4788:
5616:
4777:
1404:
5154: with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the
2190:
4475:
3312:
national conversation regarding government policies and reforms. In July 2019, the
President of Kazakhstan announced a concept of a 'listening state' that quickly and efficiently responds to all constructive requests of the country's citizens. A law will be passed to allow representatives from other parties to hold chair positions on some Parliamentary committees, to foster alternative views and opinions. The minimum membership threshold needed to register a political party will be reduced from 40,000 to 20,000 members. Special places for peaceful rallies in central areas will be allocated and a new draft law outlining the rights and obligations of organisers, participants and observers will be passed. In an effort to increase public safety, President Tokayev has strengthened the penalties for those who commit crimes against individuals.
3864:
4333:(SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $ 21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country's GDP, with $ 4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector. During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2 percent in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5 percent and 5 percent in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Kazakhstan's government continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.
5123:
6732:
16690:
5111:
95:
4960:(EBRD) and Kazakhstan created the partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$ 2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy. As of May 2014, Kazakhstan had attracted $ 190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it led the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita. The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" had been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improve policy to attract FDI. China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the
6114:
period before a strong
Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, and didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.
4214:, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention." However, Kazakhstan has achieved significant progress in reducing the prison population. The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform." Some critics of the government have been
3210:
3521:
6012:. Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century. There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited
3548:
21570:
21333:
19112:
4526:
2600:
3745:
172:
14912:
18962:
21540:
2835:
21450:
5096:, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Kazakhstan a score of 39. When ranked by score, Kazakhstan ranked 93rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18.
20603:
3217:
3904:
4560:), up 22.7 percent compared to 2002, including natural gas production of 7.3 billion cubic metres (260 billion cubic feet). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion tonnes (3.9 billion long tons; 4.4 billion short tons) of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometres (480 cubic miles) of gas. Kazakhstan is the 19th largest oil-producing nation in the world. Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $ 7 billion, representing 65 percent of overall exports and 24 percent of the GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable
4295:
6826:
6812:
4091:
17982:
20924:
6686:
5860:
4649:
6110:, a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed. The Foundation Asyl Mura is archiving and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It competes with the national conservatoire in Astana, Kazakhstan's capital.
10026:
therefore
Eurasian. Strictly speaking, the three South Caucasus States, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in Asia, yet their membership of political Europe is no longer in doubt. This being the case, Kazakhstan, as a Eurasian State participating in the OSCE and a signatory to the International covenant on civil and political rights and the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, would meet the criteria laid down in Rule 59, making it eligible to apply for special guest status with the Assembly.
5213:
5964:
1891:
3511:
5163:
109:
6440:
4081:
2058:
15811:
3558:
21276:
5224:
21291:
6262:
5605:
6095:
4433:
3892:. President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine's independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine." Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal. It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.
21583:
21226:
20958:
20885:
19074:
819:
1902:
1559:
5778:
19616:
18155:
16995:
21524:
21498:
21485:
21472:
21241:
21196:
21181:
21166:
21000:
20768:
20707:
20694:
20655:
20642:
19088:
19046:
19018:
19004:
18976:
15440:
4657:
2456:
1753:
21378:
20898:
21348:
6610:
4368:
2046:
18167:
17007:
21306:
20794:
20731:
20833:
20668:
19032:
21557:
20846:
20781:
20755:
20590:
20987:
2737:
1307:
21511:
21211:
21026:
20911:
20820:
19060:
21320:
21052:
20872:
20859:
20807:
5342:
2413:
5593:
21363:
21039:
21013:
20629:
18990:
20681:
3019:
15430:
20616:
844:
796:
777:
744:
725:
21258:
9629:
4245:. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited
6118:
3942:
4949:
into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which included a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes. Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation. In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $ 14 billion of
5178:
regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant
4364:. By late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $ 22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $ 4.2 billion, 14 percent of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP was 21.7 percent in 2000, 17.5 percent in 2001, and 15.4 percent in 2002. In 2019, it rose to 19.2 percent.
5484:. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both. In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English).
9263:
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
5139:
services and production methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of
Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2 percent of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries. Kazakhstan was ranked 81st in the
152:
8001:"In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
2341:, became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner. An emphasis was placed on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind economic advances. By 2006, Kazakhstan was generating 60 percent of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.
158:
157:
11479:
5026:
development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education. The Global
Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.
2364:, founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in the elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.
4787:
4553:) in 2012 up from 51.2 million tonnes (50.4 million long tons; 56.4 million short tons) in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13 percent higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic metres (490
4762:. Thereafter, Kazakhstan took measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist, saying there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.
153:
7273:
3316:
system and increase the decision-making authorities of
Kazakhstan's regions. The powers of the parliament were expanded at the expense of those of the president, relatives of whom are now also barred from holding government positions, while the Constitutional Court was restored and the death penalty abolished.
161:
4258:'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).
6721:. In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."
159:
156:
155:
160:
5615:
9262:
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
6113:
When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of
Kazakhstan from the
5921:
Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in
Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism-related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central
5130:
One of the most ambitious targets of the State
Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1 percent of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18 percent of GDP. It will be difficult
5078:
confiscated US$ 48 million in
Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States. US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan.
4209:
said that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion." It has also described the government as authoritarian. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising
3883:
Kazakhstan has supported UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire. In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through specialised
2746:
Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $ 40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57 percent of the nation's industrial
6195:
The Kazakh school of fine arts was fully formed by the 1940s and flourished in the 1950s. Local painters, graphic artists and sculptors, trained under the unified Soviet system of artist education, began active work, often using national motifs in their art. The painters O. Tansykbaev, J. Shardenov,
6191:
In Kazakhstan, the fine arts, in the classical sense, have their origins in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It was largely influenced by Russian artists, such as Vasily Vereshchagin and Nikolai Khludov, who intensively travelled in Central Asia. Khludov had
5986:
stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans"). Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided into two main categories: the
5138:
US$ 1.6 billion), or around 1.1 percent of GDP. Some 11 percent of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40 to 70 percent of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new
4817:
described tourism in Kazakhstan as "hugely underdeveloped", despite the country's mountain, lake and desert landscapes. Factors hampering an increase in tourism were said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the difficulties of travel in a large underdeveloped country.
4058:
Based on these principles, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Kazakhstan has increasingly pursued an independent foreign policy, defined by its own foreign policy objectives and ambitions through which the country attempts to balance its relations with "all the major powers and
3887:
In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $ 30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $ 400,000
5796:
Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years. (Primary education is
4948:
Kazakhstan has attracted $ 330 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) from more than 120 countries since its independence (1991). In 2015, the U.S. State Department said Kazakhstan was widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region. In 2014, President Nazarbayev signed
4629:
Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. It committed Kazakhstan to meet 50 percent of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050. The green economy was projected to increase GDP by 3 percent and create some 500,000 jobs. The government set prices for energy produced
3311:
Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties. In June 2019, Tokayev established the National Council of Public Trust as a public platform for
2775:
are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes
1983:
Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakhs, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The
4488:
accounts for approximately 5 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP. Grain, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and livestock are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of
4394:
from 30 percent to 20 percent. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5 percent for personal income in the form of dividends and 10 percent for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new
4272:
In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intended to digitise all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018. Many criminal cases are closed before trial on the basis of reconciliation between the defendant and
3936:
Development of regional and multilateral diplomacy, which primarily involves strengthening mutually beneficial ties with key partners – Russia, China, the United States, Central Asian states and the EU countries, as well as through multilateral structures – the United Nations, the Organization for
3315:
On 17 September 2022, Tokayev signed a decree that limits presidential tenure to one term of seven years. He furthermore announced the preparation of a new reform package to "decentralize" and "distribute" power between government institutions. The reform package also seeks to modify the electoral
10025:
For its part, the Assembly might decide, already at this stage, to interpret Rule 59 of its Rules of procedure, concerning special guests, in such a way as to include the Eurasian States. Two Council of Europe member States, Turkey and Russia, belong geographically to both Europe and Asia and are
5657:
whose constitution guarantees religious freedoms. Article 39 of the constitution states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to
5235:
International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019), while United Nations sources such as the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects give an estimate of 19,196,465. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 20 million as of November
5020:
In the 2020 Doing Business Report by the World Bank, Kazakhstan ranked 25th globally and as the number one best country globally for protecting minority investors' rights. Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013 and has maintained its position in the
4459:
turnover in 2018 was $ 93.5 billion, which is 19.7 percent more than in 2017. Export in 2018 reached $ 67 billion (up 25.7 percent in comparison to 2017) and import was $ 32.5 billion (up 9.9 percent in comparison to 2017). Exports accounted for 40.1 percent of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product
6164:
The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitised manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920,
5188:
The Digital Kazakhstan program was launched in 2018 to boost the country's economic growth through the implementation of digital technologies. Kazakhstan's digitization efforts generated 800 billion tenges (US$ 1.97 billion) in two years. The program helped create 120,000 jobs and attracted 32.8
5025:
that was published at the beginning of September 2014. Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the CIS in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market
4707:
in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. As of 2018, Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan. In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing centre in Central Asia and the
5836:
The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $ 100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan. The project aims to provide
5118:
Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52 percent of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national
3436:
Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural. At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as
2763:
reserves; the fifth largest copper reserves; and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas. One such location is the
5177:
During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major
4268:
Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and
3855:
met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic
4113:(the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the
6132:
The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, and conservatories, where European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh
4513:, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some
4238:, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee's attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence.
2812:
2393:
following a spike in fuel prices. In consequence, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took over as head of the powerful Security Council, removing his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev from the post. In September 2022, the name of the country's capital was changed back to Astana from Nur-Sultan.
5922:
Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market.
4776:
11471:
11336:
5131:
to reach the target as long as economic growth remains strong. Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6 percent in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$ 598 million to PPP$ 714 million between 2005 and 2013.
4328:
Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for
5239:
The 2009 population estimate is 6.8 percent higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3 and 51.7 percent of the population, respectively.
6169:, a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of
4735:
system has been under construction, but was abandoned at one point in 2013. In May 2015, an agreement was signed for the project to be resumed. There is an 86 km (53 mi) tram network, which began service in 1965 with, as of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes.
2011:
oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.
19501:
5676:
and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques, churches, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.
8611:
7261:
5158:
roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.
1811:. The Kazakh Khanate's territories would expand deep into Central Asia. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (
5658:
indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council affirmed these rights in a 2009 declaration, which stated that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.
4161:
Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the
6594:
held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.
4398:
Kazakhstan instituted a pension reform program in 1998. By January 2012, the pension assets were about $ 17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was
6218:
can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments include black tea, often served with milk and dried fruits (such as dried apricots) and nuts. In southern provinces, people often prefer
4154:(UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered the most important part of KNB. Its director is
3825:. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe, it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the council until its democracy and human rights records improved.
4325:. The country devalued its currency by 19 percent in February 2014. Another 22 percent devaluation occurred in August 2015. Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.
3836:), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the Western world. Russia leases approximately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the
6105:
The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after
4630:
from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($ 0.12), for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants 16.71 tenges ($ 0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenges ($ 0.18).
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With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to Western Europe – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the
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Since 2014, the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018. On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.
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Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine." In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN
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4712:, the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on 31 May 2017. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m station was expected to be used by 54 trains and would have the capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.
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4147:. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic metres (25,400 cu ft) of water.
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for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ which officially commenced operations in December 2016.
2225:(in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the
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preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, magnet schools,
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a particular influence on the development of the local school of painting, becoming the teacher of many local artists. The most famous of these is Abilkhan Kasteyev, after whom the State Museum of Art of Kazakhstan was renamed in 1984.
4825:, long characterised as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition, in 2015 issued a "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020." It aimed to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan:
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The banking industry of Kazakhstan went through a boom-and-bust cycle in the early 21st century. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including
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listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country. A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption,
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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018).
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6043:) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around the 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E.
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Railways provide 68 percent of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57 percent of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.15,333 km (9,527 mi) of
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research councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.
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and hay land. Over 80 percent of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70 percent occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).
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designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader
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The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000
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Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan (June 2019).
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The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the
5830:("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (PhD). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.
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4411:, including the government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan was studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.
1287:, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including residents of other ethnicities.
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4226:. Various police reforms, like creation of local police service and zero-tolerance policing, aimed at bringing police closer to local communities have not improved cooperation between police and ordinary citizens.
2298:. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader
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Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
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However, by 2006, a Rapporteur for the Political Affairs Committee concluded that because of Kazakhstan's nature as a European country, the country should be considered 'eligible to apply for a special guest
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7078:[Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
5824:; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the master's degree. Postgraduate education leads to the
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An open, predictable and consistent foreign policy of the country, which is progressive in nature and maintains its endurance by continuing the course of the First President – the country at a new stage of
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in 1978. Bandy is developed in ten of the country's seventeen administrative divisions (eight of the fourteen regions and two of the three cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).
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Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture.
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Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.
4352:, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the
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5960:. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of its history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs.
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The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.
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and the largest landlocked country in the world. As of 2014, tourism accounted for 0.3 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government had plans to increase it to 3 percent by 2020. According to the
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in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the
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According to Chinese written sources from the 6th–8th centuries CE, the Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had an oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods and were primarily transmitted by
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in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates pension funds. The growing demand of pension funds for investment outlets triggered the development of the debt
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and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.
3390:). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government.
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5449:, on the other hand, is spoken by 83.7% as of 2021. It has equal status to Kazakh as an "official language", and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication.
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9879:[Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan"] (in Russian). President of Kazakhstan. 19 June 2018.
5411:, a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and
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settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.
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K. Telzhanov, and S. Aitbaev, graphic artists E. Sidorkina and A. Duzelkhanov, and sculptors H. Nauryzbaeva and E. Sergebaeva are today counted among the key figures of Kazakhstani art.
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are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except
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J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon thereafter. The industry shrank and was restructured, with system-wide loans dropping from 59 percent of GDP in 2007 to 39 percent in 2011. The
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is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the
3149:, several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens.
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an equally principled aversion towards excessive dependence in any field upon any one of them, while also opening the country up economically to all who are willing to invest there."
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6177:. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours.
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5744:), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan. Other religious groups include Judaism, the
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5820:, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the
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was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the
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era. In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8 percent of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about one million
2650:. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare
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4117:. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005.
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3202:. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet.
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Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $ 9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.
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is recognised as a national holiday. One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Other Christian groups include
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2826:(EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.
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1427:(3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as
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According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness. One year later, the
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A Kazakhstani performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.
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peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the U.S. Military.
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7954:"Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."
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In 2018, Kazakhstan had a GDP of $ 179.332 billion and an annual growth rate of 4.5 percent. Per capita, Kazakhstan's GDP stood at $ 9,686. Buoyed by high world
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The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy fixes a target of devoting 3 percent of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.
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of 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan was $ 3.08 billion or only 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranked Kazakhstan 80th in its 2019 report.
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In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the
2092:(RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of
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deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament. In 2020,
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The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the
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the victim because they simplify the work of the law-enforcement officers, release the defendant from punishment, and pay little regard to the victim's rights.
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In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.
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2023. In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7 percent growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.
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test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 with adverse consequences for the nation's environment and population. The
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2381:, which was still the case as of the 2022 report. On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency. Kazakhstan's senate speaker
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occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous
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inflows into the country at a 7 percent growth rate. In 2018, $ 24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.
1817:). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. The
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6080:(published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs.
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Muslims. There are a total of 2,300 mosques, all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme
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2552:(plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry
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6058:, sometimes Russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is
3362:) plus three cities (Almaty, Astana and Şymkent) which are independent of the region in which they are situated. The regions are subdivided into 177
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8992:"Anatomical Structure and Phytochemical Composition of a Rare Species Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (Oleaceae) Growing in Different Soils in Kazakhstan"
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4310:, and then rising again from 2010. Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of
3275:; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 48 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (
2360:, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the
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on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts. At the lowest level are
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introduced deposit insurance in a campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Several major foreign banks had branches in Kazakhstan, including
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On 6 March 2020, the Concept of the Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030 was announced. The document outlines the following main points:
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1840:. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730
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Promotion of the country's economic interests in the international arena, including the implementation of state policy to attract investment;
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was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three
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Kazakhstan's human rights situation has been described as poor by independent observers. In its 2015 report of human rights in the country,
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that was held on 9 June. His first official act was to rename the capital after his predecessor. In January 2022, the country plunged into
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Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3.
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6728:(DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to assist press outlets in Kazakhstan.
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Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.
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Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior
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Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997, although it is still socially unacceptable in most areas. Discrimination against
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in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European
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6235:. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as
4582:(KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The
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Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6 percent in 2014. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling
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9819:"On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993"
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5672:, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in the expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of
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9265:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
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s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.
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camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". Many moved due to the policy of
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within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
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Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to
5067:, and prosecuting corruption. Kazakhstan has implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognised by organizations like
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In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan. As of 2010, Kazakhstan was reported on the
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zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the
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Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and others.
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output (or approximately 13 percent of gross domestic product). According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest
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in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the
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13697:"National census 2021 - Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics"
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4689:) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012. Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from
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prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9 percent and 13.5 percent from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1 to 3 percent in
1655:
connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the
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Oblasts. It also sought investment of $ 4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.
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on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself
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21997:
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space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle
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participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "
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3283:(fourteen regions plus the cities of Astana, Almaty, and Şymkent). The president appoints the remaining fifteen senators.
19858:
17454:
17409:
17324:
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Aldibekova, Almagul; Kurmanbayeva, Meruyert; Aksoy, Ahmet; Permitina, Valeria; Dimeyeva, Liliya; Zverev, Nikolai (2023).
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1944:(1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of
1870:
used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including
1371:
1176:
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9614:
9105:
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
7966:, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"
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with 8 billion barrels (1.3 billion cubic metres) and 1,350 cubic kilometres (320 cubic miles) of natural gas; and
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2792:. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US
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781:
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12862:
11832:
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5445:) is proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census, and has the status of "state language".
3036:
in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five
1096:, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the
188:
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13107:"CPI 2023 for Eastern Europe & Central Asia: Autocracy & weak justice systems enabling widespread corruption"
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Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy.
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1143:. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of
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4723:. Second and third metro lines were planned for the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at
4643:
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3111:
2139:
2040:
1961:
1097:
982:
974:
560:
17543:
13343:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
12515:
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9989:
9876:Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан"
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nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the
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5991:(akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs. There were several types of works, such as
5665:
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Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (
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1026:
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336:
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of Central Asia". Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of
5763:
According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.
4390:
fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, payable by all employers, from 21 percent to 20 percent, and the personal
1976:, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost,
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2858:, with hot summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after
2212:'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader
1432:
1328:
729:
18183:
12492:
8400:"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives"
5110:
5079:
Proceedings eventually involved US$ 84 million in the US and another US$ 60 million in Switzerland.
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6276:. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation and increased world awareness of its athletes.
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as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include
5022:
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4818:
Even for Kazakhs, going for a holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.
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entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the
1255:
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18726:
Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference
15423:
14369:
GÖMEC, Saadettin (2009). "The Identity of Oguz Kagan, the Oguz in the History and the Epics of Oguz Kagan".
12751:
Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation
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11186:
10125:
Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan president Nazarbayev | The White House
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Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60
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958:
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14446:"From Folklore to Soviet National Culture- The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music"(1920–1942)-"
14416:"From Folklore to Soviet National Culture: The Process of Formation of "Kazak National Music" (1920–1942)"
11121:
9330:
9124:
8943:
7715:
Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan".
7107:
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Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
16050:
16045:
15553:
15433:
15328:
15157:
10084:
7410:
7269:
7176:
5608:
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205,000 km (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 km (236,000 sq mi) of
4330:
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4106:
3889:
3781:
2863:
2477:
It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with
1324:
966:
21723:
12491:(in Russian). The Ministry of foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3 June 2017. Archived from
10004:
9783:
9193:
22012:
21875:
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21814:
21785:
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5681:
5631:
5531:
5201:
5179:
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3828:
Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multi-vector foreign policy" (
2719:
2429:
2237:
1738:
1467:
1339:
882:
665:
619:
362:
108:
18147:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.
15477:
2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
13991:
13871:
12252:
10469:
7659:
6145:
and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by
5890:
Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy:
5086:(FBI) and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.
21904:
21826:
21669:
17479:
16055:
16040:
15992:
15724:
14587:
13046:
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6717:
were to stop printing for three months. The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as
6700:
6697:
6474:
5192:
Around 82 percent of all public services became automated as part of the Digital Kazakhstan program.
4950:
4485:
4469:
4337:
4277:
4195:
14605:
14445:
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13242:
12365:
12306:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news"
11665:
10887:
10813:
10760:
10387:
7496:
4525:
2796:, Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m) of oil per day in 2009.
22022:
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21083:
20335:
20229:
17592:
17418:
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16009:
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9543:
8604:"Capital change: A look at some countries that have moved their capitals – Nigeria: Lagos to Abuja"
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of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.
3884:
UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.
1968:
effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.
19661:
19566:
18745:
18056:
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17583:
17435:
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13379:
11640:"China's new Silk Road traverses Kazakhstan. But some Kazakhs are skeptical of Chinese influence"
11621:
11441:
7634:
7438:"Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens"
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6341:
6033:
are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century. The
5854:
5772:
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5140:
4838:
4639:
4421:
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4040:
3789:
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3363:
3329:
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2353:
2241:
1980:, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations.
1945:
1862:" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakhs suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga
1317:
1164:
833:
706:
634:
423:
15508:
14911:
12559:
7295:
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is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.
5802:
4448:
gave the country the potential to open its markets to billions of people. Kazakhstan joined the
3868:
2007:
was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in
21731:
21677:
20224:
18686:
18263:
17458:
17394:
17379:
17335:
16469:
16300:
16172:
16149:
16114:
15938:
15481:
15311:
14501:
12007:
11314:
9850:
7404:
6961:
6889:
6548:
6107:
5749:
5639:
5635:
5574:
5493:
5259:
4982:
4842:
4834:
4700:
4538:
4348:. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency
3991:
3927:
Protection of human rights, development of humanitarian diplomacy and environmental protection;
3685:
3510:
3300:
3209:
3168:
3013:
2390:
1714:
1668:
1593:
1553:
1510:
1428:
1217:
1124:
1120:
1018:
756:
700:
399:
377:
300:
141:
20:
14688:
4407:
market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government
2123:). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the
1013:
in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi). Ethnic
21838:
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21131:
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15492:
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14180:
More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news
13016:
10547:
8490:
8441:"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934"
7642:
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7202:
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6839:
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5369:
5357:
5064:
4771:
4724:
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4109:. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the
3908:
3815:
3497:
3335:
3325:
3224:
3187:
3152:
2834:
2529:. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the
2382:
2217:
1799:
Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh
1296:
1116:
1088:; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the
495:
429:
324:
318:
19827:
15373:
14037:
13946:
13658:
9825:. Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information.
7561:
1849:
1659:, the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the
21088:
20929:
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20299:
20176:
19131:
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17449:
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15750:
15453:
14920:
13967:"KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage"
11965:
International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)
11873:
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9276:
8092:
8030:
7813:
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6604:
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1848:, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the
1822:
1144:
473:
330:
306:
114:
20504:
18771:
14945:
Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997
14661:
12937:"Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms"
11493:
11122:"Between Convictions and Reconciliations: Processing Criminal Cases in Kazakhstani Courts"
9143:
6347:
Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.
5982:: professional storytellers and musical performers. Traces of this tradition are shown on
4703:(KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French locomotive manufacturer
2322:
on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted
2134:(whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the
8:
21992:
21870:
19874:
18345:
18033:
17644:
17370:
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17190:
16908:
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16167:
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15841:
15704:
15354:
14531:
13497:
12673:
11008:, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
8963:
7976:
7939:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
7058:
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6680:
6532:
6272:
Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in
6256:
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5837:
training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and employees in need of training.
5786:
5661:
5627:
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4752:
4554:
4199:
4102:
3837:
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3106:
3094:
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2659:
2518:
2514:
2424:, considered the dividing line separating Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan is one of only two
2287:
1844:, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of
1841:
1745:. The process was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh
1521:
1517:
1147:
in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the
356:
16887:
12253:"Aviation Safety: Commission updates EU air safety list – Iran and Africa make progress"
11802:
11751:
11276:
9607:"Kazakhstan President Tokayev's initiatives on public safety, rule of law, human rights"
9487:
9280:
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7168:
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1364:
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13451:
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11427:
10966:
10883:
10860:
10834:
10809:
10756:
10626:"Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June"
10291:"Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements"
9307:
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7842:
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4404:
4206:
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2526:
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2425:
2205:
2069:
1996:
1875:
1648:
1621:
1525:
1471:
1089:
942:
890:
100:
13520:
13017:"Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan"
8491:
Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'
5793:
is 99.5%. On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men in Kazakhstan.
