Economic democracy

2871:: "Worker cooperatives are business entities that are owned and controlled by their members, the people who work in them. The two central characteristics of worker cooperatives are: 1) workers invest in and own the business and (2) decision-making is democratic, generally adhering to the principle of one worker-one vote." Worker cooperatives occupy multiple sectors and industries in the United States, mostly in the Northeast, the West Coast and the Upper Midwest, totaling 300 democratic workplaces in the United States, employing over 3,500 people and generating over $ 400 million in annual revenues. While a few are larger enterprises, most are small. Growing steadily between 1990 and 2010, technology and home health care experienced most of the recent increase. 1730:

sex, age, and disability. The problem is not one of incompetence but of barriers to education, jobs, and power. Accordingly, as long as there is a deep gulf between social classes, both in terms of wealth, power, and outlook, traditional social programs will act merely as palliatives to oppression and not as a way of ending large scale human misery. This perspective is, above all, eclectic. It embraces Marx's criticism of social class inequality but is not only a social class analysis. It is anti-racist, but it is not only a theory of race equality. It favors democratic distribution of power but is also an economic theory. It can be called a social and economic democracy perspective.

2878:, which rejects the "master-servant relationship" implicit in the traditional employment contract. According to Wilkinson and Pickett, neither ownership or participation alone are sufficient to establish democracy in the workplace. "any share-ownership schemes amount to little more than incentive schemes, intended to make employees more compliant with management and sometimes to provide a nest-egg for retirement... To make a reliable difference to company performance, share-ownership has to be combined with more participative management methods." Dahl further argued that self-governing enterprises should not be confused with other systems they might resemble: 3032:

bargaining leverage. With independent trading currencies, developing countries could barter their resources to the developed world for the latest industrial technologies. Barter avoids "hard money monopolization" and the unequal trade between weak and strong nations that result. Smith suggested that barter was how Germany resolved many financial difficulties "put in place to strangle her", and that "World Wars I and II settled that trade dispute". He claimed that their intentions of exclusive entitlement were clearly exposed when the imperial centers resorted to military force to prevent such barter and maintain monopoly control of others' resources.

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among international monopolist firms and European states, colonizing large parts of the world in support of their businesses. According to analyst Michael Parenti, imperialism is "the process whereby the dominant politico-economic interests of one nation expropriate for their own enrichment the land, labor, raw materials, and markets of another people." Parenti says imperialism is older than capitalism. Given its expansionist nature, capitalism has little inclination to stay home. While he conceded imperialism is not typically recognized as a legitimate allegation about the United States, Parenti argued:

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demand, increases the likelihood of unemployment, and exacerbates the tendency toward economic stagnation. Since wealthy people tend to save more than poor people, the propensity of an economy to slump because of excess saving becomes ever more acute as a society becomes more affluent. Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett suggested that health and social problems are significantly worse in more unequal wealthy nations. They argue that there are "pernicious effects that inequality has on societies: eroding trust, increasing anxiety and illness, (and) encouraging excessive consumption"

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system of shareholder democracy that allocates voice democratically according to how much capital investment they place in the firm. Labor, on the other hand, rarely benefits from a system to voice their concerns within the firm. She argues that firms are more than just economic organizations especially given the power that they wield over people's livelihoods, environment, and rights. Rather, Ferreras holds that firms are best understood as political entities. And as political entities “it is crucial that firms be made compatible with the democratic commitments of our nations.”

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freeze into the society poverty conditions. Second, the guaranteed income must be dynamic; it must automatically increase as the total social income grows. Were it permitted to remain static under growth conditions, the recipients would suffer a relative decline. If periodic reviews disclose that the whole national income has risen, then the guaranteed income would have to be adjusted upward by the same percentage. Without these safeguards a creeping retrogression would occur, nullifying the gains of security and stability.

