1017:
1316:, literally snack-money, meaning funds to help subordinates win elections. For the annual end-year gift in 1989 Party Headquarters gave $ 200,000 to every member of the Diet. Supporters ignore wrongdoing to collect the benefits from the benefactor, such as money payments distributed by politicians to voters in weddings, funerals, New year parties among other events. Political ties are held together by marriages between the families of elite politicians.
66:
25:
1312:(literally "base" or "foundation") is the word used for political machines. For decades, the LDP was able to dominate rural constituencies by spending massive amounts of money for rural areas, forming clientelist bonds with many groups and especially agriculture. This lasted until the 1990s when it was abandoned after becoming less effective. Japanese political factional leaders are expected to distribute
1139:
solidified the role of parties in the political process and addressed party organization, membership rights, and specific procedures, such as the nomination of candidates for office. The educational function noted in
Article 21 (participation in the "forming of the political will") suggests that parties should help define public opinion rather than simply carry out the wishes of the electorate.
168:
1389:, from three or four to one in the Chamber of Deputies to reduce the abuse of the open-list system by party elites and ensure accurate delegation of parliamentary seats to candidates popular with voters. With 62.5% of the Italian electorate voting, the referendum passed with 95% of those voting in favor. This was seen as a vote against the
1335:, screening the choices citizens had in elections; this electoral law would reinstate fixed electoral lists, where voters can express a preference for a list but not for a specific candidate. This can be used by parties to guarantee virtual re-election to unpopular but powerful figures, who would be weaker in a
1101:
Particracy tends to install itself as the cost of campaigning and the impact of the media increase so that it can be prevalent at the national level with large electoral districts but absent at a local level; a few prominent politicians of renown may hold enough influence on public opinion to resist
1138:
states that "the political parties shall participate in the forming of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organization must conform to democratic principles. They must publicly account for the sources of their funds." The 1967 "Law on
Parties" further
1092:
As argued by
Italian political scientist Mauro Calise in 1994, the term is often derogatory, implying that parties have too much power—in a similar vein, in premodern times it was often argued that democracy was merely rule by the demos, or a poorly educated and easily misled mob. Efforts to turn
1116:
two party-system) or in a coalition. The mathematical need to form a coalition on the one hand prevents a single party from getting a potentially total grip, on the other hand provides the perfect excuse not to be accountable to the voter for not delivering the party program promises.
1405:
and implicitly supporting a plurality system that would theoretically force parties to coalesce around two ideological poles, thereby providing governmental stability. This referendum was held in April 1993 and passed with the support of 80% of those voting. This caused the
1109:, although in a sense that is not a true party, for it does not perform the essential function to rival other parties. There it is often installed by law, while in multi-party states particracy cannot be imposed or effectively prevented by law.
1133:
provides examples of particracies. More explicitly than in most
European parliamentary systems, parties play a dominant role in the German Federal Republic's politics, far outstripping the role of individuals. Article 21 of the
1320:, second generation political families, have grown increasingly numerous in Japanese politics, due to a combination of name-recognition, business contacts and financial resources, and the role of personal political machines.
1165:
In the West, the United States, in which the
Democratic and the Republican parties have been in power continuously since before the American Civil War, could be viewed as a particracy or, as in Safire definition, as a
1400:
scandals and the substantial loss of votes for the traditional parties in the 1992 general elections, the reformers pushed forward with another referendum, abrogating the proportional representation system of the
1112:
In multi-party regimes, the degree of individual autonomy within each can vary according to the party rules and traditions, and depending on whether a party is in power, and if so alone (mostly in a
1561:
The educational function noted in
Article 21 ('forming of the political will') suggests that parties should help define public opinion rather than simply carry out the wishes of the electorate.
