402:
706:
413:
813:
Of these three languages both
Saterland Frisian (2,000 speakers) and North Frisian (10,000 speakers) are endangered. West Frisian is spoken by around 350,000 native speakers in Friesland, and as many as 470,000 when including speakers in neighbouring Groningen province. West Frisian is not listed as
424:
that made most of the land uninhabitable, aggravated by a change to a cooler and wetter climate. Whatever population may have remained dropped dramatically, and the coastal lands remained largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. When conditions improved, Frisia received an influx of new
679:
In modern times, Frisian culture in
Denmark is described as assimilated and most people of Frisian descent do not consider themselves Frisian. In regards of the Frisian language, very few may speak it as first language but it was traditionally spoken in several
286:
in Vulgar Latin, meaning 'milling, cutting, grooving, crushing, removing shells'; this name may have been given to the Frisii because they 'cut the land': digging ditches and dykes to irrigate the wet marshlands where they lived. Compare
684:
hamlets near the border with
Germany. One estimate puts the Frisian population in Denmark somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000. This number, however, might be grossly exaggerated. Frisian identity in Denmark was promoted by the
582:
Though it is impossible to know exact numbers and migration patterns, research has indicated that many
Frisians were part of the wave of ethnic groups to colonise areas of present-day England alongside the Angles, Saxons and
756:
and the modern
Frisian dialects are in turn the closest related languages to contemporary English that do not themselves derive from Old English (although the modern Frisian and English are not mutually intelligible).
282:, names used by the Romans to describe a Germanic tribe that inhabited the same region but disappeared during the 5th century before the appearance of the Frisians. Most probably the name is derived from the verb
555:, which (with a series of lengthy interruptions) ended in 1422 with the Hollandic conquest of Western Frisia and with the establishment of a more powerful noble class in Central and Eastern Frisia.
249:
of the
Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of Flanders, Belgium. They inhabit an area known as
551:
During the 13th century, however, the counts of
Holland became increasingly powerful and, starting in 1272, sought to reassert themselves as rightful lords of the Frisian lands in
848:. The West Frisians, in general, do not see themselves as part of a larger group of Frisians, and, according to a 1970 poll, identify themselves more with the Dutch than with the
2016:
Op Zoek naar de Kelten, Nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen
Noordzee en Rijn (Searching for the Celts, new archaeological Discoveries between North Sea and Rhine)
2131:
449:), though they were not necessarily descended from the ancient Frisii. It is these 'new Frisians' who are largely the ancestors of the medieval and modern Frisians.
1196:
1902:
2804:
1318:
1560:
625:
and
Friesland have been noted, originating from trade between these areas during the Middle Ages. Frisians are also known to have founded the Freston area of
1597:
297:
2524:
1885:
744:
of
England and the early Frisians were formed from similar tribal confederacies, their respective languages were very similar, together forming the
570:, king of Spain, heir of the Burgundian territories; Central Frisia has remained a part of the Netherlands ever since. The eastern periphery of
2124:
697:("Farmers' self-government"). More recently, the retired journalist Benny Siewertsen wrote a partisan pamphlet on Frisian heritage in Denmark.
2048:
Jos Bazelmans, "The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity. The case of the Frisians", in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),
1159:
1101:
574:
would become part of various German states (later Germany) and Denmark. An old tradition existed in the region of exploitation of peatlands.
528:
in 993, were unable to assert themselves as the sovereign lords of Frisia. The resulting stalemate resulted in a period of time called the '
648:
The earliest traces of Frisians in modern-day Denmark date back from the 8th century, when Frisian traders and craftsmen settled down in
2070:
2117:
1756:
2794:
2334:
1061:
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version.
1711:
2517:
2356:
1356:
2552:
2023:
1442:
1390:
1366:
1312:
348:. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the
2486:
2308:
1844:
1694:
Gooskens, Charlotte (2004). "The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area". In Gilbers, D. G.; Knevel, N. (eds.).
