Knowledge:Reliable sources

1116:), can be used but care should be exercised, as they are often, in part, primary sources. Some of them will have gone through a process of academic peer reviewing, of varying levels of rigor, but some will not. If possible, use theses that have been cited in the literature; supervised by recognized specialists in the field; or reviewed by independent parties. Dissertations in progress have not been vetted and are not regarded as published and are thus not reliable sources as a rule. Some theses are later published in the form of scholarly monographs or peer reviewed articles, and, if available, these are usually preferable to the original thesis as sources. Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence. 849:. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an archived copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the archived copy to be accessible via the Internet. 724: 2805:—are not a reliable source. If the information is supported by the body of the source, then cite it from the body. Headlines are written to grab readers' attention quickly and briefly; they may be overstated or lack context, and sometimes contain exaggerations or sensationalized claims with the intention of attracting readers to an otherwise reliable article. They are often written by copy editors instead of the researchers and journalists who wrote the articles. 2206:(ML, AI) has become a common way to generate and publish material. It may not be known or detectable that ML was used. While ML generation in itself does not necessarily disqualify a source that is properly checked by the person using it, ML has a tendency to create or "hallucinate" imaginary information, "supported" by citations that look as if they are from respectable sources but do not exist. In one case, a lawyer used 736:, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing 1051:

relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse because of lack of citations. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be

70: 2118: 2326:. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Knowledge editors. 1014:

source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them.

1166:– Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals. 149: 1089:– Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves ( 2682:. Claims sourced to initial news reports should be immediately replaced with better-researched and verified sources as soon as such articles are published, especially if original reports contained inaccuracies. All breaking news stories, without exception, are primary sources, and must be treated with caution: see 3887: 1140:– Isolated studies are usually considered tentative and may change in the light of further academic research. If the isolated study is a primary source, it should generally not be used if there are secondary sources that cover the same content. The reliability of a single study depends on the field. Avoid 966:(where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery). 2440:

relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Knowledge.

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may be added to the top of articles related to a breaking-news event to alert readers that some information in the article may be inaccurate and to draw attention to the need to add improved sources as they become available. These templates should not be used, however, to mark articles on subjects or

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Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions.

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When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint. If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author

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contains several suggestions to avoid spreading unreliable and false information. These include: distrust anonymous sources, unconfirmed reports, and reports attributed to other news media; seek multiple independent sources which independently verify; seek verified eyewitness reports; and be wary of

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Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem

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Many Knowledge articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial within the

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Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for

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News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is

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Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas,

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Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have

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The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Knowledge article and is an appropriate source for that content. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues,

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and it does not need to go into all details of a current event in real time. It is better to wait a day or two after an event before adding details to the encyclopedia, than to help spread potentially false rumors. This gives journalists time to collect more information and verify claims, and for

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to generate and file a legal brief that he did not check; the judge upon reviewing the case stated, "six of the submitted cases appear to be bogus judicial decisions with bogus quotes and bogus internal citations", although ChatGPT had assured the author that they were real and could "be found in

1825:. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. 2532:

A statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view. Otherwise, individual opinions should be identified as those of particular, named sources. Editors should avoid original

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The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a

1130:. Works published in journals not included in appropriate databases, especially in fields well covered by them, might be isolated from mainstream academic discourse, though whether it is appropriate to use will depend on the context. The number of citations may be misleading if an author cites 2866:, these are rarely appropriate outside articles on the source itself. In general articles, commentary on a deprecated source's opinion should be drawn from independent secondary sources. Including a claim or statement by a deprecated source that is not covered by reliable sources risks giving 1013:

How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a

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Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on

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Source reliability falls on a spectrum: No source is 'always reliable' or 'always unreliable' for everything. However, some sources provide stronger or weaker support for a given statement. Editors must use their judgment to draw the line between usable and inappropriate sources for each

1628:. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make 770:

is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited.

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are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications.

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Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited.

1106:– Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses. 1495:

Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even Knowledge itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of

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prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to

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In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the

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for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, and sections of articles—without exception, and in particular to

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is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g.,

2452:, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Knowledge's verifiability and 3117: 2219:". Citations have been published to newspaper articles that do not exist, attributed to named reporters. Such spurious material may be generated unintentionally by writers—reporters, scientists, medical researchers, lawyers, ...—using 2308:, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. However, although Knowledge articles are tertiary sources, Knowledge employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus, 678:

In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are

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Otherwise reliable news sources—for example, the website of a major news organization—that publish in a blog-style format for some or all of their content may be as reliable as if published in standard news article format

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Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people.

1621:. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject. 1770:

are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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Rochon, PA; Gurwitz, JH; Cheung, CM; Hayes, JA; Chalmers, TC (13 July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".