1473:"Political Science Quarterly: Conference Issue: Presidential and Parliamentary Democracies: Which Work Best?, Special Issue 1994: The Italian Particracy: Beyond President and Parliament"
1455:"Political Science Quarterly: Conference Issue: Presidential and Parliamentary Democracies: Which Work Best?, Special Issue 1994: The Italian Particracy: Beyond President and Parliament"
1217:, either on its own or in coalition. Fianna Fáil is one of the most successful political parties in history. From the formation of the first Fianna Fáil government on
178:
1045:
1186:
party as a "state party" or as a "perfect dictatorship" for ruling Mexico for over 70 years (1929–2000), later losing power for 12 years against the
1531:
1535:
189:
1671:
Japan's
Dysfunctional Democracy: The Liberal Democratic Party and Structural Corruption: The Liberal Democratic Party and Structural Corruption
1350:
and therefore governmental instability, but also insulation of the parties from the electorate and civil society. This was known in
Italian as
1135:
1650:
STEVEN R. REED, ETHAN SCHEINER and MICHAEL F. THIES (2012). "The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented
Politics in Japan".
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262:
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1038:
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have also been referred, to a certain extent, as a "political machine", thanks to its strong presence in "popular houses".
1237:
130:
1678:
1031:
102:
1617:
1507:
1385:
and hostile to the movement). The June 1991 referendum therefore asked voters if they wanted to reduce the number of
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225:
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52:
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38:
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98:
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1150:(or East Germany, 1949–1990) was hardly democratic, but at least in theory more democratic than the
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182:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1347:
972:
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1609:
1225:, the party was in power for 61 of 79 years. Fine Gael held power during the remaining years.
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1308:
areas through its control of farm bureaus and road construction agencies. In Japan, the word
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845:
442:
1362:, enabling citizens to delete laws or parts of laws passed by Parliament (with exceptions).
8:
1336:
1198:
906:
815:
772:
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1624:(although the book existed in an earlier version titled "The New Language of Politics")
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particracy into a more precise scholarly concept so far appear partly successful.
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44:
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allowed the existence of eternally minority small interest-group parties in the
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It has been alleged that Italian parties have retained too much power in the
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1502:. Lomasky, Loren E. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
1278:), especially in rural areas, and also in some African states and other
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have been described in Latin America, where the system has been called
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could also be considered a particracy, and some consider the country a
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1074:
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718:
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Democracy and decision : the pure theory of electoral preference
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Emboldened by their victory in 1991 and encouraged by the unfolding
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is often cited as another political machine, maintaining power in
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party, regaining it in 2012 just to lose it again in 2018 against
1369:(Committee to Promote Referendums on Elections), led by maverick
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622:
459:
449:
1301:
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1668:
1377:, proposed three referendums, one of which was allowed by the
1201:
can also be seen as a particracy. Since the foundation of the
1358:. The Italian constitution allows, with substantial hurdles,
1305:
1236:
has been the ruling party ever since the first free and fair
1354:, in contrast to democracy, and resulted in corruption and
1151:
179:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1495:
1346:
system of the First Republic had resulted not only in
1552:. German Culture. Tatyana Gordeeva. 28 December 2015
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1577:
The American Journey, Reconstruction to the Present
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1601:
1696:"Hereditary Politics in Japan: A Family Business"
1571:
1569:
1707:
1579:(Student ed.). Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 2005.
1393:, which had campaigned against the referendum.
1566:
1600:Safire, Nicole (1978). ""Machine politics"".
1182:Some scholars have characterized the Mexican
1039:
1639:, vol. 1, Congressional Quarterly, 1973
1530:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1534:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1081:are the primary basis of rule rather than
1046:
1032:
1669:Roger W. Bowen; Joel J. Kassiola (2016).
1608:(First ed.). Random House. pp.
1410:government to collapse three days later.
1381:(at that time packed with members of the
1175:Particracy is one of the reasons for the
263:List of countries by system of government
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1694:Cesare M. Scartozzi (February 9, 2017).
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1125:The party system which developed in the
1708:
1599:
1096:
1593:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
13:
14:
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34:This article has multiple issues.
1496:Brennan, Geoffrey, 1944 (1993).
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166:
64:
23:
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1652:The Journal of Japanese Studies
1240:, despite several high profile
1105:The ultimate particracy is the
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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724:Intergovernmental organisation
679:Separation of church and state
1:
1673:. Routledge. pp. 82–83.