676:
during the 12th of 13th century. According to documents around 1400 at least some of them were considered as "Hollanders".
673:
2229:
1906:
1072:
2510:
2361:
2219:
2196:
1581:
1510:
1475:
1267:
501:
eventually subjugated Frisia in 734. These wars benefited attempts by Anglo-Irish missionaries (which had begun with
1299:
2270:
2181:
1952:
2470:
2140:
2095:
1929:
1136:
2748:
2567:
2223:
405:
2491:
2449:
2265:
2393:
2346:
2341:
2286:
2186:
2169:
2164:
2408:
2351:
2154:
1407:
The Rhine/Meuse Delta. Four studies on its prehistoric occupation and Holocene geology (PhD Dissertation)
541:
1013:
2698:
2688:
2465:
2291:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2234:
2191:
2176:
1737:
1126:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version.
892:
773:
733:
321:
55:
1833:
De Vrije Fries: Jaarboek uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap voor Geschiedenis en Cultuur
1137:"Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000"
814:
threatened, although research published by Radboud University in 2016 has challenged that assumption.
2439:
2329:
2301:
1874:
1340:
Berglund, Björn E. (2002), "Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link?",
494:
353:
174:
632:
In Scotland, historians have noted that colonies of Angles and Frisians settled as far north as the
19:
This article is about the modern Frisians. For the ancient Germanic tribe also called Frisians, see
2577:
2533:
2373:
2368:
2324:
2159:
2041:, "Cruptorix and his kind. Talking ethnicity on the middle ground", Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),
1937:
1664:
802:
606:. Across these areas, evidence of their settlement includes place names of Frisian origin, such as
525:
474:
24:
2713:
2628:
1301:
Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700; Texts and Contexts (PhD dissertation)
942:
865:
2109:
2799:
2703:
915:
898:
786:
724:
715:
689:
farmer and political activist Cornelius Petersen, who built a traditional Frisian farmstead in
317:
272:
There are several theories about the origin of the name of the Frisians, which is derived from
48:
2052:(Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 321–329.
2045:(Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 207–218.
1428:
1257:
1242:
1218:
2763:
2723:
2668:
2658:
2638:
2633:
1542:
1298:
Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997), "History, Archaeology and Runes", in SSG Uitgeverij (ed.),
903:
888:
764:
371:
309:
200:
41:
587:, starting from around the fifth century when Frisians arrived along the coastline of Kent.
2728:
2718:
2653:
2623:
2618:
2613:
1881:
1798:
1429:"The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians"
932:
910:
796:
552:
442:
434:
421:
349:
341:
258:
139:
110:
1678:
1283:
Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus - Three decades of turmoil and recovery",
8:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2673:
2296:
1536:
823:
559:
416:
Historical settlement areas of the Frisians, and areas where a Frisian language is spoken
2064:
1771:
2768:
2753:
2743:
1646:
1060:
599:
567:
545:
148:
135:
2003:
1077:
Minderheitensekretariat der vier autochthonen nationalen Minderheiten und Volksgruppen
2789:
2678:
2663:
2648:
2643:
2019:
1953:"Friese taal met uitsterven bedreigd? (Frisian language threatened with extinction?)"
1840:
1695:
1577:
1516:
1506:
1481:
1471:
1438:
1432:
1386:
1362:
1308:
1263:
1230:
1032:
870:
636:. This corresponds to those areas of Scotland which historically constituted part of
401:
305:
131:
760:
The Frisian language group is divided into three mutually unintelligible languages:
2758:
2738:
2693:
2572:
2444:
1729:
1638:
1569:
1410:
937:
690:
521:
510:
375:
1829:"De vergeten Friezen: Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema"
544:) did not exist, and in which the Frisian lands only owed their allegiance to the
2432:
2099:
995:
880:
652:. In the Later Middle Ages Frisians farmers settled around Tøndermarsken west of
529:
498:
462:
221:
166:
157:
452:
By the end of the sixth century, Frisian territory had expanded westward to the
2403:
1467:
Frieslands oudheid : het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang
875:
853:
829:
622:
502:
426:
216:
144:
1262:. Exploring the Roman world. Berkeley: University of California. p. 190.