1807:
to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control
21743:
19383:
19207:
19197:
19179:
19173:
18315:
18166:
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17680:
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11542:
Kazakhstan Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information
11166:
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10958:
10864:
10850:
10313:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"
9312:
9294:
8905:
8839:"Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev handed over security council job on his own will: Spokesman"
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4912:. It also established a visa-free regime for citizens of 54 countries, including the
4848:
Kazakhstan has offered a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of
4345:
4219:
3441:
on the administrative level equal to that of a region. At the intermediate level are
3296:
3100:
2299:
2279:
2213:
1987:
From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began
1582:
1503:
1495:
1479:
1093:
1053:
866:
15252:
14966:
14744:
13721:
10248:"Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan's Economic Resilience"
9940:
8138:
8078:
7980:
5058:. In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries and the
2838:
Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Kazakhstan 1991–2020
2803:. Two of the largest deposits include the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P
2711:, 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old.
1600:
in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The
21124:
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21098:
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19591:
18624:
18051:
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further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.
5859:
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5442:
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5002:
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4090:
4012:
3179:
2352:, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union.
2112:
2073:
2013:
1890:
1804:
1632:
were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century.
1574:
1499:
1200:
1140:
808:
409:
272:
69:
13795:
Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics
13438:
13421:
13257:"Kazakhstan's Digitization Program Brings Additional $ 2 billion Into the Economy"
12396:"Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists"
12303:
10954:
10939:"The Limits of Authoritarian Modernisation: Zero Tolerance Policing in Kazakhstan"
7623:
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religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader
4188:
4155:
4062:
Kazakhstan is the 59th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024
4008:
3829:
3757:
3667:
3367:
3339:
3142:
3072:
2866:
varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.
2851:
2541:
2481:, 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with
2464:
2368:
2222:
2016:
was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.
1845:
1746:
1617:
1507:
1412:
1268:
1232:
1208:
1037:
267:
46:
18661:
United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
15444:
13468:
10846:
7730:
6153:. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear
5212:
2274:
In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the
21324:
21281:
20968:
20304:
19576:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18500:
18290:
18213:
17088:
17054:
16977:
16674:
16489:
16134:
15831:
15765:
15745:
13813:"Address of the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan"
13798:
12670:"EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment"
9633:
9404:
9289:
8749:"CEC announces preliminary results of 2019 Presidential Election in Kazakhstan"
8688:
8573:
7008:
6508:
6494:
6439:
6407:
is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the
6205:
6134:
6013:
5957:
5953:
5915:
5895:
5741:
5477:
5461:
5453:
5291:
4913:
4591:
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4573:
4408:
4349:
4341:
4080:
4016:
4000:
3912:
3804:
3235:
3088:
3078:
2596:
until it largely dried up in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.
2449:
2441:
2291:
2077:
2057:
2020:
2008:
1973:
1953:
1910:
1867:
1837:
1734:
1698:
1692:
1640:
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1444:
1273:
1148:
1085:
1073:
1057:
950:
521:
508:
444:
14894:
14347:
13629:
12985:"Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies"
12131:
9521:
8338:
8317:. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. p. 22.
8104:
7825:
6624:
studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies such as
5684:
form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are
2870:
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan
21986:
21968:
21955:
21296:
20289:
19984:
18505:
18370:
18191:
18159:
18017:
17169:
17011:
16759:
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16559:
16265:
16202:
15876:
15871:
15856:
15729:
15709:
15674:
15664:
15448:
15412:"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011
13600:"From Samarkand to Seoul: Central Asian migrants in South Korea | Eurasianet"
13447:
11403:
10962:
10670:
10340:"President approves new concept of Kazakhstan's foreign policy for 2020–2030"
9606:
9298:
8296:". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10.
8122:
7833:
7738:
7137:
Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013).
6831:
6516:
6507:
and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (
6301:
6285:
6281:
6277:
5945:
5826:
5654:
5408:
5381:
5373:
5315:
5279:
5001:
both entered Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and
4921:
4716:
4510:
4498:
4479:
4456:
4400:
4357:
3721:
3649:
3631:
3405:
has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the
3292:
3288:
3146:
3138:
2855:
2708:
2684:
2671:
2663:
2637:
2624:
2608:
2569:
2561:
2549:
2460:
2373:
2209:
2155:
1949:
1894:
1818:
1756:
Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century
1672:
1656:
1601:
1586:
1475:
1424:
1259:
1243:
1136:
1061:
903:
244:
231:
203:
190:
19:"Qazaqstan" redirects here. For the Kazakh state television broadcaster, see
16370:
14631:
13892:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"
13770:
12336:"Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States"
10111:
9818:
8044:
6868:"Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.
6400:, now called FIBA Asia Cup, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007.
6046:
The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to
4917:
4813:
In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 43rd in the number of tourist arrivals. In 2014,
3401:
have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of
21928:
21588:
21231:
20963:
20890:
20161:
20121:
20111:
19934:
19581:
19346:
19256:
19079:
18490:
18072:
17951:
17916:
17174:
16764:
16730:
16679:
15719:
15669:
15654:
15334:
14916:
13286:
13142:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2012.
12688:"Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors"
12400:
10339:
9518:"Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan"
9316:
9081:
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis
8452:
8130:
8062:
7851:
7076:"2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары"
7004:
6568:
6556:
6552:
6490:
6470:
6265:
6138:
6006:
5968:
5884:
5346:
5283:
4994:
4814:
4780:
4732:
4583:
4565:
4561:
4441:
4414:
Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by
4318:
4120:
The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41
4095:
3852:
3753:
2777:
2577:
2486:
2295:
2268:
1988:
1706:
1702:
1676:
1664:
1663:
in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the
1643:
and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities
1636:
1597:
1549:
1459:
1101:
1069:
1065:
1022:
986:
946:
593:
282:
21146:
19630:
19523:
GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)
14765:"Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast"
10272:
8407:
Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies
6591:
6519:
in 2012) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the
6415:
when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice. The team won the first
6261:
6133:
traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the
6094:
5604:
4432:
3608:
3562:
2930:
2498:
2193:
The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the
1009:
and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and
923:
21911:
21078:
20294:
20009:
19899:
19571:
19429:
19337:
19277:
19185:
18967:
18568:
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18475:
18410:
18171:
17901:
17841:
17836:
17731:
17142:
16842:
16659:
16594:
16290:
16138:
15861:
15851:
15399:
13047:"The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated"
11617:
9462:"Nazarbayev ally wins big in Kazakhstan election after hundreds arrested"
6817:
6704:
6305:
6146:
5737:
5725:
5685:
5393:
5331:
5303:
5223:
5075:
4937:
4893:
4599:
4579:
4537:
Energy has been the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and
4514:
4375:
3703:
3268:
3260:
2859:
2847:
2800:
2772:
2581:
2565:
2537:
2356:
in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government
2319:
1960:" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the
1901:
1609:
1436:
1420:
1033:
994:
482:
467:
19377:
Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)
14963:
The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan
13696:
13200:
12514:
September 2019, Dilshat Zhussupova in Nation on 11 (11 September 2019).
12428:"Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz"
10409:
10108:"Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact"
8113:
7700:. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden:
5777:
3276:
1991:
the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of
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21923:
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21503:
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21201:
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21005:
20773:
20712:
20699:
20660:
20171:
20141:
20069:
20059:
20029:
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19924:
19914:
19811:
19806:
19758:
19753:
19725:
19692:
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19291:
19266:
19251:
19236:
19221:
19093:
19051:
19023:
18981:
18510:
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18248:
17961:
17936:
17851:
17781:
17751:
17741:
17073:
16629:
16589:
16569:
16454:
15891:
15400:
Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011
12335:
11246:
10908:"Kazakh Opposition Activist Detained For 'Spreading False Information'"
10369:
9985:
7526:
7303:
6621:
6540:
6454:
6240:
6211:
6186:
6150:
6040:
6020:
5307:
5267:
5035:
4909:
4897:
4865:
4853:
4759:
4656:
4595:
4557:
4391:
4234:
The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the
4229:
According to a U.S. government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:
4187:
has consistently ranked Kazakhstan as an "authoritarian regime" in its
3995:
3872:
3777:
3126:
3022:
2585:
2482:
2478:
2455:
2433:
2421:
2361:
2081:
1957:
1855:
1777:
1766:
1742:
1710:
1487:
1448:
1331: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1084:(tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the
1045:
978:
970:
885:
21699:
15565:
15464:
14687:
Lioy, Stephen; Kaminski, Anna; Mayhew, Bradley; Walker, Jenny (2018).
14300:
10175:"Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council"
10005:"Situation in Kazakhstan and its relations with the Council of Europe"
9008:
8991:
8809:"Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest"
8513:"Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future"
6609:
5740:. There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9
4367:
4004:
3764:
Kazakhstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the
3680:
3590:
3552:
3410:
3114:
mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.
2911:
2789:
2510:
2502:
2229:
had become a minority, making up 30 percent of the population. Ethnic
2146:
of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the
2045:
1879:
1585:-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely
1131:; it also has vast mineral resources. Kazakhstan also has the highest
21383:
21353:
20903:
19994:
19801:
18538:
18375:
18125:
17926:
17921:
17801:
17113:
16971:
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
16792:
16564:
15886:
15881:
15689:
15517:
13752:
Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian
11900:"Tracing the Chinese Footprints in Kazakhstan's Oil and Gas Industry"
9432:"Kazakhstan's Leader Nazarbayev Resigns After Three Decades in Power"
8869:"Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana"
8230:"Şymkent – the city of medieval culture and vibrant modern lifestyle"
6785:
6708:
6220:
5876:
5717:
5600:
in the capital Astana. Islam is the majority religion in the country.
5170:
4998:
4933:
4877:
4791:
4755:
4694:
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4249:
in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.
3299:
is not respected and "Kazakhstan's electoral laws do not provide for
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3066:
2760:
2616:
2612:
2589:
2573:
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2275:
2101:
1941:
1752:
1667:, also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During the Golden Horde period, a
1652:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1491:
1440:
1049:
14726:
CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013
12990:. International Centre for Asset Recovery. p. 5. Archived from
12068:"Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan"
10937:
Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei; Talgatova, Malika (2 December 2020).
8989:
8274:
Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness
8228:
January 2018, Assel Satubaldina in Tourism on 17 (17 January 2018).
7898:"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"
6157:. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style
5875:
in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of
5592:
2736:
2619:("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at
1306:
1276:, the Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century.
1001:, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is
21311:
20838:
20799:
20736:
20673:
20244:
20136:
20089:
20049:
20044:
19959:
19944:
19743:
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18573:
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18455:
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18330:
18268:
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Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.
18002:
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17896:
17876:
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17164:
17133:
17083:
16984:
16934:
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16825:
16820:
16710:
16644:
16639:
16614:
16474:
15305:
15094:
Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR
14606:"Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015"
12304:
Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East (17 July 2014).
12209:
11771:"How Kazakhstan Is Becoming The Next Frontier For World-Class Wine"
10608:"Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios"
9220:
Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly
8638:
8294:
Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview
8035:
7262:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Kazakhstan)"
6626:
6429:
6141:, Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with
6121:
6029:
6016:), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı.
5992:
5883:
helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The
5880:
5713:
5709:
5673:
5457:
5416:
5400:
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in the 1930s and 1940s by Josef Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet
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4869:
4744:
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4546:
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3595:
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2785:
2752:
2705:
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2260:
2230:
2093:
2028:
2004:
2000:
1937:
1933:
1874:, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. The
1825:. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.
1605:
1566:
1498:
in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and
1458:
The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading
1452:
1408:
1236:
898:
870:
19356:
1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)
16879:
14790:
14203:"World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan"
13661:. Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
13422:"Итоги переписи населения СССР 1939 г.: две проблемы адекватности"
12982:
12038:"Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan"
10833:
Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), Caron, Jean-François (ed.),
10433:"A Rising Global Player: Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in the 2020s"
9983:
9574:"Kazakhstan to Liberalize Rules on Protests and Political Parties"
8633:
7798:
5384:
minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of
5341:
5189:
billion tenges (US$ 80.7 million) of investment into the country.
4382:
On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced
2412:
21858:
21846:
21809:
21780:
21755:
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20992:
20851:
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20760:
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20151:
20126:
20116:
20079:
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19954:
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19791:
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19682:
19677:
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19286:
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18563:
18533:
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18335:
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16449:
16444:
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16285:
15679:
13316:
12796:"Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries"
12740:
China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia
12458:
11838:
8719:"Nazarbayev protégé wins Kazakhstan elections marred by protests"
8574:"Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president"
7203:"Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
6761:
5999:
5813:
5701:
5693:
5647:
5412:
5399:
The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's
5385:
5380:, most of them emigrated to Germany. Most members of the smaller
5311:
5295:
5287:
5275:
5255:
5207:
5043:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4603:
4490:
4460:(GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan exports 800 products to 120 countries.
4311:
3987:
3953:
Kazakhstan's memberships of international organisations include:
3773:
3255:
3190:. The president may veto legislation that has been passed by the
3122:
2748:
2702:
2545:
2226:
1924:, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including
1863:
1833:
1808:
1730:
1613:
1562:
1545:
1284:
1263:
1021:
form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a
1014:
488:
387:
294:
14476:"A. KASTEYEV STATE MUSEUM OF ARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN"
13570:"Central Asia's Koreans in Korea: There and (Mostly) Back Again"
13490:"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag"
12640:"Kazakhstan targets to invite USD 34 bln of investments by 2025"
11380:
Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe
10999:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan"
10835:"Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms"
10727:
10145:"Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation"
9054:
5696:, who constitute about 70% of the population, as well as ethnic
3459:) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts.
3178:
Officially, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional
3018:
2615:
plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern
22073:
Countries and territories where Russian is an official language
21899:
21821:
21516:
21216:
21031:
20916:
20825:
20686:
20239:
20166:
20156:
20024:
20014:
19989:
19979:
19939:
19796:
19697:
19316:
19246:
19065:
18558:
18548:
18485:
18470:
18450:
18440:
18425:
18420:
18395:
18365:
18325:
18310:
18285:
18273:
18022:
17946:
17911:
17846:
17826:
17816:
17776:
17761:
17756:
17138:
17128:
17108:
16837:
16715:
16689:
16664:
16654:
16634:
16624:
16609:
16604:
16584:
16554:
16524:
16509:
16484:
16418:
15896:
15628:
15057:
Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime
14475:
11775:
9361:"Wild Przewalski's horses return to Kazakhstan after 200 years"
6747:
6668:
6524:
6366:
6337:
6333:
6317:
6273:
6228:
6125:
6098:
6072:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5271:
5263:
5039:
4929:
4901:
4889:
4881:
4830:
4826:
4720:
4704:
4690:
4619:
4506:
4246:
4163:
4125:
4121:
4031:
3716:
3626:
3577:
3572:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3515:
3398:
3394:
3134:
3054:
2987:
2949:
2892:
2781:
2715:
2553:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2349:
2345:
2170:. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest
2116:
2105:
2050:
1992:
1871:
1829:
1726:
1002:
998:
954:
223:
182:
15755:
13840:"Restrictive new law on religious freedom is unconstitutional"
13815:. Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations. 19 March 2019.
11975:
from the original on 12 October 2017 – via ResearchGate.
11494:"IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan"
10750:
9654:"First glimpses of Tokayev's Kazakhstan: The listening state?"
8959:"Aral Sea 'one of the planet's worst environmental disasters'"
8013:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
6357:
is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the
6023:, and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev.
5936:
Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of literature, both
2111:
Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced
1813:
1079:
21887:
21057:
20945:
20877:
20864:
20812:
20621:
20608:
20197:
20181:
20131:
20106:
20074:
20039:
19969:
19964:
19929:
19857:
19781:
19776:
19748:
18553:
18543:
18465:
18385:
18350:
18130:
17971:
17931:
17906:
17886:
17821:
17796:
17786:
17771:
16939:
16649:
16574:
16544:
15633:
15387:
13401:
Kazakhstan's population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year
9632:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
9628:
8075:
6560:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6224:
5872:
5868:
5721:
5335:
5051:
5047:
4925:
4623:
4576:
with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres).
4371:
4133:
4129:
3698:
3644:
3271:). Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the
3155:
has been reintroduced to the steppes after nearly 200 years.
3130:
3083:
3060:
3048:
2815:
located in northwestern Kazakhstan, with resources of 500–800
2530:
2278:
riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the
2249:
2245:
2175:
2171:
2100:
and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of
1929:
1725:
life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the
1722:
1718:
1680:
1644:
962:
22058:
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
19871:
Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
19161:
14233:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora
12283:"Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist"
12222:"Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life"
11692:"Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018"
10275:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center.
10134:. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
9747:"Kazakhstan: Voters back reforms to reject founder's legacy"
9375:"Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why"
8079:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
7926:
According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),
6768:
Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
5356:
Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the
2776:(6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three
22063:
Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture
21701:
21368:
21044:
21018:
20634:
20534:
20146:
20084:
20054:
20004:
19999:
19949:
19786:
19715:
19522:
18995:
18801:
18215:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
17981:
17891:
17856:
17811:
17806:
17715:
16830:
15638:
15623:
15131:
Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan
14979:
Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley (2004).
14334:
Meeker, Michael E. (August 1992). "The Dede Korkut Ethic".
14043:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
13780:. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.
12923:
6746:
Kazakhstan has three cultural and two natural sites on the
6504:
6215:
6170:
5988:
5979:
4990:
4615:
4610:
natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by
4502:
4140:
3983:
3821:
In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the
3417:
3118:
2756:
1977:
1965:
1948:, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and
1925:
1800:
1483:
1108:
of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during
1041:
13771:
Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK
12863:"Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment"
11987:"Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources"
8779:"Kazakhstan renames capital as new president takes office"
8634:"Parliamentary Elections, 19 September and 3 October 2004"
8315:
The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773-1775
7867:"Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis"
7136:
6620:
Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned
6396:
in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official
6117:
5326:, and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been
3941:
3788:
for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the
2611:
is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red
15506:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan
15371:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan
12361:
10781:"The Kazakhstan elections and the transition that wasn't"
9055:"Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info"
6288:
is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the
5626:
According to the 2021 census, 69.3% of the population is
5038:
listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with
4905:
4626:
oil companies are involved in Kazakhstan's oil industry.
3845:
3420:(regional governor) appointed by the president. District
918:
22038:
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
16413:
14919:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from
14686:
14591:
13947:
Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008
13881:
Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13350:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
13321:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
12955:"Kazakhstan removed from list of most corrupt countries"
11722:"Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018"
11217:"Life in the Closet: The LGBT Community in Central Asia"
11103:"Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018"
10370:"Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee"
10267:
10265:
9986:"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document"
9261:
4568:
with 7 billion barrels (1.1 billion cubic metres);
4545:
amounted to 79.2 million tonnes (77.9 million
4136:. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.
2560:
and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include
2204:(1941–1945) led to an increase in industrialisation and
22033:
Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
15179:
Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?
7802:"The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia"
7683:
The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources
6489:
since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include
6128:, then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio".
6076:(published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and
5871:
was introduced into the region with the arrival of the
3186:
led the country from 1991 to 2019. He was succeeded by
17710:
15529:
14735:. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.
11834:
Chevron-led Kazakh oil firm hits record output in 2013
10283:
9684:"Kazakhstan limits presidential term, renames capital"
9634:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
8666:
OP Ed: "Kazakhstan's steady progress toward democracy"
7070:
7068:
7066:
6667:) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival
6149:
research teams including composers, music critics and
5376:
deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the
4964:(BRI) in which Kazakhstan functions as a transit hub.
3070:; endangered plant species include native wild apple (
2556:
region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of
1956:
began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The "
1565:
in Eurasia circa 1200. The Kazakhs are descendants of
1513:
and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.
1407:
Central Asia, including modern Kazakhstan, during the
1199:, meaning a member of the Kazakh people, derives from
19336:
Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the
15505:
15199:
The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?
14839:"Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech"
13956:
U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13371:
13166:
Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
10936:
10648:"Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time"
10262:
9984:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (5 October 2006).
9963:"Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council"
6987:
6924:
6696:
Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the
5646:), 11.01% chose not to answer, and 2.25% identify as
4509:, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major source of
4101:
Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the
2027:, occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and
1995:. The number of settlers rose still further once the
1539:
76:
16:
Landlocked country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
14745:
Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013
11961:"Towards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan"
9544:"Kazakhstan: Nations in Transit 2020 Country Report"
6966:
6894:
6807:
5785:
Education is universal and mandatory through to the
5017:
ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.
4517:
is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.
4194:
Kazakhstan was ranked 122nd out of 180 countries in
4026:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3786:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1741:, where the Khanate gained its sovereignty from the
1651:
had long served as important way-stations along the
1222:
1139:
constitutional republic; however, its government is
139:
18656:
List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE
18605:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
12710:
11566:"Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan at "BBB"; Outlook Stable"
10500:"Kazakhstan asserts its independent foreign policy"
8544:"1986: Kazakhstan's Other Independence Anniversary"
8027:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
7680:
7108:"How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan"
7063:
6760:Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of
5664:is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by
3797:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
3795:Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations,
2536:Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the
2444:, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's
1250:first appeared during the mid-16th century, in the
1173:
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
646:
2,724,900 km (1,052,100 sq mi) (
582:• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
22043:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States
15251:
15207:In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared
15176:
15149:
14391:Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics
14132:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 24.
13921:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 23.
13675:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 22.
12516:"Kazakhstan attracts $ 330 billion FDI since 1991"
12008:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
11165:. Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition. p. 40.
10081:"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil"
9255:
8438:
7622:
6779:Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan
6523:, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In
6419:. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the
5452:The government announced in January 2015 that the
4191:, ranking it 128th out of 167 countries for 2020.
2662:there and has now also grown in some other areas.
2256:became a major political force in the late 1980s.
2119:and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also:
21329:
20353:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37
15370:
15290:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
14978:
12718:"OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017"
11930:"Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum"
10994:
10992:
10841:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 75–99,
10315:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
10226:"Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine"
9153:. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.
7229:"Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln"
6284:are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletes.
6039:and Oguz Name (a story of an ancient Turkic king
4758:all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of
2160:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2096:. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the
21984:
17588:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
14298:
14097:
14095:
13348:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
12798:. Kazakh-tv.kz. 6 September 2013. Archived from
12560:"2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan"
12489:"Visa Regime of Kazakhstan with other countries"
11979:
11752:"Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database"
11596:"Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan"
9903:"Kazakhstan renames capital to honour ex-leader"
9488:"About Republic of Kazakhstan | CIS Legislation"
9083:. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 11 May 2010. Archived from
9036:Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133
7621:
7567:. Economist Intelligence Unit. 6 December 2010.
7169:"Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine"
7003:About 4% of Kazakhstan's territory, west of the
1828:During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought the
1536:along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan.
21287:
15383:World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan
15036:Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003).
15035:
14810:
14808:
13077:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Kazakhstan"
12929:
12002:
12000:
10047:Institute for Security & Development Policy
8956:
7465:"Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan"
7114:. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting.
6724:With support from the US Department of State's
6372:Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was
5758:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
5622:is the biggest Catholic church in Central Asia.
4958:European Bank of Reconstruction and Development
4202:for 2022; previously it ranked 155th for 2021.
1616:and others. These seem to have merged into the
1506:, were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the
1227:. It might originate from the Turkic word verb
21222:
15554:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan
15244:The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union
14814:
14754:. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
14632:"News – XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом"
12513:
12185:"Astana light rail framework agreement signed"
12120:
11311:The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz
10989:
10218:
10037:
6741:
6210:In the national cuisine, livestock meat, like
5724:. Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.
5433:Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country.
5169:is the world's oldest and largest operational
2548:to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The
2162:in September–October 1941, and then later the
1721:dynasty). Throughout this period, traditional
1701:emerged as a result of the dissolution of the
1266:, which locates Kazakh in the eastern part of
21685:
21432:
21132:
20520:
19843:
19646:
19147:
18787:
18199:
17696:
17039:
16399:
16375:
15581:
14294:
14292:
14152:
14127:
14092:
14030:
14012:"KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent""
13916:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13861:
13670:
12764:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011"
12749:", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds)
12297:
11486:
11363:"Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity"
11160:
10470:"Kazakhstan Is Breaking Out of Russia's Grip"
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9106:Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update
7440:. kursiv.kz. 16 November 2023. Archived from
7397:
7143:. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164.
