2153:
2168:
913:
59:
2117:
807:
754:
74:
2141:
2129:
1945:
653:
884:
831:
723:
45:
2196:
677:
1989:
1512:
2184:
778:
1004:
996:
1893:
860:
1420:
1455:, which had started to dominate the surrounding rural districts, surrendered to count Edzard of East Frisia in 1506. The city conveyed its remaining privileges to the Habsburg Empire in 1536. The district of Butjadingen (formerly RĂŒstringen) was occupied by the Count of Oldenburg in 1514, the Land Wursten by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525.
1844:
dialects as early as the 15th century. In
Groningen, on the other hand, Frisian sentiments faded away at the end of the 16th century. In North Frisia, regional sentiments concentrate around the surviving North Frisian dialects, which are spoken by a sizeable minority of the population, though Lower
1839:
movement in
Friesland, demanding equal rights for the Frisian language and culture within the Netherlands. The West Frisian language and its urban dialects are spoken by the majority of the inhabitants. In East Frisia, the idea of "Frisian freedom" became entangled with regional sentiments as well,
1467:(Grutte Pier) challenged Saxon authority in Friesland during a prolonged guerrilla war, backed by the Duke of Guelders. He had several successes and was feared by Hollandic authorities, but he died as a farmer in 1520. According to the legend he was seven feet tall. A statue of Grutte Pier by
1656:(the city of Groningen and its surroundings), became an independent member of the Dutch Republic in 1594. Now it is a Dutch province. As a rule, its inhabitants do not consider their province as a part of Frisia, though the area has many cultural ties with neighbouring East Frisia.
1497:
by the Dutch in 1594. Since then, membership of the Dutch
Republic was perceived as a guarantee for the preservation of civil liberties. Actual power, however, was usurped by the landowning gentry. Protests against aristocratic rule led to a democratic movement in the 1780s.
1011:
Frisian presence during the Early Middle Ages has been documented from North-Western
Flanders up to the Weser River Estuary. According to archaeological evidence, these Frisians were not the Frisians of Roman times, but the descendants of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from the
1020:. By the 8th century, ethnic Frisians also started to colonize the coastal areas North of the Eider River under Danish rule. The nascent Frisian languages were spoken all along the southern North Sea coast. Today, the whole region is sometimes referred to as
1281:
During the 7th to 10th centuries, Frisian merchants and skippers played an important part in the international luxury trade, establishing commercial districts in distant cities as
Sigtuna, Hedeby, Ribe, York, London, Duisburg, Cologne, Mainz, and Worms.
1194:
was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin. Several, often three,
2212:
While the subdivisions of Frisia have their own regional flags, Frisia as a whole has not historically had a flag of its own. In
September 2006, a flag for a united Frisia â known as the "Interfrisian Flag" â was designed by the
2238:. Instead, the council adopted the idea of an Interfrisian flag and created a design of its own, containing elements of the flags of the council's three sections. Neither of the two flags is widely used.
1702:
in 1573 and, after a prolonged period of Saxony-Anhalt, Russian, Dutch and French rule, reunited with
Oldenburg in 1814. It is now part of the district of Friesland within the federal state of
961:, man-made hills. According to other sources, the Frisians lived along a broader expanse of the North Sea (or "Frisian Sea") coast. At this time, Frisia comprised the present-day provinces of
1411:. The Upstalsboom League was revived in the early 14th century, but it collapsed after 1337. By then, the non-Frisian city of Groningen took the lead of the independent coastal districts.
1098:, from the Scheldt River to the Weser River and further East. Archaeological research does not confirm this idea, as the petty kingdoms appear to have been rather small and short-lived.
1435:, a leading nobleman from the Cirksena-family managed to defeat his competitors with the help of the Hanseatic League. In 1464 he acquired the title of count of East Frisia. The
1744:
in 1774, which remained a more or less independent state within the German Empire until 1918. Butjadingen is now part of the district of
Wesermarsch within the federal state of
2152:
376:, meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of the tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On the
2167:
1485:
In the 1560s many
Frisans joined the revolt led by William of Orange against the Habsburg monarchy. In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent
525:
2128:
1754:
was a coastal republic, conquered by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525. It became part of the Duchy of Bremen-Verden. The latter was, after a period of
2089:). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such as
1468:
3045:
73:
1049:
used "Frisians" as a synonym of "English". The historian and sociologist George Homans has made a case for
Frisian cultural domination in
1221:). Homans' ideas, which were largely based on studies now considered to be outdated, have not been followed up by Continental scholars.
1589:
in which many Frisians in the area were killed. After the conquest the district of West Friesland, which also comprised the islands of
2828:. 2., durchges. u. aktualisierte Aufl., Westholst. Verlagsanstalt Boyens, Heide in Holstein 1996 (= Nordfriisk Instituut, Nr. 136),
2775:
Baten, Joerg; Steckel, Richard H. (2019). "The History of Violence in Europe: Evidence from Cranial and Postcranial Bone Traumata".
370:
2807:
1712:
was a seignory, split off from the County of Oldenburg in 1667 and reunited with its surroundings in 1854 (effectively in 1813).
