Republic - Knowledge

6956: 1002: 1697: 3499: 1766: 2010: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2612: 3590: 2024: 2041: 1499: 1870:. In those areas that held elections, property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run. In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council. This left the great majority of the population without political power, and riots and revolts by the lower classes were common. The late Middle Ages saw more than 200 such risings in the towns of the Holy Roman Empire. Similar revolts occurred in Italy, notably the 3602:

and prohibited to the states. The founders of the country intended most domestic laws to be handled by the states. Requiring the states to be a republic in form was seen as protecting the citizens' rights and preventing a state from becoming a dictatorship or monarchy, and reflected unwillingness on the part of the original 13 states (all independent republics) to unite with other states that were not republics. Additionally, this requirement ensured that only other republics could join the union.

2687: 2490: 7148: 2437: 4981: 846: 2975: 1251: 3438: 7162: 3560: 7136: 7124: 5031:'s definition of the republic was "the rightly ordered government of a number of families, and of those things which are their common concern, by a sovereign power." Oligarchies and monarchies could also be included as they were also organised toward 'public' shared interests. In medieval texts, 'republic' was used to refer to the body of shared interest with the king at its head. For instance, the 2698:, most of the remaining European colonies gained their independence, and most became republics. The two largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom. Republican France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former colonies. The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for its earlier settler colonies of creating independent 5175:'s dictionary of 1828. It was a novel meaning to the term; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics. There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of "republic" to reflect the broader definition found elsewhere, as is the case with a quotation of 1540:(chief), and a deliberative assembly. The assembly met regularly. It discussed all major state decisions. At least in some states, attendance was open to all free men. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly. Elected by the 3310:, presidents are elected, either directly by the people or indirectly by a parliament or council. Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. In that country, the president is officially elected by an 5302:

A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy. Also: a government, or system of government, of such a state; a period of government of this type. The term is often (especially in the 18th and 19th centuries) taken to imply a state with

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Beyond these basic definitions, the word republic has a number of other connotations. W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for "state" or "government," but with more positive connotations than either of those terms. Republicanism is often referred

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upon the president and gives the office much of its political power. However, this concept of legitimacy differs from that expressed in the United States Constitution which established the legitimacy of the United States president as resulting from the signing of the Constitution by nine states. The

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States of the United States are required, like the federal government, to be republican in form, with final authority resting with the people. This was required because the states were intended to create and enforce most domestic laws, with the exception of areas delegated to the federal government

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has been used interchangeably with the term republic by some, others have made sharp distinctions between the two for millennia. "Montesquieu, founder of the modern constitutional state, repeated in his The Spirit of the Laws of 1748 the insight that Aristotle had expressed two millennia earlier,

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Calvinism played an important role in the republican revolts in England and the Netherlands. Like the city-states of Italy and the Hanseatic League, both were important trading centres, with a large merchant class prospering from the trade with the New World. Large parts of the population of both

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Italy was the most densely populated area of Europe, and also one with the weakest central government. Many of the towns thus gained considerable independence and adopted commune forms of government. Completely free of feudal control, the Italian city-states expanded, gaining control of the rural

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Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and

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was a federal entity composed of six republics (Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia). Each republic had its parliament, government, institute of citizenship, constitution, etc., but certain functions were delegated to the federation

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None of these states are typically referred to as republics. The current usage of the republic in Muslim countries is borrowed from the Western meaning, adopted into the language in the late 19th century. The 20th century saw republicanism become an important idea in much of the Middle East, as

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However, the term republic is not synonymous with the republican form. The republican form is defined as one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to whom those powers are

3314:, chosen by the States. All U.S. States have chosen electors by popular election since 1832. The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of the republic as one with a system of indirect election. In the opinion of some, direct election confers 3351:

of the former British Empire and Western Europe today have almost all real political power vested in the elected representatives, with the monarchs only holding either theoretical powers, no powers or rarely used reserve powers. Real legitimacy for political decisions comes from the elected

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There are also self-proclaimed republics that act similarly to absolute monarchies with absolute power vested in the leader and passed down from father to son. North Korea and Syria are two notable examples where a son has inherited political control. Neither of these states are officially

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as a descriptive term for states that were not monarchies. These writers, such as Machiavelli, also wrote important prescriptive works describing how such governments should function. These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as

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The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: The Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred

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a democratic or representative constitution and without a hereditary nobility, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.

3323:, whose actual result was manifest in the clause that provides voters in smaller states with more representation in presidential selection than those in large states; for example citizens of Wyoming in 2016 had 3.6 times as much electoral vote representation as citizens of 1379:

is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city-states, especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco-Roman influence. However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics.

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has argued that a distinct republican tradition stretches from the classical world to the present. Other scholars disagree. Paul Rahe, for instance, argues that the classical republics had a form of government with few links to those in any modern country.

2124:(1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. Montesquieu felt that a city-state should ideally be a republic, but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a state with a larger territory. 3330:

In states with a parliamentary system, the president is usually elected by the parliament. This indirect election subordinates the president to the parliament, and also gives the president limited legitimacy and turns most presidential powers into

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had, courtesy of geography, also been largely excluded from central control. Unlike Italy and Germany, much of the rural area was thus not controlled by feudal barons, but by independent farmers who also used communal forms of government. When the

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Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the

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states after the American Revolution, each having a republican form of government. These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current

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Les nouveaux cantons de la Suisse latine choisirent le titre de république, qui soulignait leur indépendance, alors que "canton" met l'accent sur l'appartenance à la Confédération; Genève, Neuchâtel et le Tessin l'ont conservé jusqu'à nos

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The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of the ruling

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means 'assembly'—which may have existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD in India. The evidence for this is scattered, however, and no pure historical source exists for that period.

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the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism. The leaders of the revolution were well-versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in the history of the classical republics.

6481:[The new cantons of Latin Switzerland chose the title of republic, which underlined their independence, while "canton" emphasizes membership of the Confederation; Geneva, Neuchâtel and Ticino have kept it to this day.] 3398:

under the age of 80. While rare today, elective monarchs were common in the past. The Holy Roman Empire is an important example, where each new emperor was chosen by a group of electors. Islamic states also rarely employed

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overthrew a number of monarchs and installed republics. Several monarchies remain, and the Middle East is the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by monarchs with almost complete political control.

5190:, but it does appear in Article IV of the Constitution, which "guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government." What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain. The 3414:, had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown. The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a 2267:, both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists, was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated 1274:. While the structure and governance of these states was different from that of any modern republic, there is debate about the extent to which classical, medieval, and modern republics form a historical continuum. 3352:

representatives and is derived from the will of the people. While hereditary monarchies remain in place, political power is derived from the people as in a republic. These states are thus sometimes referred to as

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replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages. It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as

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praised republics, and looked on the city-states of Greece as a model. However, both also felt that a state like France, with 20 million people, would be impossible to govern as a republic. Rousseau admired the

1743:. Each were large trading ports, and further expanded by using naval power to control large parts of the Mediterranean. It was in Italy that an ideology advocating for republics first developed. Writers such as 1718:

In Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle Ages when a number of small states embraced republican systems of government. These were generally small, but wealthy, trading states, like the Mediterranean

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in 1000, where the Althing decreed that all Icelanders must be baptized into Christianity, and forbade celebration of pagan rituals. Contrary to most states, the Icelandic Commonwealth had no official leader.

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as the Byzantines did not regard monarchy as a contradiction to republicanism. Instead, republics were defined as any state based on popular sovereignty and whose institutions were based on shared values.

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most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government. The same rights to imperial immediacy were secured by the major trading cities of Switzerland. The towns and villages of alpine

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who in 1975 argued that a series of scholars had expressed a consistent set of republican ideals. These writers included Machiavelli, Milton, Montesquieu and the founders of the United States of America.

1040:(or similar terms in various European languages). The term can literally be translated as 'public matter'. It was used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the 6849:

GOVERNMENT (Republican Form of Government) – One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people ... directly ... Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 695

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was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled, laws were decided, and decisions of national importance were taken. One such example was the

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dominated by the rural land owners, and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers. The more centralized states, such as France and England, granted limited city charters.

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Samuel has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.

2139:, the monarch's branding of those requesting redress as traitors, and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as 1900:

did not call for the abolition of monarchy, but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs. Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the

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can be considered to have a republican form of government, with constitutions, legislatures, executives and courts; many of them being originally sovereign states. As a consequence, several

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in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe. This changed when, after the 1908

3195:. Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the 3018: 933:

in their official names as of 2017, and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election.

7057: 1491:'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions, without offering any detail, that independent and democratic states existed in India. Modern scholars note the word 1282:

The political philosophy of the classical republics has influenced republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries. Philosophers and politicians advocating republics, such as

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allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence. Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics. The main impetus was the local European-descended

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began to argue that republicanism was just as, or even more important than liberalism in the creation of the United States. This issue is still much disputed and scholars like

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ideology. Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century. The Russian Revolution spread into

2893:) maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretence of a consultative shura. 5439: 5222:

to as the founding ideology of the United States. Traditionally scholars believed this American republicanism was a derivation of the classical liberal ideologies of

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Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism. These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers, including

5083:, who said of the new French Republic, "What use is it to us, that we have broken the aristocracy of the nobles, if that is replaced by the aristocracy of the rich?" 5027:

Before the 17th Century, the term 'republic' could be used to refer to states of any form of government as long as it was not a tyrannical regime. French philosopher

1603:, existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD. The most famous clan amongst the ruling confederate clans of the Vajji 2526:

Republican ideas were spreading, especially in Asia. The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century, with

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cantons are still officially referred to as republics, reflecting their history and will of independence within the Swiss Confederation. Notable examples are the

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The persons called Judges were the heads or chiefs of the Israelites who governed the Hebrew Republic from the days of Moses and Joshua, till the time of Saul.