4752: 3547: 3864: 3655: 2225:. Instead, we must specify precisely the structural features of an alternative: "But if we want to do more than simply denounce the evils of capitalism, we must confront the claim that 'there is no alternative'—by proposing one." Schweickart argued that both full employment and guaranteed basic income are impossible under the restrictions of the U.S. economic system for two primary reasons: a) unemployment is an essential feature of capitalism, not an indication of systemic failure; and b) while capitalism thrives under 2072:. According to Rasmus, income inequality in contemporary America increased as the relative share of income for corporations and the wealthiest one percent of households rose while income shares declined for 80-percent of the United States workforce. After rising steadily for three decades after World War II, the standard of living for most American workers has sharply declined between the mid-1970s to the present. Rasmus likens the widening income gap in contemporary American society to the decade leading up to the 1713:; 2) increase sales; in order to 3) maximize profits. But, according to David Schweickart, if "those who produce the goods and services of society are paid less than their productive contribution", then as consumers they cannot buy all the goods produced, and investor confidence tends to decline, triggering declines in production and employment. Such economic instability stems from a central contradiction: Wages are both a cost of production and an essential source of 624: 2209:, with ever-greater effect in the period since the 1970s. They systematically evaded, then weakened, the taxes and regulations of the New Deal, and eventually, when politically possible, eliminated them altogether. Business profits funded the parties, politicians, public relations campaigns, and professional think tanks that together shaped the real social effects and historical decline of government economic regulation. Examples include the destruction of the 2954:, Greg MacLeod argues that "in consumer cooperatives where the customer-members own the capital and the employees are subject to capital, the normal dynamic is the adversarial relationship of labor to capital. Sometimes the result is strikes of labor against management." In some cooperatives, however, consumer/owners are workers as well. For example, Mondragon has developed a large "hybrid" cooperative which sells groceries and furniture in Spain. 3046: 2815:. Financial capital should be the total savings of all citizens, balanced by primary-created money to fill any shortfall, or its destruction through increased reserve requirements to eliminate any surplus. Adjustments of required reserves should facilitate the balance between building with socially created money or savings. Any shortage of savings within a socially owned banking system should be alleviated by simply printing it. 1468: 2250:: "King’s final judgment stands as instructive evidence of his understanding of the nature of systemic challenge — and also as a reminder that given the failures of both traditional socialism and corporate capitalism, it is time to get serious about clarifying not only the question of strategy, but what, in fact, the meaning of changing the system in a truly democratic direction might one day entail." 2726:". Barnes suggests this model could extend to other states and nations because "we jointly own many valuable assets". As corporate pollution of common assets increased, the permits for such pollution would become more scarce, driving prices for those permits up. "Less pollution would equal more revenue", and over time, "trillions of dollars could flow into an American Permanent Fund". 1691:"Products are exchanged in a market -- that is to say, goods and services are bought and sold at prices determined for the most part by competition and not by some governmental pricing authority. Individual enterprises compete with one another in providing goods and services to consumers, each enterprise trying to make a profit. This competition is the primary determinant of prices. 2853:, "cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members, who actively participate in setting policies and making decisions. Men and women serving as elected representatives are accountable to the membership. In primary cooperatives members have equal voting rights (one member, one vote) and cooperatives at other levels are also organized in a democratic manner." 2715:

privatizing) "the commons" to spread ownership universally, without taking wealth from some and giving it to others. His suggested mechanism to this end is the establishment of a "Commons Sector", ensuring payment from the Corporate Sector for "the commons" they utilize, and equitably distributing the proceeds for the benefit of contemporary and future generations of society.

3190:, exercised daily in the marketplace. "The capitalistic social order", he claimed, therefore "is an economic democracy in the strictest sense of the word". Critics of Mises claim that consumers only vote on the value of the product when they make a purchase—they are not participating in the management of firms, or voting on how the profits are to be used. 2258:

mobilizations and democratic political action. The goal will be to transform capitalism into economic democracy through gains and reforms that improve living conditions while methodically replacing wealth-holders' entitlement with human entitlement, capitalist ownership with community ownership and master-servant relations with workplace democracy.

2431:, not loans, to business enterprises. According to Schweickart, these grants do not represent "free money", since an investment grant counts as an addition to the capital assets of the enterprise, upon which the capital-asset tax must be paid. Thus the capital assets tax functions as an interest rate. A bank grant is essentially a loan requiring 2904:

decision-making becomes the responsibility and privilege of each member. In one variation, workers usually invest money when they begin working. Each member owns one share, which provides its owner with one vote in company decision-making. While membership is not a requirement of employment, only employees can become members.

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their relative position, in terms of wealth and power, grows with their ability to maintain the gulf between social classes. Thus monopolies or concentrated wealth plays a large part in creating social problems. Indeed, one might say, monopolies and policies which promote the former or concentrations of wealth are the problem.

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with most banks are entrepreneurial divisions, which promote firm expansion and new firm creation. For large (regional or national) enterprises, local investment banks are complemented by regional and national investment banks. These too would be public institutions that receive their funds from the national investment fund.

2780:, thereby eliminating most offices and staff needed to maintain monopoly structures, and stop the wars generated to protect them. Dissolving roughly half the economic activity of a monopoly system would reduce the costs of common resources by roughly half, and significantly minimize the most influential factors of poverty. 2947:. Oriented towards service rather than profit, consumers often provide capital to launch or purchase the enterprise. In practice, consumer cooperatives price goods and services at competitive market rates. The co-op returns profits to the consumer/owner according to a formula instead of paying a separate investor group. 2176:", while roughly the other "half" owned and controlled the means of production. Under modern Capitalism, J.W. Smith claimed that fewer than 500 individuals possess more wealth than half of the earth's population. The wealth of 1/2 of 1-percent of the United States population roughly equals that of the lower 90-percent. 2286:

private ownership of productive resources, the market, and wage labor. The Soviet economic model subordinated private ownership of productive resources to public ownership by collectivizing farms and factories. It further subordinated the market to central planning—but retained the institution of wage labor.