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are of very low quality and have only token peer-review, if any. These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals

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Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say " says....". A prime example of this is

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are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged, unless they meet the criteria for acceptable use of

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Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in

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Some sources are blacklisted, and can not be used at all. Blacklisting is generally reserved for sources which are added abusively, such as state-sponsored fake news sites with a history of addition by

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When only self-published by the vendor, i.e. no reliable independent source confirming the ranking as being relevant, the ranking would usually carry insufficient weight to be mentioned in any article.

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and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites,

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cautions consumers to be wary of news reports describing early science and medical breakthroughs, especially those which do not interview independent experts (often solely based on unreliable

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such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available.

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also documents a connection between Schreiber and Terry Morris, a 'pioneer' of this genre who freely admitted to taking 'considerable license with the facts that are given to me.'

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in mainstream newspapers. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the readers that they are reading an opinion

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for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. If you are new to editing and just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the

3411: 2734: 674:) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. 2612: 2899: 2496:

Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. In such cases, look for neutral corroboration from another source.

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Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific

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and should not be treated differently than the underlying press release. Occasionally, some newspapers still have specialist reporters who are citable by name. (

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A number of sources are deprecated on Knowledge. That means they should not be used, unless there is a specific consensus to do so. Deprecation happens through a

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that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge.

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are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid

671: 5287: 5282: 3249: 1112:– Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a doctorate, and which are publicly available (most via interlibrary loan or from 4840: 3794: 2756:(exaggerating risks, symptoms, or anecdotes of a disease which leads to unnecessary worry, panic, or spending), and to be skeptical of treatments which are " 2752:), to prefer reports which avoid hyperbolic language and describe both benefits and costs of a new treatment (all treatments have trade-offs), to be wary of 1704:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. 1122:– One may be able to confirm that discussion of the source has entered mainstream academic discourse by checking what scholarly citations it has received in 416: 2261: 2152:, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met: 3538: 2607:, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material. "Self-published blogs" in this context refers to personal and group blogs; see 5277: 3133: 3001: 2764:" as more than 90% of all treatments fail during these stages and, even if efficacious, may be 10 to 15 years or more from reaching the consumer market. 3668: 3259: 2684: 2292: 5115: 4339: 2952: 2489:

reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to

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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.

322: 3571: 2859:), usually when there are large numbers of references to the source giving rise to concerns about the integrity of information in the encyclopedia. 969:

Similarly for breaking news, a contemporary secondary news source can quickly become a historical primary source. Articles of recent current events

4766: 3233: 3153: 3148: 3138: 1775:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid 493: 393: 2608: 2241: 1265:. However, links to such repositories can be used as open-access links for papers which have been subsequently published in acceptable literature. 5072: 4179: 3127: 3006: 970: 3348: 2157: 3376: 2855:. It is reserved for sources that have a substantial history of fabrication or other serious factual accuracy issues (e.g. promoting unfounded 2134: 3971: 1483:

in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.

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is generally not as reliable as news reporting, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of fact-checking and accuracy (see

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not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular,

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at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable.

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potential hoaxes. With mass shootings, remain skeptical of early reports of additional attackers, coordinated plans, and bomb threats.

1809: 257: 230: 2074:) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not. 554: 4999: 3401: 3199: 3107: 2660:

Breaking-news reports often contain serious inaccuracies. As an electronic publication, Knowledge can and should be up to date, but

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an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (

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persons in the news. If they were, hundreds of thousands of articles would have such a template, without any significant advantage (

5127: 3184: 3045: 618: 197: 4149: 3629: 1731: 5105: 4794: 4533: 4275: 3435:"Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees" 2059:). For official accounts from celebrities and organizations on social media, see the section about self-published sources below. 1612: 684: 663: 2996: 1894: 5239: 4814: 4600: 4469: 3926: 3243: 3095: 774:

When editors talk about sources that are being cited on Knowledge, they might be referring to any one of these three concepts:

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article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By

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Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems:

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For health- and science-related breaking-news, Knowledge has specific sourcing standards to prevent inaccuracies: see

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rumors may be appropriate (i.e. if the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true).

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Some news organizations have used Knowledge articles as a source for their work. Editors should therefore beware of

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Scholarly sources and high-quality non-scholarly sources are generally better than news reports for academic topics

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Signals that a news organization engages in fact-checking and has a reputation for accuracy are the publication of

1329:. Press releases from organizations or journals are often used by newspapers with minimal change; such sources are 463: 398: 1653: 1317:, which are responsible for accuracy. The agency should be cited in addition to the newspaper that reprinted it. 1041: 591: 262: 59: 5419: 4824: 4761: 4270: 4265: 3752: 3071: 3016: 1618: 1096: 642: 458: 93: 3302: 2483: 5272: 5259: 5100: 5058: 4538: 4498: 4439: 4356: 4284: 4260: 3528: 3194: 2962: 2509: 2502: 2333: 2323: 1190: 1092: 680: 351: 280: 215: 162: 5191: 4434: 3102: 1745: 733: 271: 174: 27: 20: 4971: 3660: 1376:

The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information

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about other living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer.