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lasted until 1889. In many other Latin American states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century.

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of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the

1623:. Despite the assembly's obvious power, it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation were truly popular. This is reflected in the 3226:. There are a number of forms of presidential government. A full-presidential system has a president with substantial authority and a central political role. 2656:, which represented the monarchy. On June 2, 1946 the republican side won 54.3% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic, a day celebrated since as 3514:

as for the state to be ruled by the people it cannot be controlled by a foreign power. There are important exceptions to this, for example, republics in the

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were the sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics of the era; there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of

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during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy. The most important leader of these efforts was

874: 1638:, which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders, yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the 1262:

The modern type of republic itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world. Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the

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have a president as an active head of state with important powers, but they also have a prime minister as a head of government with important powers.

6785:"SEARCHING -word- for [republic] :: Search the 1828 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (FREE) :: 1828.mshaffer.com" 6596: 6436: 6039:"Latin American Republicanism" New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. 5009: 3532:

It is sometimes argued that the former Soviet Union was also a supra-national republic, based on the claim that the member states were different

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over the colonies, not of the monarchy. The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of

1731:, Europe was divided with those states controlled by a landed elite being monarchies and those controlled by a commercial elite being republics. 1495:

at the time of the 3rd century BC and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state, no matter how aristocratic in nature.

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has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign. The

3051:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature 1688:") in 1262. This effectively brought the Commonwealth to an end. The Althing, however, is still Iceland's parliament, almost 800 years later. 2178: 3335:

that can only be exercised under rare circumstances. There are exceptions where elected presidents have only ceremonial powers, such as in

6405: 1363:. The Roman Republic expanded dramatically, conquering the other states of the Mediterranean that could be considered republics, such as 6955: 6061: 5187: 3370:

where ultimate power is vested in a monarch, but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election. A current example of such a state is

3288:, the head of state is not a single person but a committee (council) of several persons holding that office. The Roman Republic had two 1833:—also adopted republican forms of government in 12th and 13th centuries, respectively, which ended when the republics were conquered by 2530:

missionaries playing a central role. The liberal and republican writers of the West also exerted influence. These combined with native

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included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called

7180: 6452:. "The Identity of the Bourgeois Liberal Republic". The Invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 1983:

was short-lived, and the monarchy was soon restored. The Dutch Republic continued in name until 1795, but by the mid-18th century the

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and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the communists gradually gained control of

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Across Europe a wealthy merchant class developed in the important trading cities. Despite their wealth they had little power in the

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for the Icelanders to rejoin the Norwegian "family", led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Haakon IV as king by the signing of the

7053: 5932: 5149:. These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea, and also outlined how a modern republic should function. 3540: 2809: 2719: 1924:

rule. However, the country did not adopt the republican form of government immediately: in the formal declaration of independence (

1676:, the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans. This, combined with pressure from the Norwegian king 305: 2534:

inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust governments that had lost the

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can also be used in a general way to refer to any regime, or to refer specifically to governments which work for the public good.

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monarchies. There is no constitutional requirement that power be passed down within one family, but it has occurred in practice.

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where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed. In parliamentary systems the head of government, most often titled

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Britain followed a different model in the Middle East; it installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including

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Over time, the classical republics became empires or were conquered by empires. Most of the Greek republics were annexed to the

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had notably written a book on republics throughout history. In addition, the widely distributed and popularly read-aloud tract

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to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the

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be named after at least one million people of the ethnic group which should make up the majority population of said republic.

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In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical, such as in

3204: 2639: 2616: 5395: 6903: 6466: 4790: 2228:". Throughout the Napoleonic period, the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent, including the 4707: 6217: 5163:

A distinct set of definitions of the term "republic" evolved in the United States, where the term is often equated with "

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there was already a long history of city states with a wide variety of constitutions, not only in Greece but also in the

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While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy, in Northern Europe, the

1555:. The chief coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles. The 5191: 5158: 4877: 4687: 4147: 3407: 953: 860: 3199:(originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council". The first republic to adopt the title was the 2572:(1922) were all replaced by republics. New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as 1196:

commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the people rather than from another basis, such as

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became some of the first writers to argue for rejecting monarchy and embracing a republican form of government. The

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theology, which developed in the Swiss Confederacy, one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics.

6139: 5114:. This ideology is based on the Roman Republic and the city states of Ancient Greece and focuses on ideals such as 4835: 4506: 2466:

was established in 1870 when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the

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entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as republican in nature.

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Hutchins, Thomas; Washington, George; Paine, Thomas; Jefferson, Thomas; Adams, John; Fadden, Will (2008-04-12).

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be on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to take advantage of their theoretical right to secede;

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Communism also intermingled with other ideologies. It was embraced by many national liberation movements during

2255:—governors sent from overseas. The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or 1991:

monarch. Calvinists were also some of the earliest settlers of the British and Dutch colonies of North America.

4995: 3841: 3463: 3315: 3208: 3162: 2781: 2516: 2165:, succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public. The 2062:! death to the king / Republic Republic the People. Brunkeberg this evening". The writer's identity is unknown. 1138:

caused writers to prefer classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states, writers (most importantly,

552: 507: 7166: 4762: 1099:: "When the citizens at large govern for the public good, it is called by the name common to all governments ( 6570: 5646: 5167:." This narrower understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison and notably employed in 4132: 2667: 2631: 1629:, an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently. It contains a chapter on how to deal with the 378: 4742: 1765: 4957: 4920: 4840: 4800: 4702: 4697: 3188: 2873:

Islamic political philosophy has a long history of opposition to absolute monarchy, notably in the work of

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Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican–American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential.

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tried to reassert control over the region both rural farmers and town merchants joined the rebellion. The

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Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America

5210: 4692: 3549: 3061:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it 2897:

monarchies were removed in many states of the region. Iraq became a secular state. Some nations, such as

2132: 1952:, the representative assembly at the time) decided to vest the sovereignty of the country in themselves. 1665: 572: 87: 6684:

McCormick, John P. "Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge School's 'Guicciardinian Moments

1134:, a free people. The terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of 7140: 6406:"Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It's Time To End The Electoral College" 5129:

is one of the main theses of the Cambridge School of historical analysis. This grew out of the work of

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with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the

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of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates from the populace and pass laws; and a

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still linked under the same monarch. While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states in the

7128: 6164: 5214:(1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic. 4805: 4772: 4672: 4667: 4337: 3954: 3459: 3348: 3270: 2546: 2483: 2479: 2205: 2054:

he is not fit to be a king: Long live the Republic! The Reform! down with the Royal house, long live

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The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite

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has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin. In subsequent centuries, the English word

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regularly used the term crowned republic to describe the United Kingdom, for instance in his work

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Terms such as "liberal republic" are also used to describe all of the modern liberal democracies.

6096:; however, member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted (35 monarchies). 5381: 5246: 5107: 4855: 4845: 4810: 4526: 4172: 3763: 3675: 3452: 3087: 2998: 2946: 2597: 2565: 2157: 2090: 1905: 1845: 1600: 914: 801: 368: 3410:

had an elective monarchy, with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles. The system, known as the

3120:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended 2784:

was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this was overthrown by the

1298:, relied heavily on classical Greek and Roman sources which described various types of regimes. 7204: 6077: 5208:" in which it would not intervene. In two later cases, it did establish a basic definition. In 5076: 5067:'Voting by lot is in the nature of democracy; voting by choice is in the nature of aristocracy. 4865: 4850: 4382: 4317: 3866: 3856: 3793: 3571: 3395: 3320: 3277: 3246: 3127: 3077: 3008: 2658: 2577: 2471: 2455: 2447: 2259:

descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based

2209: 1937: 1933: 1889: 1685: 816: 383: 6520: 6493: 6073: 5838: 5642: 3979: 1727:, in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Knud Haakonssen has noted that, by the 1283: 7076:

J. G. A. Pocock, "Between Gog and Magog: The Republican Thesis and the Ideologia Americana",

6431: 5884: 5714: 5072: 4910: 4732: 4546: 4427: 4039: 4019: 3929: 3773: 3655: 3375: 2820:, ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics rather than monarchies. 2663: 2463: 2217: 2112: 1834: 1822:

was proclaimed, and Switzerland has retained a republican form of government to the present.

1755:, and Leonardo Bruni saw the medieval city-states as heirs to the legacy of Greece and Rome. 1436: 1388: 1201: 811: 674: 271: 7071:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

6821:"1593. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989" 6703:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

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The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

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was the leader of the original congress. When the new constitution was written the title of

2240:. They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighboring monarchies. 1155:

used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term

7176: 6093: 6089: 6065: 4895: 4637: 4576: 3939: 3861: 3768: 3735: 3622:

that was a republic. Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic.