2020:", explicitly designed to maximize return to its owners. A corporation never sleeps or slows down. It externalizes as many costs as possible, and never reaches an upper limit of profitability, because no such limit has yet been established. As a result, corporations keep getting larger. In 1955, sales of the 2112:, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." "These geographic shifts", according to David Harvey, "are the heart of uneven geographic development". 2229:, it is not compatible with genuine democracy. Assuming these "democratic deficits" significantly impact the management of both the workplace and new investment, many proponents of economic democracy tend to favor the creation and implementation of a new economic model over reform of the existing one. 2924:

argues that Mondragon is an example of "a stunningly successful alternative to the capitalist organization of production." The idea of economic democracy through worker ownership on a national scale has been argued by economist Tom Winters, who states that "building a cooperative economy is one small

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A national dividend and a compensated price mechanism are the two most essential components of the Social Credit program. While these measures have never been implemented in their purest form, they have provided a foundation for Social Credit political parties in many countries and for reform agendas

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on capital assets to replace all other business taxes. This "capital assets tax" is collected and invested by the central government. Funds are dispersed throughout society, first to regions and communities on a per capita basis, then to public banks in accordance with past performance, then to those

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In worker self-management, each productive enterprise is controlled by those who work there. Workers are responsible for the operation of the facility, including organization, discipline, production techniques, and the nature, price, and distribution of products. Decisions concerning distribution are

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When economic democracy – a world of human equality, democracy and cooperation – is the alternative, capitalism will no longer be seen as a lesser evil. When the working class, not a revolutionary party, is the agency of social transformation, change will be based on workplace organization, community

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The problem indicates that our emphasis must be two-fold. We must create full employment or we must create incomes. People must be made consumers by one method or the other. Once they are placed in this position, we need to be concerned that the potential of the individual is not wasted. New forms of

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Advocating for an "alternative economic system free of capitalism's structural flaws", economist Richard D. Wolff says reform agendas are fundamentally inadequate, given that capitalist corporations, the dominant institutions of the existing system, retain the incentives and the resources to undo any

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Over eight-hundred years ago the powerful of the city-states of Europe learned to control the resources and markets of the countryside by raiding and destroying others’ primitive industrial capital, thus openly monopolizing that capital and establishing and maintaining extreme inequality of pay. This

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David Schweickart submits that such "hypermobility of capital" generates economic and political insecurity. "If the search for lower wages comes to dominate the movement of capital, the result will be not only a lowering of worldwide wage disparities (the good to which some economists point) but also

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According to author Greg MacLeod, the concept of the corporation originated in Roman times. However, "the modern business corporation evolved radically from its ancient roots into a form with little relation to the purpose as understood by historians of law." John Davis, a legal historian, noted that

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in 1776, the dominant form of business was partnership, in which regional groups of co-workers ran co-owned businesses. From this perspective, many considered the corporate model—stock sold to strangers—inherently prone to fraud. While numerous scandals historically support this dim view of corporate

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A part of the earth's surface, considered as property. The theory that land is property subject to private ownership and control is the foundation of modern society.... Carried to its logical conclusion, it means that some have the right to prevent others from living; for the right to own implies the

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There is in reality no conflict between labor and capital; the true conflict is between labor and monopoly... Abolish the monopoly that forbids men to employ themselves and capital could not possibly oppress labor... emove the cause of that injustice which deprives the laborer of the capital his toil

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If private savings are loaned out to entrepreneurs who use them to buy raw materials and hire workers, then aggregate demand is not reduced. However, when private savings are not reinvested, the whole economy suffers recession, unemployment, and disappearance of savings which characterize deficiency

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Self-governing enterprises only remotely resemble pseudodemocratic schemes of employee consultation by management; schemes of limited employee participation that leave all critical decisions with a management elected by stockholders; or Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) that are created only or

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Two conditions are indispensable if we are to ensure that the guaranteed income operates as a consistently progressive measure. First, it must be pegged to the median income of society, not the lowest levels of income. To guarantee an income at the floor would simply perpetuate welfare standards and

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Enterprises still strive to make a profit. However, "profit" in a worker-run firm is calculated differently than under capitalism. For a capitalist firm, labor is counted as a cost. For a worker-run enterprise it is not. Labor is not another "factor of production" on par with land and capital. Labor

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proposals. Profitable projects that promise increased employment are favored over those that do not. At each level, national, regional and local, legislatures decide what portion of their funds is to be used for public capital expenditures, then send the remainder to the next lower level. Associated

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is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. By various names, cooperatives play an essential role in all forms of Economic Democracy. Classified

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to operate governments and care for social needs. Socially owned banks provide finance capital by creating debt-free money for social infrastructure and industry. Rental values return to society through expenditure on public infrastructures. Local labor is trained and employed to build and maintain

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Rather than superficially compensating for legalized inequities, Smith recommends abolishing or redefining property rights laws with particular respect for "the commons". According to Smith exclusive title to natural resources and technologies should be converted to inclusive conditional titles—the

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In real-world practice, Schweickart concedes economic democracy will be more complicated and less "pure" than his model. However, to grasp the nature of the system and to understand its essential dynamic, it is important to have a clear picture of the basic structure. Capitalism is characterized by

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a "more or less costless store of knowledge, captured by monopoly capital and protected in order to make it secret and a 'rare and scarce commodity', for sale at monopoly prices. So far as invention is concerned, a price is put on them not because they are scarce but in order to make them scarce to

