1417:(1789â1869), who translated many works into the West Frisian language, such as the New Testament He had however, like Hilarides, focused mostly on the vernacular of the West Frisian language, where he focused on translating texts, plays and songs for the lower and middle classes in order to teach and expand the West Frisian language. This had begun the effort to continuously preserve the West Frisian language, which continues unto this day. It was however not until the first half of the 20th century that the West Frisian revival movement began to gain strength, not only through its language, but also through its culture and history, supporting singing and acting in West Frisian in order to facilitate West Frisian speaking.
769:
644:, to be dialects of one single Frisian language, whereas others consider them to be a number of separate languages equal to or greater than the number of main branches discussed here. Indeed, the insular varieties of West Frisian are not intelligible to the mainland, and by that standard are additional languages, and North Frisian is also divided into several strongly diverse dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible among themselves. West Frisian is strongly influenced by Dutch. The other Frisian languages, meanwhile, have been influenced by Low German and German.
757:
833:
872:
860:
745:
1457:
845:
781:
793:
260:
718:
1435:
817:
1382:
1810:
1506:
3352:
1479:
733:
1421:
Friesland, rather than the language itself, that has become a more important part of the West
Frisian identity; as such, the language has become less important for cultural preservation purposes. It is especially written West Frisian that seems to have trouble surviving, with only 30% of the West Frisian population competent in it; it went out of use in the 16th century and continues to be barely taught today.
1093:
1743:
1385:
1384:
1389:
1388:
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1390:
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still existed. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, all these texts are restricted to legalistic writings. Although the earliest definite written examples of
Frisian are from approximately the 9th
968:
West
Frisian-Dutch bilinguals are split into two categories: Speakers who had Dutch as their first language tended to maintain the Dutch system of homophony between plural and linking suffixes when speaking West Frisian, by using the West Frisian plural as a linking morpheme. Speakers who had West
1059:
also plays a large role, since its foundation in 1938, to conduct research on
Frisian language, history, and society, including attempts at forming a larger dictionary. Recent attempts have allowed Frisian be used somewhat more in some of the domains of education, media and public administration.
1072:
is considered as vulnerable to being endangered. Moreover, for all advances in integrating
Frisian in daily life, there is still a lack of education and media awareness of the Frisian language, perhaps reflecting its rural origins and its lack of prestige Therefore, in a sociological sense it is
1420:
It was not until 1960 that Dutch began to dominate West
Frisian in Friesland; with many non-Frisian immigrants into Friesland, the language gradually began to diminish, and survives now only due to the constant effort of scholars and organisations. In recent years, it has been the province of
1154:, modern Frisian in some aspects bears a greater similarity to Dutch than to English; one must also take into account the centuries-long drift of English away from Frisian. Thus the two languages have become less mutually intelligible over time, partly due to the influence which Dutch and
1279:
One rhyme demonstrates the palpable similarity between
Frisian and English: "Butter, bread and green cheese is good English and good Frisian," which is pronounced more or less the same in both languages (West Frisian: "Bûter, brea en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk.")
907:, which since 1997 officially uses its West Frisian name of FryslĂąn, where the number of native speakers is about 400,000, which is about 75% of the inhabitants of Friesland. An increasing number of native Dutch speakers in the province are learning Frisian as a second language.
1387:
1080:, both the quality and amount of time Frisian is taught in the classroom is low, concluding that Frisian lessons do not contribute meaningfully to the linguistic and cultural development of the students. Moreover, Frisian runs the risk of dissolving into Dutch, especially in
1409:
would build off
Gysbert Japiks' work by building on West Frisian orthography, particularly on its pronunciation; he also, unlike Japiks, set a standard of the West Frisian language that focused more heavily on how the common people used it as an everyday language.
1322:
Up until the 15th century, Frisian was a language widely spoken and written, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of
1372:
system, a prominent grammatical feature in almost all West
Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Southwest Frisian. Therefore, the Modern West Frisian period is considered to have begun at this point in time, around 1820.
1303:
inscriptions from the region which are probably older and possibly in the
Frisian language. These runic writings however usually do not amount to more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute
2400:"GegenwĂ€rtige SchĂ€tzungen schwanken zwischen 1.500 und 2.500." Marron C. Fort: Das Saterfriesische. In: Horst Haider Munske, Nils Ă
rhammar: Handbuch des Friesischen â Handbook of Frisian Studies. Niemayer (TĂŒbingen 2001).
1138:
coast. Today this region is sometimes referred to as Great Frisia or Frisia Magna, and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage, even though in most places the Frisian languages have been lost.
744:
1386:
711:. Frisian was spoken there at one time, only to have been gradually replaced by Low Saxon since the Middle Ages. This local language is now, like Frisian, under threat by standard Dutch and German.
1405:, who had begun to write in the language as a way to show that it was possible, and created a collective West Frisian identity and West Frisian standard of writing through his poetry. Later on,
1308:
as such. The transition from the Old Frisian to the Middle Frisian period (c.1550-c.1820) in the 16th century is based on the fairly abrupt halt in the use of Frisian as a written language.
871:
768:
1368:
His example was not followed until the 19th century, when entire generations of West Frisian authors and poets appeared. This coincided with the introduction of the so-called newer
2782:
2017:
to "those who" in the 1928 version of the Church of England prayer book and used in other later Anglican prayer books too. The words given here are those of the 1662 book.
3191:
4100:
1406:
1414:
792:
5503:
1005:". According to the ISO 639 Registration Authority the "previous usage of code has been for Western Frisian, although language name was 'Frisian
859:
750:
West and East Frisia were once connected. North Frisia was colonized by Frisians via the North Sea and they first settled on Sylt, Amrum and Föhr.
1346:), and even when the Netherlands became independent, in 1585, West Frisian did not regain its former status. The reason for this was the rise of
3340:
756:
1350:
as the dominant part of the Netherlands, and its language, Dutch, as the dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs.