3610: 3379: 3266: 3250: 2987: 2945:

is a way to highlight an emphasis on the separation of powers in a given republic, as with

2938: 2793: 2767: 2275: 2136: 2086: 2029: 1980: 1964: 1744: 1673: 1306: 1095: 1073: 6220:(recognised only by Turkey) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count. 5767: 5171:. This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States, including in 2325: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2297: 8: 7177:"From State to Freestate: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams" 6085: 6069: 5057: 4870: 4815: 4737: 4647: 4536: 4049: 3831: 3821: 3816: 3705: 3503: 3336: 3242: 3223: 3024: 2675: 2635: 2542: 2508: 2467: 2260: 2201: 2128: 2070: 2047: 2009: 1728: 1705: 1677: 1488: 1360: 735: 644: 601: 388: 153: 6462: 3319:

idea that direct election is required for legitimacy also contradicts the spirit of the

2611: 6590: 6449: 6313: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6152: 5508: 5400: 5261: 5251: 5205: 4951: 4925: 4767: 4757: 4727: 4682: 4627: 4613: 4476: 4417: 4192: 4107: 3826: 3545: 3387: 3294: 3219: 3029:

Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature

2910: 2890: 2828: 2777: 2699: 2634:. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. King 2264: 2229: 2197: 1941: 1929: 1801: 1797: 1785: 1781: 1752: 1736: 1720: 1711: 1615:. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. 1608: 1584: 1458: 1452: 1245: 373: 158: 133: 6571:

Giuliano Amato, Enzo Moavero-Milanesi, Gianfranco Pasquino, Lucrezia Reichlin (2019).

5342: 5315: 936:

The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient

7209: 7112:(The Making of Modern Freedom series), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994. 6719: 6615: 6576: 6551: 6526: 6499: 6271: 6209: 6172: 6135: 5844: 5718: 5707: 5650: 5615: 5590: 5256: 5176: 5168: 5126: 5032: 4962: 4935: 4712: 4652: 4632: 4516: 4287: 4197: 3949: 3846: 3634: 3575: 3367: 3196: 3097: 2950: 2934: 2918: 2848: 2601: 2535: 2233: 2193: 2121: 2097:

had discredited republicanism, and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either

2074: 2051: 1956: 1925: 1852: 1838: 1826: 1819: 1793: 1740: 1384: 1356: 980: 806: 527: 358: 310: 138: 71: 4232: 3690: 2440: 7172: 6784: 6661: 6127: 6017:. By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner. Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 1 5702: 5266: 5196: 5040: 4945: 4905: 4622: 4456: 4362: 4262: 4247: 4157: 4087: 3994: 3989: 3964: 3871: 3851: 3836: 3695: 3589: 3579: 3353: 3212: 3073: 2914: 2868: 2627: 2287: 2225: 2170: 2094: 2023: 1724: 1576: 1556: 1551: 1523: 1440: 1327: 1267: 1213: 1174: 1127: 1119: 1063:, and it does not necessarily imply any specific type of regime as the modern word 965: 639: 562: 532: 406: 148: 128: 7152: 7013:

Regicide and Republicanism: Politics and Ethics in the English Republic, 1646–1649

4277: 4187: 3269:

and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called

1892:

would be used as justification for establishing new republics. Most important was

7184: 7096:

Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution

6965: 6668: 6374:

Governments of the World: A Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities

5674: 5636: 5138: 5130: 5080: 4985: 4677: 4662: 4302: 4182: 4142: 4117: 4097: 4044: 4029: 3881: 3876: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3685: 3660: 3619: 3107: 2992:

Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature

2771: 2605: 2475: 2244: 2221: 2046:

A revolutionary Republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the

1972: 1748: 1657: 1432: 1428: 1275: 1178: 976: 850: 823: 679: 669: 466: 363: 6522:

Politics and History in the Tenth Century: The Work and World of Richer of Reims

6328:

Anderson, Lisa. "Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East."

4082: 3909: 3403:, instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch's successor. 2541:

During this period, two short-lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia; the

2200:

removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and

2040: 6110: 6106: 6053: 6049: 5234: 5230: 5111: 4915: 4642: 4608: 4407: 4397: 4352: 4312: 4307: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4222: 4152: 4137: 4122: 4112: 4024: 3924: 3914: 3904: 3564: 3416: 3411: 3254: 3117: 2851:

led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as

2840: 2824: 2653: 2644: 2585: 2573: 2569: 2557: 2279: 2237: 2186: 1921: 1917: 1830: 1596: 1580: 1271: 1255: 1217: 1139: 1115: 1013: 969: 937: 902: 828: 759: 664: 497: 411: 6612:

Ethnography After Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature

4207: 1399:

coast starting from the 11th century BC. In ancient Phoenicia, the concept of

54:

This article is about the form of government. For the political ideology, see

7198: 7041:

James Hankins, "Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic",

6736: 6376:. Ed. C. Neal Tate. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. pp. 7–11. 6341: 6291: 6176: 5834: 5713:(2 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 2000). p. 5180: 5146: 5142: 5092: 4752: 4586: 4556: 4466: 4372: 4367: 4342: 4322: 4162: 4034: 4009: 3984: 3969: 3959: 3944: 3899: 3665: 3641: 3400: 3332: 3200: 3192: 3038: 2561: 2174: 1871: 1660:. The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains, and the 1604: 1572: 1519: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1435:

has also been considered a type of republic. The system of government of the

1412: 1348: 1295: 1263: 715: 610: 512: 502: 343: 55: 2710:

retained this system, it was rejected by the newly independent countries in

2674:

forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the

6205: 6168: 6160: 6123: 5462:

Rubinstein, Nicolai. "Machiavelli and Florentine Republican Experience" in

5172: 5115: 4422: 4402: 4387: 4347: 4332: 4292: 4227: 4212: 4102: 4004: 3670: 3533: 3518:

were member states which had to meet three criteria to be named republics:

3515: 3383: 3347:

The distinction between a republic and a monarchy is not always clear. The

2930: 2695: 2671: 2623: 2489: 2459: 2283: 2252: 2248: 2208:

saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of

2162: 2102: 1913: 1815: 1625: 1161: 1135: 1041: 957: 949: 764: 691: 685: 659: 654: 630: 620: 557: 446: 266: 190: 2937:, meaning that it is constituted by a set of institutions which provide a 2881:

took precedence over the will of the ruler, and electing rulers using the

2519:

combined American, European, and Chinese ideas. Under his leadership, the

2436: 2181:

ratified in 1781. The first ten amendments to the Constitution called the

1081:. However, apart from the title, modern translations are generally used. 6423: 5670: 5422: 5125:

This understanding of a republic as a form of government distinct from a

5119: 5102: 4900: 4437: 4377: 4327: 4272: 4067: 3999: 3725: 3720: 3511: 3285: 2776:

In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during the

2686: 2588:, chose republican forms of government. Following Greece's defeat in the 2553: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2057: 1984: 1976: 1945: 1897: 1806: 1620: 1546:, the chief apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of 1335: 1287: 1229: 1225: 1185:

was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, but the word

1152: 1144: 1032: 992: 961: 945: 897: 769: 754: 696: 567: 431: 230: 225: 205: 195: 185: 7147: 6904:"Founded on a Set of Beliefs - Creating the United States | Exhibitions" 6267:

Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri

5287: 4980: 2843:

contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies of

1169:, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term 845: 6820: 6760: 6213: 6204:(recognised by most other European states) as an independent republic, 6081: 5575:, three volumes, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1994. 5223: 5028: 4940: 4930: 4392: 4357: 4282: 4267: 4202: 4127: 4072: 3974: 3919: 3798: 3783: 3594: 3525:

be economically strong enough to be self-sufficient upon secession; and

3324: 3298:, consisting of all adult, freeborn males who could prove citizenship. 3281: 2980: 2954: 2902: 2878: 2785: 2527: 2256: 2152: 2109:

opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy.

2079: 1592: 1343: 1291: 1052: 774: 730: 725: 720: 706: 547: 338: 220: 215: 79: 6548:

The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity

6317: 5705:(1983). "Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism". 5482:. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. 2974: 2282:, the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808. Brazil gained 1944:, one after another, to replace Philip. It took until 1588 before the 1652:

The Icelandic Commonwealth was established in 930 AD by refugees from

1583:, had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor. Early republics or 6990:

Willi Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before 1776",

5063: 4412: 4092: 3788: 3680: 3307: 3069: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2703: 2531: 2274:

In Mexico, this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the

2268: 1963:

and funded by the merchants of London, the revolt was a success, and

1901: 1893: 1811: 1759: 1548: 1424: 1392: 1319: 1315: 1301: 1221: 1082: 577: 471: 461: 456: 441: 436: 426: 300: 261: 250: 245: 235: 200: 168: 112: 107: 6308:

Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)

6265: 5288:"Republic | Definition of Republic by the Oxford English Dictionary" 3437: 1071:'s major works on political philosophy, usually known in English as 7050:

L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel

6235: 4257: 4014: 3778: 3606: 3371: 3153: 2958: 2856: 2836: 2805: 2797: 2213: 2106: 1960: 1563:, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the 1484: 1364: 1331: 1323: 1250: 1197: 1123: 1018: 918: 649: 210: 180: 123: 7161: 6858:

W. Paul Adams "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776".

3559: 3230: 3145: 2852: 2847:, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen ousted. In Africa, Marxism–Leninism and 2817: 2813: 2801: 2738: 2707: 2581: 2140: 2098: 1661: 1416: 1400: 1339: 1085:

was apparently the first classical writer to state that the term

996: 451: 288: 278: 6901: 2493:

A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the

2189:

fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution.

1863:

that is sometimes compared to the Italian mercantile republics.