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Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals

3561: 2230: 5249: 5153: 4892: 4668: 4615: 4588: 4518: 4493: 2428: 2363: 2301:, i.e., a document or recording that relates to or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. 577: 511: 247: 210: 3246:– obtain community input on whether or not a source meets our reliability standards for a particular use 5473: 5297: 5014: 4464: 4459: 4429: 4290: 4218: 4146:. How a troll used user-generated content to spread misinformation to TV.com, the IMDb, and Knowledge. 3204: 2981: 2490: 2372: 1310: 789: 483: 334: 188: 85: 4232: 1416:

Unless reported by a reliable source, leaks should not normally be used or cited directly in articles.

1197:—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. ( 5226: 5158: 5143: 4782: 4663: 4583: 4366: 4361: 3851:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3028: 3011: 2991: 2957: 2625: 1961: 1944:

is generally unacceptable. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and

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Any analysis or interpretation of the quoted material, however, should rely on a secondary source (

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When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as

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generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from

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It does not involve claims about third parties (such as people, organizations, or other entities).

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depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process.

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A deprecated source should not be used to support factual claims. While there are exceptions for

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Knowledge articles (and Knowledge mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose

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This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is

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Knowledge:Identifying and using primary sources § Examples of news reports as primary sources

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and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is

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news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis.

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Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the

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Knowledge:Verifiability#Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves

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and others and discussed on Knowledge, where incorrect details from articles added as

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Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Using the subject as a self-published source

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sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the

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How to Read a News Story About an Investigation: Eight Tips on Who Is Saying What

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and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should

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These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as

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Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Respect secondary sources

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Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information

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It does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject.

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Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

4107:

Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students

4059: 3876: 3636:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2011. Archived from 3513: 3457: 2667: 2004: 1984: 1953: 1888: 1542: 785: 3835: 1564:

For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Knowledge content.

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when using single studies in such fields. Studies relating to complex and

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Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Avoid gossip and feedback loops

2417:, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or 1791: 1772: 1294: 913: 5050: 3695:, which is broadly considered a questionable and prohibited source, per 2685:

Knowledge:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

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When editing a current-event article, keep in mind the tendency towards

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policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory.

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Knowledge:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources

1557:

It may be impossible to provide a stable source for the alleged ranking.

1152:, are less definitive and should be avoided. Secondary sources, such as 3994:"Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Health News Edition | On the Media" 3869: 3691: 2879: 2802: 2402: 2212: 2190: 2071: 2048: 1945: 1761: 1501: 1330: 4096: 3946:"Newspaper Alarmed When ChatGPT References Article It Never Published" 3756: 2533:

research especially with regard to making blanket statements based on

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make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article

1201:

Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Predatory journals

3298: 2894: 2798: 2224: 2052: 2040: 2016: 2008: 1455: 3450: 1046:

Knowledge:Verifiability § Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion

4143: 4021:"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?" 2185: 2028: 1992: 1302: 1237: 1149: 1113: 587: 2602: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2177: 2044: 1988: 1965: 1875: 1486:

Some news organizations may not publish their editorial policies.

1298: 1249: 1245: 687:. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see 4019:

Sun, Duxin; Gao, Wei; Hu, Hongxiang; Zhou, Simon (1 July 2022).

2085:

Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves

3089: 2882:. Specific blacklisted sources can be locally whitelisted; see 2583:

There is an important exception to sourcing statements of fact

2413:

in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable

2181: 2036: 2032: 2024: 1757: 1385: 1253: 26:"WP:IRS" redirects here. For independent reliable sources, see 3915:

of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge.

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investigative authorities to make official announcements. The

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are preferred when available, so as to provide proper context.

594: 4194: 3927:"Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief" 3347:

Please keep in mind that any exceptional claim would require

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Knowledge:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources

2223:

to help them to produce reports, or maliciously to generate "

2172:

The Knowledge article is not based primarily on such sources.

1640:..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate 1459: 1389: 1241: 887:

the information as it is presented in the Knowledge article (

16:

Content guideline for determining the reliability of a source

3074:, a program for accessing paywalled resources free of charge 4869: 3529:"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals" 3377:"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers" 2598: 2594: 2012: 1977: 1127: 3763: 2889: 2609:

Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

2242:

Knowledge:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources

1692:

Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the

694: 33:"WP:Reliability" redirects here. For the WikiProject, see 4074:"How long a new drug takes to go through clinical trials" 1506:

reliability should be judged based on the original source

1497: 1261:, and will always fail higher sourcing requirements like 88:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

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article. Such sources are essentially a single source.

980:, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing. 40:

For community input on the reliability of a source, see

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from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for

1193:, and that it is included in the relevant high-quality 811:"WP:PUBLISHED" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3964:"The Breaking News Consumer's Handbook | On the Media" 3319:

but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.