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orporate power, upper class power, uneven distribution of wealth and prejudice cause social problems... he problem is not one of poverty, but of enormous wealth. The problem is not one of gaps or cracks in an otherwise fine system but of a system which perpetuates prejudicial views concerning race,

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includes the portion of wealth devoted to producing more wealth. While the income of any individual might include proceeds from any combination of these three sources—land, labor and capital are generally considered mutually exclusive factors in economic models of the production and distribution of

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and is distributed among the members based on hours worked, seniority, or other criteria. In a worker cooperative, workers own their jobs, and therefore have a direct stake in the local environment and the power to conduct business in ways that benefit the community rather than destroying it. Some

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As part of inclusive democracy, economic democracy is the authority of demos (community) in the economic sphere—which requires equal distribution of economic power. Therefore, all macroeconomic decisions (overall level of production, consumption and investment, amounts of work and leisure implied,

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has greater continuity with the society it displaces than does nonmarket socialism, and thus it is more likely to emerge from capitalism as a result of tendencies generated within it." But Howard also suggested, "one argument against the market in socialist society has been that it blocks progress

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by conquering and controlling the sources of raw materials and countryside markets, Smith claims that contemporary centers of capital now control our present world through private monopoly of public resources sometimes known as "the commons". Through inequalities of trade, developing countries are

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examines the economic basis for the history of imperial civilization. On a global scale, he says developed nations tended to impede or prohibit the economic and technological advancement of weaker developing countries through the military force, martial law, and inequitable practices of trade that

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viewed imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism. He asserted that the merging of banks and industrial cartels gave rise to finance capital, which was then exported (rather than goods) in pursuit of greater profits than the home market could offer. Political and financial power became divided

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The theme of profit superseding individual well-being flows through this antimonopoly view of social problems. On the one hand, poor and middle income people find their lives deformed by their meager or nonexistent ability to pay for goods and services. Wealthy people, on the other hand, find that

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In an advanced industrial society, business credit is necessary for a healthy economy. A business that wants to expand production needs to command the labor of others, and money is the default mechanism for exercising this authority. It is often cheaper for a business to borrow capital from a bank

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discusses a variety of perspectives on "The Making of Social Problems". One of those views suggests that "writers and organizers who define social problems in terms of social and economic democracy see problems not as the experiences of poor people, but as the relationship of poverty to wealth and

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claims, "Workers spending their wages is one source of effective demand, but the total wage bill is always less than the total capital in circulation (otherwise there would be no profit), so the purchase of wage goods that sustain daily life (even with a suburban lifestyle) is never sufficient for

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For example, associated with national and international cooperative communities, Portland Oregon cooperatives manage to survive market competition with corporate franchise. As Lee Lancaster, financial manager for Food Front, states, "cooperatives are potentially one democratic economic model that

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Another distinguishing feature of inclusive democracy is its distinction between basic and non-basic needs. Remuneration is determined separately according to the cost of basic needs, and according to degree of effort for non-basic needs. Inclusive democracy is based on the principle that meeting

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has a certain personality. It has duties and responsibilities vested unto it by the legitimate government or society that fostered it. The corporate person receives great benefits from society – and, in return, it must exercise great responsibilities. One of the most basic responsibilities is job

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Assuming business credit could come from public sources rather than from private savers, Schweickart and other analysts consider interest payments to private savers both undeserved and unnecessary for economic growth. Moreover, the personal decision to save rather than consume decreases aggregate

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In this view, unemployment is not an aberration, indicating any sort of systemic malfunction. Rather, unemployment is a necessary structural feature of capitalism, intended to discipline the workforce. If unemployment is too low, workers make wage demands that either cut into profits to an extent

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argues that there exists “a great contradiction between the democratic nature of our times and the reality of the work experience.” She argues that the modern corporation's two basic inputs, capital and labor, are treated in radically different ways. Capital owners of a firm wield power within a

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In a market based economy the cooperative business form suffers from several strategic challenges when operating independently. One worker cooperative on its own is most likely doomed to fail in a highly competitive global economy. However, an ecosystem of several worker cooperatives and support

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claimed "Communism forgets that life is individual. Capitalism forgets that life is social, and the Kingdom of Brotherhood is found neither in the thesis of Communism nor the antithesis of Capitalism but in a higher synthesis. It is found in a higher synthesis that combines the truths of both".