1419:(judges), who remained in power for short mandates of 6 years". 1322:. He argued that this was one of the ideal forms of government. 1310:

discusses various forms of government. One form Aristotle named

7135: 7123: 6193: 6156: 6057: 5764:"Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited" 5638:

Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics

5614:. Beirut: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. pp. 1–30. 3934: 3583: 3289: 2734: 2730: 2711: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1653: 1568: 1564: 1515: 1511: 1475: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1326:

expanded on many of these ideas, again focusing on the idea of

1233: 1060: 1056: 1023: 1006: 910: 615: 5536:

ed. Biancamaria Fontana. Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 6

5183:

where the question is put forth, "a Republic or a Monarchy?".

3110:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party 2243:

Outside Europe, another group of republics was created as the

2204:

sent to the guillotine. The stunning success of France in the

2169:, which went into effect in 1789, created a relatively strong 1932:

was only declared vacant, and the Dutch magistrates asked the

1710:, 1748–1750. This painting is an allegory of the power of the 1487:, a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of 1346:. The most important Roman work in this tradition is Cicero's 1330:

and differentiated basic forms of government between "benign"

6930:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. 6216:

is not shown on this map and is excluded from the count. The

3605:

In the example of the United States, the original 13 British

3238: 3234: 2882: 2844: 2750: 2746: 1420: 1391:

achieved collective rule. Republic city-states flourished in

1266:

that are today still called republics. This includes ancient

1068: 892: 3544:(army, monetary matters). Each republic also had a right of 2556:

when several of the largest European empires collapsed: the

1443:

has been described as "direct and participatory democracy".

1126:

based governments. In the late Middle Ages, writers such as

7098:, 3 v., Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press 1992, 1994. 6997:

Joyce Appleby, "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts", in

6253:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 121. 5746: 5744: 3391: 2906: 2832: 2754: 2742: 2726: 2715: 2073:

also saw a great increase in monarchical power. The era of

1777: 1771: 1467: 1036:, and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as 7018:

Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli, eds.,

6974:

Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe

5948: 5946: 3136: Dependent territories and places without governments 3090:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power 2177:

under the first attempt at a national government with the

1367:. The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire. 7110:

Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649–1776

7036:

Le concept de république en France (XVIe – XVIIIe siècle)

6495:

Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide

6357: 5680:. Vol. 2. New-York: N. Bangs and J. Emory. p. 3 5384:. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099 5330:

a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch

2552:

Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of

7028:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

5741: 5709:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

3249:

and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with

1656:

who had fled the unification of that country under King

1457:

Early republican institutions come from the independent

5943: 1415:

abolished the king system and adopted "a system of the

6573:

The History of the European Union: Constructing Utopia

6122:

The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe, the

5641:. History / Classics. Duke University Press. pp. 5532:

Nippel, Wilfried. "Ancient and Modern Republicanism".

4614: 2792:(USSR). This was the first republic established under 2196:

was also not republican at its outset. Only after the

1859:

merchant fraternities established a state centered on

1644:

are more of an aristocratic republic, than democracy.

1639: 1630: 1585: 1541: 1531: 1476: 1468: 1459: 1089:

can be used to refer more specifically to one type of

6877:"Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution" 6394:

Article II, Para 2, Constitution of the United States

3187:

With no monarch, most modern republics use the title

3130:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime 2839:

were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s.

2827:. In Vietnam, communist republicans pushed aside the 972:

with varying types of civil and political authority.