3169:

Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)

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Knowledge articles should be based mainly on reliable

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Knowledge:Verifiability § Newspaper and magazine blogs

3402:"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)" 3328:

A variety of these incidents have been documented by

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Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources

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Knowledge:Essay directory § Verifiability and sources

2618:

The exception for statements ABOUTSELF is covered at

2575: 1454:, whether written by the editors of the publication ( 905: 845:

means, for Knowledge's purposes, any source that was

3276: 2169:

There is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity.

1983:

Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources are

1636:

wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist

646:). If no reliable sources can be found on a topic, 2156:The material is neither unduly self-serving nor an 1732:

Knowledge:Conflict of interest § Covert advertising

3493:(4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?". 1470:, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact ( 2997:Inaccuracy § Appendix: Reliability in the context 2397:Knowledge:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) 1613:Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Bias in sources 953:newer sources are generally preferred in medicine 639:that have appeared in those sources are covered ( 5450: 4347:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources 4066: 4012: 3382:(3rd ed.). Scholarly Open Access. Archived from 2864:discussion of the source's own view on something 1862:Knowledge:Verifiability § Self-published sources 1409:Multiple sources should not be asserted for any 781:The creator of the work (the writer, journalist) 47:For a list of frequently discussed sources, see 3164:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content 1940:Content from websites whose content is largely 1335:For topics relating to health or medicine, see 1240:, such as those available on repositories like 701:Knowledge:Neutral point of view § Good research 670:Contentious material about living persons (or, 4509:Do not disrupt Knowledge to illustrate a point 3714:"'Predatory' Open-Access Scholarly Publishers" 3658: 3083:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request 3078:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources 2605:as a source for material about a living person 1804:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series 1468:statements attributed to that editor or author 5066: 4180: 3985: 3659:Malone Kircher, Madison (November 15, 2016). 3057:List of academic databases and search engines 2656:Knowledge:Notability (events) § Breaking news 2435:Knowledge:Fringe theories § Parity of sources 2198:Spurious sources produced by machine learning 1768:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1744:). Advertisements can be cited, but they are 1617:Knowledge articles are required to present a 612: 4935: 4018: 3807: 3622: 3130:(phrase doesn't mean what you think it does) 2839:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 1980:and other collaboratively created websites. 1698:Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information 778:The piece of work itself (the article, book) 49:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 19:"WP:RS" redirects here. For other uses, see 4841:Categories, lists, and navigation templates 3562:"'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy" 3426: 2123:It has been suggested that this section be 891:Knowledge:Citing sources § Inline citations 637:all majority and significant minority views 84:Editors should generally follow it, though 5073: 5059: 4187: 4173: 3943: 1810:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 1654:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 1473: 1042:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 648:Knowledge should not have an article on it 619: 605: 60:Knowledge:Verifiability § Reliable sources 5080: 4050: 3991: 3592: 3134:Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy 3002:Identifying and using independent sources 2188:. Use of self-sourced material should be 1829:Self-published sources (online and paper) 1694:reputation for fact-checking and accuracy 847:made available to the public in some form 76:This page documents an English Knowledge 3489: 3338:or otherwise have appeared in newspapers 3260:Knowledge Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches 3053:, a list of frequently discussed sources 2741:Knowledge:Reliable sources § Scholarship 2369:, may be used to mark areas of concern. 2262:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources 797:Any of the three can affect reliability. 784:The publisher of the work (for example, 722: 4131:Citogenesis (Where citations come from) 3291:The Creation Research Society Quarterly 2953:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) 1648:Questionable and self-published sources 685:Knowledge:Biographies of living persons 5451: 3992:Gladstone, Brooke (25 December 2015). 3848: 3744: 3702: 3671:from the original on November 16, 2016 3559: 3526: 3432: 3396: 3390: 3234:Current science and technology sources 3154:Identifying and using tertiary sources 3149:Identifying reliable sources (science) 3139:Identifying reliable sources (history) 2886:for other details about blacklisting. 