164:
1245:
females after voiceless consonants: 87% (n=405), after voiced consonants: 38% (n=367). In contrast: only 7% of words in compound uttered by informants of both sexes contained such vowels. The authors try to link this with historical vowels, but as they don’t take into account that aspirated consonants were historically disallowed in word-final position, this line of argument is not very convincing.
240:
1244:
Köke and Sodubaγatur (1996): 10-14. They assume voicedness and not aspiration to be distinctive and give the following rations: males after voiceless consonants: 94% (n=384; “n” is the number of appropriate words uttered by speakers during a phonetic test), after voiced consonants: 53% (n=371),
1328:, but at least the full exclusive paradigm is exceedingly rare at least in writing and not reproduced in more recent (while somewhat prescriptive) grammars, e.g. Önörbajan (2004): 202-217. The exceedingly frequent form (instead of <namajg> doesn't seem to be mentioned anywhere.
422:< *ei. The maximal syllable structure is CVCC. In word-final position, non-phonemic vowels often appear after aspirated and sometimes after unaspirated consonants. They are more frequent in male speech and almost totally disappear in compounds. The
861:
does occur with other pronominal stems as well. This does not lead to confusion as the genitive is formed with mid-opened instead of closed front vowels, e.g. the 2. person singular
1373:
Sečenbaγatur (2003): 140-141; forms like <-lgüi dee> are quite frequent in
Khalkha, but it is difficult to assess their exact grammatical status without some research.
1355:
Sečenbaγatur (2003): 134 asserts this, but doesn't provide conclusive evidence. However, compare
Ashimura (2002) for Jarud where such a process has taken place
1501:
941:'only if', which is absent in Khalkha, sometimes occurs. Chakhar has the same core declarative finite forms as Khalkha, but in addition
336:
In a broader definition, the
Chakhar group contains the varieties Chakhar proper, Urat, Darkhan, Muumingan, Dörben Küüket, Keshigten of
1108:
while (<*k) and (<*p) that occur in loanwords and native words alike are only allophones of /x/ and /b/ in native words.
298:
1585:
345:
263:
112:
1859:
687:
677:
290:
1849:
1494:
652:
620:
294:
1080:
1072:
658:
1814:
613:
1396:
937:
849:
843:
820:
814:
808:
796:
792:
788:
784:
771:
419:
411:
407:
403:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
371:
1854:
1487:
1036:
183:
348:
normative pronunciation is based on the variety of
Chakhar proper as spoken in the Shuluun Köke banner.
743:
728:
701:
694:
636:
584:
577:
568:
556:
540:
526:
493:
479:
629:
318:
902:(from Chinese 吧 ba) 'if' and -ja (from 也 yè) 'although' which seem to be allomorphs of the suffixes
1046:
802:
Large numbers are counted according to the
Chinese counting system in powers of 10.000. Collective
322:
1800:
1734:
594:
533:
519:
314:
1420:
Mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiyan-u kiri kem-i silγaqu kötülbüri nayiraγulqu doγuyilang (2003):
1312:
Sečenbaγatur (2003): 92-95, 100 for
Chakhar; see Poppe (1951): 71-72 for Khalkha. He also gives
868:
is in
Chakhar and usually in Khalkha. The 3. person stems don't employ any oblique stems. The
1807:
1791:
1632:
1413:
Köke and Sodubaγatur (1996): Čaqar aman ayalγun-u üge-yin ečüs-ün boγuni egesig-ün tuqai. In:
803:
721:
486:
472:
1710:
1578:
1456:
549:
1159:(2005): 565, this extension relates to administrative areas in the following way: next to
1155:
Janhunen (2003): 179, Sečenbaγatur (2003): 7; judging from a map provided by Sečenbaγatur
879:, while at least in written Khalkha anything but the genitive form <manai> is rare.
8:
1637:
1469:
1600:
1541:
1510:
1063:
1057:
835:
832:
502:
107:
102:
90:
1209:(2005): 22-25 in assuming that short vowels in non-initial syllables are non-phonemic.
218:
1715:
1546:
1068:
399:
270:
226:
1778:
1662:
1650:
1616:
1590:
1024:
991:
966:
776:
144:
386:
has phoneme status only due to its occurrence as word-initial vowel in words like
1764:
1691:
1685:
1605:
1561:
1536:
1321:
970:
838:
341:
340:. In a very broad and controversial definition, it also contains the dialects of
286:
245:
98:
82:
1757:
273:
and is the basis for the standard pronunciation of
Mongolian in Inner Mongolia.