3050:
1933:
2843:. Neuausg., Nordfriisk Instituut, BrÀist/Bredstedt 2006 (= Geschichte Nordfrieslands, Teil 5; Nordfriisk Instituut, Nr. 190),
2140:
1602:
1297:
and especially Frisia managed to maintain low levels of violence due in part to its well-developed society and established
2116:
1369:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2952:
2938:
2910:
2893:
2848:
2833:
2637:
2036:
1646:
were independent seignories, which were integrated into the province of Friesland during the 19th and 20th centuries.
1559:
2018:
1541:
2862:
Ostfriesland im Schutze des Deiches. BeitrĂ€ge zur Kultur- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des ostfriesischen KĂŒstenlandes
2821:
Thomas Steensen: 'Die Friesen. Menschen am Meer', Wachholtz Verlag, Kiel/Hamburg 2020, ((ISBN 978-3-529-05047-3)).
1285:
The establishment of the Frisian trade network played a significant role in maintaining regional peace during the
1911:
1606:
1674:
in 1814, which was annexed by Prussia in 1866. Now it consists of several districts within the federal state of
2085:, especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called ĆstfrĂ€isk ("East Frisian") or ĆstfrĂ€isk Plat (
2014:
1537:
1154:
The basic land-holding unit for assessment of taxes and military contributions was â according to Homans â the
480:
dialect with a strong Frisian substrate. Rural Groningen originally belonged to the Frisian lands "east of the
1320:), where they built simple forts and cooperated and traded with the native Frisians. One of their leaders was
2231:(water lily leaves) represent the contemporary variety of the Frisian regions â North, South, West and East.
1962:
1167:
1186:
formed a unit of which the members were collectively responsible for the performance of any of the men. The
1627:
became an independent member of the Dutch Republic in 1581. It is now a Dutch province, in 1996 renamed as
1233:
429:
288:
2367:
1585:
that started at the end of the 11th century. The Dutch conquest occurred immediately after the disastrous
3040:
2572:. Untersuchungen zur deutschen Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte (in German). Vol. 144. Breslau: Marcus.
1679:
1039:
described three peoples living in Great Britain: Angles, Frisians and Britons, and the Danish author of
58:
2464:
2058:
1448:
282:
258:
120:
1618:
1494:
1308:
in the 840s, until these were expelled between 885 and 920. Recently, it has been suggested that the
1217:
328:
2262:
1999:
1865:
1522:
645:
469:
1439:
was successful in subduing the coastal districts North of the Eider River. The Dutch provinces of
1088:
as the kingdom of the Frisians. According to Medieval legends, this kingdom comprised the coastal
2010:
2003:
1574:
1533:
1526:
876:
496:
461:
441:
24:
2864:, hrsg. im Auftrag der Niederemsischen Deichacht, 12 BĂ€nde, Selbstverlag, Pewsum u. a. 1969
1035:
Distant authors seem to have made little distinction between Frisians and Saxons. The Byzantine
411:. In English, both "Frisia" and "Friesland" may be interchangeably used to refer to the region.
2335:
2086:
2054:
1970:
1919:
1881:
1836:
1305:
692:
593:
115:
2625:
2542:
1211:
made up a "long" hundred, responsible for supplying a hundred armed men, four of which made a
2482:
2221:
supports the unification of Frisia as an independent country. The design was inspired by the
2050:
1203:, whose members controlled and adjudicated the uses of pasturage (but not tillage) which the
990:
589:
457:
400:
377:
264:
125:
2353:
1312:
did not conquer Frisia, but settled peacefully in certain districts (such as the islands of
3009:
2451:
2235:
2200:
2053:. Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection of
1906:
1649:
1586:
1582:
1444:
1349:
1066:
966:
905:
742:
605:
529:
484:" and is therefore more closely linked to East Frisia than to the west. In West Friesland,
453:
274:
158:
1613:. The name of West Friesland has also been used by an intercommunal administrative board (
8:
2349:
2134:
Historical settlement areas of the Frisians, and areas where a Frisian language is spoken
1830:
1723:
1699:
1247:
1073:
and other social institutions. Some East Anglian sources called the mainland inhabitants
715:
517:
308:
301:
153:
2660:
44:
2757:
2523:
2437:
2409:
2098:
1809:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1759:
1741:
1737:
1671:
1667:
1464:
1424:
1388:
609:
577:
485:
406:
396:
148:
2582:
Siebs' synthesis was extrapolated from survivals detected in later medieval documents.
2514:(4). Northfield, MN: The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 109â111.