7030:(2nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press 5933:"Iceland seeks to become sanctuary for free speech" 3203:. Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the 1314:, which consisted of a mixture of the other forms, 6985:The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe 6928:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 6545: 6492:Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl; Rigg, A. G. (1996). 5706: 3019:Parliamentary republic with an executive president 2131:began as a rejection only of the authority of the 1825:Two Russian cities with a powerful merchant class— 1510:. Among the mahajanapadas and smaller states, the 1012:The term originates from the Latin translation of 7103:Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. 7064:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government 6979:Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner, eds., 6716:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government 6609: 5989:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 5954:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 5889:. Brill Archive. pp. 93–. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0. 5547:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 3563:The Swiss cantons displayed on the cupola of the 3080:holds significant executive and legislative power 1212:While the philosophical terminology developed in 7196: 7001:, 3rd series, 43 (January, 1986), pp. 3–34. 6614:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. 6270:(in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. p. 72. 5480:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy 5051: 3394:is selected by cardinal-electors, currently all 1841:at the end of 15th – beginning of 16th century. 964:wielding significant influence; several popular 7066:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. x and 304. 5610:Medlej, Youmna Jazzar; Medlej, Joumana (2010). 5589:. Beirut: Librairie Orientale. pp. 57–99. 3218:If the head of state of a republic is also the 2718:, which revised their constitutions and became 2450:. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris 7015:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. 6761:"What Is a Democracy? [ushistory.org]" 6385:Article VII, Constitution of the United States 5843:. University of California. pp. 146–150. 3382:composed of the nine hereditary rulers of the 2500:and the provisional President of the Republic 2212:were set up across the continent. The rise of 2089:thinkers were far more interested in ideas of 7073:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975 7004:Joyce Appleby, ed., "Republicanism" issue of 6348:, New Series, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (1955), pp. 1–9 5003: 3170: 2179:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 2069:Along with these initial republican revolts, 2055: 1411:(539–332 BC), Phoenician city-states such as 868: 7087:Revisited: A Study in History and Ideology" 6836:, 139 U.S. 449, 11 S.Ct. 573, 35 L.Ed. 219; 6595:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6491: 5609: 5474: 5472: 2933:but is often constitutional in the sense of 2596:(1924–35). In 1931, the proclamation of the 2462:who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The 2286:as a monarchy on September 7, 1822, and the 1619:possible control of the assembly and see an 1599:(or Vṛjika) League, centered in the city of 1591:, such as Mallakas, centered in the city of 1232:, many free cities developed again, such as 6525:. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. 6312:vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948. 5634: 5394:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 3466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3257:, exercises the most real political power. 3151: 3143: 2885:was an important doctrine. While the early 2592:, the monarchy was briefly replaced by the 2015:An allegory of the French Republic in Paris 1735:hinterland. The two most powerful were the 1130:described these states using terms such as 15: 6862:, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 397–421 6403: 6332:, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 1–15 6248: 5956:Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 950–55. 5485: 5393: 5071:" Additional critics of elections include 5010: 4996: 3177: 3163: 2507:In East Asia, China had seen considerable 1912:areas also embraced Calvinism. During the 1370: 1338:, and democracy, and the "malignant" 875: 861: 16: 6981:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 6970:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 6943:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. 6692:, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003), pp. 615–43 6015:Republicanism: a Shared European Heritage 5991:. Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 1020. 5874:, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107 5673:(1825). "PREFACE To The BOOK OF JUDGES". 5469: 5186:The term republic does not appear in the 3510:In general being a republic also implies 3486:Learn how and when to remove this message 3427: 2670:formed by the representatives of all the 2446:(1848), a symbolic representation of the 2148:United States Declaration of Independence 2137:their rights to representative government 1647: 1228:. After the classical period, during the 92:List of countries by system of government 7025: 6954: 6807: 6404:Petrocelli, William (10 November 2016). 5840:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 5750: 5701: 5584: 5502: 5500: 5491: 5361: 5200:(1849), declared that the definition of 3588: 3558: 3541:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 3497: 2973: 2753:. In subsequent decades revolutions and 2685: 2610: 2488: 2435: 2002:Liberal republics in early modern Europe 1800:. While still under the dominion of the 1764: 1695: 1497: 1249: 1026:, among other Latin writers, translated 1000: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 7038:, Aix/Marseille, 1998, pp. 205–45. 6840:, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 22 L.Ed. 627. 6344:. "The Concept of an Islamic Republic" 6263: 5893: 5086: 4567:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 2929:A republic does not necessarily have a 1691: 14: 7197: 6298:(in Italian). Rizzoli. pp. 14–16. 5902: 5833: 5827: 5669: 5552: 5378:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 2979:World's states coloured by systems of 2913:overthrew the monarchy and created an 2761: 1877: 1708:offers the wealth of the sea to Venice 1559:had a primary governing body of 7,077 1446: 1239: 6870: 6868: 6575:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. 6518: 6290: 6132:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949 6130:as an independent monarchy (see also 5497: 4718:1946 Italian institutional referendum 4658:Spanish American wars of independence 3292:, elected for a one-year term by the 3211:was conferred on the head of the new 3205:President of the Continental Congress 2640:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2617:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2458:was created in 1848 but abolished by 1774:. Election of the first Head-Alderman 6874: 6737:"Democracy - Democracy or republic?" 6467:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 5565: 5534:The Invention of the Modern Republic 3548:according to the conclusions of the 3464:adding citations to reliable sources 3431: 2862: 1994: 1165:came to be used as a translation of 6673:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6651:(p. 85). Seven Stories Press. 2016. 6638:(p. 75). Seven Stories Press. 2016. 6218:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 6161:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 6124:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 5965:Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge. 5930: 5478:Haakonssen, Knud. "Republicanism." 5101:originated from the writers of the 4487:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 3378:is elected every five years by the 2790:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2690:A map of the Commonwealth republics 2523:was proclaimed on January 1, 1912. 1101:to koinon onoma pasōn tōn politeiōn 48: 7022:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1990. 6950: 6865: 6641: 6628: 6082:Most Serene Republic of San Marino 5872:Political History of Ancient India 5761: 5308: 5280: 5159:Republicanism in the United States 5022: 2604:leading to the establishment of a 1107:)". In later Latin works the term 975:Most often a republic is a single 49: 7221: 7116: 6987:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002 6976:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002 6891:from the original on Mar 7, 2023. 6232:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 6028:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment 6002:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment 5506: 5466:Cambridge University Press, 1993. 5404:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3625: 2831:, and monarchies in neighbouring 2681: 2662:. Italy has a written democratic 2167:Constitution of the United States 1796:, 51 of the largest towns became 7187:(7th ISECS, Budapest, 7/31/87). 7160: 7146: 7134: 7122: 6726:; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. 6296:Storia della Repubblica italiana 5870:Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), 5635:Bernal, M.; Moore, D.C. (2001). 5226:and others developed in Europe. 5152: 4979: 4507:Discourses Concerning Government 3436: 2964: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2251:population in conflict with the 2122:republican experiment in Corsica 2039: 2022: 2008: 1427:confederation of the era of the 844: 7078:Journal of the History of Ideas 6933: 6920: 6895: 6852: 6843: 6827: 6813: 6801: 6777: 6753: 6729: 6708: 6695: 6678: 6654: 6603: 6564: 6539: 6512: 6485: 6455: 6443: 6416: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6366: 6351: 6335: 6322: 6310:The Western Political Quarterly 6302: 6284: 6257: 6242: 6223: 6182: 6145: 6116: 6099: 6060:. Counted as republics are the 6042: 6033: 6020: 6007: 5994: 5981: 5972: 5959: 5924: 5911: 5899:Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106 5877: 5864: 5818: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5755: 5695: 5663: 5628: 5603: 5587:TYRE Through The Ages (3rd ed.) 5578: 5539: 5526: 5429:. Basic Books, 1991. pp. 439–40 5039:, the Holy Roman Republic. The 4773:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 3150:systems of government, not the 2924: 2666:, resulting from the work of a 2173:to replace the relatively weak 1672:In the early 13th century, the 1526:followed republican government. 1093:, asserting in Book III of his 5456: 5432: 5416: 5387: 5335: 5043:also continued calling itself 4708:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 4688:German Revolution of 1918–1919 3408:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3342: 3209:President of the United States 2782:Russian Provisional Government 2517:Three Principles of the People 1844:Following the collapse of the 1192:At the present time, the term 1118:, a number of city states had 553:Intergovernmental organisation 508:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 7173:Everdell, William R. Everdell 7151:The dictionary definition of 7026:Everdell, William R. (2000), 7020:Machiavelli and Republicanism 5919:Kautilya and the Arthashastra 5573:Republics, Ancient and Modern 5464:Machiavelli and Republicanism 5440:"Republic | Encyclopedia.com" 5273: 5237:completely reject this view. 5052:Democracy vs. republic debate 3584:Republic and Canton of Ticino 3580:Republic and Canton of Geneva 3100:: Monarch has unlimited power 3059:Assembly-independent republic 2788:who went on to establish the 1792:In the more loosely governed 1776:in 1289, by Auguste Migette. 1770:Beginning of the Republic of 6999:William & Mary Quarterly 6428:A Short History of the World 6234:(in Italian), vol. VI, 6167:as an independent republic, 5931:Chu, Henry (April 2, 2011). 4958:Republic without republicans 4703:11 September 1922 Revolution 4698:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 3301: 3088:Semi-constitutional monarchy 2969: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2183:United States Bill of Rights 1387:, a number of cities of the 986: 948:to the establishment of the 350:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 7045:38.4 (August 2010), 452–82. 