2259:
4475:
3553:
3318:
832:
4273:
2849:
3184:
1048:
2538:
949:, there were 10,000 North Frisian speakers. Although many of these live on the mainland, most are found on the islands, notably
5508:
3177:
2646:
2421:
2464:
4090:
2303:
Gooskens, Charlotte (2004). "The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area". In Gilbers, D. G.; Knevel, N. (eds.).
5002:
1056:
780:
3333:
2385:
1831:
1527:
1051:
is an organization which works for the preservation of the West Frisian language and culture in the Dutch province of
2708:
2678:
2638:
2578:
2509:
2353:
1857:
1553:
969:
Frisian as their first language often maintained the West Frisian system of no homophony when speaking West Frisian.
377:
334:
20:
1839:
1535:
717:
3546:
581:
Depending upon their location, the six Frisian languages have been heavily influenced by and bear similarities to
2842:
2047:
1712:
1574:, the most widespread language family in Europe and the world. Its closest living genealogical relatives are the
1209:
612:
are likely to have resulted from the close trading relationship these areas maintained during the centuries-long
604:
newspaper and 97.1% of a Dutch newspaper. Additional shared linguistic characteristics between Friesland and the
436:, despite the fact that dialects within those branches may not be mutually intelligible. The three branches are:
2787:
2735:
1835:
1531:
816:
2772:
5513:
5369:
3326:
1339:
3348:
1365:, who largely fathered modern West Frisian literature and orthography, was really an exception to the rule.
5399:
4569:
4531:
4516:
3200:
1595:
444:
425:, nor are Frisian languages intelligible among themselves, owing to independent linguistic innovations and
418:
19:
This article is about the Frisian languages, as spoken in the Netherlands and Germany. For other uses, see
3843:
3031:
1073:
considered more a dialect than a standard language, even though linguistically it is a separate language.
844:
5379:
5239:
4589:
4548:
4538:
3539:
3470:
2501:
Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective
2000:
5498:
3755:
3415:
3220:
2970:
2835:
2186:
2109:
De jongen aaide (streelde, streek) het meisje langs/over haar/de kin en kuste/zoende haar op de wangen.
2032:
1671:
1328:
1061:
1021:
633:
543:
288:
222:
46:
981:
in Germany, and West Frisian is one of the two official languages in the Netherlands, the other being
5096:
2231:
1172:. Historically, both English and Frisian are marked by the loss of the Germanic nasal in words like
5374:
5328:
5323:
5247:
4857:
4841:
4720:
4579:
4470:
4465:
1820:
1516:
641:
232:
124:
600:
in 2005 revealed that Dutch respondents understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an
567:
5313:
5257:
5252:
5172:
4845:
4795:
4095:
3913:
3669:
3597:
3585:
2901:
2877:
2777:
2539:"Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
2236:
1824:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1520:
708:
410:
386:
160:
150:
140:
5435:
5155:
4553:
5318:
4800:
4766:
4384:
4200:
4060:
3900:
3795:
3442:
3437:
3410:
3371:
3122:
3016:
2888:
2324:
2165:
2084:
2043:
1703:
1283:
One major difference between Old Frisian and modern Frisian is that in the Old Frisian period (
1037:
1025:
878:
704:
637:
571:
555:
472:
422:
279:
270:
213:
208:
57:
2411:
5476:
5440:
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4701:
4653:
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3921:
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2244:
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1894:
1883:
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1358:
1069:
1002:
886:
629:
593:
539:
499:
437:
218:
35:
4941:
3816:
2278:
930:, but Saterland Frisian still remains seriously endangered because of the small size of the
5445:
5425:
5394:
5267:
5127:
4873:
4691:
4283:
4110:
4072:
4067:
3941:
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3356:
3276:
3060:
2919:
1728:
1169:
479:
468:
452:
5101:
8:
5384:
4620:
4574:
4508:
4261:
3908:
3821:
3619:
3307:
3266:
3256:
3135:
2896:
2345:
The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives
1612:
1065:
4931:
4776:
4023:
1158:
have had on Frisian, and partly due to the vast influence some languages (in particular
774:
Language situation in northern Schleswig-Holstein as it developed since the 19th century
5430:
5354:
5282:
5272:
5227:
4989:
4916:
4813:
4658:
4633:
4628:
4521:
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3828:
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3145:
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3077:
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1786:
1684:
1343:
1041:
946:
649:
601:
491:
155:
145:
4584:
250:
5404:
5203:
5119:
5112:
5067:
5011:
4771:
4761:
4744:
4739:
4643:
4405:
4205:
4166:
4146:
3984:
3876:
3858:
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3432:
3261:
3041:
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2731:
2704:
2674:
2642:
2634:
2595:
2574:
2505:
2417:
2381:
2349:
2327:
language; cf. Fort, Marron Curtis (1980): Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch. Hamburg, p.45.
2304:
1738:
1717:
1347:
1335:
1115:
978:
487:
2279:"How easy is it for speakers of Dutch to understand Frisian and Afrikaans, and why?"
1413:
Perhaps the most important figure in the spreading of the West Frisian language was
5359:
5150:
5084:
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4995:
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4018:
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3614:
3606:
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3291:
3127:
3053:
2633:
The History of English: A Linguistic Introduction. Scott Shay, Wardja Press, 2008,
2225:
1879:
1733:
1617:
1579:
1575:
1143:
934:
and of the lack of institutional support to help preserve and spread the language.
931:
617:
613:
426:
406:
345:
305:
5196:
440:, which is by far the most spoken of the three and is an official language in the
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3427:
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2760:
Tresoar â Historical and Literary Centre of Friesland Province of the Netherlands
2725:
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2668:
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135:
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5188:
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1317:
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1151:
1147:
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582:
464:
390:
193:
112:
2754:
2100:
Der Junge streichelte das MĂ€dchen ums Kinn und kĂŒsste es (sie) auf die Wangen.