1835:
During the late 19th and early 20th century, "Frisian freedom" became the slogan of a
2978:
2970:
2962:
2948:
2934:
2906:
2889:
2844:
2829:
2749:
2633:
2573:
2548:
2515:
2423:
2381:
2267:
2252:
2222:
1817:
1663:
1578:
1321:
1140:
703:
509:
489:
2676:
912:
19:
This article is about the cross-border cultural region. For the Dutch province, see
3020:
2996:
2741:
2729:
2395:
2272:
2214:
2188:
1789:
1490:
1473:
1452:
1333:
1286:
1046:
1017:
336:
2790:
2173:
Difference between the historical region and present-day district of Nordfriesland
1123:, who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the
3035:
2322:
2313:
2257:
2247:
2207:
2078:
1643:
1436:
1337:
1294:
1041:
986:
950:
935:
711:
553:
513:
105:
2544:
English and Norse documents : relating to the reign of Ethelred the Unready
1147:
were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner of
2898:
2309:
1486:
1237:
1025:
380:, for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainland
367:
348:
173:
100:
50:
2049:
A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speak
3029:
2753:
2701:
2577:
2552:
2519:
1685:
1610:
1357:
1242:
1207:
held in common, and came to be in charge of roads, ditches and dikes. Twelve
1085:
974:
970:
806:
746:
597:
581:
533:
472:, are also spoken in West Frisia. In the province of Groningen, people speak
445:
304:
1733:
1365:
794:
545:
2614:
cf. Fort, Marron Curtis (1980): Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch. Hamburg, p.45.
2277:
2062:
1949:
1816:
is part of the district of Pinneberg. North Frisia was never a part of the
1773:
1767:
1751:
1745:
1703:
1675:
1635:
1404:
1013:
823:
753:
639:
572:
549:
501:
381:
2777:
The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence over Two Millennia
1053:
since the 5th century, pointing to distinct land-holdings arrangements in
2094:
2082:
2074:
2070:
1729:
1689:
1659:
1447:
remained independent until 1498. By then Friesland was conquered by Duke
1432:
1408:
1377:
1353:
1298:
1259:
1095:
1074:
1070:
1050:
846:
799:
698:
541:
505:
424:
389:
316:
187:
143:
353:
2867:
2761:
2626:"Archaeological evidence pertaining to the Frisians in the Netherlands"
2592:
2527:
2282:
2218:
2159:
2102:
1841:
1732:
was a coastal republic, a remnant of the largely submerged district of
1709:
1258:. Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, after
1062:
900:
669:
652:
585:
477:
465:
449:
312:
110:
87:
78:
Location of Frisia in the northern Netherlands and northwestern Germany
2566:
Homans describes Frisian social institutions, based on the summary by
2506:
Springer, Lawrence A. (Jan 1953). "Rome's Contact with the Frisians".
1719:
1662:
was an independent county since 1464, later a principality within the
953:, in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, the
883:
830:
722:
460:
is only spoken in Friesland proper. Dialects with strong West Frisian
3004:
2504:
A more extensive, though outdated review of Frisia in Roman times is
2287:
2066:
1957:
1898:
1813:
1715:
1624:
1590:
1440:
1396:
1384:
1373:
1345:
1341:
1317:
1313:
1275:
1229:
1036:
962:
852:
770:
537:
433:
324:
20:
2961:, Ostfries. Landschaftliche Verlag- u. Vertriebsges. Aurich, vol. 1
2745:
2195:
1988:
1511:
1143:, as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The
676:
2476:
2227:
2090:
1777:
1763:
1598:
1479:
1290:
1263:
1112:
1104:
1054:
473:
332:
3015:
2824:
Albert Bantelmann, Rolf Kuschert, Albert Panten, Thomas Steensen:
1003:
2183:
2158:
Frisian colonisation (yellow) of southwestern Jutland during the
1805:
1670:. After a period of Dutch and French rule, it became part of the
1639:
1400:
1392:
1381:
1309:
1255:
1163:
777:
601:
481:
363:
320:
183:
168:
995:
1755:
1419:
1251:
1118:
1102:
1089:
1081:
954:
949:, began settling in Frisia in the 6th century BC. According to
946:
859:
359:
2097:, there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such as
1740:
in 1514. After a period of Danish rule, it became part of the
1808:
in 1864. Now it forms a district within the federal state of
1695:
1594:
1431:
The 15th century saw the demise of Frisian republicanism. In
1361:
1271:
1170:"), which, however, also passed under other local names. The
1132:
707:
521:
2886:
Die Friesische Freiheit des Mittelalters â Leben und Legende
2856:
Das Ostfriesland-Lexikon. Ein unterhaltsames Nachschlagewerk
2340:
1376:
did not participate, neither did the districts North of the
2945:
Ostfriesland. Geschichte und Gestalt einer Kulturlandschaft
1148:
1101:
The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the
1058:
958:
504:, Germany roughly corresponds to the historical regions of
1463:
In the early 16th century, the pirate and freedom fighter
323:. Wider definitions of âFrisiaâ may include the island of
2903:
Das Volk am Meer â Die dramatische Geschichte der Friesen
1332:
During the 12th century Frisian noblemen and the city of
560:) refer to themselves as East Frisians. The German name
2841:
Geschichte Nordfrieslands von 1918 bis in die Gegenwart
2469:
1718:
was a tiny Frisian district under the Prince-bishop of
1246:
in the late eighth century. Its end came in 734 at the
1069:
patterns of common lands held in by kin, resistance to
2630:
Handbuch des Friesischen = Handbook of Frisian studies
2547:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
1840:
though the East Frisian language had been replaced by
918:
889:
865:
836:
812:
783:
759:
728:
682:
658:
2146:
The Frisian territories in Lower Saxony (East Frisia)
1395:
in 1289, and the latter were governed by the Duke of
1336:
founded the Upstalsboom League under the slogan of "
552:. Usually, only the people from East Frisia proper (
2570:
Grundlagen und Aufbau der altfriesischen Verfassung
2456:
2442:
2428:
2414:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2358:
1605:. When the province of Holland was split up in the
2487:
2081:dialects which have a Frisian substratum known as
2073:county, just beyond the boundaries of traditional
1784:. Later, North Frisia became a part of the Danish
1304:The Frisian coastal areas were partly occupied by
1293:was on the rise almost everywhere else in Europe,
2628:. In Munske, Horst H.; Ă
rhammar, Nils R. (eds.).
