
606:
602:
598:
596:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
552:
546:
543:
536:
531:
527:
520:
516:
514:
513:
508:
505:
502: –
500:
495:
492: –
490:
485:
482: –
480:
475:
472: –
470:
465:
462: –
460:
455:
452: –
450:
445:
442: –
440:
435:
432: –
430:
425:
422: –
420:
411:
407:
404:
399:
394:
389:
386:
381:
376:
371:
368:
363:
358:
351:
340:
338:
327:
325:
314:
312:
301:
299:
288:
287:
284:
276:
273:
262:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
226:
216:
213:
212:
211:
207:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:United States
136:
133:
129:
122:
117:
112:
99:
86:
73:
60:
47:
36:
31:
23:
19:
9156:Cree culture
9119:
9106:
9066:Plautdietsch
8727:Inuvialuktun
8565:
8298:
8020:Unaffiliated
7936:Kehewin Cree
7799:Sucker Creek
7679:Kehewin Cree
7574:Mikisew Cree
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7395:
7388:
7285:
7260:
7253:
7235:
7228:
7205:
7178:
7156:
7071:
6989:
6972:
6965:
6942:
6935:
6927:
6915:
6906:
6899:
6871:
6866:Narragansett
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6839:Massachusett
6831:
6743:
6734:
6722:
6708:
6632:
6581:Bungi Creole
6579:
6457:
6429:
6354:Dictionaries
6256:
6226:
6209:
6204:
6186:
6158:
6135:
6121:
6107:
6093:
6068:
6043:
6008:
5999:
5988:Please help
5980:
5950:Bibliography
5935:. Retrieved
5930:
5920:
5909:. Retrieved
5905:the original
5900:
5890:
5857:
5853:
5822:
5811:
5800:
5786:
5778:The Guardian
5777:
5767:
5753:
5739:
5728:. Retrieved
5721:the original
5708:
5700:
5681:
5672:
5667:Carter p. 63
5663:
5642:
5622:
5602:
5591:. Retrieved
5587:the original
5577:
5558:
5494:
5488:
5477:. Retrieved
5473:the original
5450:
5433:
5424:
5391:
5376:
5371:
5358:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5322:
5314:
5309:
5253:. Retrieved
5249:the original
5244:
5221:. Retrieved
5217:
5198:. Edinburgh.
5195:
5189:
5177:the original
5160:
5149:. Retrieved
5134:
5124:
5113:. Retrieved
5111:. 2017-08-02
5099:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5008:
4994:
4979:
4968:Legal status
4954:
4947:
4939:
4926:Saskatchewan
4919:
4893:, Cree, and
4877:
4869:North Dakota
4843:
4816:
4806:
4802:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4765:. Note that
4751:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4702:
4689:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4643:
4639:
4621:
4612:
4601:
4583:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4471:
4380:
4377:Romanization
4360:
4356:
3413:
3394:
3372:Latin script
3353:
3319:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3190:
3182:
3078:
2645:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2392:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2345:
2338:
2335:Pointe-Bleue
2331:
2324:
2316:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2021:Eastern Cree
2014:
2007:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1855:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1746:(Ininīmowin)
1740:
1733:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1481:Western Cree
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:Nīhithawīwin
1442:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1390:Linguasphere
1367:
1348:
1342:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1248:Eastern Innu
1221:Western Innu
977:
959:
954:
895:
894:
876:
852:
837:
771:(Moose Cree)
732:(Woods Cree)
724:nīhithawīwin
701:
612:
611:
592:
554:
510:
350:Saskatchewan
214:
59:nīhithawīwin
18:Kri language
8904:Assiniboine
8793:Bella Coola
8712:Inuinnaqtun
7709:Samson Cree
7704:Saddle Lake
7466:Historical
7428:Dënesųłı̨ne
7255:Proto-Algic
6928:Nanticockan
6772:Swampy Cree
6767:Plains Cree
6718:Gros Ventre
6495:Plains Cree
5994:introducing
5937:11 December
5085:Cree people
4922:Assiniboine
4718:kî-mîciso-w
4665:nikamōhkan!
4626:and marked
4615:, and thus
4537:The stops,
4508:in Swampy.