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Germany and to a lesser extent the broader European Union have experimented with a way of workplace democracy known as Co-determination, a system that allows workers to elect representatives that sit on the board of directors of a company. Common criticisms of workplace democracy include that

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Alternately, in Schweickart's model, workers control the workplace, but they do not "own" the means of production. Productive resources are regarded as the collective property of the society. Workers run the enterprise, use its capital assets as they see fit, and distribute the profits among

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Smith goes on to say that, like other financial empires in history, the contemporary model forms alliances necessary to develop and control wealth, keeping peripheral nations impoverished providers of cheap resources for the imperial capital centers. Belloc estimated that, during the British

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Smith further explained that developed countries need resources from the developing world as much as developing countries need finance capital and technology from the developed world. Aside from the superior military power of the imperial centers, the undeveloped world actually has superior

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By peripheral nations using the currency of an imperial center as its trading currency, the imperial center can actually print money to own industry within those periphery countries. By forming regional trading blocs and printing their own trading currency, the developing world has all four

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According to Smith, "Currency is only the representation of wealth produced by combining land (resources), labor, and industrial capital". He claimed that no country was free when another country has such leverage over its entire economy. But by combining their resources, Smith claimed that

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than the remaining 95 percent", providing the smaller minority with an unfair advantage of approximately "$ 5-trillion" annually, at the beginning of the game. Contrasting "redistribution" of income (or property) with "predistribution", Barnes argues for "propertizing" (without corporately

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Emperors and conquistadors were interested mostly in plunder and tribute, gold and glory. Capitalist imperialism differs from these earlier forms in the way it systematically accumulates capital through the organized exploitation of labor and the penetration of overseas markets. Capitalist

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Worker-control can take many forms depending on the size and type of the business. Approaches to decision-making include: an elected board of directors, elected managers, management job roles, no management at all, consensus, majority vote, or combinations of the above. Participation in

2710:, where all players start with a fair distribution of financial opportunity to succeed, and try to privatize as much as they can as they move around "the commons". Distinguishing the board game from real-world business, Barnes claims that "the top 5 percent of the population owns more 2478:, Polanyi says that while modern states and market economies tend to grow under capitalism, both are mutually interdependent for functional development. In order for market economies to be truly prosperous, he claims social constructs must play an essential role. Polanyi claimed that 2804:

water systems, sewers, roads, communication systems, railroads, ports, airports, post offices, and education systems. Purchasing power circulates regionally, as labor spends wages in consumption and governments spend resource rent and banking profits to maintain essential services.

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organizations can create an infrastructure that leads to sustained growth and expansion. In Mondragon the cooperative network expanded from a single cooperative polytechnic school to a network of 256 industrial, retail, finance, educational, and research and development firms.

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condition being that society should collect rental values on all natural resources. Smith suggests the basic principles of monopolization under feudalism were never abandoned, and residues of exclusive feudal property rights restrict the potential efficiency of capitalism in

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could help guide business decisions toward meeting human needs while honoring the needs of society and nature". He admits, however, it is difficult to maintain collaboration among cooperatives while also avoiding integration that typically results in centralized authority.

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worker cooperatives maintain what is known as a “multiple bottom line”, evaluating success not merely in terms of net income, but also by factors like their sustainability as a business, their contribution to the community, and the happiness and longevity of their workers.

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The market: enterprises interact with one another and with consumers in an environment largely free of governmental price controls. Raw materials, instruments of production and consumer goods are all bought and sold at prices largely determined by the forces of supply and

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have achieved a previously unknown level of economic democracy. Established in 1956, Mondragon has since become an economic model that transcends the capitalist-socialist dichotomy and thereby helps us to imagine creative solutions to current economic problems. Economist

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right exclusively to occupy; and in fact laws of trespass are enacted wherever property in land is recognized. It follows that if the whole area of terra firma is owned by A, B and C, there will be no place for D, E, F and G to be born, or, born as trespassers, to exist.

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While an economy of worker-self-managed enterprises might tend toward lower unemployment than under capitalism - because banks are mandated to consistently prioritize investment projects that would increase employment - Schweickart notes that it does not guarantee

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sensitive to supply and demand, it is extremely difficult for a producer or planner to know what and how much to produce, and which production and marketing methods are the most efficient. Otherwise, it is difficult to motivate producers to be both efficient and

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discoveries began". If you sought the accumulated wealth preliminary to launching new industry, "you had to turn to the class which had already monopolized the bulk of the means of production in England. The rich men alone could furnish you with those supplies".

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those who want to use them." Patent monopolies raise share prices above tangible labor value. The difference between labor-value and monopoly-value raises goods prices, and is collected as "profit" by intermediaries who have contributed nothing to earn it.

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production can help local farmers prosper, in addition to providing consumers with fresher products. But the growing ubiquity of organic food products in corporate stores testifies to broadening consumer awareness, and to the dynamics of global marketing.

2076:, estimating "well over $ 1 trillion in income is transferred annually from the roughly 90 million working class families in America to corporations and the wealthiest non-working-class households. While a hundred new billionaires were created since 2001, 3154:

Operating under the idea that making ownership more widespread leads to more equitable outcomes various proposals of asset-based welfare and asset-redistribution have been conceived. Individualistic and liberal asset-based welfare strategies such as the

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guarantees that basic needs are satisfied only for public goods or are covered by compassion and by a guaranteed basic income for the unemployed and those who cannot work. Many advocates of participatory economics and Participism have contested this.

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but avoids the adverse effects of real markets. Although David Pepper called this system "a form of money based on the labour theory of value", it is not a money model since vouchers cannot be used as a general medium of exchange and store of wealth.

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made democratically. Problems of authority delegation are solved by democratic representation. Management is chosen by the worker, not appointed by the State, not elected by the community at large and not selected by a board of directors elected by

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tend to critique the existing system and recommend corrective measures, they do not necessarily suggest alternative models to replace the fundamental structures of capitalism; private ownership of productive resources, the market and wage labor.