6750:World Heritage list. The cultural sites are:
6353:is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The
5227:Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992
4715:There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi)
4115:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
3933:Maintaining international peace and security;
3454:
3385:
3357:
2824:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
2416:Satellite image of Kazakhstan (November 2004)
2344:In 1997, the government moved the capital to
2208:in support of the war effort. At the time of
1905:Kazakh woman in wedding clothes, 19th century
61:
22048:Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
21406:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World
21401:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World
21237:
21192:
21177:
21162:
21148:International Organization of Turkic Culture
20373:
19562:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union
16765:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
15226:Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges
14915: This article incorporates text from a
14805:
14336:International Journal of Middle East Studies
13659:"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
13550:Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans
13335:
13195:. World Intellectual Property Organization.
13163:
12738:Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "
12257:Mobility and Transport – European Commission
11997:
11632:
11516:
10832:
9454:
8227:
7591:
7589:
7562:"Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat"
7556:
7554:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7250:
6726:Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
5258:are 71 percent of the population and ethnic
4943:
4822:
3898:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
3851:On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and
3413:became a "city of republican significance".
3375:
3347:
2799:Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of
2348:, renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019, from
2318:On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its
2136:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2127:pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.
2090:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2086:Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
1569:and other Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes.
1185:International Organization of Turkic Culture
1123:, accounting for 60 percent of the region's
1077:
129:
53:
38:
21374:
21344:
20328:
19660:
19451:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)
18756:Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan
14936:Bibliography of the history of Central Asia
14922:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
14301:"La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs"
14260:
14258:
14256:
14254:
14252:
14250:
13942:
13940:
13938:
12589:
12587:
12544:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11864:"Karachaganak field agreement takes effect"
11187:"Kazakhstan: LGBT Community Living in Fear"
10240:
9405:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades"
8689:"Kazakh leader resigns after three decades"
8258:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7759:
7698:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
7494:
7101:
7099:
7097:
6247:, which consists of fermented mare's milk.
6243:. They also drink their national beverage,
5008:
4697:(the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.
4586:was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year
4505:. The country's major crops include wheat,
4241:The law does not adequately provide for an
3319:
2184:involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union
2132:Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1909:In the first half of the 18th century, the
1532:along the Jaxartes River, now known as the
1466:. Archaeologists believe that humans first
22078:States and territories established in 1991
21692:
21678:
21439:
21425:
21302:
21139:
21125:
20527:
20513:
20341:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
19850:
19836:
19653:
19639:
19466:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS
19208:1991 agreements parties and "participants"
19154:
19140:
18794:
18780:
18206:
18192:
17703:
17689:
17499:Czech resistance against German occupation
17046:
17032:
16406:
16392:
15588:
15574:
15518:E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
15109:
14942:
14871:. American Bar Association. Archived from
14289:
14264:
13858:
13764:
13192:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition
13009:
13005:– via Basel Institute on Governance.
12983:Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel; Kodjo Attisso.
12389:
12387:
12385:
12383:
11856:
11472:"Kazakhstan unveils $ 21bn rescue package"
10009:Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly
9592:
8397:
8010:
7975:
7942:. Princeton University Press. p. 49.
7936:Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009).
7929:
6436:, however, is the only professional club.
6417:bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games
6223:. Traditional milk-derived drinks such as
4269:accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary.
4076:Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
3811:(OIC). It is an active participant in the
3158:
170:
21643:Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day
17158:Sovereign states with limited recognition
14887:
14311:(8). Translated by Alié Akimova: 93–100.
13437:
12978:
12976:
12915:
12913:
12662:
12250:
12203:
11958:
11434:
11355:
11337:"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan"
11095:
10578:"Kazakhstan withdraws soldiers from Iraq"
10337:
9813:
9811:
9306:
9288:
9164:"The Coldest Capital Cities In The World"
9016:
9007:
8112:
8052:
8034:
7864:
7841:
7586:
7551:
7364:
7247:
7105:
6642:International Astana Action Film Festival
6614:International Astana Action Film Festival
6463:2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships
5971:stamp honouring Kazakh essayist and poet
5670:religious suppression by the Soviet Union
5099:
4808:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
4529:Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven
4139:Kazakhstan sent 29 military engineers to
3986:, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia,
2452:autonomous republic during Soviet years.
2064:at a Young Pioneer camp in the Kazakh SSR
1391:Learn how and when to remove this message
818:
21207:
19163:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
16987:which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
15482:Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan
14997:
14925:, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.
14247:
14197:
14195:
13935:
13872:Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan
13518:
13364:
12680:
12584:
12552:
11610:
11059:
11011:
10618:
10402:
10038:Cornell, Svante; Engvall, Johan (2017).
9977:
9566:
9237:"Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016"
9034:International Crisis Group. (May 2007).
7979:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
7963:
7935:
7763:Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia
7695:
7094:
6730:
6684:
6671:from the German Federal Foreign Office.
6608:
6567:Heavyweight Champion after knocking out
6438:
6260:
6116:
6093:
5962:
5952:, Kazakh recognised territory under the
5858:
5776:
5614:
5603:
5591:
5340:
5222:
5211:
5161:
5121:
5109:
4786:
4775:
4743:dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary
4655:
4647:
4524:
4473:
4431:
4366:
4293:
4089:
4079:
3940:
3902:
3862:
3823:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
3792:for the first time on 12 November 2012.
3743:
3017:
2833:
2735:
2598:
2485:, and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with
2454:
2411:
2188:
2056:
2044:
1900:
1889:
1751:
1589:, into primarily of East Asian descent.
1557:
1419:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the
1402:
1032:Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the
21272:
20536:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
19597:Collective Security Treaty Organization
19174:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS
18620:Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues
15595:
15249:
15204:
15128:
15059:. Lanham: University Press of America.
14827:from the original on 28 September 2013.
14564:. International Ice Hockey Federation.
14146:
13837:
13309:
13134:
13132:
12857:
12855:
12853:
12595:"Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks"
12481:
12464:International Air Transport Association
12380:
12098:"Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated"
11530:from the original on 11 September 2014.
11464:
11119:
11041:
10698:"Global democracy has another bad year"
10430:
10362:
10208:"Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara"
10202:
10200:
10002:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9429:
9144:Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant'
9125:THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997
8897:
8664:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011).
8466:Children of the gulag live with amnesia
7895:
7654:
7652:
7495:Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006).
7490:
7488:
7486:
6382:Soviet Union's national basketball team
5262:are 14.9 percent. Other groups include
4876:, and for up to 30 days to citizens of
3964:Collective Security Treaty Organization
3947:Collective Security Treaty Organization
2420:As it extends across both sides of the
2180:population transfer in the Soviet Union
1683:and continued to reign over the lands.
1671:emerged among the ruling elite wherein
1231:, 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs'
1169:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1115:Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both
1056:expanding towards the southern region.
21985:
21359:
19180:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS
18615:Representative on Freedom of the Media
15223:
15147:
15073:
15054:
15019:The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan
14456:from the original on 18 September 2021
14426:from the original on 18 September 2021
14387:
14333:
14103:"Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities"
13531:from the original on 11 September 2013
13521:"Russians left behind in Central Asia"
13488:Clarey, Christopher (1 January 2007).
13487:
13159:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13149:
12973:
12910:
12728:from the original on 17 November 2017.
12526:from the original on 11 September 2019
12393:
12368:from the original on 25 September 2019
12164:from the original on 26 September 2017
11803:"Kazakhstan energy profile – Analysis"
11758:from the original on 10 February 2015.
11077:
10666:"Global democracy has a very bad year"
10467:
10431:Sanchez, Wilder Alejandro (May 2020).
10380:
10376:from the original on 18 February 2016.
10110:. Business News Europe. Archived from
9992:from the original on 29 November 2006.
9846:
9844:
9808:
9694:from the original on 17 September 2022
9664:from the original on 20 September 2019
8879:from the original on 14 September 2022
8729:from the original on 22 September 2022
8312:
7760:Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 January 1978).
7714:
7462:
7157:from the original on 27 February 2018.
7106:Viktorova, Polina (30 November 2022).
7059:Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups
4298:GDP per capita development, since 1973
4034:, where Kazakhstan is a member of its
3879:summit in Samarkand, 16 September 2022
3431:
2544:and north to south from the plains of
2271:being the first human to enter space.
2080:) before eventually succumbing to the
1952:settlements. In the 19th century, the
1882:before the Russians gained dominance.
1821:used this opportunity and annexed the
1482:, and later Indo-Iranians such as the
1068:. Following the disintegration of the
1011:one of the lowest population densities
21673:
21420:
21120:
20508:
19831:
19634:
19135:
18775:
18761:Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
18600:Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
18187:
17684:
17027:
16387:
16374:
15569:
15016:
14368:
14192:
14189:. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
13898:from the original on 26 December 2016
13519:Greenall, Robert (23 November 2005).
13419:
13413:
13057:from the original on 21 December 2021
12961:from the original on 25 December 2019
12943:from the original on 26 October 2017.
12873:from the original on 19 February 2016
12698:from the original on 19 February 2016
12620:Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013
12434:from the original on 19 November 2015
12342:from the original on 17 November 2015
12293:from the original on 7 November 2017.
11940:from the original on 27 November 2019
11628:from the original on 26 October 2017.
11606:from the original on 8 December 2015.
11482:from the original on 16 October 2015.
11109:from the original on 1 December 2017.
10636:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10614:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10588:from the original on 22 December 2015
10480:from the original on 23 December 2022
10449:from the original on 21 December 2022
10301:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10279:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10258:from the original on 8 December 2015.
10214:from the original on 8 November 2014.
10185:from the original on 25 November 2016
10155:from the original on 19 February 2016
10105:
10078:
10015:from the original on 9 September 2017
9757:from the original on 21 December 2022
9727:from the original on 21 December 2022
9711:
9709:
9580:from the original on 24 December 2019
9077:"Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply"
9065:from the original on 26 October 2016.
8901:Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier
8849:from the original on 16 February 2022
8789:from the original on 16 February 2022
8584:from the original on 25 December 2019
8373:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
8145:from the original on 21 February 2020
7908:from the original on 2 September 2022
7603:from the original on 10 February 2022
7574:from the original on 13 December 2017
7471:from the original on 4 September 2019
7322:
7235:from the original on 17 November 2023
7209:from the original on 25 February 2024
7183:from the original on 10 February 2022
6933:
6903:
6386:Kazakhstan's national basketball team
6310:2011 World Championships in Athletics
5708:. Less than 1% are part of the Sunni
3772:. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia,
3479:Largest cities or towns in Kazakhstan
3334:Kazakhstan is divided into seventeen
2603:The Kazakh Steppe in the early spring
2267:, a spacecraft with Soviet cosmonaut
2115:in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought
1885:
18651:List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE
15174:
15092:Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda.
14869:"Access to Justice and Human Rights"
14861:
14757:
14668:from the original on 10 October 2022
14568:from the original on 7 November 2017
14542:from the original on 18 January 2017
14502:"10 Most Popular Kazakhstani Dishes"
14482:from the original on 10 January 2021
14315:from the original on 8 November 2016
14155:"Vocational Education in Kazakhstan"
13722:"The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan"
13217:from the original on 22 October 2023
13188:
13129:
13027:from the original on 30 January 2017
12947:
12850:
12776:from the original on 6 December 2010
12650:from the original on 24 October 2019
12446:
12154:"No Light Rail Transport for Astana"
11959:Uyzbayeva, Aigerim (February 2015).
11744:
11702:from the original on 29 October 2019
11257:from the original on 17 October 2019
11129:Cornell Journal of International Law
10977:from the original on 19 January 2021
10640:
10197:
10137:
10056:from the original on 24 October 2020
9973:from the original on 1 January 2016.
9829:from the original on 7 February 2018
9796:from the original on 6 February 2018
9769:
9617:from the original on 14 January 2020
9536:
9341:from the original on 5 February 2017
9335:United Nations Environment Programme
8523:from the original on 2 February 2017
8209:from the original on 8 December 2015
7969:
7957:
7670:from the original on 2 October 2015.
7649:
7643:participating institution membership
7539:from the original on 2 December 2016
7507:from the original on 7 December 2015
7483:
7385:from the original on 12 January 2022
7365:Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008).
7337:United Nations Development Programme
6855:
6845:Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
5106:Science and technology in Kazakhstan
4374:is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the
4015:, with which it shares cultural and
3733:
3306:
3291:rated Kazakhstan as a "consolidated
3279:) of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal
2725:
1490:. Other groups included the nomadic
1329:adding citations to reliable sources
1300:
22053:Member states of the United Nations
19859:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
18610:Commissioner on National Minorities
17494:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
14849:from the original on 30 August 2014
14707:from the original on 3 October 2023
14299:Aitjan Nurmanova (September 2000).
13846:from the original on 8 January 2021
13732:from the original on 11 August 2017
13610:from the original on 9 January 2021
13580:from the original on 9 January 2021
13168:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365–387.
13146:
12838:from the original on 5 January 2020
12263:from the original on 7 January 2021
12018:from the original on 9 January 2021
11910:from the original on 7 January 2022
11880:from the original on 7 January 2022
11845:from the original on 7 January 2022
11813:from the original on 8 January 2021
11783:from the original on 7 January 2021
11768:
11576:from the original on 8 January 2021
10558:from the original on 7 January 2021
10468:Umarov, Temur (16 September 2022).
10167:
9913:from the original on 8 January 2021
9841:
9498:from the original on 9 January 2021
9385:from the original on 11 August 2017
9200:from the original on 2 January 2016
9174:from the original on 8 January 2017
8819:from the original on 5 January 2022
8759:from the original on 15 August 2019
8646:from the original on 8 January 2021
8276:". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27
8240:from the original on 7 January 2021
8179:from the original on 11 August 2015
7527:"Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution"
7417:from the original on 9 January 2021
7288:
7118:from the original on 3 October 2023
6646:Eurasia International Film Festival
6527:, Kazakhstan performed well in the
6421:Soviet Union national championships
4436:A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013
4052:Organization of Islamic Cooperation
4007:community. (The national language,
3809:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
3173:
2448:province, and some to Uzbekistan's
2337:Kazakhstan's communist-era leader,
2254:Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan
1733:identity began to emerge among the
1604:drove before them various peoples:
1502:, precursors to the peoples of the
1177:Organization of Islamic Cooperation
13:
21773:Individual Partnership Action Plan
21702:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
20951:Commonwealth of Independent States
18723:Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan
17599:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
17300:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
17053:
15542:Chief of State and Cabinet Members
14929:
14771:from the original on 12 July 2014.
14512:from the original on 17 April 2021
14128:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13917:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13819:from the original on 22 March 2019
13797:. 2014. p. 33. Archived from
13671:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
13117:from the original on 29 March 2024
13087:from the original on 30 March 2024
12430:. En.tengrinews.kz. 18 June 2014.
11993:from the original on 9 March 2017.
11732:from the original on 6 August 2019
11452:from the original on 4 August 2019
11343:from the original on 26 March 2013
11313:. 30 December 2009. Archived from
11227:from the original on 2 August 2019
11161:Paul Brummell (7 September 2018).
11091:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11073:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11055:from the original on 3 March 2016.
11029:from the original on 29 April 2015
10708:from the original on 23 March 2021
10319:from the original on 6 August 2019
9706:
9411:from the original on 25 April 2019
9134:// USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves
8918:from the original on 17 April 2021
8699:from the original on 25 April 2019
8614:from the original on 20 April 2021
8554:from the original on 28 March 2019
8510:
7865:Ismagulov, O; et al. (2010).
7780:from the original on 17 April 2021
7346:from the original on 13 March 2024
7330:"Human Development Report 2023/24"
7296:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"
7276:from the original on 17 April 2024
6792:
6648:held annually. Hollywood director
6298:2007 World Athletics Championships
5781:Kazakh National University of Arts
3980:Individual Partnership Action Plan
3958:Commonwealth of Independent States
3856:prosperity, and universal values.
3813:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
2236:In 1947, the USSR, as part of its
1729:. In the 15th century, a distinct
1713:, it continued to be ruled by the
1540:Cuman-Kipchak and the Golden Horde
1462:, the ancestor of the terrestrial
1157:Commonwealth of Independent States
1052:dominated the territory, with the
1007:ninth-largest country by land area
572:• Declaration of sovereignty
14:
22089:
21711:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
20285:Economic Cooperation Organization
18803:Economic Cooperation Organization
18682:Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina
15346:United States Department of State
15274:
14981:Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia
14965:(Cornell University Press, 2018)
14947:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
14901:from the original on 30 May 2016.
14612:from the original on 9 April 2015
14588:"Ставки на Футбол – bandy2012.kz"
14388:Abazov, Rafis (11 October 2007).
14277:from the original on 2 April 2019
14048:United States Department of State
13640:from the original on 17 June 2015
13469:Remembering Stalin's deportations
13317:"World Population Prospects 2022"
13267:from the original on 22 June 2020
12753:. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.
12572:from the original on 30 July 2019
11504:from the original on 3 March 2016
11197:from the original on 27 July 2019
11142:from the original on 20 July 2020
10918:from the original on 28 July 2020
10791:from the original on 1 March 2021
10738:from the original on 3 March 2021
10678:from the original on 26 July 2021
10420:from the original on 9 June 2017.
10398:from the original on 1 July 2017.
10350:from the original on 7 April 2020
9883:from the original on 20 June 2018
9717:"Tokayev bites the reform bullet"
9468:from the original on 12 July 2019
9442:from the original on 1 April 2019
9430:Auyezov, Olzhas (19 March 2019).
9243:from the original on 5 March 2016
8349:from the original on 17 June 2015
7766:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 91.
6355:Football Federation of Kazakhstan
5146:In December 2012, President
4710:Astana Nurly Zhol railway station
4652:Map of Kazakhstan railway network
4633:
3975:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3970:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3877:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3844:and the well-known space station
3801:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
3770:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3766:Economic Cooperation Organization
3439:cities of republican significance
2819:million tonnes of 9 percent ore.
2794:Energy Information Administration
2766:Tokarevskoye gas condensate field
2148:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
2023:. The most serious uprising, the
1737:tribes. This was followed by the
1686:
1161:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
21581:
21568:
21555:
21538:
21522:
21509:
21496:
21483:
21470:
21448:
21376:
21361:
21346:
21331:
21318:
21304:
21289:
21274:
21256:
21239:
21224:
21209:
21194:
21179:
21164:
21050:
21037:
21024:
21011:
20998:
20985:
20956:
20922:
20909:
20896:
20883:
20870:
20857:
20844:
20831:
20818:
20805:
20792:
20779:
20766:
20753:
20729:
20705:
20692:
20679:
20666:
20653:
20640:
20627:
20614:
20601:
20588:
19615:
19614:
19110:
19086:
19072:
19058:
19044:
19030:
19016:
19002:
18988:
18974:
18960:
18741:Needs Assessment Team in Armenia
18165:
18154:
18153:
17980:
17554:German occupation in World War I
17005:
16994:
16993:
16688:
15809:
15438:
15428:
15388:Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia
15040:. London: Stacey International.
14910:
14831:
14783:"World Press Freedom Index 2014"
14775:
14738:
14719:
14680:
14654:
14642:from the original on 4 June 2016
14624:
14598:
14580:
14554:
14524:
14494:
14468:
14438:
14408:
14381:
14362:
14327:
14238:
14225:
14173:
14161:from the original on 7 June 2014
14121:
14109:from the original on 6 June 2014
14066:
14054:from the original on 22 May 2019
14018:from the original on 6 June 2014
14004:
13985:
13973:from the original on 6 June 2014
13959:
13910:
13884:
13831:
13805:
13783:
13744:
13714:
13689:
13664:
13652:
13622:
13592:
13562:
13543:
13512:
13481:
13462:
13394:
13382:from the original on 30 May 2019
13297:from the original on 30 May 2019
13279:
13249:
13182:
13099:
13069:
13039:
12957:. The Astana Times. March 2018.
12885:
12814:
12788:
12756:
12732:
12632:
12613:
12601:from the original on 1 July 2014
12507:
12420:
12354:
12338:. EurasiaNet.org. 16 June 2014.
12328:
12275:
12244:
12232:from the original on 13 May 2018
12214:
12191:from the original on 2 July 2017
12176:
12146:
12108:from the original on 13 May 2018
12090:
12078:from the original on 13 May 2018
12060:
12048:from the original on 13 May 2018
12030:
11952:
11922:
11892:
11825:
11795:
11762:
11714:
11684:
11672:from the original on 1 July 2017
11658:
11588:
11558:
11534:
11409:
11396:
11373:
11339:. world-nuclear.org. June 2022.
11329:
11299:
11287:from the original on 31 May 2011
11269:
11239:
11209:
11179:
11154:
11113:
10930:
10900:
10877:
10839:Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy
10826:
10803:
10773:
10720:
10690:
10658:
10600:
10570:
10545:
10539:
10522:
10492:
10461:
10424:
10331:
10305:
10118:
10099:
10079:Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005).
10072:
10040:"Kazakhstan in Europe: Why Not?"
10031:
10003:Iwiński, Tadeusz (7 July 2006).
9996:
9955:
9925:
9627:
9554:from the original on 2 June 2021
9194:"Kazakhstan climate information"
8957:Daily Telegraph (5 April 2010).
8541:
8011:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019).
7371:. Cherrytree Books. p. 14.
7310:from the original on 18 May 2020
7014:
6824:
6810:
6755:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui
6736:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui
6692:, a popular Kazakh film director
6640:. Kazakhstan is the host of the
6590:, representing Russia, but from
6571:on 12 August 2006. The reigning
6308:(women's), taking silver in the
5950:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
5392:. These people are now known as
5243:
4644:Telecommunications in Kazakhstan
4543:oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan
4427:
4254:Kazakhstan's global rank in the
4145:US post-invasion mission in Iraq
3556:
3546:
3519:
3509:
3462:
3215:
3208:
3137:(the largest species of sheep),
3112:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
2811:and the Chilisai deposit of the
2780:within the country, situated in
2140:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
2041:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1962:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
1305:
1098:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1036:. In antiquity, various nomadic
843:
842:
817:
795:
794:
776:
775:
743:
742:
724:
723:
149:
107:
93:
20495:As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
19602:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
19587:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
19410:Unified Team at the Paralympics
15152:Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise
15000:Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite
14815:Wines, Michael (13 July 2002).
14590:. 13 March 2021. Archived from
12408:from the original on 3 May 2019
12394:Lillis, Joanna (17 July 2014).
12316:from the original on 3 May 2019
12251:Anonymous (22 September 2016).
11646:from the original on 8 May 2021
11500:. International Monetary Fund.
10106:Cohen, Ariel (7 October 2008).
9895:
9867:
9739:
9676:
9646:
9510:
9480:
9423:
9397:
9367:
9353:
9323:
9229:
9212:
9186:
9156:
9137:
9118:
9099:
9069:
9047:
9028:
8983:
8950:
8930:
8891:
8861:
8831:
8801:
8771:
8741:
8711:
8681:
8658:
8626:
8596:
8566:
8535:
8504:
8482:
8459:
8432:
8391:
8361:
8331:
8306:
8286:
8266:
8221:
8199:"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan"
8191:
8161:
8069:
8004:
7920:
7889:
7858:
7792:
7753:
7708:
7689:
7674:
7664:The Online Etymology Dictionary
7615:
7519:
7456:
7430:
7358:
7231:. inform.kz. 16 November 2023.
6997:
6943:
6871:
6563:, representing Russia, was the
6451:Kazakh national ice hockey team
6304:is an athlete, specialising in
5620:Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima
5378:dissolution of the Soviet Union
5250:Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan
5195:
5084:Federal Bureau of Investigation
5021:2014–2015 World Economic Forum
4444:and central positioning on the
4440:Kazakhstan's increased role in
4356:to receive an investment grade
4224:COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan
4172:
3740:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
3447:cities of district significance
3443:cities of regional significance
2468:
2430:has territory in two continents
2326:in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared
2313:
2244:near the north-eastern town of
2125:policies of political reprisals
2121:Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33
2084:' rule. On 26 August 1920, the
1842:war against the Dzungar Khanate
1316:needs additional citations for
1283:traditionally referred only to
1135:ranking in the region. It is a
21605:Turkic Speaking States summits
20265:Moro National Liberation Front
18095:British Indian Ocean Territory
15110:Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001).