1266:. The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of
580:, Germany roughly corresponds to the district of
3027:
2327:
1583:wars between the county of Holland and Friesland
1254:, who then conquered the western part up to the
1240:. Its ancient customary law was drawn up as the
419:Frisia is commonly divided into three sections:
347:The contemporary name for the region stems from
331:. The region is traditionally inhabited by the
16:Cross-border cultural region in Northern Europe
1274:in its early sense of "governor" rather than "
1151:, but in later times might buy their freedom.
428:in the Netherlands roughly corresponds to the
1848:
2774:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
1391:). The former were occupied by the count of
999:The Frisian Realm during its great expansion
404:
2917:Die Geschichte Ostfrieslands. Ein Ăberblick
2808:Press release from the Interfrisian Council
2017:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1824:
1762:in 1715. It is now part of the district of
1666:until 1744. By then, it was annexed by the
1540:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1427:, known for his legendary strength and size
1270:, a title that has been loosely related to
1110:
608:in 1864, the region belonged to the Danish
540:. In a broader sense, it also includes the
492:with strong Frisian influences â is spoken.
351:
2924:Ostfriesland â Inseln, Watt und KĂŒstenland
2122:Location of Frisia (dark orange) in Europe
1688:was a seignory, inherited by the count of
1403:. The same holds true for the district of
216:13,482.7 km (5,205.7 sq mi)
72:
2711:
2699:
2037:Learn how and when to remove this message
1609:of 1840, West-Friesland became a part of
1581:in 1289, this was the end of a series of
1560:Learn how and when to remove this message
1301:, which were results of extensive trade.
1250:, when the Frisians were defeated by the
1236:, had its centre of power in the city of
568:, which refers to East Frisia as a whole.
564:distinguishes the historical region from
206:9,378.7 km (3,621.1 sq mi)
2888:, Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft 2003,
2632:. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer. pp. 487â492.
2505:
2194:
2182:
1418:
1002:
994:
440:). In a broader sense, it also includes
2959:Biographisches Lexikon fĂŒr Ostfriesland
2732:(1957). "The Frisians in East Anglia".
2540:
1007:The Frisian Kingdom, 6thâ8th century AD
633:
630:
624:
621:
3028:
2728:
2617:
2475:
2191:, rejected by the Interfrisian Council
1501:
1174:was pledged to supply ten men for the
870:3,349 km (1,293 sq mi)
733:3,142 km (1,213 sq mi)
3046:Historical regions in the Netherlands
2943:Karl-Ernst Behre / Hajo van Lengen -
2567:
1603:Estates of Holland and West Friesland
1327:
845:
691:
638:
2015:adding citations to reliable sources
1982:
1538:adding citations to reliable sources
1505:
1489:, as its representatives signed the
980:
923:2,325 km (898 sq mi)
894:1,174 km (453 sq mi)
663:2,047 km (790 sq mi)
397:French occupation of the Netherlands
2879:Ostfriesland, Kultur und Landschaft
2658:
2623:
2595:, counting by multiples of twelve.
2591:This is part of the evidence for a
2234:The design was not accepted by the
1934:South Schleswig Voters' Association
687:1.7 km (0.66 sq mi)
13:
2061:speakers live in four villages in
1084:chronologies mention the northern
1080:During the 7th and 8th centuries,
817:423 km (163 sq mi)
764:715 km (276 sq mi)
596:are spoken. It stretches from the
315:, it encompasses the north of the
14:
3062:
2989:
1344:. The league consisted of modern
945:The people, later to be known as
841:182 km (70 sq mi)
788:124 km (48 sq mi)
384:. In Saterland Frisian, the term
2881:, Ruhrspiegel-Verlag, Essen 1978
2858:, Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2006
2166:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
1987:
1943:
1891:
1510:
911:
882:
858:
829:
805:
776:
752:
721:
675:
651:
190:with varying degrees of autonomy
57:
43:
2926:, F. Coppenrath Verlag, MĂŒnster
2801:
2783:
2768:
2585:
2560:
2541:Ashdown, Margaret, ed. (1930).
1912:Provincial Council of Friesland
1845:German is far more widespread.