4480:is written
4467:§ Phonology
4387:Swampy Cree
4383:Plains Cree
3416:syllabaries
3262:The suffix
3163:and either
3151:and either
3091:with their
2860:Approximant
2535:Nehirâmowin
2403:Escoumains
2283:Davis Inlet
2276:Davis Inlet
2112:Īynū Ayimūn
2001:Īyyū Ayimūn
1906:instead of
1752:Swampy Cree
1749:Swampy Cree
1737:Swampy Cree
1727:Nēhinawēwin
1721:Swampy Cree
1712:(southern)
1667:Nīhiyawīwin
1661:Nēhiyawēwin
1629:Plains Cree
1626:Plains Cree
1619:Plains Cree
1611:Plains Cree
1571:Nīhirawīwin
1536:Plains Cree
1179:iyiyū/iyinū
1059:Swampy Cree
1005:Plains Cree
918:Plains Cree
859:Plains Cree
805:(Atikamekw)
802:nehirâmowin
737:nêhinawêwin
711:nêhiyawêwin
569:instead of
444:Swampy Cree
424:Plains Cree
167:(including
114:(S Eastern)
101:(N Eastern)
72:nêhinawêwin
46:nēhiyawēwin
9140:Categories
8803:Halkomelem
8616:Athabaskan
8606:Potawatomi
8543:Algonquian
8390:Francosign
8322:Innu-aimun
8276:(ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)
8249:Algonquian
8123:Papaschase
8116:Terminated
8088:Onion Lake
8076:Kelly Lake
7986:Morinville
7966:Horse Lake
7951:Valleyview
7931:Heart Lake
7819:High Level
7804:Swan River
7774:Slave Lake
7684:Louis Bull
7674:Heart Lake
7654:Enoch Cree
7564:Fort McKay
7411:Athapascan
7373:Algonquian
7137:Potawatomi
7129:Potawatomi
7040:Potawatomi
6944:Piscataway
6798:Innu-aimun
6777:Woods Cree
6762:Moose Cree
6710:Besawunena
6687:Algonquian
6564:Montagnais
6514:Moose Cree
6500:Woods Cree
6454:Algonquian
5911:2013-01-31
5730:2012-09-07
5593:2006-01-08
5504:0888640730
5479:2011-12-05
5255:October 4,
5223:2024-02-02
5151:2022-10-29
5115:2017-11-22
5091:References
4986:Fort Smith
4594:circumflex
4478:Woods Cree
4463:Upper case
3409:semivowels
3405:diacritics
3309:'school' (
3245:Sam wâpam-
3141:circumflex
2635:Opitciwan
2481:62-ADA-bba
2432:62-ADA-bbb
2416:62-ADA-bbc
2400:62-ADA-bbd
2396:Escoumains
2355:Montagnais
2352:Montagnais
2346:62-ADA-bbe
2328:Montagnais
2320:Montagnais
2280:62-ADA-bab
2226:62-ADA-baa
2159:(coastal)
2018:Cree, East
1872:Moose Cree
1869:Moose Cree
1866:Moose Cree
1859:Moose Cree
1849:Ililīmowin
1843:Moose Cree
1655:(northern)
1494:Woods Cree
1475:Woods Cree
1462:Woods Cree
1446:Woods Cree
1358:Natuashish
1086:Moose Cree
1063:ON, MB, SK
1051:kīða/kītha
1032:Woods Cree
893:(sh as in
826:innu-Aimûn
818:ilnu-Aimûn
763:ililîmowin
750:ininîmowin
688:Fort Smith
682:is in the
644:Montagnais
494:Montagnais
454:Moose Cree
434:Woods Cree
206:Montagnais
200:Algonquian
169:Montagnais
92:ᐃᔨᓂᐤ ᐊᔭᒥᐎᓐ
88:(E Swampy)
85:ininîmowin
75:(W Swampy)
9071:Ukrainian
9006:Cantonese
8871:Kwakʼwala
8770:Tuscarora
8737:Iroquoian
8717:Inuktitut
8689:Tsuutʼina
8639:Chipewyan
8634:Chilcotin
8561:Blackfoot
8556:Algonquin
8354:Iroquoian
8307:Atikamekw
8240:languages
8131:Sharphead
7996:Alexander
7926:Frog Lake
7921:Cold Lake
7891:Tsuut'ina
7859:Tsuut'ina
7834:Dene Tha'
7789:Kapawe'no
7784:Driftpile
7664:Frog Lake
7649:Cold Lake
7634:Alexander
7442:Tsuut'ina
7435:Dene Tha'
7404:Saulteaux
7378:Blackfoot
7352:Subarctic