1830:
1771:
1720:
1702:
1680:
1655:
1645:
1556:
1551:
1441:
894:
functions as its free allomorph. On the other hand, there are some distinctive
326:
266:
174:
137:
53:
1843:
763:
379:
306:
302:
1571:
1566:
330:
1750:
755:
415:
1743:
883:
876:
1479:
1160:
869:
865:
780:
423:
357:
211:
199:
1128:"Mongγul kele bičig-ün aǰil-un ǰöblel". See Sečenbaγatur, 2005: 204.
1317:
1168:
962:
862:
759:
368:
361:
762:
as
Khalkha with approximately the same forms. There is a peculiar
1406:
Janhunen, Juha (2003): Mongol dialects. In: Juha
Janhunen (ed.):
1180:
1164:
895:
828:
337:
310:
249:
63:
1422:
Mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiyan-u kiri kem-i silγaqu kötülbüri
841:(in which the idiosyncratic accusative stem is replaced) can be
831:
system is much like that of Khalkha. The colloquial form of the
382:. All have long counterparts and some diphthongs exist as well.
1176:
1172:
1088:
766:
1015:
1006:
806:
can be combined with approximative numeral suffixes. So while
997:
365:
169:
1472:, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005):
1453:
The Chakhar dialect of Mongol - A morphological description
824:'as a group of about ten' seems to be peculiar to Chakhar.
239:
1000:
398:(<*i) does occur in pharyngeal words as well. Through
1464:
Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal
875:
has an almost complete case paradigm only excluding the
1167:, Chakhar in its broadest extension would be spoken in
787:. The reflexive-possessive suffixes retain their final
1466:. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
1431:. Kökeqota: öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
1424:. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
1205:
The analysis used in this article follows Svantesson
1012:
890:
expresses potentiality, not desire, and consequently
779:<ödege>) 'upwards' and that seems to be a free
746:
vowels have phoneme status only in pharyngeal words.
1438:. Ulaanbaatar: Mongol ulsyn bolovsrolyn ih surguul'.
1395:
Ashimura, Takashi (2002): Mongorugo jarōto gengo no
1003:
994:
344:such as Üjümchin, Sönit, Abaga, and Shilinhot. The
333:, with a number of approximately 100,000 speakers.
252:(green) in which Chakhar is spoken (lighter shade).
281:There are three different definitions of the word
1841:
1050:
1040:
1028:
914:might have acquired converbal status. Finally,
406:<*e is to be observed in some words such as
32:
910:of common Mongolian origin. The finite suffix
749:
276:
1495:
947:
924:
916:
285:. First, there is Chakhar proper, spoken in
818:'as a group of ten' a common in Mongolian,
1502:
1488:
238:
16:Mongolian variety of Inner Mongolia, China
965:peculiar to the Chakhar dialect are from
426:phonemes (again excluding loanwords) are
264:Mongolian spoken in the central region of
1104:
1102:
188:Council for Language and Literature Work
1842:
1509:
1429:Barim/ǰiy-a abiy-a - Čaqar aman ayalγu
1179:area and the very western part of the
374:and the non-pharyngeal vowel phonemes
1483:
1415:Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli 1996/3
1099:
1062:
1056:
431:
1476:. New York: Oxford University Press.
922:('if ... then ...') has turned into
882:Chakhar has approximately the same
75:100 000 (2003, Chakhar proper)
13:
795:<*-ban etc., while Khalkha has
758:of Chakhar has the same number of
14:
1871:
1436:Orčin cagijn mongol helnij üg züj
1401:Tōkyō daigaku gengogaku ronshū 21
727:
720:
700:
693:
686:
676:
657:
651:
635:
628:
619:
612:
593:
583:
576:
567:
555:
548:
539:
532:
525:
518:
501:
492:
485:
478:
471:
410:< *ene ‘this’, rather than in
990:
953:to indicate strong probability.
775:, that has developed from *ödö (
269:. It is phonologically close to
162:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1281:Sečenbaγatur 2003: 43-44, 49-50
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1238:
295:Plain and Bordered White Banner
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1093:
1084:
1076:
1041:
1029:
983:
33:
1:
1446:Khalkha-mongolische Grammatik
1410:. London: Routledge: 177–191.