6994:85(1970), pp. 397–421. 6992:Political Science Quarterly 6875:Wood, Gordon (April 1990). 6860:Political Science Quarterly 6546:Christopher Dawson (2002). 6330:Political Science Quarterly 6264:Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). 6113:are counted amongst Europe. 5545:Reno, Jeffrey. "republic". 5240: 5211:United States v. Cruikshank 5188:Declaration of Independence 4693:Turkish War of Independence 4615: 3550:second session of the AVNOJ 3034: Presidential republic 3011:with a ceremonial president 2590:Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) 2470:. Spain briefly became the 1666:Christianisation of Iceland 1640: 1631: 1586: 1579:, during the period around 1542: 1532: 1530:Key characteristics of the 1477: 1469: 1460: 1342:, oligarchy, and 1142:) adopted the Latin phrase 418:(socio-economic ideologies) 88:List of forms of government 10: 7226: 6964:Martin van Gelderen & 6610:Anthony Kaldellis (2013). 6550:. CUA Press. p. 101. 6498:. CUA Press. p. 209. 6422:The novelist and essayist 6214:The Republic of Kazakhstan 6200:as a single republic, the 6163:as a single republic, the 6126:as a single republic, the 5886:Republics in ancient India 5806:de Sainte, 2006, pp. 321–3 5320:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 5156: 5090: 5055: 4748:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 4497:The Commonwealth of Oceana 3049:Semi-presidential republic 2953:highlighting the absolute 2866: 2765: 2638:was pressured to call the 2600:(1931–39) resulted in the 2412: 2392: 2372: 2352: 2332: 1959:began. Spearheaded by the 1920:emerged from rejection of 1881: 1450: 1243: 1207: 990: 53: 7089:Journal of Modern History 6718:, NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, 6249:Guichonnet, Paul (1975). 6165:Free Territory of Trieste 5292:Oxford English Dictionary 4921:The Emperor's New Clothes 4673:5 October 1910 revolution 4668:French Revolution of 1848 3691:Liberty as non-domination 3349:constitutional monarchies 3259:Semi-presidential systems 3001:with a ceremonial monarch 2547:First Philippine Republic 2480:5 October 1910 revolution 2206:French Revolutionary Wars 2105:. Thus philosophers like 2056: 2032:flag from the early 1800s 1967:was executed. In England 1916:(beginning in 1566), the 1884:European wars of religion 1848:and establishment of the 1818:were victorious, and the 1701:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 1189:was also in common use. 929:states that use the word 539:(geo-cultural ideologies) 60:Republic (disambiguation) 7085:The Machiavellian Moment 7052:– Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004 5703:Everdell, William Romeyn 5316:"Definition of Republic" 5269:of the U.S. Constitution 5229:In the 1960s and 1970s, 5179:taken from the notes of 5165:representative democracy 5037:Sancta Respublica Romana 4763:1987 Fijian coups d'état 4723:1952 Egyptian revolution 3701:Political representation 3597:, a sub-national entity. 3593:Flag of the US state of 3276:In some countries, like 3201:United States of America 2650:national personification 2615:Electoral ballot of the 2594:Second Hellenic Republic 1607:were the Licchavis. The 901:('public affair'), is a 31:latest accepted revision 6881:Chicago-Kent Law Review 6741:Encyclopedia Britannica 6372:"Presidential Systems" 5908:Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22 5797:Larsen, 1973, pp. 45–46 5585:Jidejian, Nina (2018). 5513:Encyclopedia Britannica 5382:Maryanne Cline Horowitz 5169:Federalist Paper No. 10 5108:classical republicanism 4743:1969 Libyan coup d'état 4527:Discourse on Inequality 3676:Consent of the governed 3247:parliamentary republics 2999:Constitutional monarchy 2947:constitutional monarchy 2943:constitutional republic 2905:, began as secular. In 2694:In the years following 2598:Second Spanish Republic 2566:Austro-Hungarian Empire 2415:European states in 2015 2395:European states in 1950 2375:European states in 1930 2355:European states in 1914 2335:European states in 1815 2093:than in republics. The 2091:constitutional monarchy 1928:, 1581), the throne of 1906:French Wars of Religion 1846:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1371:Other ancient republics 1067:sometimes does. One of 956:was characterized by a 802:Administrative division 746:International relations 7165:Quotations related to 7080:48 (1987), p. 341 6960: 6647:Van Reybrouck, David. 6634:Van Reybrouck, David. 6179:as a nominal monarchy. 6142:as a nominal monarchy. 6134:), Vatican City as an 6066:Free Cities of Hamburg 5969:, IDC Publishers, 2009 5967:Law in Medieval Russia 5122:and mixed government. 5035:was also known as the 3598: 3567: 3507: 3428:Sub-national republics 3278:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3184: 3152: 3144: 3142:this chart represents 3128:Provisional government 3009:Parliamentary republic 2917:based on the ideas of 2691: 2659:Festa della Repubblica 2619: 2504: 2472:First Spanish Republic 2456:French Second Republic 2451: 2448:French Second Republic 1890:Protestant Reformation 1789: 1715: 1648:Icelandic Commonwealth 1527: 1403:was very similar to a 1259: 1220:, as already noted by 1009: 970:series of magistracies 942:overthrow of the kings 58:. For other uses, see 6958: 6705:Princeton: 1975, 2003 6519:Glenn, Jason (2004). 6432:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 5824:Robinson, 1997, p. 23 5815:Robinson, 1997, p. 22 5349:. Merrium-Webster Inc 5218:specially delegated. 4911:Criticism of monarchy 4733:North Yemen civil war 4547:The Federalist Papers 3842:Federal parliamentary 3592: 3562: 3552:and according to the 3501: 3376:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3251:parliamentary systems 3158:degree of democracy. 2988:Parliamentary systems 2977: 2689: 2614: 2492: 2464:French Third Republic 2439: 2422: Monarchies (12) 2402: Monarchies (13) 2382: Monarchies (20) 2362: Monarchies (22) 2342: Monarchies (55) 2218:French First Republic 2185:, guaranteed certain 2113:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2050:, reading: "Dethrone 1768: 1699: 1501: 1389:Eastern Mediterranean 1253: 1051:can be translated as 1004: 979:, but there are also 812:Democratic transition 675:Self-governing colony 272:Military dictatorship 7189:Valley Forge Journal 7143:at Wikimedia Commons 7131:at Wikimedia Commons 7108:David Wootton, ed., 6251:Histoire de l'Italie 6094:German Confederation 6090:Septinsular Republic 6056:are counted amongst 5612:Tyre and its history 5562:(1975; new ed. 2003) 5444:www.encyclopedia.com 5087:Political philosophy 4896:Classical radicalism 4638:Republic of Florence 4577:Democracy in America 3736:Separation of powers 3711:Public participation 3554:federal constitution 3460:improve this section 3380:Conference of Rulers 2939:separation of powers 2668:Constituent Assembly 2428: Republics (35) 2408: Republics (21) 2388: Republics (15) 2276:First Mexican Empire 2224:, each replaced by " 2030:Septinsular Republic 1981:English Commonwealth 1938:Elizabeth of England 1798:free imperial cities 1745:Bartholomew of Lucca 1692:Mercantile republics 1674:Age of the Sturlungs 960:composed of wealthy 7101:Jagdish P. Sharma, 6908:Library of Congress 6838:Minor v. Happersett 6346:Die Welt des Islams 6238:, 1970, p. 456 6192:is counted amongst 6155:is counted amongst 6086:Republic of Cospaia 6062:Swiss Confederation 5978:Finer, pp. 955–956. 5762:Nwauwa, Apollos O. 5058:Democratic republic 4986:Politics portal 4791:Antigua and Barbuda 4738:Zanzibar Revolution 4648:American Revolution 4537:The Social Contract 3706:Popular sovereignty 3504:Republics of Russia 3368:elective monarchies 3245:. These states are 3243:Trinidad and Tobago 3224:presidential system 3222:, this is called a 3025:Presidential system 2762:Socialist republics 2700:Commonwealth realms 2676:liberation of Italy 2543:Republic of Formosa 2509:anti-Qing sentiment 2484:Portuguese Republic 2468:Franco-Prussian War 2368: Republics (4) 2348: Republics (9) 2261:popular sovereignty 2216:saw the end of the 2129:American Revolution 2071:early modern Europe 2048:Revolutions of 1848 1878:Calvinist republics 1489:Alexander the Great 1447:Indian subcontinent 1240:Classical republics 940:, lasting from the 851:Politics portal 736:Supranational union 645:Dependent territory 558:National government 21:Page version status 7183:2019-03-24 at the 7083:J. G. A. Pocock, " 7006:American Quarterly 6961: 6667:2018-03-09 at the 6437:Idylls of the King 6410:huffingtonpost.com 6202:Republic of Kosovo 6198:Russian Federation 6190:Republic of Turkey 6153:Republic of Turkey 6140:Kingdom of Hungary 5401:A Latin Dictionary 5252:Primus inter pares 5206:political question 5045:the Roman Republic 4952:Primus inter pares 4768:Nepalese Civil War 4758:Iranian Revolution 4728:14 July Revolution 4683:Russian Revolution 4678:Chinese Revolution 4628:Republic of Venice 4477:Discourses on Livy 3599: 3568: 3546:self-determination 3508: 3388:Vatican City-State 3295:comitia centuriata 3220:head of government 3185: 2891:Rashidun Caliphate 2778:Russian Revolution 2692: 2654:Savoy coat of arms 2620: 2505: 2452: 2230:Republic of Venice 2226:popular monarchies 2198:Flight to Varennes 2133:British Parliament 1802:Holy Roman Emperor 1790: 1786:Holy Roman Emperor 1782:free imperial city 1753:Marsilius of Padua 1739:and its rival the 1737:Republic of Venice 1721:maritime republics 1716: 1712:Republic of Venice 1536:seem to include a 1528: 1474:means 'tribe' and 1260: 1246:Classical republic 1173:. Notably, during 1053:form of government 1010: 917:—in contrast to a 51:Form of government 27: 7139:Media related to 7127:Media related to 7069:J. G. A. Pocock, 7048:Frédéric Monera, 6939:Kramnick, Isaac. 6926:Bailyn, Bernard. 6789:1828.mshaffer.com 6765:www.ushistory.org 6649:Against Elections 6636:Against Elections 6277:978-88-96817-06-3 6210:elective monarchy 6173:elective monarchy 6136:elective monarchy 6026:"Republicanism". 6000:"Republicanism". 5937:Los Angeles Times 5917:Trautmann T. R., 5770:on 14 August 2012 5656:978-0-8223-2717-2 5621:978-9953-0-1849-2 5257:List of republics 5177:Benjamin Franklin 5127:liberal democracy 5033:Holy Roman Empire 5020: 5019: 4963:Republican empire 4936:List of republics 4785:National variants 4713:Spanish Civil War 4653:French Revolution 4633:Republic of Genoa 4517:The Spirit of Law 4450:Theoretical works 3794:Neo-republicanism 3616:U.S. Constitution 3496: 3495: 3488: 3354:crowned republics 3312:electoral college 3197:Thirteen Colonies 3098:Absolute monarchy 2951:absolute monarchy 2935:constitutionalism 2919:Islamic democracy 2863:Islamic republics 2849:African socialism 2768:People's Republic 2622:The aftermath of 2602:Spanish Civil War 2536:Mandate of Heaven 2521:Republic of China 2495:Republic of China 2434: 2433: 2430: 2410: 2390: 2370: 2350: 2234:Republic of Genoa 2194:French Revolution 2075:absolute monarchy 1995:Liberal republics 1957:English Civil War 1942:William of Orange 1926:Act of Abjuration 1853:Anatolian Beyliks 1820:Swiss Confederacy 1794:Holy Roman Empire 1741:Republic of Genoa 1609:Empire of Magadha 1385:ancient Near East 1357:Macedonian Empire 981:subnational state 885: 884: 836: 835: 807:Democracy indices 782: 781: 585: 584: 394:Semi-presidential 319: 318: 39:17 September 2024 18: 7217: 7164: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7043:Political Theory 7031: 7008:37 (Fall, 1985). 6944: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6872: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6841: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6733: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6701:Pocock, J. G. A 6699: 6693: 6690:Political Theory 6687: 6682: 6676: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6639: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6355: 6349: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6227: 6221: 6186: 6180: 6149: 6143: 6128:Irish Free State 6120: 6114: 6103: 6097: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6013:"Introduction". 