2028:. Corporations have established a homogeneous global playing field around which they can freely move raw materials, labor, capital, finished products, tax-paying obligations, and profits. Thus, corporate franchise has become a perpetual grant of 1543:

costs, subordinate the general well-being to private profit and deny the polity a democratic voice in economic policy decisions. In addition to these moral concerns, economic democracy makes practical claims, such as that it can compensate for

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In Smith's view, most taxes should be eliminated, and productive enterprise should be privately owned and managed. Inventors should be paid well and all technology placed in the public domain. Crucial services currently monopolized through

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that jeopardizes future investment, or are passed on to consumers, thus generating inflationary instability. Schweickart suggested, "Capitalism cannot be a full-employment economy, except in the very short term. For unemployment is the "

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decisions). Therefore, the system consists of two basic elements: (1) democratic planning, which involves a feedback process between workplace assemblies, demotic assemblies and a confederal assembly, and (2) an artificial market using

3151:, partial-employee ownership of firms, systems to redistribute one's assets after death to prevent the accumulation of wealth, as well as a strong system of asset-based redistribution that encourages workers to own productive assets. 2341:). Our task is to construct the alternative. In the alternative type of firm, employment by the firm is replaced with membership in the firm. Economic democracy requires the abolition of the employment relation, not the abolition of 1912:. The greatest advantage of corporations over any other business model is their ability to raise capital from strangers. The corporate model benefits from laws that limit stockholders' liability to the amounts they have invested. 1805:

management; "the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". Absent scarcity and alternative uses of available resources, many analysts claim there is no

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Consumer cooperatives are very different from "discount clubs," which charge annual fees in exchange for a discount on purchases. The club is not owned or governed by the members and profits go to investors, not to members.

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imperialism invests in other countries, transforming and dominating their economies, cultures, and political life, integrating their financial and productive structures into an international system of capital accumulation.

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in a few hands. Theorists of economic democracy have argued that one solution to this unequal concentration of power is to create mechanisms that distribute ownership of productive assets across the entire population. In

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Most food co-ops are consumer cooperatives that specialize in grocery products. Members patronize the store and vote in elections. The members elect a board of directors to make high-level decisions and recruit managers.

2776:. He listed three general categories of "secondary (modern) monopoly"; insurance, law, health care. Smith further claimed that converting these exclusive entitlements to inclusive human rights would minimize battles for 2289:

Most proposed models for economic democracy generally begin with democratizing the workplace and the ownership of capital. Other proposals advocate replacing the market with some form of planning, as well (for example,

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technologies to be used and so on) are made collectively and without representation. However, microeconomic decisions are made by the individual production or consumption unit through a proposed system of vouchers.

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assumed that only in this way could full employment be assured in a market economy. Economic Democracy adopts this approach. Social control of investment then blocks the cyclical unemployment typical of capitalism.

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that needs to be abolished, not private property. In other words, "a firm can be socialized and yet remain 'private' in the sense of not being government-owned." In his book, "The Democratic Firm", Ellerman stated:

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primarily to provide corporations with low-interest loans, lower corporate income taxes, greater cash flow, employee pension plans, or a market for their stock, without, however, any significant changes in control.

2560:, between nations. Under Economic Democracy, there would be virtually no cross-border capital flows. Enterprises themselves would not relocate abroad, since they are democratically controlled by their own workers. 2107:

According to David Harvey, "the export of capital and the cultivation of new markets around the world" is a solution "as old as capitalism itself" for the deficiency of effective demand. Imperialism, as defined by

2377:, the greatest lesson to be learned from these European experiences is the importance of developing an economically integrated network of cooperatives rather than a single cooperative. The report goes on to say: 3103:

Workplace democracy has been cited as a possible solution to the problems that arise from excluding employees from decision-making such as low-employee morale, employee alienation, and low employee engagement.

1755:

was the root cause of poverty. "Behind the abstraction known as 'the market' lurks a set of institutions designed to maximize the wealth and power of the most privileged group of people in the world—the

1538:

that includes workers, consumers, suppliers, communities and the broader public. No single definition or approach encompasses economic democracy, but most proponents claim that modern property relations

3116:

democratic workplaces are less efficient than hierarchical workplace, that managers are best equipped to make company decisions since they are better educated and aware of the broader business context.

3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 1843:, in June 2006, investment bank Goldman Sachs reported: "The most important contribution to the higher profit margins over the past five years has been a decline in Labor's share of national income." 1760:

class of the first world and their junior partners in the third". Schweickart claimed that private savings are not only unnecessary for economic growth, they are often harmful to the overall economy.