1756:
259:
5492:
5420:
5262:
5018:
4969:
4786:
4725:
4638:
4543:
4481:
4428:
4312:
4239:
3087:
2462:
1625:
1159:
1150:, but after at least five hundred years of being subject to the influence of
483:
2319:
Though this is the literal translation for "Frisian", the Saterfrisian term
2090:
De Jung (Fent) straktde dat Wicht um't Kinn to un tuutjede hör up de Wangen.
732:
5289:
4713:
4677:
4610:
4433:
4256:
4229:
4212:
4156:
4115:
3697:
3676:
3482:
2060:
Di Dreeng strekt dit faamen om't Ken en taatjet / kleepet höör ĂŒp di Sjaken
1770:
1765:
1644:
1634:
1467:
938:
919:
551:
495:
456:
4936:
1134:. At that time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern
691:
The situation in the Dutch province of Groningen and the German region of
5106:
5079:
4897:
4805:
4487:
4448:
4031:
3726:
3690:
3625:
2870:
2783:[PDF]Hewett, Waterman Thomas, The Frisian language and literature
1441:
1395:
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1109:
1096:
1077:
900:
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563:
441:
398:
188:
4951:
1650:
432:
There are three different branches of Frisian, which are usually called
4946:
4926:
4291:
3961:
3662:
3509:
3422:
3230:
2790:, and compare with equivalents in English and other Germanic languages.
2416:. Routledge Language Family Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 505.
2038:
Die WÀnt strookede dÀt Wucht uum ju Keeuwe un oapede hier ap do Sooken.
1591:
1305:
1295:
1155:
977:
Saterland and North Frisian are officially recognised and protected as
962:
923:
696:
645:
597:
586:
575:
519:
414:
128:
2823:
Online (German-Frisian) Dictionary for multiple North Frisian dialects
2119:
Die seun streel die meisie oor haar/die ken en soen haar op die wange.
1463:
1331:, who replaced West Frisian as the language of government with Dutch.
1001:
were assigned to "Frisian", but that was changed in November 2005 to "
5132:
4880:
4526:
4443:
4224:
4179:
4151:
3977:
3531:
2817:
2113:
2028:
The boy stroked the girl about the chin and kissed her on the cheeks.
1485:
1470:(Germany) with the German name above and the North Frisian name below
1445:
1324:
1135:
1081:
1052:
994:
986:
915:
904:
823:
547:
535:
448:
405:. The Frisian languages are the closest living language group to the
394:
244:
118:
108:
4956:
2827:
2133:
1809:
1505:
1488:(Germany) with the German name above and the East Frisian name below
1434:
914:, there are about 2,000 speakers of Saterland Frisian in the marshy
4921:
4269:
3117:
2805:
2260:"Mutual intelligibility between speakers of North and West Frisian"
2180:
2075:
1362:
965:. The local corresponding North Frisian dialects are still in use.
700:
574:
is spoken today, which is not a Frisian language, but a variant of
93:
2377:
An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary
1448:(Netherlands) with the West Frisian name above and the Dutch below
4962:
4558:
4460:
3351:
2144:
1131:
1123:
1013:
911:
609:
515:
476:
402:
954:
803:
562:, the four Saterlandic villages lie just outside the borders of
527:
507:
4265:
3251:
3140:
2170:
2129:
Drengen strÞg/aede pigen pÄ hagen og kyssede hende pÄ kinderne.
1761:
1456:
1119:
1092:
723:
640:. Some linguists consider these three varieties, despite their
2812:
320:
317:
4183:
2795:"Frisian: Standardisation in Progress of a Language in Decay"
2156:
NB: These are not always literal translations of each other.
2070:
De jonge streake it famke om it kin en tute har op 'e wangen.
2053:
Di dreng aide dÄt foomen am dÄt kan Àn mÀket har aw da siike.
1401:
The revival of the West Frisian Language was led by the poet
1300:
1127:
958:
807:
511:
264:
Present-day distribution of the Frisian languages in Europe:
2088:
2080:
t Jong fleerde t wicht om kinne tou en smokte heur op wange.
1900:
The Standard Dutch translation from the Dutch Bible Society
865:
The former East Frisian dialects in Lower Saxony (in German)
1478:
950:
799:
559:
503:
366:
363:
323:
1742:
2759:
2444:
Gesetz zur Förderung des Friesischen im öffentlichen Raum
357:
2910:
1024:, a variety of Eastern Frisian (not to be confused with
2596:"The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area"
2463:
Christian Galinski; Rebecca Guenther; HĂ„vard Hjulstad.
2139:
Gutten strÞk jenta pÄ haken og kysset henne pÄ kinnene.
2036:
656:
dialects influenced by West Frisian. Frisian is called
596:. However, Frisian is still unintelligible to Dutch; a
451:, where it is spoken on the mainland and on two of the
2822:
2724:
Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (2002-01-01).
762:
The languages in the northern Netherlands (in German)
707:
still bear some Frisian elements due to East Frisian
378:
369:
360:
351:
335:
326:
311:
2727:
Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages
2670:
Standardization: Studies from the Germanic languages
2566:
354:
314:
2594:Gooskens, Charlotte; Heeringa, Wilbert (May 2012).
2409:
2150:
Guten strauk jenta pÄ haka og kyssa henne pÄ kinna.
2051:
1955:
For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory,
1746:
This is a small portion of the Frisian family tree.
1212:. Also, when followed by some vowels, the Germanic
922:. Saterland Frisian has resisted encroachment from
798:
North Frisian map of the North Frisian dialects (1-
475:, the second branch, is spoken in the northernmost
348:
308:
2323:traditionally refers to the East Frisians and the
2277:Bezooijen, Renée van; Gooskens, Charlotte (2005).
2224:
2068:
628:There are three main groups of Frisian varieties:
2667:Linn, Andrew R.; McLelland, Nicola (2002-12-31).