14983:. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet.
12920:OECD Investment Policy Reviews
12182:
11544:. IBP, Inc. 2015. p. 51.
11281:The World Bank. World Bank.org
8158:The quotation is from pp. 4–5.
7806:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7221:
7195:
7161:
7130:
7052:
7034:
6862:
6467:Kazakhstan Hockey Championship
6405:Kazakhstan national bandy team
4463:
4395:customs code on 5 April 2003.
3890:Ukraine's southeastern regions
3451:villages and rural settlements
2850:, and sits solidly inside the
2070:collapse of central government
1:
22003:1991 establishments in Europe
21659:Supreme Order of Turkic World
21456:Organization of Turkic States
19518:Interstate Aviation Committee
19430:CIS national rugby union team
17425:People's Republic of Bulgaria
16949:country of the United Kingdom
15434:Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan
15205:Robbins, Christopher (2007).
15148:Olcott, Martha Brill (2002).
15114:. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press.
14767:. TengriNews. 20 April 2014.
14536:Oriental Express Central Asia
14153:UNESCO-UNEVOC (August 2012).
14001:. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
13761:". Reuters. 27 February 2018.
13439:10.17323/demreview.v7i1.10822
13420:Тольц, Марк (15 April 2020).
13164:Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015).
13140:Innovation Performance Review
11602:. Satrapia. 23 January 2013.
11416:Kazakhstan's currency plunges
10955:10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867
10888:World Report 2016: Kazakhstan
10814:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan
10761:World Report 2015: Kazakhstan
7896:Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015).
7027:
6799:Public holidays in Kazakhstan
6398:Asian Basketball Championship
6320:submitted bids twice for the
5940:and written, produced in the
5925:
5692:school. These include ethnic
5666:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
5413:immigration of ethnic Kazakhs
5029:
5023:Global Competitiveness Report
5015:Global Competitiveness Report
4800:ninth-largest country by area
4497:Chief livestock products are
4280:in Kazakhstan is widespread.
4043:as a participating government
2034:
1661:division of the Mongol Empire
1431:, while also displaying some
1256:Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
1181:Organization of Turkic States
1017:constitute a majority, while
993:, with a coastline along the
592:• Independence from the
19552:Eurasian Patent Organization
19461:Joint CIS Air Defense System
19425:CIS national ice hockey team
19405:Unified Team at the Olympics
18720:Programme Office in Dushanbe
17559:Estonian War of Independence
15286:Caspian Pipeline Controversy
15076:Law and Custom in the Steppe
14943:Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999).
14244:Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396
13559:, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005
13494:International Herald Tribune
13478:, BBC News, 23 February 2004
11277:"GDP growth (annual %)"
11087:. American Bar Association.
11069:. American Bar Association.
11051:. American Bar Association.
10548:"Yes, Kazakhstan Has a Navy"
10083:. EurasiaNet. Archived from
9784:"Kazakhstan, Unitary County"
9224:Tethys Biodiversity Research
8898:Warikoo, K. (2 March 2016).
7681:Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013).
7497:"Kazakhstan Comes on Strong"
7467:. Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp.
6180:
5766:
5503:Religion in Kazakhstan, 2021
5422:
5372:, mostly descendants of the
5094:Corruption Perceptions Index
4331:small and medium enterprises
3416:Each region is headed by an
3241:Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
2842:Kazakhstan has an "extreme"
2759:reserves; the third largest
2513:. It lies between latitudes
2408:List of cities in Kazakhstan
2397:
2182:and others were forced into
1190:
1005:. Kazakhstan is the world's
691:7/km (18.1/sq mi) (
7:
21998:1991 establishments in Asia
19542:Eurasian Economic Community
19502:2023 Free Trade in Services
18751:Kosovo Verification Mission
18717:Programme Office in Bishkek
17240:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
15443:Geographic data related to
15424:The Region Initiative (TRI)
15329:Central Intelligence Agency
15258:. New York: HarperCollins.
15158:Brookings Institution Press
11600:The Gazette of Central Asia
11365:. BRIC Plus. Archived from
11049:"Rule of Law in Kazakhstan"
10847:10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5
9520:. Akorda.kz. Archived from
8439:Pianciola, Niccolò (2004).
7731:10.1080/0263493032000053208
7411:Central Intelligence Agency
7270:International Monetary Fund
7177:Economist Intelligence Unit
6988:
6967:
6925:
6895:
6803:
6742:UNESCO World Heritage sites
6707:, with the government as a
5487:
4693:(the southernmost city) to
4360:from a major international
4338:U.S. Department of Commerce
4185:Economist Intelligence Unit
4152:National Security Committee
4107:Turkestan Military District
4085:Kazakhstan Republican Guard
4069:
3782:Eurasian Economic Community
3455:
3409:. In June 2018 the city of
3386:
3376:
3358:
3348:
3253:parliament composed of the
3117:Common mammals include the
3007:
2718:region is also home to the
1563:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
1223:
1078:
140:
77:
54:
10:
22094:
19769:Free Trade Zone agreements
19547:Eurasian Patent Convention
19456:United Armed Forces (1992)
19420:CIS national football team
19121:(as Turkish Cypriot State)
18714:Programme Office in Astana
18099:British Overseas Territory
17712:Countries and dependencies
16797:British Overseas Territory
16415:Countries and dependencies
15055:George, Alexandra (2001).
14933:
14690:Lonely Planet Central Asia
13410:. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013
10897:, accessed September 2016.
10823:, accessed September 2016.
10338:INFORM.KZ (9 March 2020).
9290:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
8169:"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700"
6796:
6678:
6602:
6254:
6203:
6199:
6184:
6087:
6068:қара сөздері, Qara sözderi
5929:
5879:and spread northward. The
5844:
5840:
5770:
5682:non-denominational Muslims
5491:
5426:
5338:) existed in the country.
5306:. Some minorities such as
5247:
5205:
5202:Demographics of Kazakhstan
5199:
5180:genetically modified crops
5103:
5090:Transparency International
5069:Transparency International
4967:
4783:, view from Mount Bolectau
4769:
4765:
4637:
4533:in the Caspian Sea region.
4467:
4287:
4283:
4263:ABA Rule of Law Initiative
4179:Human rights in Kazakhstan
4176:
4073:
4011:, is related to the other
3737:
3545:
3508:
3470:
3424:are appointed by regional
3323:
3162:
3011:
2829:
2729:
2720:Mynzhylky mountain plateau
2401:
2387:2019 presidential election
2263:became the springboard of
2233:accounted for 43 percent.
2038:
1832:, a federation of western
1739:Kazakh War of Independence
1690:
1543:
1294:
1290:
1104:. Kazakhstan was the last
406:semi-presidential republic
18:
21837:
21771:
21722:
21708:
21651:
21630:
21597:
21547:
21536:
21462:
21393:
21265:
21254:
21155:
21066:
20977:
20938:
20745:
20721:
20578:
20542:
20491:
20438:
20366:
20321:
20273:
20253:
20213:
20206:
20190:
19892:
19883:
19866:
19767:
19734:
19706:
19668:
19610:
19532:Outside the CIS framework
19531:
19510:
19474:
19443:
19397:
19376:
19355:
19335:
19280:parties and "members" (9)
19275:
19206:
19195:
19169:
19102:
18951:
18875:
18850:
18817:
18810:
18733:
18669:
18646:Azerbaijan–OSCE relations
18633:
18587:
18519:
18221:
18139:
18112:
18081:
18065:
18044:
18031:
17989:
17978:
17722:
17480:History of Czechoslovakia
17280:First Republic of Armenia
17183:
17157:
17061:
16966:
16922:
16897:
16872:
16859:
16806:
16782:
16775:
16752:
16739:
16697:
16686:
16425:
16381:
16376:Links to related articles
16337:
16248:
16220:
16211:
16105:
16096:
16036:
16027:
15946:
15937:
15905:
15827:
15818:
15807:
15789:
15738:
15647:
15616:
15607:
15535:21 September 2022 at the
15511:29 September 2011 at the
15376:29 September 2011 at the
15209:. London: Profile Books.
15074:Martin, Virginia (2000).
15038:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age
14787:Reporters Without Borders
14562:"2011 Asian Winter Games"
14404:– via Google Books.
14348:10.1017/S0020743800021954
13997:18 September 2009 at the
13426:Демографическое обозрение
13287:"Population Clock: World"
10893:14 September 2016 at the
10732:Reporters Without Borders
10610:. Central Asia Newswire.
10530:"2024 Global Peace Index"
8451:: 137–192. Archived from
8105:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
7826:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2
7630:Oxford English Dictionary
6977:
6956:
6914:
6884:
6701:World Press Freedom Index
6698:Reporters Without Borders
6475:Kontinental Hockey League
6423:in 1977 and 1990 and the
6067:
6055:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5388:in the Soviet Union were
5150: announced the
4951:foreign direct investment
4944:Foreign direct investment
4520:
4470:Agriculture in Kazakhstan
4196:Reporters Without Borders
3875:and other leaders at the
3834:көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат
3833:
3381:
3371:
3353:
3343:
3092:) and rare onion species
2638:43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E
2250:first Soviet nuclear bomb
1411:when it was populated by
1239:' is of the same origin.
1212:
1204:
1072:in the 15th century, the
1054:Achaemenid Persian Empire
909:
897:
877:
862:
832:
807:
788:
769:
755:
736:
717:
699:
685:
671:
664:
654:
640:
633:
629:
616:
603:
590:
580:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
501:
494:
479:
464:
454:
450:
435:
420:
416:
398:
386:
345:
281:
260:
219:
178:
169:
130:
123:
89:
62:
39:
30:
21084:SCO Interbank Consortium
20336:Abuja Declaration (1989)
20230:Central African Republic
17290:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
15530:Government of Kazakhstan
15405:22 December 2011 at the
15393:22 February 2021 at the
14998:Cummings, Sally (2002).
14750:7 September 2015 at the
14450:src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp
14420:src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp
13776:19 February 2017 at the
13021:U.S. Department of State
12892:Oil, Cash and Corruption
11618:"Economic Freedom Index"
11120:Trochev, Alexei (2017).
11019:"Rule of Law Index 2015"
10770:, accessed October 2015.
10392:World Trade Organization
10388:"Kazakhstan and the WTO"
10273:"Nazarbayev as Mediator"
10130:16 February 2017 at the
9875:
8967:. London. Archived from
8939:Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta
8671:10 December 2015 at the
7696:Barthold, V. V. (1962).
7532:Parliament of Kazakhstan
6674:
6409:Bandy World Championship
6392:, where it defeated the
6384:in the 1960s and 1970s.
6250:
6159:European classical music
6083:
5390:deported to Central Asia
5152:Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy
5009:Economic competitiveness
4962:Belt and Road Initiative
4450:World Trade Organization
4218:for allegedly spreading
4047:World Trade Organization
4036:World Heritage Committee
3449:, and over two-thousand
3320:Administrative divisions
3281:administrative divisions
3165:Government of Kazakhstan
3110:. Kazakhstan had a 2019
2822:On 17 October 2013, the
2813:Aqtobe phosphorite basin
2354:Elections to the Majilis
2130:On 5 December 1936, the
1805:Persian-speaking peoples
1749:, culture, and economy.
1630:Western Turkic Khaganate
1153:World Trade Organization
1127:, primarily through its
22008:Central Asian countries
19662:Eurasian Economic Union
19567:Eurasian Economic Union
19415:CIS national bandy team
18057:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
17584:Estonia in World War II
17544:Estophile Enlightenment
17400:Second Bulgarian Empire
16953:British-Irish Agreement
15837:Altay (Altai) Mountains
15559:23 October 2015 at the
15523:26 January 2013 at the
15470:8 February 2011 at the
15353:from the United States
15250:Thubron, Colin (1994).
15228:. New York: iUniverse.
15133:. London: Pluto Press.
15021:. New York: Routledge.
14961:Cameron, Sarah. (2018)
14532:"Cuisine of Kazakhstan"
14305:Cahiers d'Asie Centrale
14271:Encyclopædia Britannica
14185:8 December 2015 at the
13634:Encyclopædia Britannica
13555:8 December 2015 at the
13406:8 December 2015 at the
13023:. US State Department.
12897:5 February 2017 at the
12745:24 October 2021 at the
12565:. US State Department.
11622:The Heritage Foundation
11448:. US State Department.
11421:5 February 2017 at the
11067:"Kazakhstan Background"
10819:28 October 2016 at the
10766:28 October 2016 at the
9639:16 October 2017 at the
9115:// SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC
8375:. 2005y. Archived from
8343:Encyclopædia Britannica
8173:Encyclopædia Britannica
8045:10.1126/science.aat7487
7871:Science of Central Asia
7635:Oxford University Press
6774:The natural sites are:
6598:
6531:in Sydney. Two boxers,
6342:2011 Asian Winter Games
6316:. Kazakhstan's city of
6124:was created in 1982 in
5855:Kazakh wedding ceremony
5773:Education in Kazakhstan
5716:). There are also some
5680:Some figures show that
5429:Languages of Kazakhstan
5141:Global Innovation Index
4640:Transport in Kazakhstan
4422:The Heritage Foundation
4417:The Wall Street Journal
4321:and the effects of the
4041:Nuclear Suppliers Group
3911:with Russian President
3867:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev,
3790:UN Human Rights Council
3330:Districts of Kazakhstan
3301:free and fair elections
3159:Government and politics
2489:. Major cities include
2404:Geography of Kazakhstan
2174:(the Gulag), including
2104:, and in April 1927 to
1624:. Within 35 years, the
1429:Ancient North Eurasians
1165:Eurasian Economic Union
1133:Human Development Index
1090:1917 Russian Revolution
1023:Muslim-majority country
780:$ 296.740 billion (
728:$ 693.415 billion (
261:Official languages
21732:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21611:Turkic Council summits
20225:Bosnia and Herzegovina
20095:Pakistan-OIC relations
19276:Additionally the 1993
18641:Armenia–OSCE relations
18595:Parliamentary Assembly
18264:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18115:Special administrative
18091:(Sovereign Base Areas)
17385:First Bulgarian Empire
16789:(Sovereign Base Areas)
16470:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16061:Science and technology
15781:Republic of Kazakhstan
15459:1 January 2011 at the
15317:9 January 2021 at the
15254:The Lost Heart of Asia
15224:Rosten, Keith (2005).
15129:Nazpary, Joma (2002).
15017:Demko, George (1997).
14731:1 January 2016 at the
13952:2 October 2017 at the
12724:. OECD. 15 June 2017.
12672:. EBRD. Archived from
9856:9 January 2021 at the
9149:1 January 2016 at the
8445:Cahiers du monde russe
8413:: 1–12. Archived from
7989:. UNESCO. p. 37.
7597:"Democracy Index 2022"
7463:Galiev, Anuar (1998).
6968:Qazaqstan Respublikasy
6957:Қазақстан Республикасы
6738:
6693:
6617:
6549:Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov
6543:. Another two boxers,
6446:
6269:
6129:
6108:Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly
6102:
6101:on stamp of Kazakhstan
5975:
5864:
5808:At present, there are
5782:
5623:
5612:
5601:
5494:Religion in Kazakhstan
5353:
5328:deported to Kazakhstan
5228:
5220:
5174:
5127:
5115:
5100:Science and technology
4795:
4784:
4701:Kazakhstan Temir Zholy
4661:
4653:
4539:natural gas condensate
4534:
4482:
4437:
4379:
4299:
4252:
4098:
4087:
3992:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3950:
3916:
3880:
3761:
3756:and Russian President
3295:regime", stating that
3169:Politics of Kazakhstan
3025:
3014:Wildlife of Kazakhstan
2839:
2743:
2643:43.3503222; 79.0803556
2604:
2570:Charyn River and gorge
2474:
2417:
2197:
2065:
2054:
1906:
1898:
1836:tribes, including the
1796:
1669:Turco-Mongol tradition
1594:first Turkic Khaganate
1570:
1554:Turco-Mongol tradition
1468:domesticated the horse
1416:
939:Republic of Kazakhstan
55:Qazaqstan Respublikasy
40:Қазақстан Республикасы
32:Republic of Kazakhstan
21:Qazaqstan (TV channel)
21839:Partnership for Peace
21715:Partnership for Peace
19482:Common Economic Space
18842:Islamabad Declaration
18734:Former field missions
18692:Mission to Montenegro
18670:Active field missions
18089:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
17325:Stalinist repressions
16816:Bailiwick of Guernsey
16787:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
15493:International Futures
15365:UCB Libraries GovPubs
15344:information from the
15103:16 March 2021 at the
14972:10 April 2021 at the
13801:on 29 September 2015.
13630:"Kazakhstan – People"
13352:, Population Division
13323:, Population Division
12869:. 16 September 2014.
12822:"Doing Business 2020"
12646:. 26 September 2019.
11869:Oil & Gas Journal
11023:World Justice Project
9967:Tengrinews.kz English
9660:. 17 September 2019.
9269:Nature Communications
8875:. 14 September 2022.
8494:Anthem Press. p. 15.
8313:Bodger, Alan (1988).
7427:Kazakhstan: Geography
7413:. 29 September 2021.
7042:"Б-18-07-Г (англ) Т4"
6989:Respublika Kazakhstan
6850:Aurora Minerals Group
6840:Outline of Kazakhstan
6734:
6688:
6612:
6580:middleweight champion
6483:Supreme Hockey League
6442:
6374:Alzhan Zharmukhamedov
6264:
6120:
6097:
5966:
5918:, among many others.
5862:
5847:Culture of Kazakhstan
5780:
5618:
5607:
5595:
5370:Germans in Kazakhstan
5358:Virgin Lands Campaign
5344:
5226:
5215:
5165:
5125:
5113:
5065:access to information
4790:
4779:
4772:Tourism in Kazakhstan
4659:
4651:
4618:, ChevronTexaco, and
4528:
4501:, leather, meat, and
4477:
4435:
4370:
4297:
4290:Economy of Kazakhstan
4256:World Justice Project
4243:independent judiciary
4231:
4093:
4083:
3945:Member states of the
3944:
3909:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3906:
3866:
3816:Partnership for Peace
3747:
3326:Regions of Kazakhstan
3225:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3188:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
3021:
2837:
2739:
2658:, which survived the
2602:
2458:
2415:
2383:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
2242:atomic bomb test site
2218:Virgin Lands Campaign
2192:
2138:(RSFSR) and made the
2060:
2049:Stanitsa Sofiiskaya,
2048:
1904:
1897:skirmish with Kazakhs
1893:
1803:and the neighbouring
1755:
1561:
1443:. The population was
1439:developed during the
1406:
1297:History of Kazakhstan
1207:. The native name is
656:• Water (%)
430:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
245:43.27750°N 76.89583°E
78:Respublika Kazakhstan
22028:Landlocked countries
21089:Eurasian Land Bridge
20930:United Arab Emirates
20347:OIC Resolution 10/11
20300:Non-Aligned Movement
20177:United Arab Emirates
17957:United Arab Emirates
17295:Turkish–Armenian War
15751:List of Kazakh khans
15487:30 June 2012 at the
15465:Kazakhstan Discovery
15351:Portals to the World
15078:. Richmond: Curzon.
14662:"Kazakhfilm Studios"
13791:"Kazakhstan in 2013"
13189:WIPO (16 May 2024).
13053:. 20 December 2021.
12626:8 March 2014 at the
12160:. 28 November 2013.
11906:. 12 December 2020.
11874:PennWell Corporation
11698:. 13 February 2019.
11524:"Kazakhstan Profile"
11442:"Kazakhstan profile"
11105:. The Astana Times.
11004:18 June 2020 at the
9969:. 13 November 2012.
9723:. 18 November 2022.
9218:A.F. Kovshar (Ed.):
9130:3 March 2013 at the
9111:2 April 2016 at the
9041:3 March 2016 at the
8488:Flynn, Moya (1994).
8471:3 March 2016 at the
8345:. 16 December 1991.
7718:Central Asian Survey
7409:. Washington, D.C.:
7179:. 2023. p. 50.
7173:Democracy Index 2022
6978:Республика Казахстан
6935:[kəzɐxˈstan]
6905:[qɑzɑqsˈtɑn]
6605:Cinema of Kazakhstan
6529:2000 Summer Olympics
6469:is held since 1992.
6461:, as well as in the
6459:2006 Winter Olympics
6330:2022 Winter Olympics
6314:2012 Summer Olympics
6290:2004 Summer Olympics
6167:Aleksandr Zatayevich
6143:ethnic Russian music
5362:Soviet space program
5148:Nursultan Nazarbayev
5060:World Economic Forum
4979:Kazakh National Bank
4804:World Economic Forum
4794:ski resort in Almaty
4549:; 87.3 million
4362:credit rating agency
4236:right to an attorney
3752:with U.S. President
3184:Nursultan Nazarbayev
3040:. Common plants are
3038:areas of conservancy
2732:Energy in Kazakhstan
2426:landlocked countries
2379:authoritarian regime
2339:Nursultan Nazarbayev
2195:Alma-Ata Declaration
2025:Central Asian revolt
1946:Pugachev's Rebellion
1823:Mangyshlak Peninsula
1325:improve this article
1145:Nursultan Nazarbayev
1129:oil and gas industry
1106:constituent republic
891:West / East
673:• 2024 estimate
620:Current constitution
63:Республика Казахстан
22018:Countries in Europe
21965: /
20426:Arab–Islamic (2023)
19875:Hissein Brahim Taha
19736:Prospective members
18832:Secretaries-General
18677:Presence in Albania
17992:States with limited
17574:Soviet deportations
17315:Bronze and Iron Age
17285:Armeno-Georgian War
17200:Prehistoric Armenia
16909:unincorporated area
16838:Bailiwick of Jersey
16700:States with limited
15862:Khan Tangiri Shyngy
15842:Aral Karakum Desert
15705:Kara-Khanid Khanate
15690:Xueyantuo Khaganate
15417:1 July 2017 at the
15355:Library of Congress
15340:4 June 2019 at the
15300:1 June 2017 at the
15242:Smith, Graham, ed.
14793:on 14 February 2014
14594:on 24 January 2012.
14394:. Greenwood Press.
14267:"Kazakh literature"
14050:. 26 October 2009.
13992:Islam in Kazakhstan
13877:11 May 2010 at the
13842:. www.asianews.it.
13757:25 May 2018 at the
13474:6 June 2013 at the
13201:10.34667/tind.46596
13113:. 30 January 2024.
13083:. 30 January 2024.
12802:on 20 February 2014
12454:"Visa and passport"
11385:19 May 2020 at the
11223:. 29 January 2019.
10943:Europe-Asia Studies
10704:. 22 January 2020.
10674:. 2 February 2021.
10584:. 21 October 2008.
10510:on 21 December 2022
10236:on 5 February 2015.
10151:. 27 October 2014.
9576:. USNews. REUTERS.
9492:cis-legislation.com
9281:2020NatCo..11.5978G
8964:The Daily Telegraph
8455:on 23 October 2015.
8420:on 3 September 2006
8398:Simon Ertz (2005).
8097:2018Natur.557..369D
7877:on 10 February 2017
7818:2019NatEE...3..966J
7633:(Online ed.).
7444:on 17 November 2023
7082:on 2 September 2022
6719:Not That Respublika
6681:Media of Kazakhstan
6533:Bekzat Sattarkhanov
6493:, Ivan Kulshov and
6485:since 1996 and the
6257:Sport in Kazakhstan
6090:Music of Kazakhstan
6036:Book of Dede Korkut
5791:adult literacy rate
5668:. After decades of
5609:Ascension Cathedral
5254:As of 2024, ethnic
5167:Baikonur Cosmodrome
4753:European Commission
4340:granted Kazakhstan
4336:In March 2002, the
4200:Press Freedom Index
4103:Soviet Armed Forces
3838:Baikonur Cosmodrome
3432:Municipal divisions
3407:Baikonur cosmodrome
3107:Tulipa kaufmanniana
3095:Allium karataviense
3082:) and several wild
2871:
2848:cold steppe climate
2681: /
2634: /
2533:in Eastern Europe.
2288:Dinmukhamed Konayev
2238:atomic bomb project
2172:Soviet labour camps
1524:army fought in the
1518:Alexander the Great
1235:culture. The term '
1027:Christian community
241: /
200: /
19492:1994 FTA Agreement
19435:CIS Cup (football)
18746:Mission to Croatia
18711:Centre in Ashgabat
18697:Mission to Moldova
17549:National awakening
17459:Kingdom of Bohemia
17380:Old Great Bulgaria
17355:Soviet repressions
16808:Crown Dependencies
16066:Telecommunications
15324:The World Factbook
15175:Rall, Ted (2006).