6011: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5766:. Archived from 5759: 5753: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5712: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5436: 5430: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5391: 5385: 5374: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5284: 5267:Guarantee Clause 5262:Index: Republics 5197:Luther v. Borden 5070: 5041:Byzantine Empire 5012: 5005: 4998: 4984: 4983: 4968:Republican Party 4946:Peasant republic 4906:Communitarianism 4623:Classical Athens 4618: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4492: 4482: 4472: 4462: 3696:Mixed government 3630: 3629: 3576:Romance-speaking 3570:In Switzerland, 3491: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3440: 3432: 3321:Great Compromise 3213:executive branch 3179: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3149: 3135: 3125: 3115: 3105: 3095: 3085: 3067: 3056: 3046: 3033: 3016: 3006: 2996: 2915:Islamic republic 2869:Islamic republic 2794:Marxist–Leninist 2606:Francoist regime 2482:established the 2427: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2292: 2288:Empire of Brazil 2222:Sister Republics 2210:client republics 2171:federal republic 2061: 2060: 2043: 2026: 2012: 1969:James Harrington 1922:Spanish Habsburg 1725:Hanseatic League 1643: 1634: 1589: 1545: 1535: 1480: 1472: 1463: 1328:mixed government 1214:classical Greece 1175:The Protectorate 1151:While Bruni and 1128:Giovanni Villani 877: 870: 863: 849: 848: 796: 795: 640:Associated state 598: 597: 573:Internationalism 563:World government 540: 419: 351: 332: 331: 306:Free association 293: 254: 173: 116: 104: 103: 67: 66: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7195: 7194: 7185:Wayback Machine 7119: 7062:Philip Pettit, 6966:Quentin Skinner 6953: 6951:Further reading 6948: 6947: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6910: 6900: 6896: 6873: 6866: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6832: 6828: 6823:. 25 June 2022. 6819: 6818: 6814: 6808:Everdell (2000) 6806: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6743: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6714:Philip Pettit, 6713: 6709: 6700: 6696: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6669:Wayback Machine 6659: 6655: 6646: 6642: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6608: 6604: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6471: 6469: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6421: 6417: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6352: 6340: 6336: 6327: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6247: 6243: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6187: 6183: 6150: 6146: 6121: 6117: 6104: 6100: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6021: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5995: 5987:Finer, Samuel. 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5960: 5952:Finer, Samuel. 5951: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5760: 5756: 5751:Everdell (2000) 5749: 5742: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5700: 5696: 5683: 5681: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5558:Pocock, J.G.A. 5557: 5553: 5544: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5505: 5498: 5492:Everdell (2000) 5490: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5392: 5388: 5375: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5347:Merriam Webster 5341: 5340: 5336: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5243: 5161: 5155: 5139:Quentin Skinner 5131:J. G. A. Pocock 5095: 5089: 5068: 5062:While the term 5060: 5054: 5025: 5023:Archaic meaning 5016: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4891: 4883: 4882: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4663:Trienio Liberal 4604: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4580: 4570: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4530: 4520: 4510: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4470: 4460: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4178:Flynn (Stephen) 4063: 4055: 4054: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3759: 3751: 3750: 3746:Social equality 3741:Social contract 3731:Self-governance 3686:Democratization 3661:Anti-corruption 3656:Anti-monarchism 3651: 3635:Politics series 3628: 3492: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3457: 3441: 3430: 3366:There are also 3345: 3304: 3183: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3111: 3108:One-party state 3103: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3081: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2985: 2972: 2967: 2957:character of a 2927: 2911:1979 revolution 2871: 2865: 2774: 2772:Socialist state 2764: 2684: 2476:Lisbon Regicide 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2245:Napoleonic Wars 2095:Cromwell regime 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1973:Algernon Sidney 1886: 1880: 1749:Brunetto Latini 1694: 1658:Harald Fairhair 1650: 1455: 1449: 1439:in what is now 1433:United Monarchy 1373: 1276:J. G. A. Pocock 1248: 1242: 1210: 1179:Oliver Cromwell 1132:libertas populi 1103:), government ( 999: 989: 977:sovereign state 952:in 27 BC. This 915:representatives 913:through their 909:rests with the 907:political power 891:, based on the 881: 843: 838: 837: 824:Democratisation 817:Autocratization 793: 785: 784: 783: 740: 701: 680:Tributary state 670:Satellite state 625: 595: 594:Power structure 587: 586: 538: 537: 519: 490: 476: 467:Totalitarianism 417: 416: 398: 349: 348: 329: 321: 320: 315: 291: 283: 248: 240: 171: 163: 110: 101: 100:Source of power 78:Basic forms of 72:Politics series 63: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 7223: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7193: 7192: 7170: 7158: 7144: 7132: 7118: 7117:External links 7115: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7094:Paul A. Rahe, 7092: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7046: 7039: 7034:Eric Gojosso, 7032: 7023: 7016: 7011:Sarah Barber, 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6977: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6932: 6919: 6894: 6864: 6851: 6842: 6826: 6812: 6800: 6776: 6752: 6728: 6707: 6694: 6677: 6675:. Jun 19, 2006 6653: 6640: 6627: 6620: 6602: 6581: 6563: 6556: 6538: 6531: 6511: 6504: 6484: 6454: 6442: 6415: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6365: 6350: 6334: 6321: 6301: 6292:Bocca, Giorgio 6283: 6276: 6256: 6241: 6222: 6181: 6144: 6115: 6111:Russian Empire 6107:Ottoman Empire 6098: 6054:Russian Empire 6050:Ottoman Empire 6041: 6032: 6019: 6006: 5993: 5980: 5971: 5958: 5942: 5923: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5876: 5863: 5849: 5835:Thapar, Romila 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5754: 5740: 5723: 5694: 5662: 5655: 5627: 5620: 5602: 5595: 5577: 5571:Paul A. Rahe, 5564: 5551: 5538: 5525: 5507:Munro, André. 5496: 5484: 5468: 5455: 5431: 5415: 5386: 5360: 5334: 5307: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5239: 5235:Isaac Kramnick 5231:Bernard Bailyn 5157:Main article: 5154: 5151: 5112:civic humanism 5091:Main article: 5088: 5085: 5053: 5050: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4916:Egalitarianism 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890:Related topics 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4861:United Kingdom 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643:Dutch Republic 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4611: 4609:Roman Republic 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4523: 4513: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4473: 4463: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050:Wollstonecraft 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3626:Other meanings 3624: 3565:Federal Palace 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3494: 3493: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3417:rzeczpospolita 3412:Golden Liberty 3344: 3341: 3333:reserve powers 3303: 3300: 3255:prime minister 3182: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3132: 3122: 3118:Military junta 3112: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3078:Supreme Leader 3064: 3053: 3043: 3039:Hybrid systems 3030: 3013: 3003: 2993: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2926: 2923: 2867:Main article: 2864: 2861: 2841:Arab socialism 2829:Nguyễn dynasty 2825:decolonization 2763: 2760: 2683: 2682:Decolonization 2680: 2645:Italia turrita 2632:Fascist regime 2586:Czechoslovakia 2570:Ottoman Empire 2558:Russian Empire 2441:Honoré Daumier 2432: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2280:Peninsular War 2271:as necessary. 2238:Dutch Republic 2187:natural rights 2085:Most of these 2045: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1965:King Charles I 1918:Dutch Republic 1879: 1876: 1693: 1690: 1682:Gamli sáttmáli 1649: 1646: 1581:Gautama Buddha 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1372: 1369: 1272:Roman Republic 1256:Roman Republic 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1209: 1206: 1140:Leonardo Bruni 1116:Northern Italy 1077:, was titled 1030:into Latin as 988: 985: 938:Roman Republic 883: 882: 880: 879: 872: 865: 857: 854: 853: 840: 839: 834: 833: 832: 831: 829:Hybrid regimes 826: 821: 820: 819: 809: 804: 794: 791: 790: 787: 786: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 760:Regional power 757: 749: 748: 742: 741: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 710: 709: 703: 702: 700: 699: 694: 689: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Puppet monarch 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 634: 633: 627: 626: 624: 623: 618: 613: 605: 604: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 542: 541: 536: 535: 530: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 500: 498:State religion 492: 491: 489: 488: 485: 481: 478: 477: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 415: 414: 409: 403: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Constitutional 366: 361: 353: 352: 347: 346: 341: 335: 330: 328:Power ideology 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 292:(rule by none) 285: 284: 282: 281: 276: 275: 274: 264: 256: 255: 242: 241: 239: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 175: 174: 165: 164: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 144:Representative 141: 136: 131: 126: 118: 117: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 83: 82: 75: 74: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7222: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Republicanism 7203: 7202: 7200: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7157:at Wiktionary 7156: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6942: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6855: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6724:0-19-829083-7 6721: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662:Republicanism 6657: 6650: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6623: 6621:9780812208405 6617: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6592: 6584: 6582:9781509917426 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6557:9780813210834 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6532:9780521834872 6528: 6524: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6505:9780813208428 6501: 6497: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6468: 6465:(in French). 