2276:
2223:
2020:
1334:Afterwards this practice was continued under the
1118:the Frisian lands stretched from the area around
1064:and most dialects of North Frisian are seriously
5490:
3199:
2773:Ferring Stiftung, a foundation from North Frisia
2593:
1890:) from the Third Edition of the Frisian Bible *
1162:) have had on English throughout the centuries.
1142:Frisian is the language most closely related to
2567:Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003-10-27).
2117:
1394:A modern West Frisian speaker, recorded in the
2788:'Hover & Hear' West Frisian pronunciations
2264:Phonetics in Europe: Perception and Production
1338:rulers of the Netherlands (the German Emperor
421:. However, modern English and Frisian are not
3547:
3334:
3185:
2843:
2723:
2697:Yngve, Victor; Wasik, Zdzislaw (2006-11-25).
2666:
2148:
1893:The English translation in the 1662 Anglican
2306:On the Boundaries of Phonology and Phonetics
2257:
2137:
1949:As we forgive them that trespass against us.
1930:en de hearlikheid oant yn ivichheid. "Amen"
463:. It is also spoken in four villages in the
2755:Omniglot links to various Frisian resources
2341:
1838:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1534:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3554:
3540:
3341:
3327:
3192:
3178:
2850:
2836:
2696:
2570:Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present
2562:
2560:
2558:
2493:
2491:
2258:Swarte, Femke; Hilton, Nanna Haug (2013).
1979:gelijk ook wij vergeven onze schuldenaren;
1628:(Oosterend and West-Terschelling dialects)
1590:); together with the also closely related
393:, who live on the southern fringes of the
2465:"Registration Authority Report 2004-2005"
2369:
2367:
2365:
1858:Learn how and when to remove this message
1554:Learn how and when to remove this message
2692:
2690:
2342:Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001-01-01).
2302:
1973:gelijk in de hemel alzo ook op de aarde.
1741:
1706:, spoken in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
1380:
1091:
5504:Languages attested from the 8th century
2555:
2497:
2488:
2373:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2309:. Groningen: Department of Linguistics.
5491:
3561:
2410:Konig, E.; van der Auwera, J. (2013).
2362:
1928:Want Jowes is it keninkryk en de krĂȘft
1376:
1353:In this period the great Frisian poet
1311:
1260:. Contrarily, this did not happen for
786:The North Frisian dialects (in German)
589:, and in addition North Frisian has a
518:. It is also spoken on the islands of
5225:
4839:
3583:
3535:
3322:
3173:
2857:
2831:
2747:
2687:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
1299:century, there are a few examples of
838:The former East Frisian-speaking area
2374:Bremmer, Rolf Hendrik (2009-01-01).
2330:
2245:participating institution membership
1870:
1836:adding citations to reliable sources
1803:
1725:Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct)
1594:the two groups make up the group of
1532:adding citations to reliable sources
1499:
1220:sound; for example, the Frisian for
4116:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1975:Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood;
688:in the varieties of North Frisian.
13:
5475:Languages between parentheses are
4840:
2651:
2587:
2528:, Mouton de Gruter, The Hague: 222
2212:The Linguistics Studentâs Handbook
1965:Onze Vader die in de hemelen zijt,
1922:allyk ek wy ferjouwe Ășs skuldners.
1665:, spoken in Lower Saxony, Germany
899:Most Frisian speakers live in the
542:, has only one remaining variant,
14:
5525:
2766:
2498:Fishman, Joshua A. (2001-01-01).
2001:West Frisian language#Sample text
1945:Give us this day our daily bread.
1622:WestlauwersâTerschelling Frisian
1084:, where both languages are used.
385:) are a closely related group of
21:Frisian language (disambiguation)
3350:
1987:"en de kracht en de heerlijkheid
1951:And lead us not into temptation;
1808:
1566:Frisian languages belong to the
1504:
1477:
1455:
1433:
945:) region of the German state of
870:
858:
843:
831:
815:
791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
716:
546:, spoken in the municipality of
467:of the neighbouring province of
344:
304:
258:
2778:West-Frisian-English dictionary
2717:
2627:
2621:"English to Frisian dictionary"
2613:
2531:
2518:
2456:
2436:
2403:
1981:en leid ons niet in verzoeking,
1935:Our Father, which art in Heaven
1799:
1357:(1603â66), a schoolteacher and
1210:Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law
1168:, however, was very similar to
1032:dialect). The new ISO 639 code
903:, primarily in the province of
570:region. In East Frisia proper,
5479:of the language on their left.
2394:
2313:
2296:
2286:Linguistics in the Netherlands
2270:
2251:
2217:
2204:
2021:Comparative Germanic sentences
1947:And forgive us our trespasses,
1918:Jou Ășs hjoed Ășs deistich brea.
1906:Us Heit, dy't yn de himelen is
1495:
1342:and his son, the Spanish King
1103:
726:highlighted on a map of Europe
1:
5370:Germanic substrate hypothesis
5226:
2730:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2673:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2573:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2526:Language Diversity Endangered
2380:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2193:
1977:en vergeef ons onze schulden,
1284:
409:; the two groups make up the
5509:Languages of the Netherlands
5400:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
4091:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
3201:Languages of the Netherlands
1985:Want van U is het Koninkrijk
1983:maar verlos ons van de boze.
1943:in earth as it is in Heaven.
1926:mar ferlos Ășs fan 'e kweade.
1924:En lied Ășs net yn fersiking,
1609:, spoken in the Netherlands
1596:North Sea Germanic languages
1040:variants spoken in parts of
538:. The third Frisian branch,
429:with neighboring languages.