7288:indicate
7230:Nansemond
7222:Uncertain
7174:Menominee
7164:Blackfoot
7057:Algonquin
6937:Nanticoke
6883:Delawaran
6793:Atikamekw
6752:East Cree
6696:Arapahoan
6635:indicate
6542:East Cree
6519:Atikamekw
5882:215381294
5521:cite book
5136:Glottolog
4827:Voyageurs
4789:(such as
4476:sound of
3397:consonant
3391:Syllabics
3203:proximate
3193:obviative
2801:Fricative
2642:Phonology
2632:62-ADA-cc
2628:Opitciwan
2619:Wemotaci
2616:62-ADA-cb
2575:Atikamekw
2572:Attikamek
2563:62-ADA-ca
2559:Atikamekw
2545:Atikamekw
2529:Atikamekw
2419:Bersimis
2339:62-ADA-bb
2219:62-ADA-ba
2184:(inland)
2135:sout2978
2126:62-ADA-ag
2024:East Cree
2015:62-ADA-af
1961:(upland)
1899:(lowland)
1863:62-ADA-ae
1798:62-ADA-ad
1741:62-ADA-ac
1623:62-ADA-aa
1484:Wood Cree
1472:62-ADA-ab
1400:Glottolog
1384:ISO-639-6
1379:ISO-639-3
1349:East Cree
1113:Atikamekw
971:Location
934:Chisasibi
877:The Cree
855:fur trade
848:James Bay
692:Hay River
512:Glottolog
504:Atikamekw
403:ISO 639-3
385:ISO 639-2
367:ISO 639-1
177:Atikamekw
150:Ethnicity
9001:Mandarin
8856:Ditidaht
8848:Wakashan
8838:Thompson
8833:Squamish
8823:shíshálh
8813:Okanagan
8808:Lillooet
8785:Salishan
8760:Onondaga
8694:Tutchone
8649:Gwichʼin
8027:Bigstone
8011:Sunchild
8006:O'Chiese
7961:Duncan's
7874:Bearspaw
7844:Tallcree
7794:Sawridge
7729:Atikameg
7714:Sunchild
7694:O'Chiese
7589:Standoff
7515:Treaty 8
7507:Treaty 7
7499:Treaty 6
7468:polities
7396:Woodland
7237:Pamunkey
7169:Cheyenne
7109:Oji-Cree
7084:Chippewa
7026:Kickapoo
6991:Powhatan
6974:Etchemin
6890:Delaware
6596:See also
6452:Family:
6334:Archived
6322:Archived
5878:ProQuest
5276:Archived
5145:Archived
5049:See also
4911:Manitoba
4907:Winnipeg
4839:Oji-Cree
4792:oski-aya
4762:pīkiskwē
4676:enclitic
4596:, as in
4588:, as in
3939:Initial
3429:Initial
3360:Labrador
2675:alveolar
2668:Alveolar
2658:Bilabial
2612:Wemotaci
2578:atik1240
2556:62-ADA-c
2412:Bersimis
2358:mont1268
2238:nask1242
2212:62-ADA-b
2030:nort1552
1875:moos1236
1755:swam1239
1599:miskosiw
1593:mihkosiw
1539:plai1258
1497:wood1236
1490:cree1271
1466:62-ADA-a
1340:column.
987:elenyiwa
968:Dialect
810:nehlueun
794:ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
703:Endonyms
672:Labrador
575:Help:IPA
526:cree1272
519:cree1271
311:Manitoba
105:ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
49:(Plains)
9036:Italian
9016:Spanish
9011:Punjabi
8935:Tlingit
8930:Kutenai
8920:Beothuk
8828:Shuswap
8818:Saanich
8775:Wyandot
8722:Inupiaq
8684:Tahltan
8629:Carrier
8591:Naskapi
8581:Miꞌkmaq
8551:Abenaki
8521:English
8465:English
8437:Isolate
8367:Wyandot
7879:Chiniki
7689:Montana
7609:Siksika
7604:Piikani
7421:Daneẕaa
7286:Italics
7186:Shawnee
6985:Mi'kmaq
6961:Abenaki
6917:Mahican
6803:Naskapi
6704:Arapaho
6633:Italics
6559:Naskapi
6388:E-books
6313:Lessons
6240:Wolfart
6223:Wolfart
5990:improve
5874:1495244
5513:8925218
5317:, p. 60
5033:Alberta
4950:reserve
4915:extinct
4899:lexicon
4873:Montana
4798:osk-āya
4660:ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ!