6464: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6342:Bernard Lewis 6338: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6260: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6177:Spanish State 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5921:, Leiden 1971 5920: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5852: 5850:9780520242258 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5788:Diodorus 2.39 5785: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5726: 5724:9780226224824 5720: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5596:9789953171050 5592: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5376:"Republic"j, 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5192:Supreme Court 5189: 5184: 5182: 5181:James McHenry 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5153:United States 5150: 5148: 5147:Cass Sunstein 5144: 5143:Philip Pettit 5140: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5093:Republicanism 5084: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4878:United States 4876: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Metapolitefsi 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4587:On Revolution 4584: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557:Rights of Man 4554: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4467:De re publica 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4273:Jones (Lynne) 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4068:Adams (Gerry) 4066: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867:Revolutionary 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Parliamentary 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666:Civil society 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642:Republicanism 3640: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3618:, creating a 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3534:nation states 3527: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3500: 3490: 3487: 3479: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3445:This section 3443: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3401:primogeniture 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193:head of state 3190: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3099: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2965:Head of state 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:German Empire 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2416: 2396: 2376: 2356: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278:. Due to the 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265:Simón Bolívar 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:confederation 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Enlightenment 2083: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2031: 2025: 2011: 1992: 1990: 1987:had become a 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Duke of Anjou 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1874:in Florence. 1873: 1872:Ciompi Revolt 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1760:feudal system 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Ancient India 1505: 1504:Mahajanapadas 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1349:De re publica 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:classical era 1257: 1254:A map of the 1252: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1005:Sculpture of 1003: 998: 994: 984: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 899: 894: 890: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 858: 856: 855: 852: 847: 842: 841: 830: 827: 825: 822: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 789: 788: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 751: 750: 747: 744: 743: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 716:Confederation 714: 713: 712: 711: 708: 705: 704: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 687: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 635: 632: 629: 628: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 611:Unitary state 609: 608: 607: 606: 603: 600: 599: 591: 590: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 523: 522: 514: 513:State atheism 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 503:Secular state 501: 499: 496: 495: 494: 493: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 413: 410: 408: 407:Authoritarian 405: 404: 402: 401: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384:Parliamentary 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 355: 354: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 334: 333: 325: 324: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 296: 290: 287: 286: 280: 277: 273: 270: 269: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 244: 243: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 172:(rule by few) 170: 167: 166: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 106: 105: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 57: 56:Republicanism 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 7191:. June 1991. 7188: 7169:at Wikiquote 7153: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6911:. Retrieved 6907: 6897: 6884: 6880: 6859: 6854: 6845: 6837: 6834:In re Duncan 6833: 6829: 6815: 6803: 6792:. Retrieved 6788: 6779: 6768:. Retrieved 6764: 6755: 6744:. Retrieved 6740: 6731: 6715: 6710: 6702: 6697: 6689: 6680: 6672: 6656: 6648: 6643: 6635: 6630: 6611: 6605: 6572: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6521: 6514: 6494: 6487: 6477: 6470:. Retrieved 6463:"République" 6457: 6445: 6435: 6434:in his poem 6427: 6418: 6409: 6399: 6390: 6381: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6324: 6309: 6304: 6295: 6286: 6266: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6231: 6225: 6206:Vatican City 6184: 6169:Vatican City 6147: 6118: 6101: 6044: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5953: 5936: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5871: 5866: 5854:. Retrieved 5839: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5772:. Retrieved 5768:the original 5757: 5735: 5728:. Retrieved 5708: 5697: 5689: 5682:. Retrieved 5675: 5671:Clarke, Adam 5665: 5637: 5630: 5611: 5605: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5512: 5487: 5479: 5463: 5458: 5447:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5427:The Republic 5426: 5423:Bloom, Allan 5418: 5406:. Retrieved 5399: 5389: 5377: 5351:. Retrieved 5346: 5337: 5329: 5323:. Retrieved 5319: 5310: 5301: 5295:. Retrieved 5291: 5282: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5195: 5185: 5173:Noah Webster 5162: 5136: 5124: 5116:civic virtue 5098: 5096: 5061: 5044: 5036: 5026: 4950: 4585: 4575: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4495: 4485: 4475: 4465: 4455: 4268:Jones (Elin) 4173:Flynn (Paul) 4133:Clarke (Tom) 4128:Clark (Katy) 4073:Adams (John) 3894:Philosophers 3715: 3671:Civic virtue 3633:Part of the 3604: 3600: 3569: 3538: 3531: 3516:Soviet Union 3509: 3482: 3473: 3458:Please help 3446: 3421: 3415: 3405: 3390:, where the 3384:Malay states 3365: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3329: 3305: 3293: 3275: 3271:cohabitation 3263: 3228: 3217: 3186: 3139: 3037: 3023: 2986: 2978: 2942: 2931:constitution 2928: 2925:Constitution 2895: 2872: 2822: 2775: 2724: 2696:World War II 2693: 2672:anti-fascist 2664:constitution 2657: 2643: 2624:World War II 2621: 2568:(1918), and 2551: 2540: 2525: 2506: 2460:Napoleon III 2453: 2444:The Republic 2443: 2284:independence 2273: 2253:Peninsulares 2242: 2191: 2163:Thomas Paine 2158:Common Sense 2156: 2145: 2126: 2111: 2084: 2068: 1988: 1955:In 1641 the 1954: 1949: 1914:Dutch Revolt 1910: 1887: 1865: 1843: 1824: 1791: 1769: 1757: 1733: 1717: 1704: 1686:Old Covenant 1681: 1671: 1651: 1635: 1626:Arthashastra 1624: 1617: 1612: 1605:Mahajanapada 1561:gaṇa mukhyas 1560: 1547: 1537: 1529: 1492: 1456: 1409:Persian rule 1405:Roman consul 1382: 1376: 1374: 1354: 1347: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1281: 1261: 1211: 1202:divine right 1193: 1191: 1186: 1183:commonwealth 1182: 1170: 1166: 1162:commonwealth 1160: 1156: 1150: 1143: 1136:Ancient Rome 1131: 1114:In medieval 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1074:The Republic 1072: 1064: 1048: 1046: 1042:Roman Empire 1037: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1011: 974: 954:constitution 935: 930: 923: 896: 888: 886: 765:Middle power 692:Vassal state 686:Buffer state 684: 660:Puppet state 655:Protectorate 631:Client state 621:Principality 447:Distributism 389:Presidential 267:Dictatorship 191:Gerontocracy 113:rule by many 86: 70:Part of the 64: 38: 29:This is the 23: 6424:H. G. Wells 5396:"res, II.K" 5120:rule of law 5103:Renaissance 5077:Robespierre 4901:Common good 4841:New Zealand 4836:Netherlands 4581:(1835–1840) 4551:(1787–1788) 4461:(c. 375 BC) 4383:Robespierre 4158:Etherington 4093:Benn (Tony) 4062:Politicians 4040:Tocqueville 4000:Montesquieu 3980:Machiavelli 3726:Rule of law 3721:Res publica 3611:independent 3572:all cantons 3512:sovereignty 3422:res publica 3420:, based on 3343:Ambiguities 3308:democracies 3286:Switzerland 2941:. The term 2554:World War I 2513:Sun Yat-sen 2502:Sun Yat-sen 2498:Yuan Shikai 2117:Montesquieu 2058:Aftonbladet 1985:stadtholder 1977:John Milton 1940:and prince 1930:king Philip 1904:during the 1898:John Calvin 1807:Switzerland 1780:was then a 1729:Renaissance 1621:aristocracy 1538:gaṇa mukhya 1437:Igbo people 1431:before the 1336:aristocracy 1288:Montesquieu 1284:Machiavelli 1230:Middle Ages 1226:Middle East 1171:res publica 1167:res publica 1157:res publica 1153:Machiavelli 1145:res publica 1033:res publica 993:Res publica 962:aristocrats 898:res publica 770:Great power 755:Small power 697:Viceroyalty 568:Nationalism 432:Colonialism 412:Libertarian 374:Directorial 251:rule by one 231:Technocracy 226:Stratocracy 206:Meritocracy 196:Kleptocracy 186:Aristocracy 7199:Categories 6913:2021-06-27 6794:2021-06-27 6770:2021-06-27 6746:2021-06-27 6472:1 February 6450:Dunn, John 6230:"Italia", 5856:28 October 5509:"republic" 5449:2018-10-20 5408:August 14, 5343:"Republic" 5325:2017-02-18 5297:2022-05-10 5274:References 5247:Free state 5224:John Locke 5056:See also: 5029:Jean Bodin 4941:Monarchism 4931:Liberalism 4926:Jacobinism 4616:Gaṇasaṅgha 4471:(54–51 BC) 3955:Harrington 3832:Democratic 3822:Capitalist 3817:Autonomous 3799:Venizelism 3784:Khomeinism 3595:California 3386:, and the 3374:where the 3325:California 3316:legitimacy 3282:San Marino 3072:republic ( 3070:Theocratic 2981:government 2955:autocratic 2903:Azerbaijan 2879:Sharia law 2810:Yugoslavia 2786:Bolsheviks 2766:See also: 2636:Umberto II 2528:Protestant 2257:Amerindian 2236:, and the 2153:John Adams 2141:tyrannical 2080:liberalism 1882:See also: 1868:patricians 1641:gaṇasaṅgha 1595:, and the 1593:Kusinagara 1587:gaṇasaṅgha 1461:gaṇasaṅgha 1453:Gaṇasaṅgha 1395:along the 1344:ochlocracy 991:See also: 966:assemblies 775:Superpower 731:Superstate 726:Federation 721:Devolution 707:Federalism 548:City-state 221:Plutocracy 216:Particracy 80:government 7141:Republics 7091:53 (1981) 6887:: 13–20. 6591:cite book 6078:Frankfurt 5494:p. xxiii. 5097:The term 5064:democracy 4796:Australia 4428:Venizelos 4418:Spadolini 4408:Slaughter 4353:McDonnell 4318:Mackenzie 4263:Jefferson 4218:Griffiths 4198:de Gaulle 4193:Garibaldi 4153:Drakeford 4045:Warburton 3965:Jefferson 3960:Honderich 3940:Condorcet 3827:Christian 3789:Nasserism 3764:Classical 3681:Democracy 3476:June 2015 3447:does not 3396:cardinals 3302:Elections 3189:president 2970:Structure 2899:Indonesia 2887:caliphate 2875:Al-Farabi 2722:instead. 2720:republics 2704:Caribbean 2532:Confucian 2269:autocracy 2202:Louis XVI 2146:With the 1902:Huguenots 1894:Calvinist 1812:Habsburgs 1678:Haakon IV 1577:Licchavis 1557:Licchavis 1549:Kshatriya 1524:Licchavis 1493:democracy 1425:Israelite 1397:Levantine 1393:Phoenicia 1375:The term 1361:Alexander 1320:democracy 1316:oligarchy 1302:Aristotle 1222:Aristotle 1181:the word 1083:Aristotle 1047:The term 987:Etymology 905:in which 602:Unitarism 578:Globalism 484:Religious 472:Tribalism 462:Socialism 457:Feudalism 442:Despotism 437:Communism 427:Anarchism 364:Communist 311:Stateless 301:Anarchism 262:Despotism 246:Autocracy 236:Theocracy 201:Kritarchy 169:Oligarchy 154:Socialist 108:Democracy 7210:Republic 7181:Archived 7167:Republic 7154:republic 7129:Republic 6983:, v. 2, 6972:, v. 1, 6968:, eds., 6889:Archived 6665:Archived 6294:(1981). 6236:Treccani 6092:and the 5837:(2002). 5677:Writings 5241:See also 5202:republic 5099:republic 5073:Rousseau 4866:Scotland 4806:Barbados 4457:Republic 4373:Prescott 4343:Naysmith 4333:McKechin 4293:La Malfa 4288:Khomeini 4248:Iorwerth 4213:Griffith 4188:Gambetta 4183:Galloway 4168:Ferguson 4148:Davidson 4143:Cromwell 4138:Connolly 4118:Campbell 4035:Sunstein 4020:Rousseau 4015:Polybius 3950:Franklin 3930:Chappell 3925:Cattaneo 3862:People's 3847:Imperial 3779:Kemalism 3716:Republic 3650:Concepts 3607:colonies 3582:and the 3372:Malaysia 3191:for the 3154:de facto 2959:monarchy 2857:Ethiopia 2837:Cambodia 2806:Bulgaria 2798:Mongolia 2706:and the 2564:(1918), 2560:(1917), 2545:and the 2515:, whose 2220:and her 2214:Napoleon 2107:Voltaire 1989:de facto 1961:Puritans 1936:, queen 1827:Novgorod 1723:and the 1613:gramakas 1601:Vaishali 1573:Mallakas 1520:Mallakas 1485:Diodorus 1417:suffetes 1407:. 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