1177:
705:
2783:
2427:
1485:
1285:
The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis)
925:
849:
837:
833:
745:
664:) in the area that are built after the same method as the ones alongside the
595:
1520:
1383:
Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems
489:. Slightly later, the Frisian nobles came into increasing conflict with the
332:
Prior to the appearance of the modern Frisians, their namesake, the ancient
170:
2502:
2415:
1562:
Frisians in Anglo-Saxon England: A Historical and Toponymical Investigation
1355:
Ejstrud, Bo; et al. (2008), Ejstrud, Bo; Maarleveld, Thijs J. (eds.),
790:
741:
669:
563:
506:
352:
around 70 AD. Frisian mercenaries were hired as cavalry to assist the
337:
266:
246:
242:
1465:
2557:
1500:
1214:
845:
781:
753:
749:
637:
633:
607:
591:
517:
262:
195:
1328:
The Anglo-Frisian Relationship Seen from an Archaeological Point of View
460:. This farthest extent of Frisian territory is sometimes referred to as
2038:
1772:"Frisiske kulturelementer : en introduktion og foreløbig oversigt"
1650:
1225:, vol. VI, London: William Heinemann (published 1917), p. 365
686:
665:
187:
161:
152:
2104:
2092:
1573:
1502:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
2582:
2547:
1957:
1803:
1535:
1414:
1089:
Geschätzt 60.000 Menschen sind ihrem Selbstverständnis nach Friesen.
777:
768:
603:
533:
467:
453:
313:
254:
191:
80:
1828:
1642:
1470:. E.H.P., historicus Cordfunke, Herbert Sarfatij. Utrecht: Matrijs.
1197:"A severe case of inattentional blindness: the Frisian tribe's name"
653:
2597:
2398:
1615:
1598:"The Anglo-Saxon Invasion: Britain is More Germanic than It Thinks"
920:
615:
611:
470:, with the earliest reference to a 'Frisian King' being dated 678.
457:
387:
378:). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to fourth century
520:, the Frisian territories were in theory under the control of the
109:
4,590 residents of Canada reported having Frisian ancestry in the
2139:
1999:
806:
626:
537:
486:
226:
2078:
1950:
2063:
2050:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
2043:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
1776:
Folk og Kultur, årbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab
1434:
Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition
841:
681:
571:
490:
430:
379:
345:
333:
274:
250:
20:
433:. These people would eventually be referred to as 'Frisians' (
2592:
2587:
709:
Present-day distribution of the Frisian languages in Europe:
668:
further south. Colonists from the south also settled down in
584:
362:
1213:
473:
In the early eighth century, the Frisians mostly worshipped
420:
From the third through the fifth centuries, Frisia suffered
2087:
1555:
1553:
657:
649:
482:
478:
412:
391:
367:
1102:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"
970:
Native West Frisian speakers excluding those in Friesland.
1629:
Homans, George C. (1957). "The Frisians in East Anglia".
386:, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in
1550:
1358:
The Migration Period, Southern Denmark and the North Sea
1160:"A Frontier known as Watery Mess: the Coast of Flanders"
1905:(in German). Diet of Schleswig-Holstein. Archived from
1568:, Fryske Nammen, Fryske Akademy, 1981, pp. 45–94,
1033:"The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area"
1344:, vol. 105, Elsevier (published 2003), p. 10
524:, but in practice the Hollandic counts, starting with
1437:, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, pp. 321–337,
961:
Number is the number of native West Frisian speakers.
456:
coast and, in the seventh century, southward down to
360:
296, when they were deported into Roman territory as
577:
344:'s 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the
1712:"How I came face-to-face with East Anglia's 'twin'"
1287:, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109
656:. The evidence for this are the dwelling mounds or
1903:"Die friesische Volksgruppe in Schleswig-Holstein"
1875:"The origin of the Old English dialects revisited"
1797:
16:Ethnic group native to Germany and the Netherlands
1505:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 25.