1776:originally corresponded to the
1698:was a seignory, annexed by the
1414:
414:
366:, possibly being a loanword of
2931:Historischer Atlas Deutschland
2693:
2669:
2652:
2608:
2534:
2498:
2300:
600:in the south to the border of
1:
3051:Historical regions in Germany
2602:
1963:Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
1958:Federal Parliament of Germany
1938:Söödslaswiksche WÀÀlerferbÄnd
1804:. The duchy was conquered by
1796:) and of the royal enclaves (
1458:
1135:, who were absorbed into the
1045:celebrating the 11th-century
2874:, 3 Bde., Hannover 1854â1858
2057:dialects. A small number of
1978:
1766:within the federal state of
940:
342:
7:
2734:The Economic History Review
2241:
1680:Federal Republic of Germany
1601:, had its own seats in the
1368:. The Frisian districts in
536:), and the municipality of
399:, the name for the Frisian
362:in modern-day Northwestern
10:
3067:
2884:Hajo van Lengen (Hrsg.) -
2205:
2059:Saterland Frisian language
1849:Regional political parties
1828:
1758:rule, integrated into the
1736:. It was conquered by the
1722:, in 1814 assigned to the
1262:defeated the Saxon leader
1228:(650â734) under the kings
984:
933:
929:
319:and parts of northwestern
18:
2826:Geschichte Nordfrieslands
2199:Interfrisian flag of the
2187:Interfrisian flag of the
1907:Senate of the Netherlands
1855:
627:
592:, where varieties of the
360:a group of ancient tribes
329:Danish Wadden Sea Islands
271:
253:
249:
239:
229:
225:
220:
210:
200:
195:
179:
167:
134:
93:
83:
71:
39:
32:
2872:Geschichte Ostfrieslands
2568:Siebs, Benno E. (1933).
2293:
2263:List of rulers of Frisia
1825:Contemporary regionalism
1493:. The city of Groningen
1449:Albert of Saxony-Meissen
1117:in Latin documents) and
1077:, rather than Frisians.
604:in the north. Until the
2957:Tielke, Martin (ed.) -
2681:Encyclopedia Britannica
2624:Bos, Jurjen M. (2001).
2477:[ËfrÉiÌŻslÉuÌŻnd]
2470:
2457:
2443:
2429:
2415:
2401:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2341:
2328:
2178:
2108:
1886:Fryske Nasjonale Partij
1119:
1103:
1090:
617:Subdivisions of Frisia
584:and the archipelago of
388:specifically refers to
358:, an ethnonym used for
311:. Stretching along the
25:Frisia (disambiguation)
2905:, TĂŒrmer-Verlag 1984,
2488:
2336:East Frisian Low Saxon
2203:
2192:
2087:East Frisian Low Saxon
2077:. Many Frisians speak
1882:Frisian National Party
1428:
1342:feudalizing tendencies
1289:. While interpersonal
1111:
1029:
1016:, arriving during the
1008:
1000:
594:North Frisian language
557:
405:
352:
23:. For other uses, see
2919:, Isensee - Oldenburg
2740:(2). Wiley: 189â206.
2508:The Classical Journal
2198:
2186:
1607:constitutional reform
1577:was conquered by the
1422:
1006:
998:
991:Frisian-Frankish Wars
739:Oldenburger Friesland
590:North Frisian Islands
526:Oldenburger Friesland
458:West Frisian language
378:North Frisian islands
3010:Interfrisian Council
2236:Interfrisian Council
2201:Interfrisian Council
2011:improve this section
1798:Kongerigske enklaver
1534:improve this section
1199:were grouped into a
1067:partible inheritance
606:Second Schleswig War
273:âą Summer (
245:2,678,792 (in 2,020)
235:1,475,380 (in 2,020)
231:âą Narrow sense
2791:"Interfrisian flag"
1831:Frisian nationalism
1724:Kingdom of Hannover
1700:County of Oldenburg
1502:Frisian territories
1248:Battle of the Boarn
618:
452:in the province of
309:Northwestern Europe
241:âą Broad sense
202:âą Narrow sense
3041:Historical regions
3000:at Eurominority.eu
2929:Manfred Scheuch -
2877:Hajo van Lengen -
2700:Procopius (1914).
2677:"Frisian language"
2204:
2193:
2099:West Frisian Dutch
1810:Schleswig-Holstein
1802:Kingdom of Denmark
1786:Duchy of Schleswig
1782:Kingdom of Denmark
1760:Kingdom of Hanover
1742:Duchy of Oldenburg
1738:Count of Oldenburg
1672:Kingdom of Hanover
1668:Kingdom of Prussia
1615:samenwerkingsregio
1465:Pier Gerlofs Donia
1429:
1425:Pier Gerlofs Donia
1389:Schleswig-Holstein
1328:Upstalsboom League
1009:
1001:
631:Population (2020)
616:
610:Duchy of Schleswig
588:. It includes the
578:Schleswig-Holstein
544:peninsula (former
486:West Frisian Dutch
212:âą Broad sense
159:West Frisian Dutch
149:Southern Jutlandic
94:Regional languages
2922:Hermann Homann -
2839:Thomas Steensen:
2797:. September 2006.
2730:Homans, George C.