4654:nikamo!
4592:, or a
3942:Vowels
3809:v*, f*
3432:Vowels
3342:Writing
2948:Central
2935:Vowels
2905:Lateral
2734:Plosive
2690:Glottal
2680:Palatal
2566:Manawan
2552:Manawan
2235:Naskapi
2232:Naskapi
2208:Koksoak
2201:Naskapi
2193:Naskapi
1396:Moseley
883:Ontario
781:ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ
742:ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ
729:ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ
716:ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
668:Alberta
650:) is a
648:Naskapi
571:Unicode
484:Naskapi
324:Ontario
298:Alberta
210:Naskapi
173:Naskapi
143:Montana
66:ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ
62:(Woods)
53:ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ
40:ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
20:or the
9031:German
9026:Arabic
8985:Michif
8970:Bungee
8894:Stoney
8886:Siouan
8861:Haisla
8765:Seneca
8755:Oneida
8750:Mohawk
8745:Cayuga
8679:Tagish
8674:Slavey
8669:Sekani
8664:Nicola
8644:Dogrib
8601:Ottawa
8596:Ojibwe
8586:Munsee
8526:French
8362:Mohawk
8264:Míkmaq
8224:French
8142:(1958)
8139:Michel
8134:(1897)
8126:(1891)
8001:Alexis
7884:Wesley
7829:Beaver
7639:Alexis
7599:Kainai
7518:(1899)
7510:(1877)
7502:(1876)
7455:Nakoda
7450:Siouan
7389:Plains
7348:Plains
7278:Pidgin
7274:Creole
7199:Others
7150:Others
7114:Ottawa
7049:Ojibwa
7036:Ojibwa
6954:Others
6895:Munsee
6786:Others
6757:Michif
6487:(Cree)
6285:, .pdf
6263:
6255:, ed.
6246:
6233:
6216:
6198:online
6193:
6165:
6144:
6128:
6114:
6100:
6085:
6075:
6057:
6048:online
6033:
5880:
5872:
5634:
5614:
5565:
5511:
5501:
5383:
4895:Ojibwe
4853:French
4845:Michif
4831:Canada
4787:sandhi
4586:macron
4363:period
4227:ᐩ (ᐝ)
3945:Final
3435:Final
3356:Quebec
3299:.place
3249:Susan-
3238:Susan-
3232:Susan-
3218:wâpam-
3179:Syntax
3137:macron
3127:, and
2663:Dental
2484:Mingan
2477:Mingan
1925:ililiw
1918:iniliw
1311:awēwin
1299:awīwin
1287:awēwin
1252:QC, NL
1152:iyiyiw
1125:iriniw
1098:ililiw
1071:ininiw
1036:MB, SK
1017:iyiniw
974:Reflex
940:, and
900:) and
887:Quebec
768:ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐎᓐ
755:ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ
660:Canada
542:UNESCO
347:
337:Quebec
334:
321:
308:
295:
269:
135:Canada
79:ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ
8925:Haida
8913:other
8899:Sioux
8798:Comox
8704:Inuit
8659:Kaska
8336:Inuit
7624:Enoch
7369:Algic
7282:Mixed
7213:Yurok
7207:Wiyot
6908:Unami
6456:(see
6448:Algic
5975:, or
5870:JSTOR
5724:(PDF)
5717:(PDF)
5301:(PDF)
5184:(map)
5180:(PDF)
5169:(PDF)
4887:Scots
4879:Bungi
4865:nouns
4857:verbs
4847:is a
4823:Métis
4768:māci-
4724:-eat-
4571:/t͡s/
4484:, or
3746:ᔾ ()
3401:vowel
3287:know.
3171:, or
3111:with
3099:with
3083:with
2960:Close
2943:Front
2697:Nasal
2685:Velar
2673:Post-
1967:r → l
1547:r → ð
1420:*k(i)
1206:iyiyū
705:are:
698:Names
238:Latin
204:Cree-
195:Algic
9151:Cree
8571:Innu
8566:Cree
8299:Cree
7699:Paul
7415:Dene
7383:Cree
7019:Sauk
6833:Loup
6744:Cree
6512:and
6261:ISBN
6244:ISBN
6231:ISBN
6214:ISBN
6208:In:
6191:ISBN
6181:and
6163:ISBN
6142:ISBN
6126:ISBN
6112:ISBN
6098:ISBN
6083:ISBN
6073:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6031:ISBN
5939:2021
5632:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5563:ISBN
5527:link
5509:OCLC
5499:ISBN
5381:ISBN
5257:2017
5002:and
4871:and
4805:and
4703:John
4700:John
4649:ᓂᑲᒧ!