590:Frisians principally settled in modern-day Kent,
324:are recognised as regional languages in Germany.
2781:
1951:Menno de Galan & Willem Lust (9 July 2016).
1056:
1054:
312:is officially recognised in the Netherlands (in
1984:(in Dutch). Leeuwarden: Junior Kamer Friesland.
1753:British place-names in their historical setting
1404:
1307:, Groningen: Groningen University, p. 30,
693:in 1914 and founded the rural protest movement
253:and are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of
2805:Ethnic groups divided by international borders
1795:
2518:
2141:Ethnic and national groups in the Netherlands
2125:
1256:Potter, Timothy W.; Johns, Catherine (1992).
1051:
828:Today there exists a tripartite division, of
2532:
1697:On the Boundaries of Phonology and Phonetics
1030:
794:
301:(to braid, thus referring to braided hair).
1934:Archive of Endangered and Smaller Languages
1799:"På jagt efter de sidste frisere i Danmark"
1361:, Esbjerg: Maritime Archaeology Programme,
1255:
269:(which was a part of Denmark until 1864).
2525:
2511:
2132:
2118:
1826:
1791:
1789:
1533:
1498:
1463:
2088:Lex Frisionum in Latin, Dutch and English
1872:
1769:
1757:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
1665:"The Frisians, their tribes & allies"
1426:
1297:
979:Although only 12,000 are native speakers.
1979:
1693:
1339:
1031:Gooskens, Charlotte; Heeringa, Wilbert.
752:is the most closely related language to
704:
411:
400:
308:are spoken by more than 500,000 people;
295:Another theory is the name derives from
1796:Bech-Danielsen, Anne (9 January 2022).
1786:
1734:History of Scotland to the Present Time
1700:. Groningen: Department of Linguistics.
1431:, in Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.),
1354:
1348:
1221:, in Cary, Earnest (translator) (ed.),
776:, spoken in the German municipality of
2782:
1750:
1628:
1595:
844:'s continual loss of territory in the
643:
2506:
2113:
2074:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
1822:
1820:
1728:
1398:
1380:
1282:
1194:
1157:
505:) to convert the Frisian populace to
356:. They are not mentioned again until
1891:from the original on 18 August 2007.
1546:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1108:. Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017
75:Regions with significant populations
1492:
1409:, Leiden: Leiden University Press,
1385:, Cambridge: Cambridge University,
558:In 1524, Frisia became part of the
13:
2032:
1927:
1817:
767:, spoken in the Dutch province of
14:
2816:
2056:
1616:"The History of the Frisian Folk"
1596:Schulz, Matthias (16 June 2011).
1534:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
789:, spoken in the German region of
578:Migration to England and Scotland
90:Netherlands (excluding Friesland)
1499:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
621:Similarities in dialect between
540:(as well as central or judicial
336:, enter recorded history in the
2795:Historical geography of Denmark
1973:
1944:
1921:
1895:
1866:
1861:Friserne - vore glemte forfædre
1853:
1770:Rasmussen, Alan Hjorth (1973).
1763:
1744:
1722:
1704:
1687:
1671:
1657:
1622:
1608:
1589:
1527:
1457:
1420:
1405:Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1974),
1374:
1333:
1324:from the original on 2 May 2005
1291:
1276:
1249:
1207:
1188:
1170:
1151:
1129:
1120:
493:to their south, resulting in a
291:in the Romance language Spanish
1992:
1680:Frisian Place-Names in England
1195:Faber, Hans (14 August 2022).
1094:
1065:
1024:
1006:
988:
973:
964:
955:
466:. Early Frisia was ruled by a
1:
1215:Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus
1158:Faber, Hans (8 August 2021).
948:
516:Some time after the death of
357:
67:
2008:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
1873:Kortlandt, Frederik (1999).
