25:
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The purpose of morphological analysis is to determine the minimal units of meaning in a language (morphemes) by comparison of similar forms: such as comparing "She is walking" and "They are walking" with each other, rather than either with something less similar like "You are reading". Those forms
1427:
is "Don't let the cat out of the bag". There, the idiom is composed of "let the cat out of the bag". That might be considered a semantic morpheme, which is itself composed of many syntactic morphemes. Other cases of the "smallest meaningful unit" being longer than a word include some collocations
1301:). English also has another morpheme that is identical in pronunciation (and written form) but has an unrelated meaning and function: a comparative morpheme that changes an adjective into another degree of comparison (but remains the same adjective) (e.g.
1422:
Given the definition of a morpheme as "the smallest meaningful unit", nanosyntax aims to account for idioms in which an entire syntactic tree often contributes "the smallest meaningful unit". An example
1452:: the interface with which syntactic/semantic structures are "spelled out" by using words or morphemes with phonological content. That can also be thought of as lexical insertion into the syntactic.
1156:, which seem to have concrete meanings but are considered function morphemes since their role is to connect ideas grammatically. Here is a general rule to determine the category of a morpheme:
1142:
Both categories may seem very clear and intuitive, but the idea behind them is occasionally more difficult to grasp since they overlap with each other. Examples of ambiguous situations are the
1727:
1834:
1230:
Some words might seem to be composed of multiple morphemes but are not. Therefore, not only form but also meaning must be considered when identifying morphemes. For example, the word
1975:
1054:
phoneme. A word with a zero-morpheme is analyzed as having the morpheme for grammatical purposes, but the morpheme is not realized in speech. They are often represented by /
1623:
1188:
Roots are composed of only one morpheme, but stems can be composed of more than one morpheme. Any additional affixes are considered morphemes. For example, in the word
1088:
In some cases, a zero-morpheme may also be used to contrast with other inflected forms of a word that contain an audible morpheme. For example, the plural noun
833:
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional morphemes. The main difference between them is their function in relation to words.
1278:, and other languages, morphological analysis is the process of segmenting a sentence into a row of morphemes. Morphological analysis is closely related to
2001:
1652:
1435:
1711:
1889:
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1808:
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The definition of morphemes also plays a significant role in the interfaces of generative grammar in the following theoretical constructs:
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1449:
2443:
44:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
1477:
1864:
2318:
1615:
1828:
1541:
528:
2051:
1019:). An allomorph is a concrete realization of a morpheme, which is an abstract unit. That is parallel to the relation of an
788:
appears only when accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in
English are affixes, specifically
418:
2020:
1387:, the definition of a morpheme depends heavily on whether syntactic trees have morphemes as leaves or features as leaves.
2524:
2458:
2246:
2241:
1721:
1370:
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Both meaning and form are equally important for the identification of morphemes. An agent morpheme is an affix like
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indicates the concept of plurality but is always bound to another concept to indicate a specific kind of plurality.
2579:
2383:
1282:, but word segmentation is required for those languages because word boundaries are not indicated by blank spaces.
1203:
Moreover, some pairs of affixes have identical phonological form but different meanings. For example, the suffix
378:
2256:
1498:
1348:
438:
383:
156:
1428:
such as "in view of" and "business intelligence" in which the words, when together, have a specific meaning.
982:
are variants of a morpheme that differ in form but are semantically similar. For example, the
English plural
413:
104:
1637:
358:
224:
1989:, Sabine Arndt-Lappe, Maria Braun, and Mareile Schramm, Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter, Inc., pp. 71–112
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2011:
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is both the singular and the plural form of that noun; rather than taking the usual plural suffix
2488:
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2261:
1505:
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473:
311:
288:
1755:
Studies in
Language. International Journal Sponsored by the Foundation "Foundations of Language"
1309:). The opposite can also occur: a pair of morphemes with identical meaning but different forms.
610:, etc. For a language like Latin, a root can be defined as the main lexical morpheme of a word.
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functions as a derivational morpheme since it inverts the meaning of the root morpheme (word)
2498:
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can be effectively broken down into parts, and the different morphemes can be distinguished.
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983:
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907:
514:
443:
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179:
76:
1943:
Proceedings of the 20th
International Conference on Computational Linguistics - COLING '04
1938:
8:
2408:
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2084:
2037:
1939:"Chinese and Japanese word segmentation using word-level and character-level information"
284:
214:
189:
161:
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2550:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2453:
2388:
2287:
2120:
1956:
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1438:: the idea that each productive morpheme must have a compositional semantic meaning (a
1384:
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911:
821:
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408:
363:
331:
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209:
204:
24:
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2508:
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2184:
1856:
1824:
1782:
1770:
1717:
1547:
1537:
1271:
1123:, and function morphemes have more of a grammatical role. For example, the morphemes
970:. An inflectional morpheme changes the form of a word. English has eight inflections.