2465:Saterland Frisian
2268:Eala Frya Fresena
2253:Frisian languages
2223:Nordic Cross flag
2047:
2046:
2039:
1976:
1975:
1818:Holy Roman Empire
1664:Holy Roman Empire
1587:St. Lucia's flood
1579:County of Holland
1570:
1569:
1562:
1322:Rorik of Dorestad
1141:Early Middle Ages
1094:provinces of the
981:Early Middle Ages
927:
926:
490:Hollandic dialect
295:
294:
180:Integrated parts
121:Saterland Frisian
3058:
3021:Groep fan Auwerk
3018:
3007:
3005:Official website
2999:
2854:Stefan Kröger -
2810:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2795:Groep fan Auwerk
2787:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2726:
2709:
2707:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2596:
2593:duodenary system
2589:
2583:
2581:
2564:
2558:
2557:Noted by Homans.
2556:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2446:
2432:
2418:
2404:
2390:
2376:
2362:
2344:
2331:
2304:
2273:Stateless nation
2219:separatist group
2215:Groep fan Auwerk
2189:Groep fan Auwerk
2170:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2022:
1991:
1983:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1856:Political party
1853:
1852:
1790:Southern Jutland
1565:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1514:
1506:
1491:Union of Utrecht
1477:
1399:and the king of
1287:late Middle Ages
1224:The 7th-century
1190:or East Frisian
1158:(cf. "plow") or
1122:
1116:
1108:
1093:
1047:Canute the Great
920:
915:
891:
886:
867:
862:
838:
833:
814:
809:
785:
780:
761:
756:
730:
725:
684:
679:
660:
655:
619:
615:
410:
357:
286:
262:
191:
76:
61:
47:
30:
29:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2977:(1997), vol. 3
2969:(1993), vol. 2
2947:, Aurich 1995,
2813:
2806:
2802:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2773:
2769:
2746:10.2307/2590857
2727:
2712:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2565:
2561:
2539:
2535:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2450:North Frisian (
2436:North Frisian (
2422:North Frisian (
2408:North Frisian (
2394:North Frisian (
2380:North Frisian (
2366:North Frisian (
2348:North Frisian (
2323:Dutch Low Saxon
2305:
2301:
2296:
2258:Frisian cuisine
2248:Frisian Islands
2244:
2210:
2208:Flags of Frisia
2181:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2008:
1992:
1981:
1967:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1916:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1867:
1862:Representation
1851:
1833:
1827:
1644:Schiermonnikoog
1634:The islands of
1566:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1531:
1515:
1504:
1478:was erected in
1471:
1461:
1437:king of Denmark
1417:
1338:Frisian freedom
1330:
1295:Northern Europe
1276:feudal overlord
1057:(these forming
1018:Great Migration
993:
987:Frisian kingdom
983:
951:Pliny the Elder
943:
938:
936:Frisian history
932:
417:
345:
305:cultural region
281:
278:
257:
242:
232:
213:
203:
181:
163:
137:
130:
79:
67:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
48:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3001:
2991:
2990:External links
2988:
2987:
2986:
2955:
2941:
2927:
2920:
2915:Karl Cramer -
2913:
2899:Franz Kurowski
2896:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2782:
2767:
2736:. New series.
2710:
2692:
2668:
2651:
2638:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2559:
2533:
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2434:
2420:
2406:
2392:
2378:
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2291:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2206:Main article:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
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2157:
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2145:
2138:
2136:
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2110:
2107:
2045:
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1995:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1923:
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1914:
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1901:
1888:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1829:Main article:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1771:
1749:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1693:
1683:
1657:
1647:
1632:
1622:
1575:West Friesland
1568:
1567:
1550:September 2021
1518:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1487:Dutch Republic
1460:
1457:
1451:. The city of
1416:
1413:
1370:West Friesland
1329:
1326:
1306:Danish Vikings
1022:Greater Frisia
982:
979:
942:
939:
934:Main article:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
916:
909:
896:
895:
892:
887:
880:
877:West Friesland
872:
871:
868:
863:
856:
849:
843:
842:
839:
834:
827:
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818:
815:
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661:
656:
649:
642:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
614:
613:
569:
493:
470:Low Franconian
442:West Friesland
416:
413:
368:Proto-Germanic
344:
341:
339:ethnic group.