2602:

as a stateless, moneyless and marketless economy that precludes private accumulation of wealth and the institutionalization of privileges for some sections of society, without relying on a mythical

4757: 4755: 3552: 3550: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 2564:

stays mostly at home, since funds for investment are publicly generated and are mandated by law to be reinvested domestically. "Capital doesn't flow into the country, either, since there are no

3163:

aimed to help people save money so that it could be invested on education, home-ownership, or entrepreneurship. More experimental and left-leaning proposals include worker owned cooperatives,

1581:. Economic democracy has been proposed as a component of larger socioeconomic ideologies, as a stand-alone theory and as a variety of reform agendas. For example, as a means to securing full 2024:

accounted for one-third of U.S. gross domestic product. By 2004 they commanded two-thirds. In other words, these few hundred corporations replaced smaller firms organized as partnerships or

1625:

According to many analysts, deficiency of effective demand is the most fundamental economic problem. That is, modern society does not earn enough income to purchase its output. For example,

2395:

claims many real-world strategies have already emerged to democratize and decentralize the ownership of wealth and capital. In addition to worker cooperatives, Alperovitz highlights ESOPs,

1589:, defined as including the former. Both market and non-market theories of economic democracy have been proposed. As a reform agenda, supporting theories and real-world examples can include 2253:

Trade unionist and social activist Allan Engler argued further that economic democracy was the working-class alternative to capitalism. In his book, "Economic Democracy", Engler stated:

4346: 4105:"Across the 1980s and 1990s and up to 2007, US families worked and borrowed more and more, while real wages stagnated... When they began defaulting on their debts - the system crashed." 2757:. He estimated that roughly 60 percent of American capital is little more than capitalized values of unearned wealth. He proposed that elimination of these monopoly values would double 2162:

overcharged for import of manufactured goods and underpaid for raw material exports, as wealth is siphoned from the periphery of empire and hoarded at the imperial-centers-of-capital:

1855:. Due to the economic imbalance inherently imposed, such monopoly structures tend to be centrally dictated by law, and must be maintained by military force, trade agreements, or both. 2738:

Barnes deemed any such reform unlikely. Thomas Paine originally recommended a National Dividend to compensate for the brutality of British Enclosures, but his idea was never adopted.

1665:: "People seek to satisfy their desires with the least exertion". Human beings interact with nature to produce goods and services that other human beings need or desire. The laws and 4066:"...the combination of computerization, exported jobs, women surging into the labor market, and a new wave of immigration ended the period of rising real wages in the United States." 2095:

in the United States. Wolff says Americans responded to the resulting deficiency of effective demand by working more hours and excessive borrowing; the latter paving the way for the

1968:, established in the sixth century, the purpose of which was to serve society. Most business corporations before 1900 developed in Great Britain, where they were established by 2362:

fund must be maintained to repair or replace existing capital stock. This money may be spent on capital replacements or improvements, but not to supplement workers' incomes.

2167:

low pay siphoned the wealth of the countryside to the imperial-centers-of-capital. The powerful had learned to plunder-by-trade and have been refining those skills ever since.

2521:

except by supply and demand, although in some cases price controls or price supports might be in order – as they are deemed in order in most real-world forms of capitalism."

1835:

Analysts generally agree that such conditions typically result in a deficiency of effective demand. Labor does not earn enough to buy what enterprises produce. According to

3375: 3027:

requirements for production, resources, labor, industrial capital, and finance capital. The wealth produced provides the value to back the created and circulating money.

1656:

and capital are generally considered the essential factors in producing wealth. Land includes all natural opportunities and forces. Labor includes all human exertion.

1972:, with the expectation of contributions to society. Incorporation was a privilege granted in return for service to the crown or the nation. MacLeod goes on to say: 1810:". While he considers these functions a public wrong, Kellogg also asserted the responsibility of the public to find and implement a remedy. Generally considered 3711: 3295: 1994: 2373:

multi-sectoral worker-cooperatives have both been able to reach significant scale and demonstrate long-term sustainability. According to a study conducted by

5325:

Feldman, Jonathan (2001). "Towards the Post-University: Centers of Higher Learning and Creative Spaces as Economic Development and Social Change Agents".

2270:, but to integrate these institutions into a democratic framework". Like capitalism, economic democracy can be defined in terms of three basic features: 1989:

By the mid-nineteenth century, corporations could live forever, engage in any legal activity, and merge with or acquire other corporations. In 1886, the

2549:

is the residual claimant. Workers get all that remains, once other costs, including depreciation set asides and the capital assets tax, have been paid.

5102: 2670:

Rather than an economic shortfall, many analysts consider the gap between production and purchasing power a social dividend. In this view, credit is a

2064:, argues that the increasing concentration of corporate power is a cause of the large-scale debt, unemployment, and poverty characteristic of economic 1498: 2354:, which goes into society's investment fund. In effect, workers rent capital assets from society. 2) Firms are required to preserve the value of the 2631:

basic needs is a fundamental human right which is guaranteed to all who are in a physical condition to offer a minimal amount of work. By contrast,

1717:(needs or desires backed with purchasing power), resulting in deficiency of effective demand along with a growing interest in economic democracy. 2686:. His aim to make societal improvement the goal of economic systems is reflected in the term "Social Credit", and published in his book, entitled 2044:. By the end of the twentieth century, corporate power—both economic and political—stretched worldwide. International agreements not only lowered 2868: 2494:

are "God-given", money is a bookkeeping entry validated by law, and labor is a human prerogative, not a personal obligation to market economies.