903:
500:
348:
326:
269:
2438:
2189:
2140:
1960:
1946:
1816:
1762:
1275:
1168:, and main verbs and bound morphemes that are bound roots and derivational affixes.
1116:
713:
680:
650:
448:
279:
274:
249:
244:
229:
2483:
2024:
1487:
1051:
889:. Generally, morphemes that affix to a root morpheme (word) are bound morphemes.
545:
is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of
2336:
2017:
943:
846:
293:
1246:, but it does not. Conversely, some short words have multiple morphemes (e.g.
2563:
2215:
1774:
1551:
1492:
1467:
1443:
1082:
1041:
1980:, Stephen R. Anderson, Oxford University: Oxford University Press, p. 3
1951:
780:
Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a
2327:
2074:
1135:
is a function morpheme since it has the grammatical function of indicating
336:
126:
1945:. Geneva, Switzerland: Association for Computational Linguistics: 466–es.
1531:
2359:
1924:
Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics
1766:
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1224:
1143:
845:
morphemes, when combined with a root, change the semantic meaning or the
546:
488:
463:
84:
1412:
Branches in syntactic trees spell out morphemes: radical minimalism and
1081:, the null plural suffix. The intended meaning is thus derived from the
2375:
2344:
2060:
1536:. Andrea D. Sims (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. p. 14.
1439:
1413:
1165:
1150:
1136:
899:
590:, in which many roots cannot stand alone. For instance, the Latin root
575:, are found only in combination with other morphemes. For example, the
458:
141:
613:
These sample
English words have the following morphological analyses:
586:
This distinction is not universal and does not apply to, for example,
2364:
2199:
2105:
1510:
1104:
may be analyzed as the root inflected with the null singular suffix -
1047:
1020:
979:
862:
637:
433:
428:
264:
254:
146:
136:
1322:
2349:
2220:
2155:
2115:
1131:
can be considered content morphemes. On the other hand, the suffix
946:). Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding
793:
789:
1442:), and if the meaning is there, there must be a morpheme (whether
2354:
2194:
2135:
2079:
1172:
1161:
1065:
Generally, such morphemes have no visible changes. For instance,
1024:
939:
1171:
Function morphemes may be free morphemes that are prepositions,
2296:
2145:
2125:
2006:
1716:. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p. 8.
1392:
766:
151:
2179:
2110:
2029:
1424:
1055:
587:
572:
1179:. They may be bound morphemes that are inflectional affixes.
2089:
1660:
Linguistics 201: Introduction to
Language in the Humanities
923:
870:
560:
719:
689:
1921:
1616:"grammar - Why isn't {-able} considered a free morpheme?"
1160:
Content morphemes include free morphemes that are nouns,
757:
Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g.
722:
692:
686:
656:
1613:
784:
and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example,
1416:– leaves are "nano-" (small) morpho-syntactic features
629:(a bound morpheme signifying "an ability to be done").
725:
695:
662:
653:
594:('king') must always be suffixed with a case marker:
1502:, featuring a comparable concept in folklore studies
1293:
that in
English transforms a verb into a noun (e.g.
828:
716:
683:
659:
1046:A zero-morpheme is a type of morpheme that carries
753:Every morpheme can be classified as free or bound:
1614:user318260; Lawler, John; herisson (Oct 1, 2018).
820:. Bound morphemes that are not affixed are called
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
2561:
1974:Baerman, Matthew (2015), Matthew Baerman (ed.),
2007:Comprehensive and searchable morpheme reference
1405:Leaves in syntactic trees spell out morphemes:
942:without affecting the word's meaning or class (
893:
849:of the affected word. For example, in the word
836:
1904:
1807:Dahl, Eystein Dahl; Fábregas, Antonio (2018).
1234:is long and might seem to have morphemes like
1077:, the plural is analyzed as being composed of
733:), depending on the pronunciation of the root.
617:"Unbreakable" is composed of three morphemes:
2312:
2045:
1926:(11th ed.). Ohio State University Press.
1597:"Word Grabber For Morpheme - Vocabulary List"
522:
1806:
1749:Gerner, Matthias; Ling, Zhang (2020-05-06).
1085:determiner (in this case, "some-" or "a-").