1115:
414:'kite (bird)'. However, long
364:, Chakhar has the pharyngeal
1462:Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005):
1364:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 132-133
1346:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 130-131
1337:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 126-127
351:
7:
1448:. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
1290:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 70, 75
1175:, the northern part of the
1051:
750:Word classes and morphology
319:Chakhar Right Middle Banner
277:Location and classification
10:
1876:
1860:Central Mongolic languages
1474:The Phonology of Mongolian
1382:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 16-18
956:
870:1. person plural exclusive
323:Chakhar Right Front Banner
1824:
1790:
1733:
1701:
1673:
1625:
1526:
1517:
853:, and the alternation of
712:
671:
650:
643:
604:
511:
467:
442:
439:
436:
433:
315:Chakhar Right Rear Banner
237:
225:
209:
197:
192:
182:
157:Official language in
155:
150:
134:
79:
69:
59:
49:
42:
31:
26:
21:
1263:MKBAKKSKND (2003): 31-35
1146:Janhunen (2003): 179-180
976:
1850:Agglutinative languages
1399:no yōhō ni tsuite. In:
948:
925:
917:
1434:Önörbajan, C. (2004):
1408:The Mongolic languages
1137:Sečenbaγatur (2003): 6
299:Bordered Yellow Banner
1451:Sechenbaatar (2003):
145:Traditional Mongolian
1586:Peripheral Mongolian
1470:Svantesson, Jan-Olof
1457:Finno-Ugrian society
1064:[ˈt͡sʰaχə̆r]
1058:[ˈt͡ɕʰɑχə̆r]
418:vowels also include
113:Peripheral Mongolian
1815:Classical Mongolian
1272:MKBAKKSKND 2003: 30
1081:traditional Chinese
1855:Mongolic languages
1511:Mongolic languages
1094:Cháhā'ěr or Cháhār
1073:simplified Chinese
1837:
1836:
1831:extinct languages
1729:
1728:
1533:Buryat–Mongolian
1069:Khalkha Mongolian
741:
740:
400:lexical diffusion
394:'to kill'), thus
291:Plain Blue Banner
257:
256:
184:Regulated by
1867:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1442:Poppe, Nicholaus
1398:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:Norčin 2001: 148
1252:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:Mongolian script
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
987:
951:
939:
928:
920:
886:as Khalkha, but
851:
845:
822:
816:
812:'about ten' and
810:
798:
794:
790:
786:
777:Mongolian script
773:
731:
724:
704:
697:
690:
680:
661:
655:
639:
632:
623:
616:
597:
587:
580:
571:
559:
552:
543:
536:
529:
522:
505:
496:
489:
482:
475:
429:
428:
421:
413:
409:
405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
373:
262:is a variety of
244:Subdivisions of
242:
233:
221:
202:
168:
166:
165:
140:
95:Central Mongolic
85:
38:
37:
36:
19:
18:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1820:
1786:
1725:
1697:
1669:
1621:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1427:Norčin (2001):
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1222:(2005): 209-213
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1030:
1011:
993:
989:
988:
984:
979:
959:
930:, and the form
752:
378:that adhere to
376:/ə/,/i/,/o/,/u/
372:/ɑ/,/ɪ/,/ɔ/,/ʊ/
354:
346:Inner Mongolian
342:Xilingol League
287:Xilingol League
279:
253:
231:
217:
198:
163:
161:
158:
151:Official status
141:
136:
130:
86:
83:Language family
81:
72:
71:Native speakers
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1801:Proto-Mongolic
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1460:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1224:
1211:
1198:
1185:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1098:
981:
980:
978:
975:
958:
955:
783:of the common
751:
748:
739:
738:
736:
734:
732:
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
709:
707:
705:
698:
691:
684:
682:
673:
669:
668:
666:
664:
662:
649:
647:
645:
641:
640:
633:
626:
624:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
601:
599:
590:
588:
581:
574:
572:
565:
561:
560:
553:
546:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
513:
509:
508:
506:
499:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
390:'to win' (vs.
356:Excluding the
353:
350:
278:
275:
267:Inner Mongolia
255:
254:
243:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
215:
207:
206:
203:
195:
194:
193:Language codes
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
178:
177:
175:Inner Mongolia
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:Writing system
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
54:Inner Mongolia
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
44:
40:
39:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1872:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:Middle Mongol
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1735:Para-Mongolic
1732:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Eastern Yugur
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1299:Sečenbaγatur
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1231:Sečenbaγatur
1228:
1221:
1218:Sečenbaγatur
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1192:Sečenbaγatur
1189:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1026:
1020:
986:
982:
974:
972:
968:
964:
954:
952:
950:
944:
940:
933:
929:
927:
921:
919:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
840:
837:
834:
830:
825:
823:
817:
811:
805:
800:
782:
778:
774:
768:
765:
764:Allative case
761:
757:
747:
745:
737:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
667:
665:
663:
660:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
609:
607:
603:
600:
596:
591:
589:
586:
582:
579:
575:
573:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
504:
500:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
430:
427:
425:
417:
401:
381:
380:vowel harmony
370:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Taibus Banner
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
251:
248:(orange) and
247:
241:
236:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
213:
208:
204:
201:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
172:
171:
160:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
133:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
43:Pronunciation
41:
30:
25:
20:
1826:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1690:
1595:
1518:Contemporary
1473:
1463:
1455:. Helsinki:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1390:Bibliography
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1092:
985:
960:
946:
942:
935:
931:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
881:
872:
858:
854:
848:
842:
826:
819:
813:
807:
801:
770:
753:
742:
463:Palatalised
457:Palatalised
451:Palatalised
355:
335:
282:
280:
259:
258:
232:mn-u-sd-cnnm
210:
117:
1638:Shirongolic
1579:Sart Kalmyk
1320:(excluding
1316:and a full
1303:(2005): 390
1235:(2005): 224
884:participles
847:instead of
756:case system
744:Palatalized
416:monophthong
1844:Categories
1792:Historical
1403:: 147-200.