419:North Sea Germanic languages
413:group and together with the
7:
5380:High German consonant shift
2818:Radio news in North Frisian
2470:. p. 4. Archived from
2159:
1484:Bilingual sign in Ramsloh,
1049:Ried fan de Fryske Beweging
894:
623:
16:Group of Germanic languages
10:
5530:
3918:WestlauwersâTerschellings
3571:According to contemporary
2187:Imperativus pro infinitivo
2058:Nordfriesisch (Söl'ring):
1718:Northern Goesharde Frisian
1329:Albert III, Duke of Saxony
1315:
1107:
1087:
1022:Saterland Frisian language
881:area (colloquially called
664:in Saterland Frisian, and
389:, spoken by about 400,000
18:
5462:
5413:
5337:
5306:
5238:
5234:
5221:
5170:
5143:
5097:Southern Schleswig Danish
5028:
4909:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4835:
4676:
4619:
4507:
4498:
4403:
4375:
4334:
4325:
4300:
4282:
4193:
4165:
4139:
4130:
4081:
3994:
3969:
3960:
3899:
3794:
3743:
3718:
3709:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3579:
3569:
3453:
3393:
3384:
3363:
3300:
3239:
3207:
3154:
3110:
3069:
3024:
3015:
2979:
2963:
2954:
2887:
2865:
2232:Oxford English Dictionary
2027:
1953:But deliver us from evil.
1908:jins namme wurde hillige.
1252:the respective words are
972:
257:
243:
231:
202:
181:
136:Linguistic classification
134:
99:
89:
33:
28:
5375:West Germanic gemination
5329:Ancient Belgian language
5324:Germanic parent language
5268:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
4390:Austrian Standard German
3584:
2700:Hard-Science Linguistics
2504:. Multilingual Matters.
2348:. Multilingual Matters.
2198:
1989:in der eeuwigheid. Amen.
1967:Uw naam worde geheiligd;
1920:En ferjou Ășs Ășs skulden,
1722:Middle Goesharde Frisian
1696:Several extinct dialects
1676:Several extinct dialects
642:mutual unintelligibility
417:dialects these form the
105:Netherlands and Germany.
2237:Oxford University Press
2089:
2052:
2037:
1681:Weser Frisian dialects
1631:Western Frisian proper
1588:Anglo-Frisian languages
1572:Indo-European languages
1327:(FryslĂąn), in 1498, by
411:Anglo-Frisian languages
387:West Germanic languages
5436:Preterite-present verb
5319:Proto-Germanic grammar
5273:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
4385:German Standard German
4061:East Frisian Low Saxon
3443:Lower Sorbian language
3438:Upper Sorbian language
3123:East Frisian Low Saxon
2413:The Germanic Languages
2325:East Frisian Low Saxon
2166:East Frisian Low Saxon
2149:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2099:
2085:East Frisian Low Saxon
2069:
2009:was changed to "who",
1747:
1427:Frisian-language signs
1398:
1100:
1038:North Frisian language
1026:East Frisian Low Saxon
879:East Frisian Low Saxon
826:(in Saterland Frisian)
705:East Frisian Low Saxon
695:is similar: The local
572:East Frisian Low Saxon
5441:Grammatischer Wechsel
4424:Namibian Black German
4395:Swiss Standard German
4364:Early New High German
3922:Mainland West Frisian
3783:Harlingerland Frisian
3032:Bökingharde (Mooring)
2925:Mainland West Frisian
2813:Radio in West Frisian
2524:Matthias Brenzinger,
1937:Hallowed be thy Name.
1910:Jins keninkryk komme.
1895:Book of Common Prayer
1745:
1668:Ems Frisian dialects
1393:
1095:
652:are not Frisian, but
568:Oldenburg MĂŒnsterland
500:North Frisian Islands
498:mainland, and on the
423:mutually intelligible
5514:Languages of Germany
5446:Indo-European ablaut
5426:Germanic strong verb
5395:Germanic spirant law
4532:Southeast Limburgish
4028:Gelders-Overijssels
3657:Irish Middle English
3647:Early Modern English
3517:German Sign Language
3376:Standard High German
3357:Languages of Germany
2210:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
1832:improve this section
1729:Wiedingharde Frisian
1568:West Germanic branch
1528:improve this section
697:Low German/Low Saxon
587:Low German/Low Saxon
576:Low German/Low Saxon
453:West Frisian Islands
5414:Synchronic features
5385:Germanic a-mutation
5338:Diachronic features
4688:in the broad sense
4621:East Central German
4575:Lorraine Franconian
4549:Transylvanian Saxon
4509:West Central German
4284:East Low Franconian
4194:West Low Franconian
3308:Dutch Sign Language
3136:Stadsfries dialects
3111:Substratum dialects
2235:(Online ed.).
2145:Norwegian (Nynorsk)
2013:to "on earth," and
1969:Uw Koninkrijk kome;
1957:For ever and ever.
1713:Bökingharde Frisian
1637:(Klaaifrysk, incl.
1613:Hindeloopen Frisian
1377:Modern West Frisian
1312:Middle West Frisian
117:Saterland Frisian:
5431:Germanic weak verb
5240:Language subgroups
4590:Pennsylvania Dutch
4539:Moselle Franconian
4517:Central Franconian
4350:Middle High German
4101:Central Pomeranian
4056:Northern Low Saxon
3769:Wangerooge Frisian
3563:Germanic languages
3471:Moselle Franconian
3146:West Frisian Dutch
2748:General references
2134:Norwegian (BokmÄl)
1912:Jins wollen barre,
1787:Eiderstedt Frisian
1748:
1709:Mainland dialects
1685:Wangerooge Frisian
1592:Low Saxon dialects
1462:Bilingual sign in
1407:Johannes Hilarides
1399:
1101:
1042:Schleswig-Holstein
979:minority languages
947:Schleswig-Holstein
650:West Frisian Dutch
492:Schleswig-Holstein
156:North Sea Germanic
5499:Frisian languages
5486:
5485:
5471:extinct languages
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5405:Great Vowel Shift
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5166:
5165:
5012:Greenlandic Norse
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4762:Southern Bavarian
4745:Northern Bavarian
4721:Highest Alemannic
4672:
4671:
4406:standard variants
4321:
4320:
4167:Standard variants
4126:
4125:
3985:Middle Low German
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3756:Saterland Frisian
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3385:Regional/minority
3364:Official language
3316:
3315:
3167:
3166:
3161:extinct languages
3106:
3105:
3011:
3010:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2859:Frisian languages
2703:. A&C Black.