1827:Knottnerus, Otto S. (2008).
1073:"Die friesische Volksgruppe"
7:
2093:History of the Frisian folk
2083:(in West Frisian and Dutch)
1980:Tamminga, Douwe A. (1970).
1631:The Economic History Review
1330:(1995) for this contention.
1326:. Looijenga cites Gerrets'
859:
817:
700:
672:in the Ballum marshes near
10:
2821:
2000:Tacitus, Publius Cornelius
1982:Friesland, feit en onfeit
1738:Cambridge University Press
1018:www.interfriesischerrat.de
821:
327:
18:
2606:
2540:
2479:
2458:
2386:
2317:
2279:
2243:
2212:
2205:
2147:
1039:. University of Groningen
354:Roman invasion of Britain
212:
207:
186:
181:
175:Southern Schleswig Danish
130:
125:
121:2,145 (ancestry estimate)
117:
105:
97:
89:
79:
74:
66:
61:
2534:Ethnic groups in Germany
1938:University of Manchester
1342:Quaternary International
1014:"Interfriesische Flagge"
485:outside the vicinity of
25:Frisian (disambiguation)
2071:Encyclopædia Britannica
1751:McLure, Edmund (1910).
1464:Halbertsma, H. (2000).
1427:Bazelmans, Jos (2009),
1381:Issar, Arie S. (2003),
943:List of Germanic tribes
866:Anglo-Frisian languages
805:) on the west coast of
562:and in 1568 joined the
446:
438:
2098:2 January 2013 at the
2081:, the Frisian Academy
1537:"St. Willibrord"
1182:interfriesischerrat.de
1000:www.groepfanauwerk.com
916:East Frisian Low Saxon
876:Frisian church in Rome
795:
737:
417:
409:
398:under Roman coercion.
23:. For other uses, see
2018:(in Dutch), Matrijs,
2014:Verhart, Leo (2006),
1683:. PMLA. January 1918.
1543:Catholic Encyclopedia
1178:"Herzlich Willkommen"
708:
532:', a period in which
422:marine transgressions
415:
404:
372:Binchester Roman Fort
208:Related ethnic groups
1882:University of Leiden
1139:. U.S. Census Bureau
1106:www12.statcan.gc.ca/
933:Ingvaeonic languages
911:Friso-Saxon dialects
350:Revolt of the Batavi
140:Friso-Saxon dialects
111:2016 Canadian Census
1716:Eastern Daily Press
1239:|editor-first=
1223:Dio's Roman History
1002:. 30 December 2023.
824:Frisian nationalism
644:Frisians in Denmark
560:Seventeen Provinces
513:largely succeeded.
58:
2105:Frisia Coast Trail
1863:, Copenhagen 2004/
1859:Benny Siewertsen,
1241:has generic name (
1201:Frisia Coast Trail
1164:Frisia Coast Trail
996:"Groep fan Auwerk"
885:Frisian languages
738:
600:North East England
546:Holy Roman Emperor
418:
410:
408:in the 5th century
245:indigenous to the
149:West Frisian Dutch
35:
2777:
2776:
2500:
2499:
2382:
2381:
2025:978-90-5345-303-2
1930:"Frisian (North)"
1909:on 4 October 2011
1730:Brown, Peter Hume
1444:978-90-8964-078-9
1392:978-0-511-06118-9
1368:978-87-992214-1-7
1314:978-90-6781-014-2
1219:"Book LIV, Ch 32"
893:Saterland Frisian
871:Frisian Americans
774:Saterland Frisian
734:Saterland Frisian
695:Bondens Selvstyre
618:in Lincolnshire.