4636:/oː/
4634:and
4605:/eː/
4565:not
4557:not
4530:and
4516:and
4496:and
4472:The
4457:and
4429:and
4385:and
4381:For
3838:th*
3358:and
3311:lit.
3297:RECP
3293:APPL
3289:CAUS
3240:3OBV
3224:see-
3054:Open
2953:Back
2625:optc
2609:wemo
2549:mana
2474:miga
2425:uasi
2409:berm
2393:escu
2332:poit
2273:dvsi
2215:Innu
2205:kkaa
2069:and
2060:and
1912:e.g.
1734:csw
1718:csw
1468:Cree
1345:/tʃ/
1337:kīla
1332:/ts/
1328:/tʃ/
1307:nēhi
1295:nīhi
1283:nēhi
1260:innu
1233:ilnu
1105:kīla
1078:kīna
1039:ð/th
1024:kīya
997:kīla
976:of *
950:/aː/
946:/eː/
930:/iː/
926:/iː/
924:and
922:/eː/
690:and
638:KREE
613:Cree
246:Cree
215:Cree
175:and
154:Cree
33:Cree
8654:Hän
6185:.
5931:CBC
5862:doi
5346:doi
4726:3SG
4722:PST
4687:cf.
4632:/u/
4506:/ð/
4500:to
4492:to
4474:/ð/
4461:).
4318:hk
4310:ᐦᐋ
4307:ᐦᐆ
4304:ᐦᐄ
4301:ᐦᐊ
4298:ᐦᐅ
4295:ᐦᐃ
4292:ᐦᐁ
4232:th
3917:ᐦᐋ
3914:ᐦᐆ
3911:ᐦᐄ
3908:ᐦᐊ
3905:ᐦᐅ
3902:ᐦᐃ
3899:ᐦᐁ
3780:r*
3693:sh
3226:3SG
3213:Sam
3210:Sam
3155:or
3139:or
3023:Mid
2776:t͡ʃ
2766:t͡ʃ
2760:t͡s
2542:atj
2526:atj
2501:š~h
2449:š~h
2325:moe
2317:moe
2300:š~s
2256:š~s
2198:nsk
2190:nsk
2175:š~s
2165:y\n
2119:crj
2103:crj
2093:to
2040:k\č
2008:crl
1992:crl
1880:n\l
1856:crm
1840:crm
1670:or
1616:crk
1608:crk
1459:cwd
1443:cwd
1437:cre
1330:or
1267:čīn
1240:čīl
1213:čīy
1186:čīy
1159:čīy
1132:kīr
994:← *
984:← *
914:/h/
912:or
910:/ʃ/
906:/s/
902:/s/
891:/ʃ/
670:to
666:to
654:of
557:IPA
499:atj
489:moe
479:nsk
469:crj
459:crl
449:crm
439:csw
429:cwd
419:crk
410:cre
393:cre
9142::
9123:-
8105:NT
8093:SK
8081:BC
8069:NT
7413:/
7371:/
7350:,
7346::
6189:,
6067:.
6042:,
5979:,
5971:,
5929:.
5899:.
5876:.
5868:.
5858:19
5856:.
5852:.
5836:^
5776:.
5690:^
5651:^
5535:^
5523:}}
5519:{{
5507:.
5458:^
5442:^
5404:^
5379:.
5342:14
5340:.
5287:^
5265:^
5243:.
5232:^
5216:.
5204:^
5171:.
5143:.
5139:.
5133:.
5107:.
4909:,
4889:,
4885:,
4807:iy
4795:→
4708:cî
4679:cî
4581:.