2647:978-0-615-16817-3
2423:978-1-317-79958-0
2243:(Subscription or
2033:Saterland Frisian
1995:
1994:
1971:Uw wil geschiede,
1941:Thy will be done,
1939:Thy Kingdom come.
1914:allyk yn 'e himel
1871:The Lord's Prayer
1868:
1867:
1860:
1778:Extinct dialects
1739:Karrharde Frisian
1672:Saterland Frisian
1564:
1563:
1556:
1391:
1361:from the city of
1296:grammatical cases
1122:, in what is now
1116:Early Middle Ages
1062:Saterland Frisian
885:and formed on an
660:in West Frisian,
634:Saterland Frisian
434:Frisian languages
300:Frisian languages
296:
295:
289:Saterland Frisian
223:Saterland Frisian
47:Saterland Frisian
5521:
5263:Elbe (Irminonic)
5236:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5151:Mainland Gutnish
5041:Swedish dialects
5003:Middle Icelandic
4977:Middle Norwegian
4866:Historical forms
4863:
4862:
4854:
4853:
4837:
4836:
4796:South Franconian
4782:Hutterite German
4750:Central Bavarian
4570:Rhine Franconian
4505:
4504:
4335:Historical forms
4332:
4331:
4247:Surinamese Dutch
4140:Historical forms
4137:
4136:
3970:Historical forms
3967:
3966:
3719:Historical forms
3716:
3715:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3391:
3390:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3022:
3021:
2961:
2960:
2935:
2908:
2907:
2902:Schiermonnikoogs
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2742:
2741:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2649:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2339:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2152:
2141:
2121:
2092:
2072:
2055:
2040:
2029:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1812:
1804:
1753:Island dialects
1734:Halligen Frisian
1618:Schiermonnikoogs
1576:Anglic languages
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1508:
1500:
1481:
1459:
1440:Bilingual signs
1437:
1415:J. H. Halbertsma
1392:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1036:is used for the
1035:
1020:is used for the
1019:
1008:
1000:
992:
932:speech community
874:
862:
847:
835:
819:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
720:
618:Late Middle Ages
614:Hanseatic League
558:. Surrounded by
427:language contact
407:Anglic languages
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
286:
277:
268:
262:
253:
239:
26:
25:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5450:
5409:
5390:Germanic umlaut
5355:Holtzmann's law
5333:
5302:
5230:
5209:
5162:
5139:
5073:South Jutlandic
5058:Danish dialects
5024:
4905:
4848:
4819:
4801:East Franconian
4755:Viennese German
4668:
4649:Silesian German
4615:
4604:Central Hessian
4494:
4419:Namibian German
4408:
4399:
4377:Standard German
4371:
4357:New High German
4343:Old High German
4317:
4296:
4278:
4189:
4161:
4122:
4106:East Pomeranian
4096:Brandenburgisch
4083:East Low German
4077:
4004:Dutch Low Saxon
3996:West Low German
3990:
3948:
3914:Schiermonnikoog
3895:
3790:
3776:Wursten Frisian
3739:
3705:
3588:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3530:
3521:
3449:
3386:
3380:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3317:
3312:
3296:
3235:
3203:
3198:
3168:
3163:
3150:
3102:
3065:
3007:
2975:
2946:
2912:
2906:
2883:
2861:
2856:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2769:
2764:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2652:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2340:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2297:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2176:Frisian Islands
2162:
2048:Mooring dialect
2023:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:sa ek op ierde.
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1873:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1829:
1813:
1802:
1797:
1691:Wursten Frisian
1560:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1525:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1381:
1379:
1320:
1314:
1291:
1287:
1126:, to the river
1112:
1106:
1090:
1033:
1030:West Low German
1017:
1006:
1003:Western Frisian
998:
990:
975:
928:Standard German
897:
890:
875:
866:
863:
854:
848:
839:
836:
827:
820:
811:
796:
787:
784:
775:
772:
763:
760:
751:
748:
739:
736:
727:
721:
626:
461:Schiermonnikoog
379:
347:
343:
336:
307:
303:
292:
291:
284:
282:
275:
273:
266:
249:
237:
198:
184:
123:North Frisian:
122:
116:
106:
101:
62:
55:
51:
44:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5314:Proto-Germanic
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5189:Crimean Gothic
5178:
5176:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5063:Insular Danish
5060:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5046:Rinkebysvenska
5043:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4892:Old East Norse
4889:
4887:Old West Norse
4877:
4869:
4867:
4860:
4850:
4849:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:South Tyrolean
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4709:High Alemannic
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4513:
4511:
4502:
4500:Central German
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4439:Barossa German
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4218:French Flemish
4210:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4132:Low Franconian
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:Westereendersk
3927:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3734:Middle Frisian
3730:
3722:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3640:Modern English
3636:
3633:Middle English
3629:
3622:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3505:Low Franconian
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3461:Central German
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:Westereendersk
2930:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2878:Middle Frisian
2874:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2767:External links
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2716:
2709:
2686:
2679:
2650:
2626:
2612:
2586:
2579:
2554:
2543:www.unesco.org
2530:
2517:
2510:
2487:
2455:
2435:
2422:
2402:
2393:
2387:978-9027232557
2386:
2361:
2354:
2329:
2312:
2295:
2269:
2250:
2216:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2131:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2082:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2030:
2022:
2019:
1993:
1992:
1962:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1782:Strand Frisian
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1639:Westereendersk
1629:
1620:
1615:
1600:
1562:
1561:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1403:Gysbert Japiks
1378:
1375:
1355:Gysbert Japiks
1318:Middle Frisian
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1216:softened to a
1130:, in northern
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1099:text from 1345
1089:
1086:
1060:Nevertheless,
1057:Fryske Academy
974:
971:
896:
893:
892:
891:
876:
869:
867:
864:
857:
855:
849:
842:
840:
837:
830:
828:
821:
814:
812:
797:
790:
788:
785:
778:
776:
773:
766:
764:
761:
754:
752:
749:
742:
740:
737:
730:
728:
722:
715:
625:
622:
606:Great Yarmouth
465:Westerkwartier
391:Frisian people
294:
293:
283:
274:
265:
263:
255:
254:
247:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
216:
211:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
194:Middle Frisian
187:
185:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
138:
132:
131:
113:Westerkwartier
107:West Frisian:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5526:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Germanic verb
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Sievers's law
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:Reconstructed
5305:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5120:Middle Danish
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:Old Icelandic
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4970:Old Norwegian
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4787:Gottscheerish
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4726:Walser German
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:Low Alemannic
4690:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:High Prussian
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Erzgebirgisch
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Luxembourgish
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:Klezmer-loshn
4479:
4477:
4476:Scots Yiddish
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4313:Meuse-Rhenish
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:Kleverlandish
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:Central Dutch
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Stellingwarfs
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:Wood Frisian
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3796:North Frisian
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Anglo-Frisian
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:Sign language
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:North Frisian
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:Harlingerland
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2932:Wood Frisian
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Terschellings
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:Terschellings
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2710:9780826492395
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2680:9789027283672
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:0-615-16817-5
2636:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2580:9789027296306
2576:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2511:9781853594922
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2477:on 2007-10-20
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2355:9781853595097
2351:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2292:: 18, 21, 22.