425:settlers, mostly
366:(i.e., Roman-era
322:Saterland Frisian
306:Frisian languages
289:fresar el paisaje
261:and, in Germany,
235:
234:
132:Frisian languages
2812:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2210:
2209:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2065:"Frisians"
2028:
2010:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1846:978-90-6171-0165
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:
992:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
938:List of Frisians
800:
731:
722:
713:
553:a series of wars
522:Count of Holland
511:Saint Willibrord
376:Cuneus Frisionum
359:
69:
62:Total population
59:
34:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2602:
2536:
2531:
2501:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2378:
2313:
2275:
2239:
2201:
2143:
2138:
2100:Wayback Machine
2082:
2062:
2059:
2035:
2033:Further reading
2026:
2013:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1961:(in Dutch). NOS
1949:
1945:
1928:Matras, Yaron.
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1787:
1768:
1764:
1749:
1745:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1643:10.2307/2590857
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1425:
1421:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1007:
994:
993:
989:
984:
983:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
881:Frisian Islands
862:
826:
820:
736:
729:
727:
720:
718:
711:
703:
646:
580:
530:Frisian freedom
499:Frankish Empire
406:Germanic tribes
330:
247:coastal regions
231:
199:
165:
156:
143:
134:
37:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2197:South Africans
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2079:Fryske Akademy
2076:
2058:
2057:External links
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2011:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1943:
1920:
1894:
1865:
1852:
1845:
1816:
1785:
1762:
1759:. p. 120.
1743:
1721:
1703:
1686:
1670:
1656:
1637:(2): 189–206.
1621:
1607:
1602:Spiegel Online
1588:
1582:
1549:
1526:
1511:
1491:
1476:
1456:
1443:
1419:
1397:
1391:
1373:
1367:
1347:
1332:
1313:
1290:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1206:
1187:
1169:
1150:
1128:
1119:
1093:
1064:
1050:
1023:
1005:
986:
985:
982:
981:
972:
963:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
883:
878:
873:
868:
861:
858:
854:North Frisians
822:Main article:
819:
816:
811:
810:
784:
780:just south of
771:
728:
719:
710:
702:
699:
645:
642:
623:Great Yarmouth
579:
576:
542:administration
503:Saint Boniface
495:series of wars
394:, probably as
329:
326:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
219:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:Roman Catholic
184:
183:
179:
178:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
72:
71:
64:
63:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:German tribes
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:South America
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:North America
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Cape Verdeans
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1805:
1802:(in Danish).
1800:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1778:(in Danish).
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1740:. p. 11.
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1718:. 8 May 2018.
1717:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1583:9789061715979
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:90-6109-440-2
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:90-5345-167-6
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:9780520081680
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:Roman Britain
1252:
1244:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
976:
967:
958:
954:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
926:Stellingwarfs
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
899:North Frisian
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:West Frisians
835:
831:
825:
815:
808:
804:
803:Nordfriesland
799:
798:
792:
788:
787:North Frisian
785:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
746:Anglo-Frisian
743:
735:
726:
725:North Frisian
717:
707:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
641:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:East Midlands
593:
588:
586:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:in which the
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:Germanic gods
471:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
414:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
323:
319:
318:North Frisian
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
118:United States
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
73:
65:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
40:
30:
26:
22:
2714:Montenegrins
2629:Azerbaijanis
2562:
2420:
2069:
2049:
2042:
2015:
2007:
1981:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1897:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1836:
1835:(in Dutch).
1832:
1807:. Retrieved
1779:
1775:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1610:
1601:
1591:
1561:
1541:
1529:
1501:
1494:
1466:
1459:
1448:, retrieved
1433:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1382:
1376:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1222:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1088:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:Researchgate
1036:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
975:
966:
957:
904:West Frisian
889:East Frisian
840:, caused by
827:
812:
793:(within the
791:North Frisia
765:West Frisian
759:
742:Anglo-Saxons
740:As both the
739:
716:West Frisian
694:
678:
661:
647:
631:
620:
589:
581:
564:Dutch revolt
557:
550:
526:Count Arnulf
515:
507:Christianity
472:
463:Frisia Magna
461:
451:
419:
395:
384:terp Tritzum
383:
361:
331:
310:West Frisian
303:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
273:
271:
267:North Frisia
243:ethnic group
238:
236:
52:
45:
38:
32:Ethnic group
29:
2704:Macedonians
2558:Franconians
2541:Traditional
2292:Indonesians
2224:Hongkongers
1993:Works cited
1839:: 213–215.