327:and the other
293:
292:
279:
272:
269:
268:
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251:
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33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:3-932206-22-3
2980:
2976:
2975:3-932206-00-2
2972:
2968:
2967:3-925365-75-3
2964:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:3-925365-85-0
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:3-8289-0358-4
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:3-87829-082-9
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:3-932206-30-4
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:3-88007-336-8
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:3-8042-0759-6
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2641:
2639:9783484730489
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2379:
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2369:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:North Frisian
2052:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:This section
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:SĂžnderjylland
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:Harlingerland
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:Stad en Lande
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:North Holland
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:This section
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1495:was conquered
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1469:Anne Woudwijk
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Harlingerland
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:" to counter
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:Lex Frisionum
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Frisian Realm
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:Low Countries
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:assembled in
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1005:
997:
992:
988:
978:
976:
975:South Holland
973:and parts of
972:
971:North Holland
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
937:
922:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
902:
898:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
879:
878:
874:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
855:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
826:
825:
821:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
792:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:Wilhelmshaven
744:
740:
737:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
696:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
648:
647:
646:Nordfriesland
643:
641:
637:
620:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Nordfriesland
579:
575:
574:
570:
567:
566:Ost-Friesland
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Wilhelmshaven
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:, though the
455:
451:
447:
446:North Holland
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:
412:
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398:
393:
391:
387:
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379:
375:
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369:
365:
361:
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355:
350:
340:
338:
337:West Germanic
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
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306:
303:
299:
290:
284:
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276:
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133:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:North Frisian
114:
112:
109:
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102:
99:
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96:
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89:
86:
82:
75:
70:
60:
52:
46:
38:
31:
26:
22:
2958:
2944:
2930:
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2902:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2840:
2825:
2816:Bibliography
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2737:
2733:
2702:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2661:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2629:
2619:
2610:
2587:
2569:
2562:
2543:
2536:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2486:
2483:West Frisian
2468:
2455:
2452:Wiedingharde
2441:
2427:
2413:
2399:
2385:
2371:
2357:
2339:
2326:
2317:
2302:
2278:German Bight
2233:
2226:
2211:
2063:Lower Saxony
2051:West Frisian
2048:
2033:
2027:January 2020
2024:
2009:Please help
1997:
1950:North Frisia
1937:
1928:
1885:
1876:
1834:
1797:
1793:
1774:North Frisia
1768:Lower Saxony
1752:Land Wursten
1746:Lower Saxony
1704:Lower Saxony
1676:Lower Saxony
1653:
1636:Terschelling
1628:
1614:
1556:
1547:
1532:Please help
1520:
1484:
1462:
1430:
1415:15th century
1407:East of the
1405:Land Wursten
1372:West of the
1331:
1303:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1241:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1100:
1079:
1040:
1034:
1030:Frisia Magna
1021:
1014:German Bight
1010:
944:
899:
875:
851:
824:Land Wursten
822:
793:
769:
738:
699:Ostfriesland
697:
668:
644:
640:North Frisia
625:Subdivision
573:North Frisia
571:
565:
562:Ostfriesland
561:
558:Ostfriesland
550:Land Wursten
502:Lower Saxony
495:
464:, including
444:in northern
437:
423:
418:
415:Subdivisions
394:
390:Ostfriesland
385:
382:North Frisia
372:
346:
302:cross-border
297:
296:
126:West Frisian
84:Largest city
64:Coat of arms
2665:(in Latin).
2368:Bökingharde
2228:pompeblĂȘden
2225:. The four
2095:West Frisia
2083:Friso-Saxon
2075:East Frisia
2071:Cloppenburg
1868:affiliation
1837:regionalist
1730:Butjadingen
1690:East Frisia
1660:East Frisia
1652:, formerly
1619:water board
1472: [
1433:East Frisia
1409:Weser River
1378:Eider River
1354:East Frisia
1299:rule of law
1260:Charlemagne
1178:, or army.
1139:during the
1096:Netherlands
1071:manorialism
1051:East Anglia
957:) lived on
847:West Frisia
802:peninsula)
800:Butjadingen
693:East Frisia
598:Eider River
542:Butjadingen
506:East Frisia
497:East Frisia
425:West Frisia
395:During the
317:Netherlands
188:Netherlands
144:Friso-Saxon
3030:Categories
2868:Onno Klopp
2779:: 300â324.
2708:8.20.11-46
2686:2017-11-13
2662:Annales IV
2645:2009-01-11
2603:References
2471:FrÀislound
2430:FrÀischlön
2410:Heligoland
2402:Freesklöön
2388:Freeschlon
2374:Fraschlönj
2329:Fraislaand
2283:Wadden Sea
2160:Viking Age
2103:Stadsfries
2069:region of
1859:Active in
1842:Low German
1734:RĂŒstringen
1710:Kniphausen
1459:Modern age
1423:Statue of
1380:along the
1366:RĂŒstringen
1042:KnĂștsdrĂĄpa
985:See also:
901:Ommelanden
795:RĂŒstringen
670:Heligoland
586:Heligoland
546:RĂŒstringen
466:Low German
462:substrates
450:Ommelanden
401:department
386:FrÀislound
313:Wadden Sea
221:Population
169:Demonym(s)
154:Stadsfries
88:Leeuwarden
2754:0013-0117
2659:Tacitus.
2578:604057407
2553:458533078
2520:0009-8353
2458:Freesklön
2424:Karrharde
2382:Goesharde
2342:FrÀisland
2318:Friesland
2288:Zuider Ee
2079:Low Saxon
2067:Saterland
2065:, in the
1998:does not
1979:Languages
1899:Friesland
1866:European
1814:Helgoland
1800:) of the
1716:Saterland
1650:Groningen
1625:Friesland
1591:Wieringen
1521:does not
1482:in 1985.