2484:Knowledge:Manual of Style § Quotations 732:Articles should be based on reliable, 689:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 631:Knowledge articles should be based on 494:Deletion guidelines for administrators 42:Knowledge:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 5334:Converting between references formats 5054: 4168: 3924: 3893:from the original on 17 November 2018 3708: 3610:from the original on November 5, 2011 3574:from the original on October 16, 2011 3371: 3007:Identifying and using primary sources 2535:novel syntheses of disparate material 2312:(except as sources on themselves per 1822:The Times Higher Education Supplement 3769: 3541:from the original on 8 November 2017 2726:Knowledge:No disclaimers in articles 2112: 1625: 1541:Although the content guidelines for 143: 64: 5349:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 5288:Referencing without using templates 5283:Referencing with citation templates 5000:List of all policies and guidelines 3944:Tangermann, Victor (6 April 2023). 3661:"Fake Facebook news sites to avoid" 3471:from the original on April 13, 2013 3414:from the original on April 11, 2013 3215:Ye shall know them by their sources 3039:Knowledge:Advanced source searching 1450:Editorial commentary, analysis and 1336: 976:Sources of any age may be prone to 163:referencing for beginners help page 13: 5039:Summaries of values and principles 4880: 4718: 4481: 4307: 3683: 3560:Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). 3210:Knowledge is not a reliable source 3159:Identifying and using style guides 3144:Identifying reliable sources (law) 3051:Reliable sources/Perennial sources 2576:§ Editorial and opinion commentary 2211:reputable legal databases such as 1696:that this guideline requires. The 963: 906:§ Reliability in specific contexts 92:. When in doubt, discuss first on 14: 5485: 3849:Nestle, Marion (2 January 2007). 3750: 3732:from the original on 4 March 2016 3433:Butler, Declan (March 28, 2013). 3229:Change detection and notification 3067:List of online newspaper archives 2987:External links/Perennial websites 2672:Breaking News Consumer's Handbook 1795:evidence of being published in a 1632:appropriate, as in "The feminist 35:Knowledge:WikiProject Reliability 4949: 4946: 4877: 4694: 4641: 4638: 4571: 4568: 4524:Please do not bite the newcomers 4397: 4243: 3829:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009 3527:Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). 3062:List of digital library projects 2902:lists many templates, including 2740: 2446:Moon landing conspiracy theories 2349:, or article templates, such as 2231:Reliability in specific contexts 2116: 1816:Supplement to the London Gazette 1421:Editorial and opinion commentary 1324: 672:in some cases, recently deceased 147: 68: 5339:Reference display customization 3974:from the original on 2019-02-28 3956: 3937: 3918: 3905: 3842: 3786:from the original on 2014-03-05 3652: 3341: 3200:Vanity and predatory publishing 3181:(provides a ref-vetting method) 3108:Applying reliability guidelines 1164:POV and peer review in journals 1097:Knowledge:Neutral point of view 643:Knowledge:Neutral point of view 4117:How to Read a Secondary Source 3553: 3520: 3483: 3365: 3322: 3312: 3283: 3185:Potentially unreliable sources 3046:Free English newspaper sources 2719:current-event-related template 2503:Knowledge:No original research 1887:use self-published sources as 1458:) or outside authors (invited 1093:Knowledge:No original research 681:Knowledge:No original research 1: 5106:Biographies of living persons 4534:Responding to threats of harm 4276:Biographies of living persons 3795:Conflicts-of-interest section 3634:Scholarly definition document 3604:Scholarly definition document 3128:Don't "teach the controversy" 2454:biographies of living persons 2236:Biographies of living persons 2140:Proposed since December 2023. 1700:might have a reputation for " 1568:Biased or opinionated sources 1512:Vendor and e-commerce sources 664:biographies of living persons 237:Don't disrupt to make a point 28:Knowledge:Independent sources 5459:Knowledge content guidelines 4601:Criteria for speedy deletion 4470:Paid-contribution disclosure 4123:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4109:, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also 4103:How to Read a Primary Source 3299:blog comments as peer review 3244:Reliable sources/Noticeboard 2853:reliable sources noticeboard 2833:Knowledge:Deprecated sources 2662:Knowledge is not a newspaper 1950:newspaper and magazine blogs 973:with new secondary sources. 971:must be periodically updated 417:Categories, lists, templates 7: 5344:References and page numbers 5278:Introduction to referencing 4025:Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 3925:Moran, Lyle (30 May 2023). 3507:10.1126/science.342.6154.60 3295:Journal of Frontier Science 2723: 2573: 2500: 1471: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1198: 1156:, textbooks, and scholarly 1090: 903: 888: 640: 633:reliable, published sources 258:Other behavioral guidelines 10: 5490: 5464:Knowledge reliable sources 5293:Referencing dos and don'ts 4037:10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.002 3179:Reliable sources checklist 3093: 3032: 2836: 2830: 2812: 2771: 2653: 2647: 2629: 2548: 2513: 2481: 2463: 2432: 2394: 2376: 2290: 2265: 2258:, not just article space. 2239: 2106: 2088: 2081:is not a reliable source. 