15156:. Washington, DC:
15112:Epicenter of Peace
15002:. London: Tauris.
14843:Human Rights Watch
14821:The New York Times
12904:The New York Times
12042:railwaygazette.com
11989:. Bloomberg News.
11754:. The World Bank.
11526:. The World Bank.
11428:The New York Times
11406:, 22 February 2014
11307:"№ 1 in the world"
11191:Human Rights Watch
10912:Human Rights Watch
10884:Human Rights Watch
10810:Human Rights Watch
10757:Human Rights Watch
10652:The New York Times
10504:trendsresearch.org
10114:on 17 August 2009.
9862:CIA World Factbook
9613:. 5 January 2020.
9239:. viranatura.com.
9226:. Tom 1, S. 17–21.
8815:. 5 January 2022.
8608:The Economic Times
7300:data.worldbank.org
6739:
6694:
6618:
6537:Yermakhan Ibraimov
6487:Saryarka Karagandy
6447:
6328:and again for the
6270:
6130:
6103:
5976:
5865:
5783:
5712:school (primarily
5624:
5613:
5602:
5439:Kipchak sub-branch
5354:
5345:Kazakhstanis on a
5229:
5221:
5217:Population pyramid
5175:
5128:
5116:
4918:OECD member states
4798:Kazakhstan is the
4796:
4785:
4662:
4654:
4602:(20 percent), and
4535:
4483:
4478:Grain fields near
4438:
4380:
4300:
4207:Human Rights Watch
4099:
4088:
4064:Global Peace Index
3951:
3917:
3915:, 28 November 2022
3881:
3762:
3196:commander-in-chief
3153:Przewalski's horse
3026:
2869:
2840:
2744:
2605:
2475:
2428:in the world that
2418:
2286:of the Kazakh SSR
2206:mineral extraction
2198:
2158:deported from the
2066:
2055:
1997:Trans-Aral Railway
1907:
1899:
1886:Russian Kazakhstan
1876:Emirate of Bukhara
1850:Battle of Añyraqai
1797:
1649:Hazrat-e Turkestan
1571:
1526:Battle of Jaxartes
1472:Afanasievo culture
1433:Ancient East Asian
1417:
1246:sources, the term
943:landlocked country
765:2024 estimate
713:2024 estimate
283:Ethnic groups
250:43.27750; 76.89583
22013:Countries in Asia
21948:
21947:
21942:
21941:
21667:
21666:
21414:
21413:
21114:
21113:
21094:Working languages
20746:Dialogue partners
20502:
20501:
20434:
20433:
20362:
20361:
20317:
20316:
20313:
20312:
19825:
19824:
19628:
19627:
19393:
19392:
19129:
19128:
18871:
18870:
18769:
18768:
18707:Mission to Skopje
18702:Mission to Serbia
18687:Mission in Kosovo
18181:
18180:
18108:
18107:
17678:
17677:
17489:German occupation
17360:German occupation
17320:Early Middle Ages
17275:Caucasus campaign
17270:Armenian genocide
17021:
17020:
16962:
16961:
16884:autonomous region
16855:
16854:
16851:
16850:
16368:
16367:
16333:
16332:
16329:
16328:
16092:
16091:
16023:
16022:
16015:Political parties
15988:Freedom of speech
15961:Foreign relations
15933:
15932:
15805:
15804:
15761:Russian Turkestan
15685:Oghuz Yabgu State
15216:978-1-86197-868-4
15183:. New York: NBM.
14845:. 22 April 2014.
14700:978-1-78701-960-7
14693:. Lonely Planet.
14231:Atabaki, Touraj.
14139:978-1-78477-092-1
13928:978-1-78477-092-1
13894:. 9 August 2012.
13682:978-1-78477-092-1
13500:on 4 January 2007
13210:978-92-805-3432-0
13175:978-92-3-100129-1
12997:on 18 August 2016
12907:, 5 November 2006
11837:, International:
11809:. 15 April 2020.
11728:. 18 April 2019.
11666:"WTO: Kazakhstan"
11172:978-1-78477-092-1
11085:"Judicial Reform"
10914:. 18 April 2020.
10856:978-981-13-6692-5
10546:Putz, Catherine.
9407:. 19 March 2019.
9009:10.3390/d15060769
8911:978-1-317-29028-5
8785:. 20 March 2019.
8695:. 19 March 2019.
8580:. 20 March 2019.
8542:Putz, Catherine.
8511:Keenan, Jillian.
8091:(7705): 369–374.
7977:Dandamayev, M. A.
7949:978-1-4008-2994-1
7773:978-3-11-081003-5
7641:(Subscription or
7378:978-1-84234-461-3
7339:. 13 March 2024.
7272:. 16 April 2024.
7150:978-3-86219-454-4
6986:
6965:
6923:
6893:
6856:Explanatory notes
6703:A mid-March 2002
6690:Timur Bekmambetov
6650:Timur Bekmambetov
6588:Natascha Ragosina
6521:Val Barker Trophy
6513:Bakhtiyar Artayev
6477:. Meanwhile, the
6453:have competed in
6376:, who played for
6060:The Book of Words
5932:Kazakh literature
5908:Mukhtar Shakhanov
5822:Bachelor's degree
5674:religious beliefs
5598:Nur-Astana Mosque
5588:
5587:
4823:Kazakh Government
4606:(5 percent). The
4594:(50 percent), US
4386:was adopted. The
4220:false information
3776:, Kyrgyzstan and
3734:Foreign relations
3730:
3729:
3307:Political reforms
3297:freedom of speech
3249:Kazakhstan has a
3247:
3246:
3243:
3232:
3101:Iris willmottiana
3005:
3004:
2726:Natural resources
2685:48.500°N 82.000°E
2656:Fraxinus sogdiana
2521:, and longitudes
2300:Mikhail Gorbachev
2214:Nikita Khrushchev
2202:Soviet-German War
1795:
1794:
1705:. Established by
1504:Scythian cultures
1500:Srubnaya cultures
1496:Achaemenid Empire
1478:cultures such as
1401:
1400:
1393:
1375:
1221:
1195:The English word
1094:Russian Civil War
997:. Its capital is
949:, with a part in
937:, officially the
932:
931:
790:• Per capita
738:• Per capita
367:11.0% No response
204:51.167°N 71.433°E
162:
142:Menıñ Qazaqstanym
131:Менің Қазақстаным
22085:
21980:
21979:
21977:
21976:
21975:
21970:
21966:
21963:
21962:
21961:
21958:
21724:Aspirant members
21700:Partners of the
21694:
21687:
21680:
21671:
21670:
21617:2022 (Samarkand)
21587:
21585:
21584:
21574:
21572:
21571:
21561:
21559:
21558:
21542:
21528:
21526:
21525:
21515:
21513:
21512:
21502:
21500:
21499:
21489:
21487:
21486:
21476:
21474:
21473:
21454:
21452:
21451:
21441:
21434:
21427:
21418:
21417:
21386:
21382:
21380:
21379:
21371:
21367:
21365:
21364:
21356:
21352:
21350:
21349:
21341:
21337:
21335:
21334:
21323:
21322:
21321:
21314:
21310:
21308:
21307:
21299:
21295:
21293:
21292:
21284:
21280:
21278:
21277:
21260:
21249:
21245:
21243:
21242:
21234:
21230:
21228:
21227:
21219:
21215:
21213:
21212:
21204:
21200:
21198:
21197:
21189:
21185:
21183:
21182:
21174:
21170:
21168:
21167:
21141:
21134:
21127:
21118:
21117:
21056:
21054:
21053:
21043:
21041:
21040:
21030:
21028:
21027:
21017:
21015:
21014:
21004:
21002:
21001:
20991:
20989:
20988:
20962:
20960:
20959:
20928:
20926:
20925:
20915:
20913:
20912:
20902:
20900:
20899:
20889:
20887:
20886:
20876:
20874:
20873:
20863:
20861:
20860:
20850:
20848:
20847:
20837:
20835:
20834:
20824:
20822:
20821:
20811:
20809:
20808:
20798:
20796:
20795:
20785:
20783:
20782:
20772:
20770:
20769:
20759:
20757:
20756:
20735:
20733:
20732:
20711:
20709:
20708:
20698:
20696:
20695:
20685:
20683:
20682:
20672:
20670:
20669:
20659:
20657:
20656:
20646:
20644:
20643:
20633:
20631:
20630:
20620:
20618:
20617:
20607:
20605:
20604:
20594:
20592:
20591:
20529:
20522:
20515:
20506:
20505:
20371:
20370:
20326:
20325:
20211:
20210:
19890:
19889:
19852:
19845:
19838:
19829:
19828:
19708:Observer members
19655:
19648:
19641:
19632:
19631:
19618:
19617:
19592:New Union Treaty
19557:EU Technical Aid
19204:
19203:
19156:
19149:
19142:
19133:
19132:
19122:
19116:
19114:
19113:
19092:
19090:
19089:
19078:
19076:
19075:
19064:
19062:
19061:
19050:
19048:
19047:
19036:
19034:
19033:
19022:
19020:
19019:
19008:
19006:
19005:
18994:
18992:
18991:
18980:
18978:
18977:
18966:
18964:
18963:
18815:
18814:
18796:
18789:
18782:
18773:
18772:
18625:OSCE Minsk Group
18588:Bodies and posts
18282:
18208:
18201:
18194:
18185:
18184:
18169:
18157:
18156:
18117:regions of China
18052:Christmas Island
18042:
18041:
17984:
17724:Sovereign states
17705:
17698:
17691:
17682:
17681:
17524:Livonian Crusade
17455:High Middle Ages
17450:Duchy of Bohemia
17390:Christianization
17375:Odrysian kingdom
17235:Mongol invasions
17230:Medieval Armenia
17225:Sasanian Armenia
17210:Artaxiad dynasty
17062:Sovereign states
17048:
17041:
17034:
17025:
17024:
17009:
16997:
16996:
16983:Governed by the
16945:Northern Ireland
16888:Åland convention
16870:
16869:
16780:
16779:
16750:
16749:
16692:
16427:Sovereign states
16408:
16401:
16394:
16385:
16384:
16372:
16371:
16353:
16346:
16218:
16217:
16193:Wedding ceremony
16153:
16103:
16102:
16084:Waste management
16074:
16034:
16033:
15944:
15943:
15915:Cities and towns
15887:Tien (Tian) Shan
15825:
15824:
15813:
15715:Chagatai Khanate
15700:Kyrgyz Khaganate
15695:Uyghur Khaganate
15660:Rouran Khaganate
15614:
15613:
15590:
15583:
15576:
15567:
15566:
15442:
15441:
15432:
15431:
15269:
15257:
15239:
15220:
15194:
15182:
15171:
15155:
15144:
15125:
15089:
15070:
15051:
15032:
15013:
14994:
14958:
14914:
14903:
14902:
14891:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14880:
14865:
14859:
14858:
14856:
14854:
14835:
14829:
14828:
14812:
14803:
14802:
14800:
14798:
14789:. Archived from
14779:
14773:
14772:
14761:
14755:
14742:
14736:
14723:
14717:
14716:
14714:
14712:
14684:
14678:
14677:
14675:
14673:
14658:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14647:
14628:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14617:
14602:
14596:
14595:
14584:
14578:
14577:
14575:
14573:
14558:
14552:
14551:
14549:
14547:
14528:
14522:
14521:
14519:
14517:
14498:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14487:
14472:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14442:
14436:
14435:
14433:
14431:
14412:
14406:
14405:
14385:
14379:
14378:
14366:
14360:
14359:
14331:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14296:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14265:Walter Feldman.
14262:
14245:
14242:
14236:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14209:. Archived from
14199:
14190:
14177:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14166:
14150:
14144:
14143:
14125:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14105:. CollegeAtlas.
14099:
14090:
14089:
14087:
14085:
14076:. Archived from
14074:"Нац состав.rar"
14070:
14064:
14063:
14061:
14059:
14034:
14028:
14027:
14025:
14023:
14008:
14002:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13963:
13957:
13944:
13933:
13932:
13914:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13903:
13888:
13882:
13869:
13856:
13855:
13853:
13851:
13835:
13829:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13809:
13803:
13802:
13787:
13781:
13768:
13762:
13748:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13737:
13718:
13712:
13711:
13709:
13707:
13693:
13687:
13686:
13668:
13662:
13656:
13650:
13649:
13647:
13645:
13626:
13620:
13619:
13617:
13615:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13585:
13566:
13560:
13547:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13516:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13505:
13496:. Archived from
13485:
13479:
13466:
13460:
13459:
13441:
13417:
13411:
13398:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13347:
13339:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13313:
13307:
13306:
13304:
13302:
13283:
13277:
13276:
13274:
13272:
13263:. 18 June 2020.
13261:The Astana Times
13253:
13247:
13246:
13240:
13236:
13234:
13226:
13224:
13222:
13186:
13180:
13179:
13161:
13144:
13143:
13136:
13127:
13126:
13124:
13122:
13111:Transparency.org
13103:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13092:
13081:Transparency.org
13073:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13051:Transparency.org
13043:
13037:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13013:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12996:
12989:
12980:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12951:
12945:
12944:
12933:
12927:
12917:
12908:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12859:
12848:
12847:
12845:
12843:
12837:
12826:
12818:
12812:
12811:
12809:
12807:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12775:
12768:
12760:
12754:
12736:
12730:
12729:
12714:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12666:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12655:
12636:
12630:
12617:
12611:
12610:
12608:
12606:
12591:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12577:
12571:
12564:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12543:
12535:
12533:
12531:
12520:The Astana Times
12511:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12485:
12479:
12478:
12476:
12474:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12439:
12424:
12418:
12417:
12415:
12413:
12391:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12358:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12347:
12332:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12321:
12301:
12295:
12294:
12287:flightglobal.com
12279:
12273:
12272:
12270:
12268:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12218:
12212:
12207:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12134:on 25 April 2015
12130:. Archived from
12124:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12113:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12064:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12034:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12004:
11995:
11994:
11983:
11977:
11976:
11956:
11950:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11876:. 28 June 2012.
11860:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11737:
11718:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11707:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11662:
11656:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11636:
11630:
11629:
11614:
11608:
11607:
11592:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11570:fitchratings.com
11562:
11556:
11555:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11511:
11509:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11457:
11438:
11432:
11431:, 21 August 2015
11413:
11407:
11400:
11394:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11369:on 20 June 2015.
11359:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11333:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11292:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11213:
11207:
11206:
11204:
11202:
11193:. 23 July 2015.
11183:
11177:
11176:
11158:
11152:
11151:
11149:
11147:
11141:
11126:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11045:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11015:
11009:
10996:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10923:
10904:
10898:
10881:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10830:
10824:
10807:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10777:
10771:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10713:
10694:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10662:
10656:
10655:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10630:The Astana Times
10622:
10616:
10615:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10574:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10543:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10506:. Archived from
10496:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10485:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10448:
10437:
10428:
10422:
10421:
10406:
10400:
10399:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10295:The Astana Times
10287:
10281:
10280:
10269:
10260:
10259:
10252:The Astana Times
10244:
10238:
10237:
10232:. Archived from
10222:
10216:
10215:
10204:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10181:. 28 June 2016.
10171:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10141:
10135:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10055:
10044:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10022:
10020:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9939:. Archived from
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9871:
9865:
9848:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9815:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9795:
9789:. www.oecd.org.
9788:
9780:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9743:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9713:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9658:Atlantic Council
9650:
9644:
9631:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9603:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9524:on 23 March 2013
9514:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9464:. The Guardian.
9458:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9310:
9292:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9233:
9227:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9160:
9154:
9141:
9135:
9122:
9116:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9051:
9045:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9011:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8942:. Archived from
8934:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8755:. 10 June 2019.
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8725:. 10 June 2019.
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8685:
8679:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8508:
8502:
8486:
8480:
8479:, 1 January 2007
8463:
8457:
8456:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8419:
8404:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8379:on 15 April 2005
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8310:
8304:
8290:
8284:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8257:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8234:The Astana Times
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8165:
8159:
8157:
8152:
8150:
8116:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8056:
8038:
8008:
8002:
8000:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7933:
7927:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7873:. Archived from
7862:
7856:
7855:
7845:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7702:Brill Publishers
7693:
7687:
7686:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7656:
7647:
7646:
7638:
7626:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7593:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7492:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7345:
7334:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7258:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7103:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7072:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7038:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6981:
6979:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6947:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6659:Serik Aprymov's
6584:Gennady Golovkin
6582:is Kazakh boxer
6545:Bulat Zhumadilov
6481:and play in the
6457:in the 1998 and
6444:Nikolai Antropov
6411:, including the
6390:2002 Asian Games
6369:national teams.
6312:and Gold in the
6069:
6057:
6056:Абай Құнанбайұлы
6048:Abai Qunanbaiuly
5973:Abai Qunanbaiuly
5892:Abay Qunanbayuli
5816:and institutes,
5653:Kazakhstan is a
5500:
5499:
5443:Turkic languages
5324:Meskhetian Turks
5233:US Census Bureau
4839:South Kazakhstan
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4669:
4590:venture between
4323:Ukrainian crisis
4013:Turkic languages
3835:
3780:established the
3560:
3550:
3523:
3513:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3194:and is also the
3180:unitary republic
3174:Political system
2872:
2868:
2854:, featuring the
2818:
2741:Qarağandy Region
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2592:rivers, and the
2472:
2471:
2391:political unrest
2113:collectivisation
2014:Vasile Balabanov
1923:
1913:constructed the
1786:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1647:(Aulie-Ata) and
1494:and the Persian
1396:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1333:
1309:
1301:
1252:Tarikh-i-Rashidi
1226:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1083:
1025:with a sizeable
888:
853:
852:
846:
845:
839:
828:
827:
821:
820:
814:
798:
797:
779:
778:
762:
746:
745:
727:
726:
710:
677:20,075,271 (
612:26 December 1991
599:16 December 1991
586:10 December 1991
527:13 December 1917
256:
255:
253:
252:
251:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
215:
214:
212:
211:
210:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
174:
164:
163:
145:
137:
133:
132:
111:
97:
81:
80:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
28:
27:
22093:
22092:
22088:
22087:
22086:
22084:
22083:
22082:
22023:Eurasian Steppe
21983:
21982:
21973:
21971:
21967:
21964:
21959:
21956:
21954:
21952:
21951:
21949:
21944:
21943:
21938:
21833:
21767:
21718:
21704:
21698:
21668:
21663:
21647:
21626:
21593:
21582:
21580:
21576:Northern Cyprus
21569:
21567:
21556:
21554:
21543:
21534:
21523:
21521:
21510:
21508:
21497:
21495:
21484:
21482:
21471:
21469:
21458:
21449:
21447:
21445:
21415:
21410:
21389:
21377:
21375:
21362:
21360:
21347:
21345:
21339:Northern Cyprus
21332:
21330:
21319:
21317:
21305:
21303:
21290:
21288:
21275:
21273:
21261:
21252:
21240:
21238:
21225:
21223:
21210:
21208:
21195:
21193:
21180:
21178:
21165:
21163:
21151:
21145:
21115:
21110:
21062:
21051:
21049:
21038:
21036:
21025:
21023:
21012:
21010:
20999:
20997:
20986:
20984:
20973:
20957:
20955:
20934:
20923:
20921:
20910:
20908:
20897:
20895:
20884:
20882:
20871:
20869:
20858:
20856:
20845:
20843:
20832:
20830:
20819:
20817:
20806:
20804:
20793:
20791:
20780:
20778:
20767:
20765:
20754:
20752:
20741:
20730:
20728:
20722:Observer states
20717:
20706:
20704:
20693:
20691:
20680:
20678:
20667:
20665:
20654:
20652:
20641:
20639:
20628:
20626:
20615:
20613:
20602:
20600:
20589:
20587:
20574:
20538:
20533:
20503:
20498:
20487:
20430:
20358:
20309:
20278:
20276:
20269:
20258:
20256:
20249:
20235:Northern Cyprus
20218:
20217:and territories
20216:
20202:
20186:
19879:
19862:
19856:
19826:
19821:
19763:
19730:
19702:
19664:
19659:
19629:
19624:
19606:
19527:
19506:
19497:2011 FTA Treaty
19470:
19439:
19389:
19372:
19351:
19331:
19271:
19191:
19165:
19160:
19130:
19125:
19120:
19118:Northern Cyprus
19111:
19109:
19098:
19087:
19085:
19073:
19071:
19059:
19057:
19045:
19043:
19031:
19029:
19017:
19015:
19003:
19001:
18989:
18987:
18975:
18973:
18961:
18959:
18947:
18867:
18846:
18837:Treaty of Izmir
18806:
18800:
18770:
18765:
18729:
18665:
18629:
18583:
18521:
18515:
18416:North Macedonia
18278:
18217:
18212:
18182:
18177:
18150:
18135:
18119:
18116:
18104:
18077:
18061:
18038:
18035:
18027:
18008:Northern Cyprus
17996:
17993:
17985:
17976:
17718:
17709:
17679:
17674:
17569:Soviet invasion
17529:Danish conquest
17519:Ancient Estonia
17220:Arsacid dynasty
17205:Orontid dynasty
17179:
17153:
17057:
17052:
17022:
17017:
16990:
16978:Oceanic islands
16958:
16951:subject to the
16918:
16913:Svalbard Treaty
16911:subject to the
16893:
16886:subject to the
16866:
16864:
16862:
16847:
16802:
16771:
16746:
16743:
16735:
16721:Northern Cyprus
16704:
16701:
16693:
16684:
16600:North Macedonia
16421:
16412:
16377:
16369:
16364:
16356:
16349:
16342:
16325:
16244:
16207:
16151:
16088:
16072:
16019:
16000:Law enforcement
15929:
15901:
15867:Kyzylkum Desert
15814:
15801:
15785:
15734:
15643:
15603:
15594:
15561:Wayback Machine
15537:Wayback Machine
15525:Wayback Machine
15513:Wayback Machine
15489:Wayback Machine
15472:Wayback Machine
15461:Wayback Machine
15439:
15429:
15419:Wayback Machine
15407:Wayback Machine
15395:Wayback Machine
15378:Wayback Machine
15342:Wayback Machine
15319:Wayback Machine
15302:Wayback Machine
15295:Country Profile
15277:
15272:
15266:
15236:
15217:
15197:Rashid, Ahmed.
15191:
15168:
15141:
15122:
15105:Wayback Machine
15086:
15067:
15048:
15029:
15010:
14991:
14974:Wayback Machine
14955:
14938:
14932:
14930:Further reading
14927:
14907:
14906:
14893:
14892:
14888:
14878:
14876:
14875:on 4 March 2016
14867:
14866:
14862:
14852:
14850:
14837:
14836:
14832:
14813:
14806:
14796:
14794:
14781:
14780:
14776:
14763:
14762:
14758:
14752:Wayback Machine
14743:
14739:
14733:Wayback Machine
14724:
14720:
14710:
14708:
14701:
14685:
14681:
14671:
14669:
14664:. IMDbPro.com.
14660:
14659:
14655:
14645:
14643:
14630:
14629:
14625:
14615:
14613:
14604:
14603:
14599:
14586:
14585:
14581:
14571:
14569:
14560:
14559:
14555:
14545:
14543:
14530:
14529:
14525:
14515:
14513:
14500:
14499:
14495:
14485:
14483:
14474:
14473:
14469:
14459:
14457:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14429:
14427:
14414:
14413:
14409:
14402:
14386:
14382:
14371:Turkish Studies
14367:
14363:
14332:
14328:
14318:
14316:
14297:
14290:
14280:
14278:
14263:
14248:
14243:
14239:
14230:
14226:
14216:
14214:
14213:on 9 March 2016
14201:
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14193:
14187:Wayback Machine
14178:
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14080:on 23 July 2011
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12948:
12935:
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12918:
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12899:Wayback Machine
12890:
12886:
12876:
12874:
12867:Astanatimes.com
12861:
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12824:
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12747:Wayback Machine
12737:
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12711:
12701:
12699:
12692:Astanatimes.com
12686:
12685:
12681:
12676:on 25 May 2014.
12668:
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12220:
12219:
12215:
12208:
12204:
12194:
12192:
12183:UK, DVV Media.