4561:,
4545:,
4541:,
4453:,
4449:,
4445:,
4441:,
4437:,
4425:,
4421:,
4417:,
4413:,
4409:,
4405:,
4401:,
4397:,
4351:ᕒ
4348:r
4343:ᓬ
4340:l
4335:ᕽ
4313:ᐦ
4289:h
4284:ᐤ
4281:ᐚ
4278:ᐕ
4275:ᐑ
4272:ᐘ
4269:ᐓ
4266:ᐏ
4263:ᐍ
4260:w
4253:ᖭ
4250:ᖫ
4247:ᖩ
4244:ᖬ
4241:ᖪ
4238:ᖨ
4235:ᖧ
4224:ᔮ
4221:ᔫ
4218:ᔩ
4215:ᔭ
4212:ᔪ
4209:ᔨ
4206:ᔦ
4203:y
4198:ᐢ
4195:ᓵ
4192:ᓲ
4189:ᓰ
4186:ᓴ
4183:ᓱ
4180:ᓯ
4177:ᓭ
4174:s
4169:ᐣ
4166:ᓈ
4163:ᓅ
4160:ᓃ
4157:ᓇ
4154:ᓄ
4151:ᓂ
4148:ᓀ
4145:n
4140:ᒼ
4137:ᒫ
4134:ᒨ
4131:ᒦ
4128:ᒪ
4125:ᒧ
4122:ᒥ
4119:ᒣ
4116:m
4111:ᐨ
4108:ᒑ
4105:ᒎ
4102:ᒌ
4099:ᒐ
4096:ᒍ
4093:ᒋ
4090:ᒉ
4087:c
4082:ᐠ
4079:ᑳ
4076:ᑰ
4073:ᑮ
4070:ᑲ
4067:ᑯ
4064:ᑭ
4061:ᑫ
4058:k
4053:ᐟ
4050:ᑖ
4047:ᑑ
4044:ᑏ
4041:ᑕ
4038:ᑐ
4035:ᑎ
4032:ᑌ
4029:t
4024:ᑊ
4021:ᐹ
4018:ᐴ
4015:ᐲ
4012:ᐸ
4009:ᐳ
4006:ᐱ
4003:ᐯ
4000:p
3993:ᐋ
3990:ᐆ
3987:ᐄ
3984:ᐊ
3981:ᐅ
3978:ᐃ
3975:ᐁ
3968:â
3965:ô
3962:î
3959:a
3956:o
3953:i
3950:ê
3920:ᐦ
3896:h
3891:ᐤ
3888:ᐙ
3885:ᐔ
3882:ᐐ
3879:ᐗ
3876:ᐒ
3873:ᐎ
3870:ᐌ
3867:w
3862:ᕪ
3859:ᕧ
3856:ᕥ
3853:ᕢ
3850:ᕦ
3847:ᕤ
3844:ᕠ
3841:ᕞ
3833:ᕝ
3830:ᕚ
3827:ᕘ
3824:ᕖ
3821:ᕙ
3818:ᕗ
3815:ᕕ
3812:ᕓ
3804:ᕐ
3801:ᕌ
3798:ᕉ
3795:ᕇ
3792:ᕋ
3789:ᕈ
3786:ᕆ
3783:ᕃ
3775:ᓪ
3772:ᓛ
3769:ᓘ
3766:ᓖ
3763:ᓚ
3760:ᓗ
3757:ᓕ
3754:ᓓ
3751:l
3743:ᔮ
3740:ᔫ
3737:ᔩ
3734:ᔭ
3731:ᔪ
3728:ᔨ
3725:ᔦ
3722:y
3717:ᔥ
3714:ᔖ
3711:ᔔ
3708:ᔒ
3705:ᔕ
3702:ᔓ
3699:ᔑ
3696:ᔐ
3688:ᔅ
3685:ᓵ
3682:ᓲ
3679:ᓰ
3676:ᓴ
3673:ᓱ
3670:ᓯ
3667:ᓭ
3664:s
3659:ᓐ
3656:ᓈ
3653:ᓅ
3650:ᓃ
3647:ᓇ
3644:ᓄ
3641:ᓂ
3638:ᓀ
3635:n
3630:ᒻ
3627:ᒫ
3624:ᒨ
3621:ᒦ
3618:ᒪ
3615:ᒧ
3612:ᒥ
3609:ᒣ
3606:m
3601:ᒡ
3598:ᒑ
3595:ᒎ
3592:ᒌ
3589:ᒐ
3586:ᒍ
3583:ᒋ
3580:ᒉ
3577:c
3572:ᒃ
3569:ᑳ
3566:ᑰ
3563:ᑮ
3560:ᑲ
3557:ᑯ
3554:ᑭ
3551:ᑫ
3548:k
3543:ᑦ
3540:ᑖ
3537:ᑑ
3534:ᑏ
3531:ᑕ
3528:ᑐ
3525:ᑎ
3522:ᑌ
3519:t
3514:ᑉ
3511:ᐹ
3508:ᐴ
3505:ᐲ
3502:ᐸ
3499:ᐳ
3496:ᐱ
3493:ᐯ
3490:p
3483:ᐋ
3480:ᐆ
3477:ᐄ
3474:ᐊ
3471:ᐅ
3468:ᐃ
3465:ᐁ
3458:â
3455:ô
3452:î
3449:a
3446:o
3443:i
3440:ê
3387:.