563:. Morphemes that stand alone are considered
1620:English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
1351:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
742:
2319:
2305:
2052:
2038:
2012:Linguistics 001 — Lecture 7 — Morphology
1748:
1689:"Module 1 Concepts: Inflectional Morpheme"
1529:
529:
515:
1950:
1371:Learn how and when to remove this message
1261:
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
1936:
1650:
1973:
1709:
1478:List of Greek morphemes used in English
1312:
1111:
632:The plural morpheme for regular nouns (
549:study dedicated to morphemes is called
2562:
1821:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.592
1651:De Kuthy, Kordula (October 22, 2001).
1030:
2300:
2033:
853:, the addition of the bound morpheme
621:(a bound morpheme signifying "not"),
1984:
1837:from the original on 3 November 2019
1349:adding citations to reliable sources
1316:
556:In English, morphemes are often but
419:Conservative and innovative language
18:
2525:International scientific vocabulary
2247:International scientific vocabulary
2242:English lexicology and lexicography
1577:from the original on 31 August 2004
1402:Direct syntax-to-semantics mapping
1175:, determiners, auxiliary verbs and
16:Smallest lexical item in a language
13:
2018:Pronunciation of the word morpheme
1987:The structure of words: morphology
1922:Department of Linguistics (2011).
1892:from the original on 16 March 2014
1626:from the original on Oct 24, 2023.
1564:
1050:meaning but is not represented by
14:
2596:
1995:
1730:from the original on 16 June 2022
1207:can be either derivational (e.g.
1183:
829:Classification of bound morphemes
737:
625:(the root, a free morpheme), and
2545:
2326:
2282:
1321:
1092:in English consists of the root
1035:
712:
679:
649:
499:
23:
1930:
1878:
1867:from the original on 2022-06-22
1849:
1800:
1789:from the original on 2020-09-19
2444:Language-for-specific-purposes
2257:Lexicographic information cost
2059:
1742:
1703:
1681:
1644:
1630:
1607:
1589:
1558:
1523:
1499:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature
1119:express a concrete meaning or
1:
1857:"Null morpheme – Glottopedia"
1751:"Zero morphemes in paradigms"
1516:
1223:). Such morphemes are called
974:
894:Inflectional bound morphemes
837:Derivational bound morphemes
359:Functional discourse grammar
225:Ethnography of communication
7:
2535:List of online dictionaries
1530:Haspelmath, Martin (2010).
1456:
1268:natural language processing
1200:, which has two morphemes.
796:. Examples of suffixes are
571:); other morphemes, called
479:Second-language acquisition
10:
2601:
1937:Nakagawa, Tetsuji (2004).
1397:lexical functional grammar
1039:
746:
157:Syntax–semantics interface
2543:
2517:
2373:
2334:
2280:
2229:
2208:
2154:
2098:
2067:
2002:Glossary of reading terms
1710:Matthew, Baerman (2015).
1638:"LINGUIST List Home Page"
1463:Alternation (linguistics)
938:of a noun, adjective, or
861:changes the word from an
469:Philosophy of linguistics
369:Interactional linguistics
2272:Specialized lexicography
1533:Understanding Morphology
1399:(LFG) – leaves are words
1215:) or inflectional (e.g.
765:) and can appear within
749:Bound and free morphemes
743:Free and bound morphemes
2580:Linguistics terminology
2262:Linguistic prescription
1952:10.3115/1220355.1220422
1506:Theoretical linguistics
32:Some of this article's
2530:List of lexicographers
2170:Hypernymy and hyponymy
1409:– leaves are morphemes
1407:distributed morphology
1280:part-of-speech tagging
1262:Morphological analysis
1096:and the plural suffix
986:has three allomorphs:
567:(such as the morpheme
306:Theoretical frameworks
260:Philosophy of language
240:History of linguistics
2459:Monolingual learner's
2237:Controlled vocabulary
2175:Meronymy and holonymy
1483:Morphological parsing
1073:to form hypothetical
902:morphemes modify the
200:Conversation analysis
1767:10.1075/sl.16085.ger
1345:improve this section
1313:Changing definitions
1112:Content vs. function
1100:and so the singular
444:Internet linguistics
354:Construction grammar
2499:Spelling dictionary
2409:Defining vocabulary
2252:Lexicographic error
1985:Plag, Ingo (2015),
1031:Zero-bound-morpheme
822:cranberry morphemes
640:: it is pronounced
379:Systemic functional
174:Applied linguistics
116:General linguistics
2551:Linguistics portal
2384:Advanced learner's
2288:Linguistics portal
2023:2011-07-17 at the
1391:Direct surface-to-
1385:generative grammar
1196:, but the stem is
484:Theory of language
454:Origin of language
409:Autonomy of syntax
364:Grammaticalization
210:Discourse analysis
205:Corpus linguistics
2585:Reading (process)
2557:
2556:
2294:
2293:
2185:Lexical semantics
2014:by Mark Lieberman
1830:978-0-19-938465-5
1565:Kemmer, Suzanne.