12181:
12177:
12167:
12165:
12152:
12151:
12147:
12137:
12135:
12128:"urbanrail.net"
12126:
12125:
12121:
12111:
12109:
12104:. 2 June 2017.
12102:railjournal.com
12096:
12095:
12091:
12081:
12079:
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12065:
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12051:
12049:
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11998:
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11848:
11846:
11831:
11830:
11826:
11816:
11814:
11801:
11800:
11796:
11786:
11784:
11769:Shepard, Wade.
11767:
11763:
11750:
11749:
11745:
11735:
11733:
11726:astanatimes.com
11720:
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11611:
11594:
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11589:
11579:
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11540:
11539:
11535:
11522:
11521:
11517:
11507:
11505:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11476:Financial Times
11470:
11469:
11465:
11455:
11453:
11440:
11439:
11435:
11423:Wayback Machine
11414:
11410:
11402:"Tenge Fever",
11401:
11397:
11391:Financial Times
11387:Wayback Machine
11378:
11374:
11361:
11360:
11356:
11346:
11344:
11335:
11334:
11330:
11320:
11318:
11317:on 22 July 2011
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11006:Wayback Machine
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10905:
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10895:Wayback Machine
10882:
10878:
10869:
10867:
10857:
10831:
10827:
10821:Wayback Machine
10808:
10804:
10794:
10792:
10787:. 5 June 2019.
10779:
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10768:Wayback Machine
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10591:
10589:
10576:
10575:
10571:
10561:
10559:
10552:thediplomat.com
10544:
10540:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10523:
10513:
10511:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10483:
10481:
10466:
10462:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10435:
10429:
10425:
10410:"Member States"
10408:
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10149:Astanatimes.com
10143:
10142:
10138:
10132:Wayback Machine
10123:
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10100:
10090:
10088:
10087:on 4 March 2016
10077:
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9943:on 13 June 2020
9931:
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9721:East Asia Forum
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9403:
9402:
9398:
9388:
9386:
9379:Washington Post
9373:
9372:
9368:
9363:. 14 June 2024.
9359:
9358:
9354:
9344:
9342:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9235:
9234:
9230:
9217:
9213:
9203:
9201:
9196:. Weatherbase.
9192:
9191:
9187:
9177:
9175:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9151:Wayback Machine
9142:
9138:
9132:Wayback Machine
9123:
9119:
9113:Wayback Machine
9104:
9100:
9090:
9088:
9087:on 9 April 2009
9075:
9074:
9070:
9053:
9052:
9048:
9043:Wayback Machine
9033:
9029:
9025:. homestead.com
9021:
9017:
8988:
8984:
8974:
8972:
8971:on 8 April 2010
8955:
8951:
8946:on 1 June 2008.
8936:
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8717:
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8712:
8702:
8700:
8687:
8686:
8682:
8677:Washington Post
8673:Wayback Machine
8663:
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8572:
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8567:
8557:
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8548:thediplomat.com
8540:
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8473:Wayback Machine
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8148:
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8074:
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8009:
8005:
7997:
7981:Harmatta, János
7974:
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6823:
6816:
6809:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6793:Public holidays
6788:, added in 2016
6781:, added in 2008
6770:, added in 2014
6764:, added in 2004
6757:, added in 2003
6744:
6683:
6677:
6633:Harmony Lessons
6607:
6601:
6575:, WBC, IBF and
6479:Kazzinc-Torpedo
6322:Winter Olympics
6268:opened in 2009.
6259:
6253:
6208:
6202:
6189:
6183:
6092:
6086:
5942:Kazakh language
5934:
5928:
5912:Saken Seyfullin
5904:Kanysh Satpayev
5900:Gabit Musirepov
5857:
5851:Kazakh clothing
5845:Main articles:
5843:
5787:secondary level
5775:
5769:
5734:Greek Catholics
5730:Roman Catholics
5636:other religions
5590:
5589:
5581:
5575:Other religions
5566:
5551:
5538:
5523:
5496:
5490:
5431:
5425:
5419:, and Russia.
5351:Pavlodar Region
5318:(0.9 percent),
5282:(1.5 percent),
5278:(1.1 percent),
5274:(3.3 percent),
5270:(1.9 percent),
5266:(1.1 percent),
5252:
5246:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5108:
5102:
5032:
5011:
4970:
4946:
4843:West Kazakhstan
4835:East Kazakhstan
4774:
4768:
4741:Khorgos Gateway
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:4 ft
4672:
4667:
4646:
4638:Main articles:
4636:
4523:
4472:
4466:
4430:
4388:value added tax
4292:
4286:
4251:
4240:
4239:
4212:Vladimir Kozlov
4189:Democracy Index
4181:
4175:
4156:Nurtai Abykayev
4078:
4072:
4017:historical ties
3758:Dmitry Medvedev
3742:
3736:
3731:
3686:East Kazakhstan
3561:
3555:
3551:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3465:
3434:
3332:
3324:Main articles:
3322:
3309:
3238:
3227:
3176:
3171:
3163:Main articles:
3161:
3086:species (e.g.,
3076:), wild grape (
3073:Malus sieversii
3030:nature reserves
3016:
3010:
2852:Eurasian steppe
2832:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2734:
2728:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2680:
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2667:
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2628:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2546:Western Siberia
2542:Altay Mountains
2469:
2465:Eurasian Steppe
2463:is part of the
2410:
2402:Main articles:
2400:
2369:Democracy Index
2332:ceased to exist
2316:
2284:Communist Party
2280:First Secretary
2259:In April 1961,
2223:Leonid Brezhnev
2043:
2037:
1917:
1888:
1846:Abul Khair Khan
1791:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1695:
1689:
1675:descendants of
1596:was founded by
1556:
1544:Main articles:
1542:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1272:. According to
1269:Desht-i Qipchaq
1193:
1110:its dissolution
1092:and subsequent
1038:Iranian peoples
1034:Paleolithic era
1019:ethnic Russians
928:
881:
850:
849:
848:
837:
825:
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812:
791:
772:
760:
739:
720:
704:
688:
674:
657:
643:
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609:
596:
583:
576:25 October 1990
573:
566:5 December 1936
563:
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393:
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249:
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227:
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208:
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199:
194:
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165:
150:
147:"My Kazakhstan"
146:
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22015:
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21995:
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20478:Largest cities
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20463:
20458:
20456:GDP per capita
20453:
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20440:
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18943:Islamabad 2017
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18893:Islamabad 1995
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17630:Ottoman Empire
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17441:Czech Republic
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17405:Ottoman Empire
17402:
17397:
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17350:Russian Empire
17347:
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17317:
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17089:Czech Republic
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17081:
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17055:Eastern Europe
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16923:United Kingdom
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16776:United Kingdom
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16675:United Kingdom
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16490:Czech Republic
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16056:Stock Exchange
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15976:Prime Minister
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15832:Aktogay Canyon
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15766:Alash Autonomy
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15746:Kazakh Khanate
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15275:External links
15273:
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15247:
15246:(2nd ed. 1995)
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14636:bandyvm2015.ru
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14506:tasteatlas.com
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14342:(3): 395–417.
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13604:eurasianet.org
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13432:(1): 100–117.
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12829:Doing Business
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12694:. 5 May 2014.
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12495:on 9 June 2017
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10474:Foreign Policy
10460:
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10346:(in Russian).
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9211:
9185:
9168:WorldAtlas.com
9155:
9136:
9117:
9098:
9068:
9046:
9027:
9023:Mineral Wealth
9015:
8982:
8949:
8929:
8910:
8890:
8860:
8830:
8800:
8770:
8740:
8710:
8680:
8657:
8625:
8595:
8565:
8534:
8503:
8481:
8458:
8431:
8390:
8360:
8330:
8323:
8305:
8285:
8265:
8220:
8190:
8160:
8068:
8036:10.1101/292581
8003:
7995:
7968:
7956:
7948:
7928:
7919:
7888:
7857:
7812:(6): 966–976.
7791:
7772:
7752:
7725:(4): 385–402.
7707:
7704:. p. 129.
7688:
7685:. p. 133.
7673:
7660:"Cossack (n.)"
7648:
7614:
7585:
7550:
7518:
7482:
7455:
7429:
7406:World Factbook
7396:
7377:
7357:
7321:
7287:
7246:
7220:
7194:
7160:
7149:
7129:
7093:
7062:
7051:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7013:
7009:Eastern Europe
6996:
6993:
6992:
6971:
6949:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6908:
6877:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6821:
6805:
6802:
6797:Main article:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6782:
6772:
6771:
6765:
6758:
6743:
6740:
6711:, stated that
6679:Main article:
6676:
6673:
6661:Little Brother
6603:Main article:
6600:
6597:
6509:Vassiliy Jirov
6495:Evgeni Nabokov
6255:Main article:
6252:
6249:
6206:Kazakh cuisine
6204:Main article:
6201:
6198:
6185:Main article:
6182:
6179:
6135:Russian Empire
6088:Main article:
6085:
6082:
6014:Constantinople
5958:Kazakh Khanate
5954:Russian Empire
5930:Main article:
5927:
5924:
5916:Jambyl Jabayev
5896:Mukhtar Auezov
5842:
5839:
5818:conservatories
5771:Main article:
5768:
5765:
5742:Greek Catholic
5688:following the
5634:, 0.2% follow
5586:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5492:Main article:
5489:
5486:
5454:Latin alphabet
5427:Main article:
5424:
5421:
5248:Main article:
5245:
5242:
5200:Main article:
5197:
5194:
5104:Main article:
5101:
5098:
5031:
5028:
5010:
5007:
4969:
4966:
4945:
4942:
4914:European Union
4770:Main article:
4767:
4764:
4731:stations. The
4635:
4634:Infrastructure
4632:
4598:(25 percent),
4592:Chevron Texaco
4588:Tengizchevroil
4522:
4519:
4499:dairy products
4468:Main article:
4465:
4462:
4429:
4426:
4350:convertibility
4342:market economy
4288:Main article:
4285:
4282:
4232:
4177:Main article:
4174:
4171:
4143:to assist the
4074:Main article:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4029:
4023:
4022:United Nations
4020:
4001:Turkic Council
3998:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3913:Vladimir Putin
3805:Turkic Council
3738:Main article:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3433:
3430:
3393:The cities of
3321:
3318:
3308:
3305:
3245:
3244:
3236:Oljas Bektenov
3233:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3175:
3172:
3160:
3157:
3089:Tulipa greigii
3079:Vitis vinifera
3034:national parks
3028:There are ten
3012:Main article:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2831:
2828:
2808:
2804:
2727:
2724:
2690:48.500; 82.000
2450:Karakalpakstan
2442:Russian Empire
2432:(the other is
2399:
2396:
2315:
2312:
2308:("openness").
2292:Gennady Kolbin
2216:initiated the
2168:Crimean Tatars
2144:union republic
2078:Alash Autonomy
2068:Following the
2062:Young Pioneers
2039:Main article:
2036:
2033:
2021:Russian Empire
2009:St. Petersburg
1974:British Empire
1954:Russian Empire
1911:Russian Empire
1887:
1884:
1868:Kokand Khanate
1793:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1717:clan of Tore (
1699:Kazakh Khanate
1693:Kazakh Khanate
1691:Main article:
1688:
1687:Kazakh Khanate
1685:
1579:Turkic peoples
1541:
1538:
1511:Steppe herders
1474:, later early
1413:Iranic peoples
1399:
1398:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1295:Main article:
1292:
1289:
1285:ethnic Kazakhs
1274:Vasily Bartold
1192:
1189:
1149:United Nations
1086:Russian Empire
1074:Kazakh Khanate
959:north and west
951:Eastern Europe
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
901:
895:
894:
879:
875:
874:
864:
860:
859:
840:
830:
829:
826:low inequality
815:
805:
804:
799:$ 14,778 (
792:
789:
786:
785:
773:
770:
767:
766:
763:
753:
752:
747:$ 34,534 (
740:
737:
734:
733:
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
697:
696:
689:
687:• Density
686:
683:
682:
675:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
644:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
627:
626:
625:30 August 1995
623:
617:
614:
613:
610:
604:
601:
600:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
564:
558:
555:
554:
551:
545:
542:
541:
540:26 August 1920
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:Alash Autonomy
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:Kazakh Khanate
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
492:
491:
486:
480:
477:
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
456:
452:
451:
448:
447:
445:Oljas Bektenov
442:
439:Prime Minister
436:
433:
432:
427:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
402:
396:
395:
390:
384:
383:
381:
380:
374:
368:
365:
359:
352:
350:
347:
343:
342:
340:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
290:
288:
285:
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
264:
262:
258:
257:
221:
217:
216:
209:51.167; 71.433
180:
176:
175:
167:
166:
148:
121:
120:
113:
106:
105:
99:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
59:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22090:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22039:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22029:
22026:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22014:
22011:
22009:
22006:
22004:
22001:
21999:
21996:
21994:
21991:
21990:
21988:
21981:
21978:
21935:
21932:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21918:
21915:
21914:
21913:
21910:
21906:
21903:
21902:
21901:
21898:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21877:
21874:
21873:
21872:
21869:
21865:
21862:
21861:
21860:
21857:
21853:
21850:
21849:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21842:
21840:
21836:
21828:
21825:
21824:
21823:
21820:
21816:
21813:
21812:
21811:
21808:
21806:
21803:
21799:
21796:
21795:
21794:
21791:
21787:
21784:
21783:
21782:
21779:
21778:
21776:
21774:
21770:
21762:
21759:
21758:
21757:
21754:
21750:
21747:
21746:
21745:
21742:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21733:
21730:
21729:
21727:
21725:
21721:
21716:
21712:
21707:
21703:
21695:
21690:
21688:
21683:
21681:
21676:
21675:
21672:
21660:
21657:
21656:
21654:
21650:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21635:
21633:
21629:
21623:
21622:2023 (Astana)
21620:
21618:
21615:
21612:
21609:
21606:
21603:
21602:
21600:
21596:
21590:
21579:
21577:
21566:
21564:
21553:
21552:
21550:
21546:
21541:
21531:
21520:
21518:
21507:
21505:
21494:
21492:
21481:
21479:
21468:
21467:
21465:
21461:
21457:
21442:
21437:
21435:
21430:
21428:
21423:
21422:
21419:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21398:
21396:
21392:
21385:
21373:
21370:
21358:
21355:
21343:
21340:
21328:
21326:
21316:
21313:
21301:
21298:
21297:Bashkortostan
21286:
21283:
21271:
21270:
21268:
21264:
21259:
21248:
21236:
21233:
21221:
21218:
21206:
21203:
21191:
21188:
21176:
21173:
21161:
21160:
21158:
21154:
21149:
21142:
21137:
21135:
21130:
21128:
21123:
21122:
21119:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21096:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21074:Member states
21072:
21071:
21069:
21065:
21059:
21048:
21046:
21035:
21033:
21022:
21020:
21009:
21007:
20996:
20994:
20983:
20982:
20980:
20976:
20970:
20967:
20965:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20943:
20941:
20937:
20931:
20920:
20918:
20907:
20905:
20894:
20892:
20881:
20879:
20868:
20866:
20855:
20853:
20842:
20840:
20829:
20827:
20816:
20814:
20803:
20801:
20790:
20788:
20777:
20775:
20764:
20762:
20751:
20750:
20748:
20744:
20738:
20727:
20726:
20724:
20720:
20714:
20703:
20701:
20690:
20688:
20677:
20675:
20664:
20662:
20651:
20649:
20638:
20636:
20625:
20623:
20612:
20610:
20599:
20597:
20586:
20585:
20583:
20581:
20580:Member states
20577:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20555:Dushanbe 2014
20553:
20551:
20548:
20547:
20545:
20541:
20537:
20530:
20525:
20523:
20518:
20516:
20511:
20510:
20507:
20494:
20493:
20490:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20448:
20447:
20444:
20443:
20441:
20437:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20376:
20374:Extraordinary
20372:
20369:
20365:
20354:
20351:
20348:
20345:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20333:
20331:
20327:
20324:
20320:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20290:African Union
20288:
20286:
20283:
20282:
20280:
20277:organizations
20275:International
20272:
20266:
20263:
20262:
20260:
20252:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20222:
20220:
20212:
20209:
20205:
20199:
20196:
20195:
20193:
20189:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20096:
20093:
20092:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20063:
20061:
20058:
20056:
20053:
20051:
20048:
20046:
20043:
20041:
20038:
20036:
20033:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19985:Guinea-Bissau
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19921:
19918:
19916:
19913:
19911:
19908:
19906:
19903:
19901:
19898:
19897:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19885:Member states
19882:
19876:
19872:
19869:
19868:
19865:
19860:
19853:
19848:
19846:
19841:
19839:
19834:
19833:
19830:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19774:
19772:
19770:
19766:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19741:
19739:
19737:
19733:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19717:
19714:
19713:
19711:
19709:
19705:
19699:
19696:
19694:
19691:
19689:
19686:
19684:
19681:
19679:
19676:
19675:
19673:
19671:
19670:Member states
19667:
19663:
19656:
19651:
19649:
19644:
19642:
19637:
19636:
19633:
19621:
19613:
19612:
19609:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19568:
19565:
19563:
19560:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19537:
19536:
19534:
19530:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19515:
19513:
19509:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19479:
19477:
19473:
19467:
19464:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19448:
19446:
19442:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19402:
19400:
19396:
19385:
19382:
19381:
19379:
19375:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19360:
19358:
19354:
19348:
19345:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19334:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19274:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19205:
19202:
19199:
19194:
19187:
19184:
19181:
19178:
19175:
19172:
19171:
19168:
19164:
19157:
19152:
19150:
19145:
19143:
19138:
19137:
19134:
19119:
19108:
19107:
19105:
19101:
19095:
19083:
19081:
19069:
19067:
19055:
19053:
19041:
19039:
19027:
19025:
19013:
19011:
18999:
18997:
18985:
18983:
18971:
18969:
18957:
18956:
18954:
18950:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18933:Istanbul 2010
18931:
18929:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18918:Dushanbe 2004
18916:
18914:
18913:Istanbul 2002
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18898:Ashgabat 1996
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18888:Istanbul 1993
18886:
18884:
18881:
18880:
18878:
18874:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
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18853:
18849:
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18532:
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18526:
18524:
18520:Partners for
18518:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18506:United States
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
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18371:Liechtenstein
18369:
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18364:
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18050:
18049:
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18037:
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18021:
18019:
18018:South Ossetia
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17988:
17983:
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17534:Terra Mariana
17532:
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17460:
17456:
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17448:
17446:
17445:Great Moravia
17442:
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17411:
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17348:
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17345:Russification
17342:
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17321:
17318:
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17218:
17216:
17215:Roman Armenia
17213:
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17203:
17201:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17188:
17186:
17182:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17170:South Ossetia
17168:
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17160:
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17150:
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17140:
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17014:
17013:
17012:Europe portal
17008:
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16896:
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16885:
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16878:
16877:
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16861:Special areas
16858:
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16791:
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16781:
16778:
16774:
16766:
16763:
16762:
16761:
16760:Faroe Islands
16758:
16757:
16755:
16751:
16748:
16745:
16738:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16726:South Ossetia
16724:
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16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16708:
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16703:
16696:
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16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
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16571:
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16566:
16563:
16561:
16560:Liechtenstein
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
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16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16222:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16204:
16203:Kazakh tribes
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
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16179:
16176:
16174:
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16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16051:National Bank
16049:
16047:
16046:Energy policy
16044:
16042:
16039:
16038:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16026:
16016:
16013:
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15910:
15908:
15904:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15877:Sharyn Canyon
15875:
15873:
15872:Lake Balkhash
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15857:Kazakh Steppe
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15829:
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15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15737:
15731:
15730:Uzbek Khanate
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15710:Mongol Empire
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15675:Kimek Khanate
15673:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15648:Early history
15646:
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15486:
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15478:
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15473:
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15462:
15458:
15455:
15454:Country Facts
15452:
15450:
15449:OpenStreetMap
15446:
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15282:
15281:
15267:
15265:0-06-018226-1
15261:
15256:
15255:
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15245:
15241:
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15235:0-595-32782-6
15231:
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15208:
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15200:
15196:
15192:
15190:1-56163-454-9
15186:
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15173:
15169:
15167:0-87003-189-9
15163:
15159:
15154:
15153:
15146:
15142:
15140:0-7453-1503-8
15136:
15132:
15127:
15123:
15121:1-884186-13-0
15117:
15113:
15108:
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15102:
15099:
15095:
15091:
15087:
15085:0-7007-1405-7
15081:
15077:
15072:
15068:
15066:0-7618-1964-9
15062:
15058:
15053:
15049:
15047:1-900988-61-5
15043:
15039:
15034:
15030:
15028:0-7007-0380-2
15024:
15020:
15015:
15011:
15009:1-86064-854-1
15005:
15001:
14996:
14992:
14990:1-86450-296-7
14986:
14982:
14977:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14967:online review
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14960:
14956:
14954:0-313-30965-5
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14403:
14401:9780313056185
14397:
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14384:
14377:(8): 133–145.
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13841:
13838:AsiaNews.it.
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13692:
13684:
13678:
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13660:
13655:
13639:
13635:
13631:
13625:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13595:
13579:
13575:
13574:openDemocracy
13571:
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13546:
13530:
13526:
13522:
13515:
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13484:
13477:
13473:
13470:
13465:
13457:
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13431:
13427:
13423:
13416:
13409:
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13397:
13381:
13377:
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13322:
13318:
13312:
13296:
13292:
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13258:
13252:
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13232:
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13212:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13193:
13185:
13177:
13171:
13167:
13160:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13152:
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13141:
13135:
13133:
13116:
13112:
13108:
13102:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13072:
13056:
13052:
13048:
13042:
13026:
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13018:
13012:
12993:
12986:
12979:
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12956:
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12932:
12925:
12921:
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12906:
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12900:
12896:
12893:
12888:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12834:
12830:
12823:
12817:
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12797:
12791:
12772:
12765:
12759:
12752:
12748:
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12723:
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12697:
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12600:
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12510:
12494:
12490:
12484:
12469:
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12433:
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12407:
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12211:
12206:
12190:
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12158:Tengrinews.kz
12155:
12149:
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12107:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12077:
12073:
12069:
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12033:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12003:
12001:
11992:
11988:
11982:
11974:
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11966:
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11955:
11939:
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11931:
11925:
11909:
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11870:
11865:
11859:
11844:
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11828:
11812:
11808:
11804:
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11782:
11778:
11777:
11772:
11765:
11757:
11753:
11747:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11717:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11687:
11671:
11667:
11661:
11645:
11641:
11635:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11613:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11591:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11561:
11553:
11551:9781514528488
11547:
11543:
11537:
11529:
11525:
11519:
11503:
11499:
11495:
11489:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11467:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11437:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11420:
11417:
11412:
11405:
11404:The Economist
11399:
11393:, 21 May 2014
11392:
11388:
11384:
11381:
11376:
11368:
11364:
11358:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11302:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11272:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11247:"stat.gov.kz"
11242:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11212:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11182:
11174:
11168:
11164:
11157:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11123:
11116:
11108:
11104:
11098:
11090:
11086:
11080:
11072:
11068:
11062:
11054:
11050:
11044:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11014:
11007:
11003:
11000:
10995:
10993:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10960:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10933:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10903:
10896:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10880:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10829:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10811:
10806:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10753:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10707:
10703:
10702:The Economist
10699:
10693:
10677:
10673:
10672:
10671:The Economist
10667:
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10653:
10649:
10643:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10603:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10573:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10542:
10531:
10525:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10464:
10445:
10441:
10440:Wilson Center
10434:
10427:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10383:
10375:
10371:
10365:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10334:
10318:
10314:
10308:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10278:
10274:
10268:
10266:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10243:
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10221:
10213:
10209:
10203:
10201:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10170:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10140:
10133:
10129:
10126:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10086:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10052:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10027:
10014:
10010:
10006:
9999:
9991:
9987:
9980:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9958:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9928:
9912:
9908:
9907:aljazeera.com
9904:
9898:
9882:
9878:
9870:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9847:
9845:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9814:
9812:
9792:
9785:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9710:
9693:
9689:
9688:aljazeera.com
9685:
9679:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9642:
9638:
9635:
9630:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9579:
9575:
9569:
9553:
9549:
9548:Freedom House
9545:
9539:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9467:
9463:
9457:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9370:
9362:
9356:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9318:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9282:
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9274:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9199:
9195:
9189:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9140:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9102:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9064:
9060:
9059:kazworld.info
9056:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9031:
9024:
9019:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8986:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8933:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8904:. Routledge.