1604:Safire's Political Dictionary
1440:
1379:Constitutional Court of Italy
1286:Eastern European countries.
1102:their party or dominate it.
521:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
1413:
1365:A reform movement known as
1344:proportional representation
1127:Federal Republic of Germany
1120:
589:(socio-economic ideologies)
259:List of forms of government
10:
1737:
1636:Editorial Research Reports
1550:"German Political Parties"
1148:German Democratic Republic
1234:African National Congress
1142:On the other side of the
710:(geo-cultural ideologies)
1298:Liberal Democratic Party
1177:2010–2011 Greek protests
1154:insofar as the dominant
1383:Italian Socialist Party
1348:political fragmentation
1205:, one of two parties –
973:Administrative division
917:International relations
1435:Party-state capitalism
1360:abrogative referendums
188:by rewriting it in an
1420:Dominant-party system
1267:political clientelism
1213:– has always led the
1156:Socialist Unity Party
983:Democratic transition
846:Self-governing colony
443:Military dictatorship
1356:pork-barrel politics
1280:emerging democracies
1274:relationship in the
84:improve this article
1716:Forms of government
1371:Christian Democracy
1337:first-past-the-post
1270:(after the similar
1199:Republic of Ireland
1097:Rationale and types
1022:Politics portal
907:Supranational union
816:Dependent territory
729:National government
1339:electoral system.
1256:political machines
190:encyclopedic style
177:is written like a
16:Form of government
1721:Political parties
1477:www.psqonline.org
1459:www.psqonline.org
1238:elections in 1994
1169:political machine
1079:political parties
1056:
1055:
1007:
1006:
978:Democracy indices
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952:
756:
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565:Semi-presidential
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1521:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1469:
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1462:
1451:
1430:Two-party system
1342:The nearly pure
1291:Social Democrats
1244:over the years.
1223:election of 2011
1061:, also known as
1048:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1019:
967:
966:
811:Associated state
769:
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744:Internationalism
734:World government
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590:
522:
503:
502:
477:Free association
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287:
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60:
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27:
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19:
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1735:
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1698:. The Diplomat.
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1510:
1494:
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1471:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1448:
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1425:One-party state
1416:
1329:
1123:
1107:one-party state
1099:
1073:, is a form of
1052:
1014:
1009:
1008:
995:Democratisation
988:Autocratization
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956:
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911:
872:
851:Tributary state
841:Satellite state
796:
766:
765:Power structure
758:
757:
709:
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690:
661:
647:
638:Totalitarianism
588:
587:
569:
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419:
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342:
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281:
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271:Source of power
249:Basic forms of
243:Politics series
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186:help improve it
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1408:Giuliano Amato
1403:Italian Senate
1333:First Republic
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1276:Roman Republic
1160:National Front
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1085:or individual
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1000:Hybrid regimes
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931:Regional power
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836:Puppet monarch
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669:State religion
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540:Constitutional
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512:
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499:Power ideology
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488:
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463:(rule by none)
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369:
364:
359:
354:
346:
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336:
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327:
322:
317:
315:Representative
312:
307:
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216:
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72:
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63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1665:
1658:(2): 353–376.
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1509:0-521-33040-8
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1391:partitocrazia
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1361:
1357:
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1352:partitocrazia
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1345:
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1334:
1327:
1326:partitocrazia
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
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1287:
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1284:postcommunist
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1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
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1262:
1257:
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1243:
1242:controversies
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1146:, the former
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1128:
1118:
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1103:
1094:
1090:
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1077:in which the
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:partitocrazia
1064:
1060:
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1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
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1023:
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1013:
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1001:
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979:
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908:
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900:
898:
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887:Confederation
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812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
803:
800:
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782:Unitary state
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694:
693:
685:
684:State atheism
682:
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674:Secular state
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604:
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593:
584:
581:
579:
578:Authoritarian
576:
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573:
572:
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561:
558:
556:
555:Parliamentary
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1375:Mario Segni
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140:August 2008
1710:Categories
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1556:2016-02-07
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1441:References
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1296:Japan's
1121:Examples
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