1453:Groningen
1445:Groningen
1441:Friesland
1397:Schleswig
1385:North Sea
1374:Zuiderzee
1350:Groningen
1346:Friesland
1334:Groningen
1318:Wieringen
1314:Walcheren
1230:Aldegisel
1131:with the
1105:ethelings
1055:carucates
1037:Procopius
967:Groningen
963:Friesland
941:Roman era
906:Groningen
771:Saterland
743:Friesland
538:Saterland
530:Friesland
478:Low Saxon
454:Groningen
434:Friesland
343:Etymology
254:Time zone
111:Low Saxon
21:Friesland
2703:The Wars
2444:Friislön
2416:Friislon
2396:Halligen
2360:Fresklun
2242:See also
2091:Gronings
1778:Uthlande
1764:Cuxhaven
1692:in 1600.
1617:) and a
1599:Vlieland
1480:Kimswert
1291:violence
1264:Widukind
1120:frilings
1091:seelande
1082:Frankish
716:Wittmund
622:Section
518:Wittmund
474:Gronings
448:and the
430:province
333:Frisians
186:and the
136:Dialects
3019:of the
3016:Website
3008:of the
2997:Profile
2762:2590857
2528:3292503
2489:FryslĂąn
2217:. This
2019:removed
2004:sources
1806:Prussia
1780:in the
1756:Swedish
1720:MĂŒnster
1678:in the
1640:Ameland
1629:FryslĂąn
1542:removed
1527:sources
1401:Denmark
1393:Holland
1387:coast (
1310:Vikings
1256:Lauwers
1238:Utrecht
1209:ploeggs
1205:ploeggs
1197:ploeggs
1168:hundred
1166:, cf. "
1164:tithing
1113:nobiles
930:History
919:586,309
890:554,464
866:649,944
853:FryslĂąn
760:174,160
729:468,919
659:167,147
602:Denmark
482:Lauwers
438:FryslĂąn
364:Germany
321:Germany
184:Germany
174:Frisian
3036:Frisia
2985:(2001)
2981:
2973:
2965:
2951:
2937:
2909:
2892:
2847:
2832:
2760:
2752:
2636:
2576:
2551:
2526:
2518:
2314:German
1896:
1642:, and
1597:, and
1382:Danish
1268:grewan
1252:Franks
1234:Redbad
1188:ploegg
1180:Ploegg
1156:ploegg
1133:slaves
1075:Warnii
955:Chauci
947:Frisii
837:17,101
813:45,538
784:13,903
704:Aurich
554:German
548:) and
524:) and
510:Aurich
373:frisaz
354:Frisii
298:Frisia
106:German
34:Frisia
2758:JSTOR
2524:JSTOR
2350:Amrum
2310:Dutch
2294:Notes
2093:. In
1696:Jever
1595:Texel
1573:When
1476:]
1362:Jever
1272:count
1215:(cf.
1201:burar
1162:(cf.
1149:serfs
1145:laten
1137:laten
1129:liten
1125:laten
1063:leets
1059:vills
1026:Latin
959:terps
708:Emden
683:1,307
634:Area
628:Flag
522:Emden
407:Frise
349:Latin
300:is a
101:Dutch
2979:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2750:ISSN
2634:ISBN
2574:OCLC
2549:OCLC
2516:ISSN
2438:Sylt
2354:Föhr
2179:Flag
2109:Maps
2101:and
2002:any
2000:cite
1788:(or
1525:any
1523:cite
1443:and
1364:and
1316:and
1232:and
1192:rott
1184:teen
1176:heer
1172:teen
1160:teen
989:and
712:Leer
532:and
520:and
514:Leer
488:â a
476:, a
468:and
403:was
335:, a
289:CEST
196:Area
51:Flag
2870:-,
2742:doi
2454:):
2440:):
2426:):
2412:):
2398:):
2384:):
2370:):
2356:):
2013:by
1971:EFA
1929:SSW
1920:EFA
1877:FNP
1536:by
1278:".
1218:Gau
1182:or
1127:or
1065:),
1032:).
576:in
500:in
432:of
325:Rem
307:in
283:UTC
275:DST
265:CET
259:UTC
182:of
3032::
2933:,
2901:-
2793:.
2756:.
2748:.
2738:10
2713:^
2679:.
2522:.
2512:48
2510:.
2485::
2467::
2352:,
2338::
2325::
2316::
2312:,
2105:.
1812:.
1792:,
1638:,
1593:,
1474:fy
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1324:.
1213:go
1028::
977:.
969:,
965:,
908:)
749:)
745:,
718:)
714:,
710:,
706:,
556::
516:,
512:,
392:.
285:+2
261:+1
2851:.
2836:.
2764:.
2744::
2706:.
2689:.
2648:.
2580:.
2555:.
2530:.
2040:)
2034:(
2029:)
2025:(
2021:.
2007:.
1820:.
1770:.
1748:.
1726:.
1706:.
1682:.
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1621:.
1563:)
1557:(
1552:)
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1544:.
1530:.
1109:(
1024:(
904:(
798:(
741:(
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612:.
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508:(
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291:)
287:(
277:)
267:)
263:(
27:.
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