8903:
8902:
8894:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8848:
8844:
8843:www.aa.com.tr
8840:
8834:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8720:
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8698:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8661:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8501:
8500:1-84331-117-8
8497:
8493:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8326:
8324:9789999328128
8320:
8316:
8309:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8261:
8255:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8208:
8204:
8203:The Economist
8200:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8156:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8007:
7998:
7992:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7965:
7964:Beckwith 2009
7960:
7951:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7932:
7923:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7756:
7748:
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7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7719:
7711:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7653:
7644:
7636:
7632:
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7625:
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7602:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7570:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7506:
7502:
7498:
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7487:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7443:
7439:
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7416:
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7408:
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7400:
7384:
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7338:
7331:
7325:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
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7271:
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7234:
7230:
7224:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7182:
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7174:
7170:
7164:
7156:
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7141:
7133:
7117:
7113:
7109:
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7100:
7098:
7081:
7077:
7071:
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7067:
7060:
7055:
7047:
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7037:
7033:
7017:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6990:
6984:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6927:
6921:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6897:
6891:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6832:Europe portal
6822:
6819:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6553:silver medals
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6517:Serik Sapiyev
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6501:Kazakh boxers
6498:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6302:Olga Rypakova
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6286:Dmitry Karpov
6283:
6282:Olga Rypakova
6279:
6278:Dmitry Karpov
6275:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:musicologists
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:and then the
6136:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5984:Orkhon script
5981:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5946:Kazakh people
5943:
5939:
5933:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:Kandidat Nauk
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5779:
5774:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:secular state
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5606:
5599:
5594:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5548:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5456:will replace
5455:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5437:(part of the
5436:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:Volga Germans
5406:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5382:Pontian Greek
5379:
5375:
5374:Volga Germans
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:Volga Germans
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5244:Ethnic groups
5241:
5237:
5234:
5225:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:Business 2020
5153:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5034:In 2005, the
5027:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:In 2014, the
4954:
4952:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:, Russia and
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:In 2009, the
4749:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4670:
4668:1,520 mm
4658:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
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4511:hard currency
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4458:
4457:foreign trade
4455:Kazakhstan's
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:new Silk Road
4443:
4434:
4428:Foreign trade
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
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4359:
4358:credit rating
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:status under
4343:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4308:2008 and 2009
4305:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4248:
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4237:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:Kazakhstan's
4148:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4094:A Kazakhstan
4092:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4048:
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4042:
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4033:
4030:
4027:
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4018:
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3999:
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3993:
3989:
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3798:
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3707:
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3512:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3463:Urban centres
3460:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:authoritarian
3290:
3289:Freedom House
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3234:
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3223:
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3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:snow leopards
3144:
3140:
3139:Eurasian lynx
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
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2929:
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2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:January (°F)
2886:
2884:January (°C)
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2864:Precipitation
2861:
2857:
2856:Kazakh steppe
2853:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2773:Caspian shore
2769:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:Kazakhstan's
2712:
2710:
2709:impact crater
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2665:
2664:Bigach crater
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:Charyn Canyon
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:Lake Balkhash
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:Kazakh Steppe
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2466:
2462:
2461:Kazakh Steppe
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2405:
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2376:
2375:
2374:The Economist
2370:
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2342:
2340:
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2329:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:'s policy of
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Semipalatinsk
2243:
2240:, founded an
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Joseph Stalin
2207:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:Volga Germans
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:Petropavlovsk
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:Semipalatinsk
1927:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1895:Ural Cossacks
1892:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
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1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:Khiva Khanate
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1790:
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1779:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1759:
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1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:In 1465, the
1694:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:Mongol Empire
1654:
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1646:
1642:
1638:
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1425:Botai culture
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1381:December 2018
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342: –
1341:
1337:
1336:Find sources:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:This section
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Turko-Persian
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:authoritarian
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Mongol Empire
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:. It borders
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
900:
899:ISO 3166 code
896:
892:
887:
884:
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872:
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861:
857:
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463:
460:
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453:
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431:
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415:
411:
410:authoritarian
407:
403:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
379:
375:
373:
369:
366:
364:
360:
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354:
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328:
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284:
280:
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259:
254:
225:
222:
218:
213:
184:
181:
177:
173:
168:
144:
143:
126:
122:
116:
110:
102:
96:
88:
79:
71:
60:
56:
48:
37:
36:
29:
26:
22:
21950:
21929:Turkmenistan
21804:
21589:Turkmenistan
21490:
21232:Turkmenistan
21186:
20964:Turkmenistan
20891:Saudi Arabia
20647:
20550:Beijing 2012
20439:Demographics
20329:Declarations
20162:Turkmenistan
20122:Sierra Leone
20112:Saudi Arabia
20019:
19935:Burkina Faso
19687:
19582:Soviet Union
19511:Organization
19347:Turkmenistan
19301:
19257:Turkmenistan
19231:
19198:Participants
19080:Turkmenistan
19009:
18491:Turkmenistan
18355:
18170:
18158:
18073:Kastellorizo
17952:Turkmenistan
17917:Saudi Arabia
17831:
17655:Transnistria
17650:Soviet Union
17539:Swedish rule
17430:1989-present
17419:World War II
17330:World War II
17175:Transnistria
17010:
16998:
16731:Transnistria
16680:Vatican City
16549:
16261:Azerbaijanis
16213:Demographics
16130:Coat of arms
16120:Architecture
15983:Human rights
15951:Constitution
15907:Subdivisions
15720:Golden Horde
15670:Kangar union
15596:
15547:
15546:
15499:
15498:
15364:
15322:
15279:
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15111:
15093:
15075:
15056:
15037:
15018:
14999:
14980:
14962:
14944:
14921:
14917:free content
14909:
14895:"Kazakhstan"
14889:
14877:. Retrieved
14873:the original
14863:
14851:. Retrieved
14842:
14833:
14820:
14817:"Wines 2012"
14795:. Retrieved
14791:the original
14786:
14777:
14759:
14740:
14721:
14711:15 September
14709:. Retrieved
14689:
14682:
14670:. Retrieved
14656:
14644:. Retrieved
14635:
14626:
14614:. Retrieved
14600:
14592:the original
14582:
14570:. Retrieved
14556:
14544:. Retrieved
14535:
14526:
14514:. Retrieved
14505:
14496:
14484:. Retrieved
14470:
14460:18 September
14458:. Retrieved
14449:
14440:
14430:18 September
14428:. Retrieved
14419:
14410:
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14383:
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14370:
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14339:
14335:
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14317:. Retrieved
14308:
14304:
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14270:
14240:
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14215:. Retrieved
14211:the original
14206:
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14148:
14129:
14123:
14111:. Retrieved
14082:. Retrieved
14078:the original
14068:
14056:. Retrieved
14041:
14038:"Kazakhstan"
14032:
14020:. Retrieved
14014:. Forum 18.
14006:
13987:
13975:. Retrieved
13969:. Forum 18.
13961:
13918:
13912:
13900:. Retrieved
13886:
13848:. Retrieved
13833:
13821:. Retrieved
13807:
13799:the original
13794:
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13746:
13734:. Retrieved
13726:Studycountry
13725:
13716:
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13700:
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12963:. Retrieved
12949:
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12875:. Retrieved
12866:
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12828:
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12800:the original
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12758:
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12721:
12712:
12700:. Retrieved
12691:
12682:
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12652:. Retrieved
12643:
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12615:
12603:. Retrieved
12597:. Tax News.
12574:. Retrieved
12554:
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12519:
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12493:the original
12483:
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12457:
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12436:. Retrieved
12422:
12410:. Retrieved
12401:The Guardian
12399:
12370:. Retrieved
12356:
12344:. Retrieved
12330:
12318:. Retrieved
12310:The Guardian
12309:
12299:
12286:
12277:
12265:. Retrieved
12256:
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12234:. Retrieved
12225:
12216:
12205:
12195:25 September
12193:. Retrieved
12178:
12168:25 September
12166:. Retrieved
12157:
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12138:25 September
12136:. Retrieved
12132:the original
12122:
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12101:
12092:
12080:. Retrieved
12071:
12062:
12050:. Retrieved
12041:
12032:
12022:25 September
12020:. Retrieved
12011:
11981:
11968:
11964:
11954:
11942:. Retrieved
11933:
11924:
11912:. Retrieved
11904:The Diplomat
11903:
11894:
11882:. Retrieved
11867:
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11847:, retrieved
11833:
11827:
11815:. Retrieved
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11785:. Retrieved
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11725:
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11569:
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11497:
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11445:
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11411:
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11375:
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11357:
11345:. Retrieved
11331:
11319:. Retrieved
11315:the original
11310:
11301:
11289:. Retrieved
11280:
11271:
11259:. Retrieved
11250:
11241:
11229:. Retrieved
11221:The Diplomat
11220:
11211:
11199:. Retrieved
11190:
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11162:
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11144:. Retrieved
11132:
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11097:
11079:
11061:
11043:
11031:. Retrieved
11022:
11013:
10979:. Retrieved
10946:
10942:
10932:
10920:. Retrieved
10911:
10902:
10879:
10868:, retrieved
10838:
10828:
10805:
10793:. Retrieved
10784:
10775:
10752:
10740:. Retrieved
10731:
10728:"Kazakhstan"
10722:
10710:. Retrieved
10701:
10692:
10680:. Retrieved
10669:
10660:
10651:
10642:
10629:
10620:
10602:
10590:. Retrieved
10581:
10572:
10560:. Retrieved
10551:
10541:
10524:
10512:. Retrieved
10508:the original
10503:
10494:
10482:. Retrieved
10473:
10463:
10451:. Retrieved
10439:
10426:
10413:
10404:
10391:
10382:
10364:
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10343:
10333:
10321:. Retrieved
10307:
10294:
10285:
10251:
10242:
10234:the original
10229:
10220:
10187:. Retrieved
10178:
10169:
10157:. Retrieved
10148:
10139:
10120:
10112:the original
10101:
10089:. Retrieved
10085:the original
10074:
10065:
10058:. Retrieved
10046:
10033:
10024:
10017:. Retrieved
10008:
9998:
9979:
9966:
9957:
9945:. Retrieved
9941:the original
9936:
9927:
9915:. Retrieved
9906:
9897:
9885:. Retrieved
9869:
9861:
9831:. Retrieved
9822:
9798:. Retrieved
9759:. Retrieved
9750:
9741:
9729:. Retrieved
9720:
9696:. Retrieved
9687:
9678:
9666:. Retrieved
9657:
9648:
9619:. Retrieved
9610:
9582:. Retrieved
9568:
9556:. Retrieved
9547:
9538:
9526:. Retrieved
9522:the original
9512:
9500:. Retrieved
9491:
9482:
9470:. Retrieved
9456:
9444:. Retrieved
9435:
9425:
9413:. Retrieved
9399:
9387:. Retrieved
9378:
9369:
9355:
9343:. Retrieved
9325:
9272:
9268:
9257:
9245:. Retrieved
9231:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9202:. Retrieved
9188:
9176:. Retrieved
9167:
9158:
9139:
9120:
9101:
9089:. Retrieved
9085:the original
9080:
9071:
9058:
9049:
9030:
9018:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8973:. Retrieved
8969:the original
8962:
8952:
8944:the original
8938:
8932:
8920:. Retrieved
8900:
8893:
8883:21 September
8881:. Retrieved
8873:the Guardian
8872:
8863:
8851:. Retrieved
8842:
8833:
8821:. Retrieved
8813:the Guardian
8812:
8803:
8791:. Retrieved
8782:
8773:
8761:. Retrieved
8752:
8743:
8731:. Retrieved
8722:
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8692:
8683:
8676:
8660:
8648:. Retrieved
8637:
8628:
8616:. Retrieved
8607:
8598:
8586:. Retrieved
8577:
8568:
8556:. Retrieved
8547:
8537:
8525:. Retrieved
8517:The Atlantic
8516:
8506:
8489:
8484:
8477:Taipei Times
8476:
8461:
8453:the original
8448:
8444:
8434:
8422:. Retrieved
8415:the original
8410:
8406:
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8377:the original
8372:
8369:"Kazakhstan"
8363:
8351:. Retrieved
8342:
8339:"Kazakhstan"
8333:
8314:
8308:
8293:
8288:
8273:
8268:
8242:. Retrieved
8233:
8223:
8211:. Retrieved
8202:
8193:
8181:. Retrieved
8172:
8163:
8154:
8147:. Retrieved
8114:1887/3202709
8088:
8082:
8071:
8029:: eaat7487.
8022:
8016:
8006:
7985:
7971:
7959:
7938:
7931:
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7901:
7891:
7879:. Retrieved
7875:the original
7870:
7860:
7809:
7805:
7794:
7782:. Retrieved
7762:
7755:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7697:
7691:
7682:
7676:
7663:
7628:
7617:
7605:. Retrieved
7576:. Retrieved
7541:. Retrieved
7530:
7521:
7509:. Retrieved
7500:
7473:. Retrieved
7458:
7446:. Retrieved
7442:the original
7432:
7419:. Retrieved
7405:
7399:
7387:. Retrieved
7367:
7360:
7348:. Retrieved
7324:
7312:. Retrieved
7299:
7290:
7278:. Retrieved
7265:
7237:. Retrieved
7223:
7211:. Retrieved
7197:
7185:. Retrieved
7172:
7163:
7139:
7132:
7120:. Retrieved
7111:
7086:19 September
7084:. Retrieved
7080:the original
7054:
7045:
7036:
7016:
6999:
6945:
6873:
6864:
6773:
6745:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6695:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6569:Hasim Rahman
6557:Oleg Maskaev
6515:in 2004 and
6499:
6491:Nik Antropov
6471:Barys Astana
6448:
6425:European Cup
6413:2012 edition
6402:
6371:
6349:
6346:
6271:
6266:Astana Arena
6209:
6194:
6190:
6163:
6147:ethnographic
6139:Soviet Union
6131:
6112:
6104:
6077:
6071:
6059:
6045:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5977:
5935:
5920:
5889:
5885:Golden Horde
5866:
5835:
5832:
5825:
5810:universities
5807:
5795:
5784:
5762:
5746:Baháʼí Faith
5679:
5660:
5652:
5630:, 17.2% are
5625:
5532:Christianity
5451:
5432:
5415:from China,
5398:
5355:
5347:Lake Jasybay
5332:labour camps
5284:Azerbaijanis
5253:
5238:
5230:
5196:Demographics
5191:
5187:
5184:
5176:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5117:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5033:
5019:
5012:
5005:-building.
4971:
4955:
4947:
4847:
4820:
4815:The Guardian
4812:
4797:
4781:Lake Burabay
4750:
4738:
4733:Astana Metro
4729:Zhibek Zholy
4714:
4699:
4663:
4628:
4608:Karachaganak
4584:Tengiz Field
4578:
4570:Karachaganak
4562:oil reserves
4536:
4531:oil reserves
4496:
4484:
4454:
4442:global trade
4439:
4415:
4413:
4397:
4381:
4346:US trade law
4335:
4327:
4316:
4301:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4233:
4228:
4204:
4193:
4182:
4173:Human rights
4168:
4160:
4149:
4138:
4119:
4100:
4096:Sukhoi Su-27
4061:
4057:
3952:
3924:development;
3918:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3858:
3850:
3827:
3820:
3794:
3763:
3754:Barack Obama
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3392:
3333:
3314:
3310:
3284:
3272:
3254:
3248:
3200:armed forces
3177:
3151:
3143:Pallas's cat
3116:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3027:
2841:
2821:
2798:
2770:
2755:, lead, and
2745:
2713:
2655:
2629:79°4′49.28″E
2626:43°21′1.16″N
2606:
2535:
2487:Turkmenistan
2476:
2473:on the map).
2438:
2419:
2372:
2366:
2343:
2336:
2328:independence
2324:coup attempt
2317:
2314:Independence
2310:
2303:
2296:Russian SFSR
2273:
2269:Yuri Gagarin
2258:
2248:, where the
2235:
2199:
2152:
2129:
2110:
2067:
2018:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1950:Volga German
1908:
1859:
1854:
1827:
1812:
1798:
1715:Turco-Mongol
1707:Janibek Khan
1703:Golden Horde
1696:
1677:Genghis Khan
1665:Golden Horde
1634:
1626:eastern half
1591:
1572:
1550:Golden Horde
1528:against the
1515:
1476:Indo-Iranian
1460:Steppe Route
1457:
1418:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:"Kazakhstan"
1335:
1323:Please help
1318:verification
1315:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1228:
1196:
1194:
1117:economically
1114:
1102:Soviet Union
1070:Golden Horde
1066:Genghis Khan
1040:such as the
1031:
987:Turkmenistan
947:Central Asia
938:
934:
933:
911:Internet TLD
771:• Total
719:• Total
642:• Total
553:19 June 1925
535:Kirghiz ASSR
363:Christianity
220:Largest city
124:
25:
21972: /
21912:Switzerland
21613:(2011-2021)
21607:(1992-2010)
21079:Three Evils
20570:Astana 2024
20560:Astana 2017
20295:Arab League
20257:communities
20010:Ivory Coast
19900:Afghanistan
19572:Union State
19386:(1993–2009)
19338:CIS Charter
19278:CIS Charter
19186:CIS Charter
18968:Afghanistan
18928:Tehran 2009
18908:Tehran 2000
18903:Almaty 1998
18883:Tehran 1992
18827:Secretariat
18569:South Korea
18529:Afghanistan
18522:Cooperation
18476:Switzerland
18411:Netherlands
18172:Asia portal
18036:territories
17994:recognition
17902:Philippines
17842:South Korea
17837:North Korea
17732:Afghanistan
17579:Soviet rule
17414:World War I
17143:East Thrace
16865:sovereignty
16863:of internal
16843:Isle of Man
16744:territories
16702:recognition
16660:Switzerland
16595:Netherlands
16041:Agriculture
15852:Caspian Sea
15771:Kazakh ASSR
15725:White Horde
14879:27 November
14217:14 February
13902:27 December
13706:7 September
13701:stat.gov.kz
13535:9 September
13504:9 September
13376:stat.gov.kz
12965:25 December
12877:14 February
12806:9 September
12702:14 February
12438:18 November
12412:11 December
12372:19 November
12346:18 November
12320:18 November
11944:27 November
11736:27 November
11668:. WTO.org.
11642:. pri.org.
11508:14 February
11456:14 February
11251:stat.gov.kz
11135:: 107–145.
11033:14 February
10949:: 178–199.
10514:21 December
10484:21 December
10453:21 December
10230:Global Post
10189:23 November
10159:14 February
10060:15 February
10019:14 February
9937:stat.gov.kz
9761:21 December
9731:21 December
9698:21 December
9584:24 December
9275:(1): 5978.
8922:14 November
8853:16 February
8793:16 February
8733:16 February
8353:9 September
7784:14 November
7543:27 December
7511:13 December
7448:17 November
7314:25 December
7266:www.imf.org
7239:17 November
7046:stat.gov.kz
6818:Asia portal
6705:court order
6541:gold medals
6394:Philippines
6378:CSKA Moscow
6340:hosted the
6306:triple jump
5738:Protestants
5726:Eid al-Adha
5546:No response
5394:Koryo-saram
5364:during the
5304:Lithuanians
5182:developed.
5076:Switzerland
4938:New Zealand
4894:South Korea
4860:, Georgia,
4756:blacklisted
4600:KazMunayGas
4580:KazMunayGas
4515:Kazakh wine
4486:Agriculture
4464:Agriculture
4376:Caspian Sea
4278:LGBT people
3380:; Russian:
3352:; Russian:
3269:upper house
3261:lower house
2860:Ulaanbaatar
2844:continental
2801:phosphorite
2688: /
2641: /
2566:Lake Zaysan
2538:Caspian Sea
2320:sovereignty
2088:within the
1940:(1743) and
1918: [
1915:Irtysh line
1516:In 329 BC,
1447:during the
1437:Pastoralism
1435:admixture.
1421:Paleolithic
1248:Özbek-Qazaq
1121:politically
1100:within the
995:Caspian Sea
847: 0.802
548:Kazakh ASSR
483:Lower house
468:Upper house
455:Legislature
394:Kazakhstani
248: /
207: /
21993:Kazakhstan
21987:Categories
21934:Uzbekistan
21924:Tajikistan
21883:Kyrgyzstan
21805:Kazakhstan
21793:Azerbaijan
21530:Uzbekistan
21504:Kyrgyzstan
21491:Kazakhstan
21478:Azerbaijan
21247:Uzbekistan
21202:Kyrgyzstan
21187:Kazakhstan
21172:Azerbaijan
21006:Bangladesh
20978:Applicants
20774:Azerbaijan
20713:Uzbekistan
20700:Tajikistan
20661:Kyrgyzstan
20648:Kazakhstan
20473:Population
20172:Uzbekistan
20142:Tajikistan
20070:Mozambique
20060:Mauritania
20030:Kyrgyzstan
20020:Kazakhstan
19925:Bangladesh
19915:Azerbaijan
19812:Uzbekistan
19807:Tajikistan
19759:Uzbekistan
19754:Tajikistan
19726:Uzbekistan
19693:Kyrgyzstan
19688:Kazakhstan
19327:Uzbekistan
19322:Tajikistan
19307:Kyrgyzstan
19302:Kazakhstan
19292:Azerbaijan
19267:Uzbekistan
19252:Tajikistan
19237:Kyrgyzstan
19232:Kazakhstan
19222:Azerbaijan
19094:Uzbekistan
19052:Tajikistan
19024:Kyrgyzstan
19010:Kazakhstan
18982:Azerbaijan
18511:Uzbekistan
18481:Tajikistan
18446:San Marino
18406:Montenegro
18381:Luxembourg
18361:Kyrgyzstan
18356:Kazakhstan
18249:Azerbaijan
17962:Uzbekistan
17937:Tajikistan
17852:Kyrgyzstan
17832:Kazakhstan
17782:East Timor
17752:Bangladesh
17742:Azerbaijan
17670:Yugoslavia
17395:Golden Age
17306:Azerbaijan
17074:Azerbaijan
16630:San Marino
16590:Montenegro
16570:Luxembourg
16550:Kazakhstan
16455:Azerbaijan
16316:Ukrainians
16188:Television
16152:(Internet)
16073:(currency)
16010:Parliament
15966:Government
15892:Ural River
15776:Kazakh SSR
15739:Since 1465
15617:Prehistory
15597:Kazakhstan
15500:Government
15445:Kazakhstan
15361:Kazakhstan
15335:Kazakhstan
15312:Kazakhstan
14934:See also:
14897:. UNESCO.
14672:10 October
14572:5 November
14546:17 January
14281:31 October
14130:Kazakhstan
13919:Kazakhstan
13673:Kazakhstan
13291:census.gov
13221:29 October
12654:24 October
12362:"Rankings"
12226:forbes.com
11706:29 October
11347:13 January
11163:Kazakhstan
11146:4 December
10981:4 December
10870:4 December
10372:. UNESCO.
9947:7 December
9851:Kazakhstan
9833:7 February
9800:6 February
9345:8 December
9331:"Red Book"
9204:4 February
9178:15 January
9002:(6): 769.
8527:27 January
8383:29 October
8302:0822315211
8282:0230599427
7996:9231028464
7912:5 November
7881:5 November
7645:required.)
7578:26 January
7475:4 December
7421:23 January
7389:11 October
7304:World Bank
7187:21 October
7112:CABAR.asia
7028:References
7007:, lies in
7005:Ural River
6931:pronounced
6926:Kazakhstan
6901:pronounced
6714:Respublika
6622:Kazakhfilm
6559:, born in
6455:ice hockey
6292:, and the
6241:beshbarmak
6212:horse meat
6187:Kazakh art
6041:Oghuz Khan
6025:Er Targhın
6021:Ablai Khan
5926:Literature
5799:gymnasiums
5405:Ukrainians
5366:Khrushchev
5308:Ukrainians
5268:Ukrainians
5206:See also:
5036:World Bank
5030:Corruption
4910:Uzbekistan
4898:Tajikistan
4866:Kyrgyzstan
4854:Azerbaijan
4760:Air Astana
4719:system in
4708:Caucasus.