2291:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2044:North Frisian
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1991:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1933:
1931:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:Lord's Prayer
1877:
1876:
1862:
1859:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1817:This section
1815:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:North Frisian
1702:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1651:South Frisian
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:Terschellings
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1513:This section
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:, whereas in
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:Norman French
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1004:
996:
988:
984:
980:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Nordfriesland
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
861:
856:
852:
846:
841:
834:
829:
825:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
789:
782:
777:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
734:
729:
725:
719:
714:
713:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:North Frisian
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Sater Frisian
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:North Frisian
493:
489:
485:
484:Nordfriesland
481:
478:
474:
473:North Frisian
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
374:
341:
340:
331:
301:
290:
281:
280:North Frisian
272:
261:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
236:
234:
230:
224:
220:
217:
215:
214:North Frisian
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
201:
195:
192:
191:
190:
186:
180:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:Anglo-Frisian
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:West Germanic
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:Indo-European
139:
137:
133:
130:
126:
125:Nordfriesland
120:
114:
110:
104:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
58:North Frisian
54:
50:
48:
43:
39:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5466:
5350:Verner's law
5295:
5290:Gotho-Nordic
5288:
5281:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5171:
5156:FÄrö Gutnish
5118:
5111:
5017:
5010:
5001:
4994:
4975:
4968:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4812:
4714:Swiss German
4678:Upper German
4611:Amana German
4585:Volga German
4554:HunsrĂŒckisch
4480:
4434:Unserdeutsch
4429:Berlinerisch
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4301:Cover groups
4257:Mohawk Dutch
4252:Jersey Dutch
4230:East Flemish
4213:West Flemish
4157:Middle Dutch
4111:Low Prussian
3983:
3976:
3942:Terschelling
3926:Clay Frisian
3901:West Frisian
3889:Wiedingharde
3881:
3869:
3829:Heligolandic
3806:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3745:East Frisian
3732:
3725:
3710:
3698:Middle Scots
3696:
3689:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3483:Upper German
3454:Unrecognized
3405:
3240:Non-official
3226:West Frisian
3156:
3093:Heligolandic
3076:
3061:Wiedingharde
3046:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2956:East Frisian
2929:Clay Frisian
2911:Westlauwersâ
2897:Hindeloopens
2889:West Frisian
2876:
2869:
2858:
2726:
2719:
2699:
2669:
2629:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2600:ResearchGate
2599:
2589:
2569:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2500:
2479:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2458:
2442:
2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2412:
2405:
2396:
2376:
2344:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2230:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2185:
2155:
2079:
2065:West Frisian
2059:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1964:
1958:
1934:
1905:
1887:
1884:West Frisian
1882:in Standard
1854:
1848:October 2021
1845:
1830:Please help
1818:
1800:Text samples
1771:Heligolandic
1663:East Frisian
1645:Wood Frisian
1635:Clay Frisian
1607:West Frisian
1565:
1550:
1544:October 2021
1541:
1526:Please help
1514:
1468:North Frisia
1419:
1412:
1400:
1367:
1352:
1333:
1321:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:, which are
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:in German),
1181:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1141:
1113:
1075:
1070:West Frisian
1046:
1011:
976:
967:
942:
939:North Frisia
936:
920:Lower Saxony
909:
898:
887:East Frisian
883:East Frisian
882:
699:dialects of
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
630:West Frisian
627:
580:
554:district of
540:East Frisian
531:
523:
457:Terschelling
438:West Frisian
433:
431:
299:
297:
271:West Frisian
233:Linguasphere
219:East Frisian
209:West Frisian
203:Subdivisions
165:
102:distribution
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
45:
41:
36:West Frisian
34:
5365:Kluge's law
5345:Grimm's law
5128:Dalecarlian
5107:Perkerdansk
5080:East Danish
4898:Old Gutnish
4874:Proto-Norse
4814:Langobardic
4806:Vogtlandian
4634:Upper Saxon
4488:Lachoudisch
4449:Lotegorisch
4327:High German
4073:Westphalian
4068:Eastphalian
4032:Achterhooks
3909:Hindeloopen
3844:Bökingharde
3813:FöhrâAmrum
3727:Old Frisian
3691:Early Scots
3626:Old English
3476:Upper Saxon
3277:Minangkabau
2871:Old Frisian
2452:(in German)
2214:, Edinburgh
1999:* See also
1647:(WĂąldfrysk)
1496:Family tree
1442:Hindeloopen
1396:Netherlands
1292: 1550
1288: 1150
1250:High German
1170:Old English
1166:Old Frisian
1110:Old Frisian
1104:Old Frisian
1097:Old Frisian
1078:L2 speakers
901:Netherlands
889:substratum)
853:(in German)
851:East Frisia
693:East Frisia
564:East Frisia
556:Cloppenburg
552:Lower Saxon
399:Netherlands
221:(including
189:Old Frisian
183:Early forms
5493:Categories
5197:Burgundian
5113:Old Danish
5102:GĂžtudanskt
5085:Bornholmsk
4947:Vestlandsk
4927:Kebabnorsk
4664:Halcnovian
4629:Thuringian
4292:Limburgish
4262:Stadsfries
4235:Brabantian
3962:Low German
3808:Eiderstedt
3663:Fingallian
3510:Limburgish
3423:Low German
3394:Recognized
3267:Limburgish
3257:Indonesian
3231:Papiamento
3217:(national)
3078:Eiderstedt
2988:Wangerooge
2804:(231
2737:9027247471
2548:2015-10-28
2481:2007-11-23
2449:Wikisource
2429:2020-02-01
2266:: 281â302.