1900: 1859: 1834: 1729: 1711: 1662: 1651: 1610: 1571: 1515: 1424: 1382:Knowledge is not the place 1311:United Press International 1273: 1208: 1066: 1039: 1021: 987: 958:Sometimes sources are too 917: 856: 821: 810: 790:Cambridge University Press 747: 704: 698: 100: 94:this guideline's talk page 53: 46: 39: 32: 25: 18: 5438:Parenthetical referencing 5428: 5412: 5357: 5306: 5273:Citations quick reference 5258: 5240:Punctuation and footnotes 5225: 5172: 5136: 5088: 4994: 4934: 4867: 4833: 4775: 4730: 4715: 4691: 4681: 4628: 4558: 4478: 4394: 4384: 4304: 4240: 4230: 4206: 3029:Locating reliable sources 1748:and should be treated as 895:Knowledge:Inline citation 263:WMF friendly space policy 58:on reliable sources, see 5192:Citation Style Vancouver 3174:Reliable source examples 2843:Knowledge:Spam blacklist 1367:Human interest reporting 1185:be treated similarly to 1087:Prefer secondary sources 399:Other editing guidelines 362:Other content guidelines 231:Don't bite the newcomers 155:This page in a nutshell: 5469:Knowledge verifiability 5089:Policies and guidelines 4977:Licensing and copyright 4197:policies and guidelines 3858:Public Health Nutrition 3270:WikiProject Reliability 3190:Tertiary-source fallacy 3123:Dictionaries as sources 2941:Policies and guidelines 2762:in pre-clinical testing 2597:, websites, webforums, 1976:hosting services, most 1474:§ Statements of opinion 655:Knowledge:Verifiability 5358:Template documentation 3722:The Charleston Advisor 1895:User-generated content 1872:publish their own book 1259:self-published sources 1187:self-published sources 984:Usage by other sources 744:Definition of a source 729: 676: 21:WP:RS (disambiguation) 5082:Knowledge referencing 4972:Friendly space policy 4762:Broad-concept article 4271:What Knowledge is not 4266:Neutral point of view 3640:on September 10, 2011 3570:. Salon Media Group. 3351:, and this is policy. 3250:Reliable sources quiz 3072:The Knowledge Library 3017:Reliable sources/Cost 2758:awaiting FDA approval 2648:Further information: 2545:Statements of opinion 2482:Further information: 2334:primary source-inline 1619:neutral point of view 1464:letters to the editor 1361:conflicts of interest 1191:accredited university 1040:Further information: 1018:Some types of sources 962:to use, such as with 726: 699:Further information: 668: 347:Don't copy long texts 5128:Scientific citations 5101:No original research 4539:Talk page guidelines 4499:Conflict of interest 4440:Ownership of content 4285:Copyright violations 4261:No original research 3712:(25 February 2015). 3195:Tiers of reliability 2992:How to mine a source 2963:No original research 2405:information include 1866:Anyone can create a 1742:influencer marketing 1659:Questionable sources 1307:Agence France-Presse 1104:Reliable scholarship 281:Talk page guidelines 216:Conflict of interest 175:Knowledge guidelines 5245:Shortened footnotes 4435:No personal attacks 4357:Don't create hoaxes 3759:on 11 January 2017. 3606:. Princeton. 2011. 3349:exceptional sources 3103:Articles on sources 2968:Non-English sources 2884:Knowledge:Blacklist 2857:conspiracy theories 2849:request for comment 1889:independent sources 1644:believed that...". 1630:in-text attribution 1359:and disclosures of 813:Knowledge:Published 635:, making sure that 352:Don't create hoaxes 157:Knowledge requires 5260:Help for beginners 5212:Citation templates 5164:Referencing styles 5030:List of guidelines 4851:Template namespace 4529:Courtesy vanishing 4504:Disruptive editing 4450:Dispute resolution 4078:Cancer Research UK 3870:10.1079/PHN2001253 3800:2018-12-30 at the 3689:An example is the 3534:The New York Times 3407:The New York Times 3386:on 5 January 2017. 3375:(1 January 2015). 3305:2019-04-20 at the 2932:unreliable source? 2809:Deprecated sources 2606: 2510:Academic consensus 2419:medical guidelines 2411:systematic reviews 2401:Ideal sources for 2364:refimprove science 2311: 2151: 2064:review aggregators 1962:social media sites 1789:supplement is not 1384:for passing along 1270:News organizations 1174:Predatory journals 1170:Predatory journals 1053:attributed in-text 798: 730: 638: 564:Naming conventions 342:Offensive material 226:Disruptive editing 221:Courtesy vanishing 5474:Knowledge sources 5446: 5445: 5420:Knowledge Library 5250:Nesting footnotes 5154:Combining sources 5048: 5047: 4990: 4989: 4930: 4929: 4893:Project namespace 4863: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4800:Dates and numbers 4767:Understandability 4677: 4676: 4624: 4623: 4616:Revision deletion 4589:Proposed deletion 4554: 4553: 4519:Gaming the system 4494:Assume good faith 4380: 4379: 4080:. 21 October 2014 3770:Fees, F. (2016), 3665:New York Magazine 3445:(7442): 421–422. 3400:(April 7, 2013). 3297:(the latter uses 3289:Examples include 3035:Help:Find sources 2975:Information pages 2851:, usually at the 2754:disease mongering 2588: 2450:parity of sources 2324:original research 2309: 2299:secondary sources 2202:In recent years, 2158:exceptional claim 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2077:In particular, a 1948:blogs (excluding 1868:personal web page 1737:Sponsored content 1708:Sponsored content 1397:circular sourcing 1179:Journal hijacking 1126:or lists such as 867:WP:CONTEXTMATTERS 796: 657:, which requires 636: 629: 628: 434: 433: 394:Understandability 293: 292: 248:Gaming the system 211:Assume good faith 169: 168: 142: 141: 78:content guideline 5481: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5314:Cite link labels 5298:Citing Knowledge 5227:Inline citations 5217:Reflist template 5187:Citation Style 2 5182:Citation Style 1 5111:Reliable sources 5075: 5068: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5025: 5024: 5015:List of policies 5010: 5009: 4967:List of policies 4954: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4868:Project content 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4465:Child protection 4460:No legal threats 4430:Ignore all rules 4402: 4401: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4335:Reliable sources 4312: 4311: 4310: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4219:Ignore all rules 4201: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4133:, xkcd comic by 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4031:(7): 3049–3062. 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3864:(5): 1015–1022. 3855: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3811: 3805: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3755:. Archived from 3751:Beall, Jeffrey. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3579: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3369: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3287: 3255:Source criticism 3205:Knowledge clones 2982:Common knowledge 2936: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2914: 2908: 2825: 2791: 2784: 2763: 2728: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2642: 2579: 2561: 2526: 2505: 2476: 2415:medical journals 2389: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2306:tertiary sources 2285: 2278: 2204:machine learning 2150:about themselves 2138: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2101: 2057:self referencing 1997:Famous Birthdays 1934: 1932:WP:USERGENERATED 1927: 1920: 1913: 1854: 1847: 1724: 1682: 1675: 1605: 1598: 1596:WP:BIASEDSOURCES 1591: 1584: 1535: 1528: 1491:News aggregators 1477: 1444: 1437: 1351: 1340: 1337:§ Medical claims 1328: 1315:Associated Press 1286: 1228: 1221: 1204: 1148:fields, such as 1138:Isolated studies 1124:citation indexes 1099: 1079: 1057:sources disagree 1034: 1007: 1000: 944: 937: 930: 909: 897: 885:directly support 876: 869: 834: 760: 717: 666:, which states: 659:inline citations 645: 621: 614: 607: 595: 484:Deletion process 378: 377: 337: 336:Non-free content 318:Reliable sources 238: 205: 204: 171: 170: 159:inline citations 151: 150: 144: 134: 127: 120: 113: 72: 71: 65: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5424: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5302: 5254: 5221: 5168: 5159:Offline sources 5144:Citation needed 5132: 5084: 5079: 5049: 5044: 5022: 5021: 5007: 5006: 4986: 4950: 4948: 4926: 4881: 4879: 4855: 4829: 4783:Manual of Style 4771: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4695: 4693: 4673: 4669:Page protection 4642: 4640: 4620: 4584:Deletion policy 4572: 4570: 4550: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4398: 4396: 4376: 4367:Patent nonsense 4362:Fringe theories 4308: 4306: 4300: 4244: 4242: 4226: 4202: 4193: 4154:Benjamin Wittes 4099: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3923: 3919: 3913:this discussion 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3812: 3808: 3802:Wayback Machine 3789: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3577: 3575: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3501:(6154): 60–65. 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3451:10.1038/495421a 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3307:Wayback Machine 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3224: 3219: 3098: 3092: 3087: 3041: 3031: 3026: 3012:Offline sources 2977: 2972: 2958:Fringe theories 2943: 2934: 2928: 2923: 2921:citation needed 2917: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2892: 2845: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2823:WP:RSDEPRECATED 2821: 2817: 2811: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2539:Review articles 2530: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2437: 2431: 2429:Fringe theories 2399: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2354:primary sources 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2320:Primary sources 2295: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2200: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2068:Rotten Tomatoes 1958:Internet forums 1938: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1880:Internet forums 1878:, and posts on 1864: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1746:non-independent 1734: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1673:WP:QUESTIONABLE 1671: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1642:Barry Goldwater 1615: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1493: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1213: 1158:review articles 1120:Citation counts 1083: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1011: 1010: 1003: 996: 992: 986: 948: 947: 940: 933: 926: 922: 916: 880: 879: 872: 865: 861: 855: 853:Context matters 838: 837: 830: 826: 820: 809: 764: 763: 756: 752: 746: 721: 720: 713: 709: 703: 697: 625: 596: 588: 503:Project content 449:Manual of Style 357:Patent nonsense 335: 330:Fringe theories 236: 184:Guidelines list 148: 138: 137: 130: 123: 116: 109: 105: 97: 69: 63: 52: 45: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5395: 5384: 5373: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Citation tools 5316: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:Reference-tags 5264: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5174:Citing sources 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5137:General advice 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5123:Citing sources 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5018: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4982:Privacy policy 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4889: 4887: 4872: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4846:Categorization 4843: 4837: 4835: 4834:Classification 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Disambiguation 4749: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4725: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4707:Editing policy 4703: 4701: 4686: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654:Administrators 4650: 4648: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4389: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4372:External links 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4330:Citing sources 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4296:Article titles 4293: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4195:Knowledge key 4192: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4147: 4137: 4135:Randall Munroe 4128: 4114: 4098: 4097:External links 4095: 4092: 4091: 4065: 4011: 3984: 3955: 3936: 3917: 3904: 3841: 3806: 3762: 3743: 3710:Beall, Jeffrey 3701: 3682: 3651: 3630:"Book reviews" 3621: 3600:"Book reviews" 3591: 3552: 3519: 3491:Bohannon, John 3482: 3425: 3389: 3373:Beall, Jeffrey 3363: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3340: 3321: 3311: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2948:Citing sources 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2926: 2915: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2793: 2792: 