3317:)
3265:-a
3247:ew
3220:ew
3198:–a
3175:.
3167:,
3123:,
3066:aː
3031:eː
3012:uː
3006:oː
2976:iː
2520:.
2097:.
2079:ki
1910:,
1684:.
1588:sk
1584:hk
1531:.
1430:*ē
1425:*š
1415:*l
1324:*k
1315:.
1297:th
1225:QC
1198:QC
1171:QC
1144:QC
1117:QC
1090:ON
960:*l
952:.
936:,
896:sh
694:.
628:iː
375:cr
240:,
137:;
108:,
95:,
82:,
69:,
56:,
43:,
9127:
8499:e
8492:t
8485:v
8198:e
8191:t
8184:v
8107:)
8103:(
8095:)
8091:(
8083:)
8079:(
8071:)
8067:(
7988:)
7984:(
7953:)
7949:(
7908:)
7904:(
7861:)
7857:(
7821:)
7817:(
7776:)
7772:(
7731:)
7727:(
7626:)
7622:(
7591:)
7587:(
7546:)
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7315:t
7308:v
7280:/
7276:/
7038:–
6671:e
6664:t
6657:v
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6530:(
6462:)
6422:e
6415:t
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6009:(
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6000:(
5986:.
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5830:.
5794:.
5780:.
5761:.
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5259:.
5226:.
5154:.
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4803:h
4780:i
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4712:Q
4644:ō
4640:o
4613:ī
4602:ē
4551:c
4547:k
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4539:p
4522:s
4518:š
4514:s
4365:(
3295:.
3291:.
3251:a
3234:a
3041:ə
3009:~
2996:ʊ
2993:~
2990:o
2966:ɪ
2915:l
2892:w
2882:j
2870:ɹ
2849:h
2835:ʃ
2825:ʃ
2822:~
2819:s
2809:ð
2788:k
2763:~
2750:t
2740:p
2715:n
2703:m
2598:ē
2593:š
2588:k
2583:r
2538:)
2532:(
2518:h
2514:š
2506:ē
2496:č
2491:n
2466:h
2462:š
2454:ē
2444:č
2439:n
2381:ē
2376:š
2371:č
2366:l
2305:ē
2295:č
2290:n
2261:ā
2251:č
2246:y
2180:ē
2170:č
2155:ē
2150:š
2145:č
2140:y
2115:)
2109:(
2095:č
2091:k
2087:i
2083:a
2075:š
2071:š
2067:s
2062:ā
2058:ē
2050:ā
2045:š
2035:y
2004:)
1998:(
1982:ē
1977:š
1972:k
1957:ē
1952:š
1947:k
1942:l
1934:l
1930:r
1908:l
1904:n
1895:ē
1890:š
1885:k
1852:)
1846:(
1831:ē
1826:š
1821:k
1816:n
1809:)
1803:(
1790:s
1786:š
1778:ē
1773:s
1768:k
1763:n
1730:)
1724:(
1708:ē
1703:s
1698:k
1693:y
1682:ī
1678:ē
1651:ī
1646:s
1641:k
1636:y
1580:ð
1576:r
1562:ī
1557:s
1552:k
1529:ī
1525:ē
1517:ī
1512:s
1507:k
1502:ð
1455:)
1449:(
1309:n
1285:y
1277:y
1255:n
1228:l
1201:y
1174:y
1147:y
1120:r
1093:l
1066:n
1012:y
978:l
898:e
646:–
631:/
625:r
622:k
619:/
615:(
597:.
577:.
547:.
248:)
244:(
208:-
179:)
171:–
145:)
141:(
24:.
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