1112:31 December
1079:(in German)
846:Middle Ages
782:East Frisia
754:Old English
750:Old Frisian
691:Møgeltønder
638:Northumbria
634:River Forth
608:Frizinghall
592:East Anglia
518:Charlemagne
509:, in which
443:Old English
435:Old Frisian
340:account of
263:East Frisia
2784:Categories
2764:Ukrainians
2724:Pakistanis
2669:Hungarians
2659:Ethiopians
2639:Bulgarians
2634:Brazilians
2492:Uruguayans
2487:Surinamese
2471:Curaçaoans
2450:Portuguese
2445:Norwegians
2309:Vietnamese
2266:Pakistanis
2039:Greg Woolf
2004:"Germania"
1574:1887/20850
1143:2 December
949:References
687:Eiderstedt
666:Wadden Sea
192:Calvinists
190:majority (
188:Protestant
171:Sønderjysk
162:Missingsch
153:Stadsfries
2749:Spaniards
2729:Romanians
2719:Moroccans
2654:Eritreans
2624:Armenians
2619:Americans
2614:Albanians
2607:Immigrant
2583:Silesians
2548:Bavarians
2433:Huguenots
2394:Albanians
2362:Sephardim
2347:Assyrians
2342:Armenians
2302:Moluccans
2287:Filipinos
2280:Southeast
2187:Nigerians
2170:Moroccans
2165:Egyptians
1965:6 January
1958:Nieuwsuur
1804:Politiken
1486:905441031
1415:1887/2787
1083:6 January
1043:6 January
778:Saterland
769:Friesland
670:Misthusum
604:Yorkshire
568:Philip II
534:feudalism
468:High King
454:North Sea
382:, called
314:Friesland
298:frisselje
259:Groningen
255:Friesland
196:Lutherans
136:Low Saxon
126:Languages
81:Friesland
36:Frisians
2790:Frisians
2734:Russians
2709:Mexicans
2699:Lebanese
2689:Japanese
2684:Italians
2674:Iranians
2598:Swabians
2563:Frisians
2421:Frisians
2416:Dutchmen
2409:Walloons
2404:Flemings
2399:Belgians
2352:Iranians
2335:Lebanese
2230:Japanese
2155:Angolans
2096:Archived
2002:(n.d.),
1913:4 August
1886:Archived
1782:(1): 79.
1732:(1911).
1521:52849131
1319:archived
1231:citation
921:Gronings
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818:Identity
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701:Language
616:Frieston
612:Bradford
566:against
477:such as
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388:Flanders
280:Fresones
239:Frisians
203:minority
182:Religion
2769:Yazidis
2754:Syrians
2744:Somalis
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2256:Indians
2251:Afghans
2235:Koreans
2220:Chinese
2192:Somalis
2177:Berbers
1651:2590857
1450:9 March
1217:(229),
807:Jutland
674:Skærbæk
662:værfter
627:Ipswich
538:serfdom
487:Utrecht
328:History
316:), and
284:fresare
241:are an
227:Germans
217:English
98:Germany
93:120,000
85:350,000
70:530,000
56:(Sater)
53:Fräisen
49:(North)
39:Friezen
2679:Iraqis
2664:Greeks
2649:Czechs
2644:Croats
2578:Romani
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370:; see
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275:Frisii
251:Frisia
167:Danish
158:German
106:Canada
101:60,000
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2759:Turks
2739:Serbs
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2593:Sorbs
2588:Sinti
2573:Poles
2553:Danes
2374:Turks
2369:Kurds
2325:Arabs
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830:North
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368:serfs
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222:Scots
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2568:Jews
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2206:Asia
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1841:ISBN
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1578:ISBN
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1452:2024
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