2789:WP:RSHEADLINES 2785: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2750:press releases 2680:recentism bias 2644: 2643: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2591:self-published 2586: 2570:opinion pieces 2563: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2373:Medical claims 2371: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2199: 2196: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2144: 2143: 2121: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2021:Know Your Meme 1942:user-generated 1936: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1750:self-published 1726: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1607: 1606: 1603:WP:ACCORDINGTO 1599: 1592: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1543:external links 1537: 1536: 1529: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1452:opinion pieces 1446: 1445: 1442:WP:RSEDITORIAL 1438: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1374: 1371:Junk food news 1364: 1353: 1342: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1195:citation index 1167: 1161: 1135: 1117: 1107: 1101: 1081: 1080: 1077:WP:SCHOLARSHIP 1072: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1036: 1035: 1032:WP:SOURCETYPES 1027: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1008: 1005:WP:USEBYOTHERS 1001: 993: 988: 985: 982: 946: 945: 938: 931: 928:WP:AGE MATTERS 923: 918: 915: 912: 886: 878: 877: 870: 862: 857: 854: 851: 836: 835: 827: 822: 808: 804:Definition of 802: 794: 793: 782: 779: 762: 761: 753: 748: 745: 742: 719: 718: 710: 705: 696: 693: 627: 626: 624: 623: 616: 609: 601: 598: 597: 592: 590: 586: 584: 581: 580: 574: 573: 572: 571: 566: 558: 557: 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 538: 537: 536: 526: 521: 520: 519: 506: 505: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 486: 478: 477: 471: 470: 469: 468: 467: 466: 461: 456: 443: 442: 436: 435: 432: 431: 430: 429: 427:Disambiguation 424: 422:Categorization 419: 411: 410: 408:Categorization 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 374: 373: 367: 366: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 332: 327: 326: 325: 315: 313:External links 310: 308:Citing sources 302: 301: 295: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 275: 274: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 201: 200: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 178: 177: 167: 166: 152: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132:WP:RELIABILITY 128: 121: 114: 106: 101: 98: 83: 82: 73: 54:For Knowledge 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5486: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:Cite messages 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307:Advanced help 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Verifiability 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4945: 4942: 4933: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4866: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4795:Accessibility 4793: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4740:Summary style 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4690: 4687: 4680: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4637: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4564: 4557: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4390: 4383: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325:Autobiography 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Verifiability 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823:(2): 108–13. 3822: 3818: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3782: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3644:September 22, 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3614:September 22, 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3585:Debbie Nathan 3573: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Cherrypicking 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2720: 2717:, or another 2713: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2641: 2640:WP:RSBREAKING 2637: 2636: 2633: 2626:Breaking news 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2507: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2370: 2365: 2355: 2345: 2344:better source 2335: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2314:WP:SELFSOURCE 2307: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2099:WP:SELFSOURCE 2096: 2095: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:content farms 1951: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911:WP:TWITTERREF 1908: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1777:ads disguised 1774: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1681: 1680:WP:QUESTIONED 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:Harry Magdoff 1635: 1634:Betty Friedan 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1614: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1325:§ Scholarship 1320: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:news agencies 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154:meta-analyses 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110:Dissertations 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1015: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 991: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 964:breaking news 961: 956: 954: 943: 942:WP:OLDSOURCES 939: 936: 932: 929: 925: 924: 921: 911: 907: 899: 896: 892: 884: 875: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 850: 848: 844: 843: 833: 829: 828: 825: 818: 814: 807: 801: 791: 787: 783: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 769: 759: 755: 754: 751: 741: 739: 735: 725: 716: 712: 711: 708: 702: 692: 690: 686: 682: 675: 673: 667: 665: 660: 656: 651: 649: 644: 634: 622: 617: 615: 610: 608: 603: 602: 600: 599: 583: 582: 579: 576: 575: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559: 556: 553: 552: 547: 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