4596:ExxonMobil
4558:cubic feet
4551:short tons
4405:securities
4401:privatised
4392:income tax
4319:oil prices
4222:about the
3996:Montenegro
3907:President
3888:of aid to
3873:Xi Jinping
3778:Tajikistan
3750:Nazarbayev
3748:President
3600:1,009,086
3582:1,078,384
3543:1,854,656
3192:parliament
3127:corsac fox
3043:Astragalus
3023:Corsac fox
2881:July (°F)
2878:July (°C)
2778:refineries
2730:See also:
2558:grasslands
2483:Kyrgyzstan
2479:Uzbekistan
2434:Azerbaijan
2422:Ural River
2362:Asar Party
2358:Otan Party
2098:Kazak ASSR
2082:Bolsheviks
2035:Kazakh SSR
1993:Semirechye
1989:colonizing
1958:Great Game
1856:Ablai Khan
1778:Middle Juz
1767:Junior Juz
1743:Shaybanids
1711:Kerei Khan
1673:Turkicised
1522:Macedonian
1488:Massagetae
1464:Silk Roads
1351:newspapers
1262:prince of
1260:Chagatayid
1046:Massagetae
979:Uzbekistan
971:Kyrgyzstan
945:mostly in
935:Kazakhstan
822: 27.8
666:Population
607:Recognised
561:Kazakh SSR
459:Parliament
412:government
400:Government
388:Demonym(s)
236:76°53′45″E
233:43°16′39″N
22068:Republics
21969:48°N 68°E
21917:relations
21905:relations
21893:relations
21876:relations
21864:relations
21852:relations
21827:relations
21815:relations
21798:relations
21786:relations
21761:relations
21749:relations
21737:relations
21713:(EAPC) ·
21548:Observers
21384:Khakassia
21354:Tatarstan
21266:Observers
21150:(TÜRKSOY)
20904:Sri Lanka
20483:Education
20215:Countries
20207:Observers
20191:Suspended
20102:Palestine
19995:Indonesia
19802:Singapore
19475:Economics
19103:Observers
18938:Baku 2012
18923:Baku 2006
18634:Relations
18539:Australia
18376:Lithuania
18126:Hong Kong
18045:Australia
18034:Dependent
18013:Palestine
17927:Sri Lanka
17922:Singapore
17802:Indonesia
17620:Lithuania
17593:Holocaust
17564:1920-1939
17509:1989-1992
17504:1945-1948
17484:1918-1938
17475:1867-1918
17470:1648-1867
17465:1526-1648
17410:1878-1946
17365:Holocaust
17310:Stone Age
17260:1880-1918
17255:1829-1878
17250:1502-1828
17245:1453-1829
17114:Lithuania
16793:Gibraltar
16742:Dependent
16565:Lithuania
16256:Armenians
16225:Education
16183:Squatting
16079:Transport
15971:President
15956:Elections
15920:Districts
15882:Syr Darya
15820:Geography
15288:from the
14853:31 August
14797:31 August
14486:5 January
14356:162799102
13850:5 January
13736:11 August
13644:5 January
13614:5 January
13584:5 January
13456:219657282
13448:2409-2274
13372:"Негізгі"
13241:ignored (
13231:cite book
12644:Kazinform
12622:. EY.com
12267:5 January
11914:7 January
11884:7 January
11849:7 January
11817:5 January
11787:5 January
11696:Kazinform
11580:5 January
11446:State.gov
11231:16 August
11201:16 August
10971:229420067
10963:0966-8136
10865:159320888
10592:5 January
10562:5 January
10344:inform.kz
10323:16 August
9933:"Обложка"
9917:5 January
9502:5 January
9389:11 August
9299:2041-1723
8996:Diversity
8823:5 January
8783:France 24
8763:15 August
8753:inform.kz
8723:France 24
8650:5 January
8618:5 January
8588:5 January
8558:5 January
8244:5 January
8149:10 August
8123:1476-4687
7834:2397-334X
7747:145155985
7739:0263-4937
6983:romanized
6962:romanized
6920:romanized
6915:Казахстан
6896:Qazaqstan
6890:romanized
6885:Қазақстан
6786:Tien Shan
6709:plaintiff
6592:Qarağandy
6551:, earned
6539:, earned
6511:in 1996,
6221:green tea
6181:Fine arts
5877:Turkestan
5814:academies
5767:Education
5632:Christian
5611:in Almaty
5466:Ukrainian
5423:Languages
5171:spaceport
5143:in 2023.
5074:In 2011,
4999:UniCredit
4934:Australia
4878:Argentina
4792:Shymbulak
4745:dry ports
4695:Petropavl
4547:long tons
4541:from the
4452:in 2015.
4384:tax rates
4304:crude oil
4111:40th Army
3818:program.
3614:Qarağandy
3609:Qarağandy
3563:Qarağandy
3364:districts
3277:mäslihats
3251:bicameral
3230:President
3067:Oxytropis
2931:Qarağandy
2875:Location
2761:manganese
2617:Tian Shan
2613:sandstone
2590:Syr Darya
2499:Qarağandy
2467:Belt (in
2398:Geography
2294:from the
2276:Jeltoqsan
2142:, a full
2102:Kyzylorda
2074:Petrograd
1852:in 1729.
1789:Great Juz
1679:followed
1653:Silk Road
1575:migration
1573:The main
1534:Syr Darya
1530:Scythians
1492:Scythians
1480:Andronovo
1445:Caucasoid
1441:Neolithic
1423:era. The
1218:romanized
1191:Etymology
1050:Scythians
991:southwest
975:southeast
878:Time zone
851:very high
761:(nominal)
496:Formation
424:President
408:under an
346:Religion
313:Ukrainian
21312:Găgăuzia
21067:See also
20839:Maldives
20800:Cambodia
20737:Mongolia
20674:Pakistan
20367:Sessions
20245:Thailand
20137:Suriname
20090:Pakistan
20050:Maldives
20045:Malaysia
19960:Djibouti
19945:Cameroon
19744:Mongolia
19620:Category
19444:Military
19038:Pakistan
18811:Politics
18574:Thailand
18461:Slovenia
18456:Slovakia
18431:Portugal
18401:Mongolia
18331:Holy See
18269:Bulgaria
18160:Category
18003:Abkhazia
17942:Thailand
17897:Pakistan
17877:Mongolia
17872:Maldives
17867:Malaysia
17767:Cambodia
17645:Slovakia
17436:Caucasus
17371:Bulgaria
17191:Abkhazia
17165:Abkhazia
17134:Slovakia
17084:Bulgaria
17000:Category
16985:Holy See
16935:Scotland
16905:Svalbard
16890:of 1921)
16826:Guernsey
16821:Alderney
16711:Abkhazia
16645:Slovenia
16640:Slovakia
16615:Portugal
16475:Bulgaria
16360:Category
16301:Russians
16235:Language
16173:Religion
16125:Clothing
16110:Alphabet
16005:Military
15939:Politics
15790:By topic
15665:Göktürks
15601:articles
15557:Archived
15533:Archived
15521:Archived
15509:Archived
15485:Archived
15468:Archived
15457:Archived
15415:Archived
15403:Archived
15391:Archived
15374:Archived
15338:Archived
15315:Archived
15306:BBC News
15298:Archived
15101:Archived
14970:Archived
14899:Archived
14847:Archived
14825:Archived
14769:Archived
14748:Archived
14729:Archived
14705:Archived
14666:Archived
14640:Archived
14610:Archived
14566:Archived
14540:Archived
14516:25 March
14510:Archived
14480:Archived
14454:Archived
14424:Archived
14313:Archived
14275:Archived
14235:, pg. 24
14183:Archived
14159:Archived
14107:Archived
14052:Archived
14016:Archived
13995:Archived
13971:Archived
13950:Archived
13896:Archived
13875:Archived
13844:Archived
13823:22 March
13817:Archived
13774:Archived
13755:Archived
13730:Archived
13638:Archived
13608:Archived
13578:Archived
13553:Archived
13529:Archived
13525:BBC News
13472:Archived
13404:Archived
13380:Archived
13295:Archived
13265:Archived
13215:Archived
13121:30 March
13115:Archived
13091:30 March
13085:Archived
13061:30 March
13055:Archived
13025:Archived
12959:Archived
12941:Archived
12939:. OECD.
12922:, P112,
12895:Archived
12871:Archived
12833:Archived
12771:Archived
12743:Archived
12726:Archived
12722:OECD.org
12696:Archived
12648:Archived
12624:Archived
12599:Archived
12567:Archived
12540:cite web
12524:Archived
12468:Emirates
12466:through
12432:Archived
12406:Archived
12366:Archived
12340:Archived
12314:Archived
12291:Archived
12261:Archived
12230:Archived
12210:Pavlodar
12189:Archived
12162:Archived
12106:Archived
12076:Archived
12046:Archived
12016:Archived
11991:Archived
11973:Archived
11938:Archived
11908:Archived
11878:Archived
11843:archived
11841:, 2014,
11811:Archived
11781:Archived
11756:Archived
11730:Archived
11700:Archived
11670:Archived
11644:Archived
11626:Archived
11604:Archived
11574:Archived
11528:Archived
11502:Archived
11480:Archived
11450:Archived
11419:Archived
11383:Archived
11341:Archived
11285:Archived
11255:Archived
11225:Archived
11195:Archived
11137:Archived
11107:Archived
11089:Archived
11071:Archived
11053:Archived
11027:Archived
11002:Archived
10975:Archived
10916:Archived
10891:Archived
10817:Archived
10795:22 March
10789:Archived
10764:Archived
10736:Archived
10712:22 March
10706:Archived
10682:22 March
10676:Archived
10634:Archived
10612:Archived
10586:Archived
10556:Archived
10478:Archived
10444:Archived
10418:Archived
10396:Archived
10374:Archived
10348:Archived
10317:Archived
10299:Archived
10277:Archived
10256:Archived
10212:Archived
10183:Archived
10153:Archived
10128:Archived
10067:status.'
10051:Archived
10013:Archived
9990:Archived
9971:Archived
9911:Archived
9881:Archived
9854:Archived
9827:Archived
9791:Archived
9755:Archived
9725:Archived
9692:Archived
9662:Archived
9637:Archived
9615:Archived
9578:Archived
9552:Archived
9528:26 March
9496:Archived
9466:Archived
9440:Archived
9415:19 March
9409:Archived
9383:Archived
9339:Archived
9337:(UNEP).
9317:33293507
9241:Archived
9198:Archived
9172:Archived
9147:Archived
9128:Archived
9109:Archived
9063:Archived
9039:Archived
8916:Archived
8877:Archived
8847:Archived
8817:Archived
8787:Archived
8757:Archived
8727:Archived
8703:19 March
8697:Archived
8693:BBC News
8669:Archived
8644:Archived
8639:osce.org
8612:Archived
8582:Archived
8578:BBC News
8552:Archived
8521:Archived
8469:Archived
8347:Archived
8254:cite web
8238:Archived
8207:Archived
8177:Archived
8143:Archived
8139:13670282
8131:29743675
8063:31488661
8025:(6457).
7906:Archived
7904:. AAAS.
7852:31036896
7778:Archived
7668:Archived
7624:"Kazakh"
7607:14 April
7601:Archived
7569:Archived
7537:Archived
7505:Archived
7469:Archived
7415:Archived
7383:Archived
7350:13 March
7341:Archived
7308:Archived
7280:17 April
7274:Archived
7233:Archived
7213:18 April
7207:Archived
7181:Archived
7155:Archived
7122:11 March
7116:Archived
6804:See also
6784:Western
6644:and the
6627:Myn Bala
6430:Akzhaiyk
6380:and the
6351:Football
6155:notation
6122:A-Studio
5993:didactic
5956:and the
5881:Samanids
5789:and the
5754:Buddhism
5750:Hinduism
5714:Chechens
5640:Buddhist
5638:(mostly
5488:Religion
5458:Cyrillic
5417:Mongolia
5401:Russians
5320:Chechens
5260:Russians
5092:'s 2023
5056:Pakistan
4987:Citibank
4975:BTA Bank
4870:Mongolia
4687: in
4574:Kashagan
4480:Kökşetau
4216:arrested
4070:Military
4003:and the
3768:and the
3726:269,720
3708:323,138
3690:331,614
3672:333,989
3668:Pavlodar
3663:Pavlodar
3654:357,791
3636:487,994
3618:497,712
3596:Shymkent
3403:Baikonur
3377:audandar
3372:аудандар
3349:oblystar
3344:облыстар
3032:and ten
3008:Wildlife
2969:Pavlodar
2786:Pavlodar
2753:chromium
2706:asteroid
2699:Pliocene
2652:ash tree
2594:Aral Sea
2446:Xinjiang
2385:won the
2305:glasnost
2265:Vostok 1
2261:Baikonur
2231:Russians
2106:Alma-Ata
2094:Orenburg
2005:Tashkent
2001:Orenburg
1938:Orenburg
1936:(1720),
1934:Pavlodar
1932:(1718),
1928:(1716),
1747:language
1628:and the
1606:Xionites
1602:Göktürks
1567:Kipchaks
1520:and his
1455:period.
1453:Iron Age
1409:Iron Age
863:Currency
404:Unitary
136:(Kazakh)
21871:Ireland
21859:Belarus
21847:Austria
21810:Moldova
21781:Armenia
21756:Ukraine
21744:Georgia
21631:Symbols
21598:Summits
21563:Hungary
21463:Members
21394:Related
21156:Members
21104:Russian
21099:Chinese
20993:Algeria
20852:Myanmar
20787:Bahrain
20761:Armenia
20596:Belarus
20543:Summits
20466:Imports
20461:Exports
20446:Economy
20411:Seventh
20322:History
20152:Tunisia
20127:Somalia
20117:Senegal
20080:Nigeria
20065:Morocco
20035:Lebanon
19955:Comoros
19920:Bahrain
19910:Algeria
19905:Albania
19893:Members
19817:Vietnam
19792:Moldova
19721:Moldova
19683:Belarus
19678:Armenia
19538:Georgia
19384:Georgia
19368:Ukraine
19363:Moldova
19312:Moldova
19297:Belarus
19287:Armenia
19262:Ukraine
19242:Moldova
19227:Belarus
19217:Armenia
18876:Summits
18851:Symbols
18579:Tunisia
18564:Morocco
18534:Algeria
18496:Ukraine
18436:Romania
18391:Moldova
18346:Ireland
18341:Iceland
18336:Hungary
18321:Germany
18316:Georgia
18306:Finland
18301:Estonia
18296:Denmark
18280:Croatia
18259:Belgium
18254:Belarus
18244:Austria
18239:Armenia
18234:Andorra
18229:Albania
18222:Members
17967:Vietnam
17882:Myanmar
17862:Lebanon
17792:Georgia
17747:Bahrain
17737:Armenia
17665:Ukraine
17635:Romania
17625:Moldova
17610:Hungary
17605:Georgia
17515:Estonia
17341:Belarus
17336:Balkans
17196:Armenia
17184:History
17149:Ukraine
17124:Romania
17119:Moldova
17104:Hungary
17099:Georgia
17094:Estonia
17079:Belarus
17069:Armenia
16930:England
16873:Finland
16753:Denmark
16670:Ukraine
16620:Romania
16580:Moldova
16540:Ireland
16535:Iceland
16530:Hungary
16520:Germany
16515:Georgia
16505:Finland
16500:Estonia
16495:Denmark
16480:Croatia
16465:Belgium
16460:Belarus
16450:Austria
16445:Armenia
16440:Andorra
16435:Albania
16344:Outline
16321:Uyghurs
16291:Koreans
16286:Kazakhs
16271:Germans
16249:Peoples
16158:Kazakhs
16150:Kaznet
16135:Cuisine
16098:Culture
16029:Economy
15925:Regions
15897:Zhetysu
15847:Borders
15680:Karluks
15609:History
15280:General
15098:excerpt
15096:(1990)
14084:24 July
13356:17 July
13327:17 July
13271:20 June
13031:24 June
13001:19 July
12842:7 April
12780:24 July
12605:18 June
12530:7 April
12499:22 June
12473:1 April
12459:Timatic
12012:cia.gov
11839:Reuters
11498:Imf.org
11261:7 April
10785:hrw.org
10582:Reuters
10354:7 April
10091:9 April
9887:21 June
9668:7 April
9621:8 April
9472:12 July
9446:1 April
9436:US News
9308:7723057
9277:Bibcode
8093:Bibcode
8054:6822619
8031:bioRxiv
8018:Science
7983:(ed.).
7902:Science
7843:6542712
7814:Bibcode
6985::
6974:Russian
6964::
6922::
6911:Russian
6892::
6762:Tamgaly
6561:Zhambyl
6363:women's
6200:Cuisine
6175:strings
6030:Alpamıs
6003:tolgaws
6000:elegiac
5944:by the
5841:Culture
5803:lyceums
5710:Shafi`i
5702:Uighurs
5694:Kazakhs
5648:atheist
5580:
5565:
5560:Atheism
5550:
5537:
5522:
5447:Russian
5441:of the
5386:Koreans
5349:beach,
5312:Koreans
5296:Koreans
5288:Dungans
5280:Uyghurs
5276:Germans
5256:Kazakhs
5208:Kazakhs
5044:Bolivia
4995:Kookmin
4968:Banking
4886:Ecuador
4874:Ukraine
4862:Moldova
4858:Belarus
4850:Armenia
4766:Tourism
4682:⁄
4624:Chinese
4622:. Also
4604:LukArco
4555:billion
4491:pasture
4312:uranium
4284:Economy
4132:and 60
4126:MiG-31s
4122:MiG-29s
4005:TÜRKSOY
3988:Moldova
3982:, with
3869:Erdoğan
3774:Belarus
3760:in 2012
3681:Öskemen
3591:Şymkent
3553:Şymkent
3411:Şymkent
3359:oblasti
3354:области
3336:regions
3285:Majilis
3273:Majilis
3256:Majilis
3198:of the
3123:red fox
3098:, also
2979:−11/−20
2960:−10/−18
2912:Şymkent
2830:Climate
2790:Şymkent
2749:uranium
2703:Miocene
2697:, is a
2676:82°00′E
2673:48°30′N
2660:Ice Age
2540:to the
2511:Öskemen
2503:Şymkent
2470:
2282:of the
2227:Kazakhs
2053:, 1920s
2029:Cossack
1880:Şymkent
1864:Kalmyks
1838:Dzungar
1809:Cumania
1723:nomadic
1641:Kipchak
1622:Bulgars
1587:Iranian
1583:Iranian
1546:Cumania
1508:Yamnaya
1365:scholar
1291:History
1279:Though
1264:Kashmir
1237:Cossack
1233:nomadic
1220::
1201:Russian
1137:unitary
1015:Kazakhs
989:to the
981:to the
973:to the
965:to the
957:to the
941:, is a
854: (
618:•
605:•
559:•
546:•
533:•
520:•
507:•
489:Majilis
481:•
466:•
437:•
422:•
372:Atheism
301:Russian
273:Russian
195:71°26′E
192:51°10′N
179:Capital
125:Anthem:
70:Russian
21974:48; 68
21900:Russia
21822:Serbia
21586:
21573:
21560:
21527:
21517:Turkey
21514:
21501:
21488:
21475:
21453:
21381:
21366:
21351:
21336:
21309:
21294:
21279:
21244:
21229:
21217:Turkey
21214:
21199:
21184:
21169:
21055:
21042:
21032:Israel
21029:
21016:
21003:
20990:
20961:
20939:Guests
20927:
20917:Turkey
20914:
20901:
20888:
20875:
20862:
20849:
20836:
20826:Kuwait
20823:
20810:
20797:
20784:
20771:
20758:
20734:
20710:
20697:
20687:Russia
20684:
20671:
20658:
20645:
20632:
20619:
20606:
20593:
20416:Eighth
20396:Fourth
20386:Second
20355:(2010)
20349:(2008)
20343:(1990)
20255:Muslim
20240:Russia
20167:Uganda
20157:Turkey
20025:Kuwait
20015:Jordan
19990:Guyana
19980:Guinea
19975:Gambia
19940:Brunei
19797:Serbia
19698:Russia
19398:Sports
19317:Russia
19247:Russia
19200:" (11)
19188:(1993)
19182:(1991)
19176:(1991)
19115:
19091:
19084:
19077:
19070:
19066:Turkey
19063:
19056:
19049:
19042:
19035:
19028:
19021:
19014:
19007:
19000:
18993:
18986:
18979:
18972:
18965:
18958:
18952:Member
18858:Emblem
18559:Jordan
18549:Israel
18486:Turkey
18471:Sweden
18451:Serbia
18441:Russia
18426:Poland
18421:Norway
18396:Monaco
18366:Latvia
18326:Greece
18311:France
18286:Cyprus
18274:Canada
18066:Greece
18023:Taiwan
17947:Turkey
17912:Russia
17847:Kuwait
17827:Jordan
17817:Israel
17777:Cyprus
17762:Brunei
17757:Bhutan
17660:Turkey
17640:Russia
17615:Latvia
17141:(only
17139:Turkey
17129:Russia
17109:Latvia
16898:Norway
16716:Kosovo
16665:Turkey
16655:Sweden
16635:Serbia
16625:Russia
16610:Poland
16605:Norway
16585:Monaco
16555:Latvia
16525:Greece
16510:France
16485:Cyprus
16419:Europe
16306:Tatars
16276:Greeks
16266:Dungan
16230:Health
16115:Anthem
16071:Tenge
15797:Postal
15629:Kangju
15599:
15262:
15232:
15213:
15201:(2017)
15187:
15164:
15137:
15118:
15082:
15063:
15044:
15025:
15006:
14987:
14951:
14697:
14646:10 May
14616:10 May
14398:
14354:
14319:10 May
14165:3 June
14136:
14113:3 June
14058:3 June
14022:6 June
13977:6 June
13925:
13679:
13454:
13446:
13386:30 May
13346:(XSLX)
13301:30 May
13207:
13172:
12926:, 2012
12576:21 May
12236:12 May
12112:12 May
12082:12 May
12052:12 May
11776:Forbes
11676:28 May
11650:27 May
11548:
11321:1 June
11291:1 June
11169:
10969:
10961:
10863:
10853:
10742:8 June
10179:un.org
9823:Adilet
9751:dw.com
9558:30 May
9315:
9305:
9297:
9247:26 May
9222:. In:
9091:1 June
8908:
8498:
8424:1 June
8321:
8300:
8280:
8213:1 June
8183:1 June
8137:
8129:
8121:
8084:Nature
8061:
8051:
8033:
7993:
7946:
7850:
7840:
7832:
7770:
7745:
7737:
7375:
7175:. The
7147:
6953:Kazakh
6881:Kazakh
6748:UNESCO
6669:goEast
6636:, and
6616:, 2010
6525:boxing
6465:. The
6367:futsal
6365:, and
6338:Almaty
6334:Astana
6318:Almaty
6274:boxing
6229:shubat
6126:Almaty
6099:Nowruz
6073:Ay Qap
6064:Kazakh
6052:Kazakh
6005:, and
5996:termes
5969:Soviet
5853:, and
5756:, and
5736:, and
5718:Ahmadi
5706:Tatars
5704:, and
5698:Uzbeks
5690:Hanafi
5686:Sunnis
5644:Jewish
5628:Muslim
5554:11.01%
5482:German
5480:, and
5474:Kyrgyz
5470:Uyghur
5435:Kazakh
5302:, and
5272:Uzbeks
5264:Tatars
5219:, 2023
5040:Angola
4989:, and
4930:Mexico
4920:, the
4902:Turkey
4890:Serbia
4882:Brazil
4841:, and
4833:city,
4831:Almaty
4829:city,
4827:Astana
4725:Alatau
4721:Almaty
4705:Alstom
4691:Almaty
4620:Lukoil
4566:Tengiz
4521:Energy
4507:barley
4247:bribes
4164:KAZBAT
4134:Su-27s
4130:Su-24s
4032:UNESCO
4028:(OSCE)
4009:Kazakh
3966:(CSTO)
3949:(CSTO)
3830:Kazakh
3807:, and
3722:Atyrau
3717:Atyrau
3650:Jambyl
3632:Aqtobe
3627:Aqtobe
3578:Astana
3573:Astana
3539:Almaty
3534:Almaty
3526:Astana
3516:Almaty
3498:Region
3475:
3472:
3399:Astana
3395:Almaty
3387:rayony
3382:районы
3368:Kazakh
3340:Kazakh
3265:senate
3263:) and
3145:, and
3135:argali
3055:Allium
2998:−8/−16
2988:Aqtobe
2982:12/−5
2963:14/−1
2950:Astana
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