2247:required.)
2194:References
1773:(Halunder)
1653:(SĂșdhoeks)
1306:literature
1290: â c.
1156:Low German
1066:endangered
963:Heligoland
924:Low German
918:region of
646:Stadsfries
598:cloze test
534:), in the
520:Heligoland
514:, and the
415:Low German
129:Heligoland
100:Geographic
5477:varieties
5469:indicate
5283:Northwest
5228:Philology
5133:Elfdalian
5068:Jutlandic
4990:Icelandic
4965:(written)
4959:(written)
4937:TrĂžndersk
4917:Norwegian
4881:Old Norse
4702:Coloniero
4686:Alemannic
4659:Wymysorys
4527:Colognian
4522:Ripuarian
4444:Rotwelsch
4274:Midslands
4225:Zeelandic
4206:Hollandic
4180:Afrikaans
4152:Old Dutch
3978:Old Saxon
3877:Karrharde
3859:Goesharde
3840:Mainland
3573:philology
3488:Alemannic
3466:Ripuarian
3416:Saterland
3387:languages
3282:Ripuarian
3272:Low Saxon
3159:indicate
3132:Midslands
3042:Karrharde
3037:Goesharde
2971:Saterland
2605:25 August
2226:"Frisian"
2114:Afrikaans
2026:English:
2015:them that
1819:does not
1693:(extinct)
1687:(extinct)
1515:does not
1486:Saterland
1446:Friesland
1344:Philip II
1340:Charles V
1325:Friesland
1248:, and in
1136:North Sea
1082:Friesland
1053:Friesland
995:ISO 639-2
987:ISO 639-1
916:Saterland
905:Friesland
824:Saterland
709:substrate
602:Afrikaans
594:substrate
566:, in the
548:Saterland
536:North Sea
494:: on the
469:Groningen
449:Friesland
395:North Sea
245:Glottolog
119:Saterland
109:Friesland
90:Ethnicity
5204:Vandalic
5147:Gutnish
4952:VikvĂŠrsk
4932:SognamÄl
4922:Bergensk
4772:Cimbrian
4740:Bavarian
4697:Alsatian
4644:Lusatian
4580:Palatine
4270:Amelands
4147:Frankish
4037:Sallaans
4019:Gronings
3870:Southern
3863:Northern
3854:Halligen
3803:Insular
3620:dialects
3498:Bavarian
3262:Javanese
3247:Ambonese
3208:Official
3128:Gronings
3118:Amelands
3054:Halligen
3025:Mainland
2181:Frisians
2160:See also
2076:Gronings
2011:in earth
1757:Söl'ring
1603:Frisian
1370:breaking
1363:Bolsward
1336:Habsburg
1012:The new
895:Speakers
701:Gronings
624:Division
608:area in
532:de Halem
524:deÀt Lun
480:district
445:province
251:fris1239
146:Germanic
94:Frisians
5467:Italics
5090:Scanian
5036:Swedish
4985:Faroese
4963:Nynorsk
4942:Valdris
4777:MĂČcheno
4733:Swabian
4599:Hessian
4559:Hunsrik
4471:Western
4466:Eastern
4461:Yiddish
4411:creoles
4308:Bergish
4024:DrĂšents
4014:Tweants
3866:Central
3848:Mooring
3711:Frisian
3670:Kildare
3615:English
3493:Swabian
3433:Sorbian
3406:Frisian
3292:Yiddish
3221:English
3157:Italics
3070:Insular
2995:Wursten
1840:removed
1825:sources
1766:Ăömrang
1580:English
1578:, i.e.
1570:of the
1536:removed
1521:sources
1464:NiebĂŒll
1348:Holland
1234:tsjerke
1208:): see
1144:English
1132:Germany
1124:Belgium
1114:In the
1088:History
1014:ISO 639
937:In the
912:Germany
822:Map of
686:freesch
682:frÀisch
616:of the
610:England
550:in the
516:Halligs
486:in the
403:Germany
397:in the
166:Frisian
84:freesch
80:frÀisch
29:Frisian
5183:Gothic
5053:Danish
4957:BokmÄl
4456:Yenish
4266:Bildts
4049:Veluws
4044:Urkers
3883:Strand
3607:Anglic
3428:Romani
3401:Danish
3372:German
3287:Romani
3252:Arabic
3141:Bildts
3048:Strand
2802:
2734:
2707:
2677:
2645:
2637:
2577:
2508:
2420:
2384:
2352:
2321:FrÀisk
2171:Frisia
2125:Danish
2096:German
1762:Fering
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