1322:nominative
1196:(2005): 85
1116:References
877:nominative
839:accusative
829:pronominal
644:Affricate
605:Fricative
564:Voiceless
360:of recent
1829:indicate
1711:Qoqmončaq
1617:Khamnigan
1542:Mongolian
1161:Xilin Gol
963:loanwords
938:mand͡ʒï̆n
866:honorific
833:1. person
781:allomorph
760:morphemes
437:Alveolar
424:consonant
362:loanwords
358:phonology
352:Phonology
309:, and in
307:Dolonnuur
212:Glottolog
200:ISO 639-3
108:Mongolian
103:Mongolian
60:Ethnicity
1716:Tangwang
1642:Baoanic
1626:Southern
1601:Khorchin
1520:Mongolic
1444:(1951):
1318:paradigm
1169:Bayannur
1037:Cyrillic
898:such as
896:converbs
863:genitive
836:singular
804:numerals
512:Plosive
440:Palatal
369:phonemes
246:Xilingol
219:chah1241
91:Mongolic
1827:Italics
1779:Tuyuhun
1663:Monguor
1651:Kangjia
1596:Chakhar
1562:Darkhad
1547:Khalkha
1527:Central
1417:: 9-20.
1181:Ulanhad
1165:Ulanqab
967:Chinese
957:Lexicon
821:ɑrwɑdʊl
785:-rʊ/-ru
772:-ʊd/-ud
672:Liquid
515:Voiced
460:Normal
454:Normal
448:Normal
434:Labial
338:Ulanqab
311:Ulanqab
289:in the
283:Chakhar
271:Khalkha
260:Chakhar
250:Ulanqab
118:Chakhar
64:Chahars
22:Chakhar
1765:Khitan
1692:Rouran
1686:Moghol
1591:Baarin
1572:Torgut
1567:Kalmyk
1557:Alasha
1537:Buryat
1324:) for
1301:et al.
1233:et al.
1220:et al.
1207:et al.
1194:et al.
1177:Hohhot
1173:Baotou
1157:et al.
1091::
1089:pinyin
1083::
1075::
971:Manchu
791:(thus
767:suffix
713:Trill
468:Nasal
443:Velar
331:Quvadė
167:
99:Buryat
27:Chahar
1772:Tuoba
1751:Serbi
1721:Wutun
1703:mixed
1681:Dagur
1674:other
1656:Santa
1646:Bonan
1606:Ordos
1552:Oirat
1314:~tanä
1052:Cahar
1047:Latin
1042:Цахар
1031:ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ
977:Notes
961:Most
949:-lgui
926:-xnar
918:-xlar
908:-bt͡ʃ
850:nadïɡ
815:ɑrwʊl
809:ɑrwɑd
412:/ələ/
392:ɑlɑ̆x
388:ɪlɑ̆x
366:vowel
327:Šaŋdu
170:China
35:ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ
1758:Duan
1744:Awar
1397:-lɛː
1326:man-
1163:and
969:and
945:and
943:-xui
932:-man
906:and
904:-bal
892:-xar
888:-mar
873:man-
844:nadï
827:The
754:The
408:/in/
329:and
227:IETF
1085:察哈爾
1077:察哈尔
1071:);
1067:in
912:-la
900:-ba
799:).
793:-ɑŋ
659:d͡ʒ
653:t͡ʃ
420:/e/
404:/i/
396:/i/
384:/ɪ/
313:in
305:in
1846::
1171:,
1101:^
1087:;
1079:;
1055:,
1049::
1045:,
1039::
1035:,
1027::
1023:;
1016:ər
1010:,-
1007:ər
998:tʃ
973:.
934:~
859:ig
857:~
797:-ɑ
789:-ŋ
769:,
729:rʲ
695:lʲ
656:,
637:xʲ
585:tʲ
557:ɡʲ
541:dʲ
527:bʲ
494:nʲ
480:mʲ
402:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
1459:.
1183:.
1061:(
1019:/
1013:k
1004:h
1001:æ
995:ˈ
992:/
936:-
855:i
722:r
702:j
688:l
681:)
678:w
675:(
630:x
621:ʃ
614:s
598:)
595:k
592:(
578:t
569:p
550:ɡ
534:d
520:b
503:ŋ
487:n
473:m
205:–
101:–
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