1543:978-0-340-95001-2
1381:
1380:
1373:
1117:Content morphemes
539:
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327:Distributionalism
270:Psycholinguistics
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2575:Learning to read
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2449:Machine-readable
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2190:Semantic network
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1809:"Zero Morphemes"
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449:LGBT linguistics
439:Internationalism
414:Compositionality
275:Sociolinguistics
250:Neurolinguistics
245:Interlinguistics
230:Ethnomethodology
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2025:Wayback Machine
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1886:"Morphology II"
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1861:glottopedia.org
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1436:Event semantics
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558:not necessarily
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185:Anthropological
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2013:
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1723:9780199591428
1719:
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1690:
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1669:on 2014-03-20
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1493:Morphotactics
1491:
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1468:Floating tone
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1330:This section
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1118:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:co-occurrence
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1042:Zero morpheme
1036:Zero-morpheme
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1006:
996:
995:
985:
981:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
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933:
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917:
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901:
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460:
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452:
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440:
437:
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432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Descriptivism
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
400:
399:
392:
391:Structuralism
389:
385:
382:
380:
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375:
374:Prague circle
372:
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220:Documentation
218:
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198:
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195:Computational
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26:
21:
20:
2489:Single-field
2424:Etymological
2419:Encyclopedic
2399:Biographical
2376:dictionaries
2328:Lexicography
2130:
2075:Lexical item
1986:
1977:The Morpheme
1976:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1894:. Retrieved
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1758:
1754:
1744:
1734:30 September
1732:. Retrieved
1713:The Morpheme
1712:
1705:
1697:the original
1692:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1659:
1653:"Morphology"
1646:
1632:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1532:
1525:
1497:
1430:
1421:
1382:
1367:
1358:
1343:Please help
1331:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
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1231:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1177:conjunctions
1153:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
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1013:
1004:
1002:
993:
991:
978:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:to the root
947:
900:Inflectional
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
858:
857:to the root
854:
850:
843:Derivational
832:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
785:
774:
770:
762:
758:
752:
708:
675:
645:
636:) has three
633:
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618:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
580:
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568:
555:
542:
540:
337:Glossematics
317:Constituency
289:interpreting
127:Lexicography
56:
50:January 2023
47:
36:
2494:Specialized
2464:Multi-field
2429:Explanatory
2360:Phrase book
2068:Major terms
1813:Linguistics
1761:(1): 1–26.
1567:"Structure"
1473:Hybrid word
1395:mapping in
1225:homophonous
1144:preposition
958:and adding
489:Terminology
464:Orthography
384:Usage-based
285:Translating
180:Acquisition
85:Linguistics
37:may not be
2564:Categories
2434:Historical
2414:Electronic
2404:Conceptual
2345:Dictionary
2267:Morphology
2061:Lexicology
1871:2022-06-15
1841:3 November
1793:2020-09-15
1517:References
1446:or overt).
1440:denotation
1414:nanosyntax
1232:Madagascar
1190:quirkiness
1166:adjectives
1151:determiner
1137:past tense
1079:sheep + -∅
980:Allomorphs
975:Allomorphs
707:(e.g., in
674:(e.g., in
644:(e.g., in
638:allomorphs
551:morphology
547:linguistic
459:Orismology
344:Functional
332:Generative
322:Dependency
142:Pragmatics
132:Morphology
122:Diachronic
2570:Morphemes
2504:Sub-field
2394:Bilingual
2374:Types of
2365:Thesaurus
2335:Types of
2209:Functions
2200:Troponymy
2158:relations
1783:218935697
1775:0378-4177
1552:671004133
1511:Word stem
1450:Spell-out
1332:does not
1058:/ within
1021:allophone
1010:/-ɪz,-əz/
875:happiness
863:adjective
851:happiness
771:town hall
434:Iconicity
429:Etymology
349:Cognitive
312:Formalist
265:Phonetics
255:Philology
147:Semantics
137:Phonology
2350:Glossary
2221:Headword
2165:Antonymy
2156:Semantic
2131:Morpheme
2116:Grapheme
2099:Elements
2021:Archived
1896:10 April
1890:Archived
1865:Archived
1835:Archived
1787:Archived
1728:Archived
1693:ENG 411B
1673:19 March
1624:Archived
1581:10 April
1575:Archived
1457:See also
1272:Japanese
1173:pronouns
1149:and the
1052:auditory
1048:semantic
966:to form
954:to form
794:suffixes
790:prefixes
775:doghouse
543:morpheme
235:Forensic
215:Distance
162:Typology
77:a series
75:Part of
39:reliable
2479:Rhyming
2474:Reverse
2469:Picture
2454:Medical
2389:Anagram
2355:Lexicon
2195:Synonym
2136:Phoneme
2106:Chereme
2080:Lexicon
1961:2988891
1353:removed
1338:sources
1307:smaller
1299:teacher
1276:Chinese
1221:smaller
1162:adverbs
1121:content
1075:*sheeps
1060:glosses
1025:phoneme
940:pronoun
926:or the
869:) to a
767:lexemes
703:), and
672:/ɪz,əz/
573:affixes
190:Applied
100:History
95:Outline
2509:Visual
2230:Fields
2146:Sememe
2126:Lexeme
2111:Glyphs
1959:
1827:
1781:
1773:
1720:
1550:
1540:
1393:syntax
1242:, and
1213:seller
1198:quirky
1023:and a
1008:), or
984:marker
968:waited
932:gender
928:number
920:number
916:person
908:aspect
879:unkind
816:, and
810:-ation
769:(e.g.
676:dishes
604:reg-is
505:Portal
403:Topics
152:Syntax
2518:Other
2439:Idiom
2180:Idiom
2121:Lemma
2085:Lexis
1957:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1667:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1425:idiom
1303:small
1295:teach
1217:small
1194:quirk
1067:sheep
934:, or
922:of a
918:, or
904:tense
867:happy
859:happy
855:-ness
814:-ible
806:-tive
802:-sion
798:-tion
627:-able
623:break
608:reg-i
600:reg-s
588:Latin
565:roots
561:words
105:Index
2484:Rime
2141:Seme
2090:Word
1898:2014
1843:2019
1825:ISBN
1771:ISSN
1736:2019
1718:ISBN
1675:2014
1583:2014
1548:OCLC
1538:ISBN
1444:null
1336:any
1334:cite
1270:for
1248:dogs
1209:sell
1154:your
1147:over
1127:and
1125:fast
1090:cats
999:/-s/
988:/-z/
964:wait
956:dogs
936:case
924:verb
912:mood
887:kind
871:noun
818:-ing
792:and
782:root
759:town
709:dogs
646:cats
592:reg-
581:cats
287:and
280:Text
1947:doi
1817:doi
1763:doi
1383:In
1347:by
1291:-er
1266:In
1258:).
1252:dog
1244:car
1240:gas
1236:mad
1205:-er
1133:-ed
1129:sad
1102:cat
1098:-s,
1094:cat
1014:bus
1003:bat
997:),
992:bug
962:to
960:-ed
952:dog
883:un-
786:un-
763:dog
705:/z/
670:),
642:/s/
619:un-
602:),
596:rex
579:in
569:cat
2566::
1955:.
1941:.
1906:^
1888:.
1863:.
1859:.
1833:.
1823:.
1815:.
1811:.
1785:.
1777:.
1769:.
1759:44
1757:.
1753:.
1726:.
1691:.
1658:.
1622:.
1618:.
1599:.
1573:.
1569:.
1546:.
1305:→
1297:→
1274:,
1254:+
1250:=
1238:,
1227:.
1219:⇒
1211:⇒
1164:,
1139:.
1108:.
1071:-s
1062:.
1027:.
1016:es
948:-s
914:,
910:,
906:,
881:,
812:,
808:,
804:,
800:,
777:).
773:,
761:,
634:-s
606:,
577:-s
553:.
541:A
79:on
2320:e
2313:t
2306:v
2053:e
2046:t
2039:v
1963:.
1949::
1900:.
1874:.
1845:.
1819::
1796:.
1765::
1738:.
1677:.
1640:.
1603:.
1585:.
1554:.
1374:)
1368:(
1363:)
1359:(
1355:.
1341:.
1256:s
1106:∅
1056:∅
1012:(
1005:s
1001:(
994:s
990:(
873:(
865:(
824:.
729:/
726:z
723:ɡ
720:ɒ
717:d
714:/
699:/
696:z
693:ɪ
690:ʃ
687:ɪ
684:d
681:/
666:/
663:s
660:t
657:æ
654:k
651:/
598:(
530:e
523:t
516:v
63:)
57:(
52:)
48:(
42:.
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