2580:

toward full communism or even leads back to capitalism". From this perspective, nonmarket models of economic democracy have also been proposed.

5835: 4354: 2678:

of societal output could actually increase Gross Domestic Product rather than throttling it, resulting in a more efficient economy, overall.

1836: 610: 3712:"Equality and the Good Life: Interview with Richard Wilkinson, author of The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better" 2447:. Social control of investment serves to increase employment. If the market provides insufficient employment, the public sector becomes the 6559: 5740: 605: 2262:

Assuming that "democracy is not just a political value, but one with profound economic implications, the problem is not to choose between

2221:

According to David Schweickart, a serious critique of any problem cannot be content to merely note the negative features of the existing

652: 1980:

it was called a "persona ficta". This is a very useful way of looking at a business corporation, because it suggests correctly that the

4432: 1694:"Most of the people who work for pay in this society work for other people, who own the means of production. Most working people are ' 5617:

Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy

2391:

While there is no single approach or 'blueprint' for social control of investment, many strategies have been proposed. For example,

6498: 2468:

suggested that market economies should subordinate themselves to larger societal needs. He states that human-beings, the source of

2769:

by half. Wasteful monetary flows could be stopped only by eliminating all methods of monopolization typical in Western economies.

1555:

Proponents of economic democracy generally argue that modern capitalism periodically results in economic crises, characterized by

5989: 1337: 2277:

Social control of investment: funds for new investment are returned to the economy through a network of public investment banks.

6523: 6397: 2345:. Democracy can be married with private property in the workplace; the result of the union is the democratic worker-owned firm. 1491: 5782: 5771: 5711: 5641: 5605: 5583: 5537: 5478: 5457: 5190: 4995: 4716: 4683: 4293: 4260: 4227: 3809: 3694: 3584: 2850: 2374: 2016:

rulings, the modern corporation is not a real person. Rather, the publicly traded stock corporation is what Barnes terms an "

6575: 4403: 2452: 2217:, the shift in the federal tax burden from business to individuals and from upper- to middle-income individuals, and so on. 1582: 6614: 6085: 5145: 3063: 1577:, resulting in socio-economic imbalances that restrict workers from access to economic opportunity and diminish consumer 2001:. Unlike average citizens, large corporations had large flows of money at their disposal. With this money they can hire 1688:

are privately owned, either directly by individuals or by corporations that are themselves owned by private individuals.

5958: 5928: 5890: 5847: 5386: 5172: 4571: 4126: 3427: 3131: 2846: 2013: 1990: 1743:, Henry George argued that a majority of wealth created in a "free market" economy was appropriated by land owners and 1710: 926: 6202: 5909: 5871: 5802: 5752: 5730: 5665: 5518: 5233: 4650: 4151: 3756: 3719: 3538: 3085: 2791:

Smith envisioned a balanced economy under a socially owned banking commons within an inclusive society with full and

2350:

themselves. Here, societal "ownership" of the enterprise manifests itself in two ways: 1) All firms pay tax on their

1484: 861: 5355: 3950: 2643:

As with the case of direct democracy, economic democracy is only feasible if the participants can easily cooperate.

6076: 4942: 562: 462: 2552:

Because of the way workplaces and the investment mechanism are structured, Schweickart's model aims to facilitate

2912: 2474: 2214: 2096: 645: 5407:

E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018)

2242:

work that enhance the social good will have to be devised for those for whom traditional jobs are not available.

6549: 6544: 6467: 6090: 5825: 5260: 4095: 4052: 3802:

Protection or Free Trade: An Examination of the Tariff Question, With Especial Regard to the Interests of Labor

3265: 3160: 3067: 2966: 2723: 1027: 5401:

E McGaughey, 'Economic Democracy in the 21st Century: The Vote in Labour, Capital and Public Services' (2020)

2517:

and machinery from other firms and sell their products to other enterprises or consumers. "Prices are largely

6554: 3200: 2091:, the 1970s brought an end to the labor shortage which had facilitated more than a century of rising average 1472: 1367: 1087: 1077: 417: 22: 5117: 5028: 6660: 6513: 6266: 6226: 6129: 5283:

Freeman, Samuel. "'Rawls and Property-Owning Democracy'." In Unpacking Rawls, edited by Nicola Riva., 2013.

2572:

nor businesses to buy. The capital assets of the country are collectively owned – and hence not for sale."

2486:

under capitalism, though the inherent purpose of these items was never intended "for sale"—what he labels "

1931:

transformation into a new system of commercial and industrial capitalism that automatically generated vast

1644:, "wealth" includes all material things produced by labor for the satisfaction of human desires and having 1397: 477: 5598:

Towards an Inclusive Democracy: The Crisis of the Growth Economy and the Need for a New Liberatory Project

6640: 6442: 6162: 6051: 5982: 5378: 4527: 3305: 3250: 1896: 1669:

that govern the relationships among these entities constitute the economic structure of a given society.

507: 272: 2313:. Ultimate authority rests with the enterprise's workers, following the one-person, one-vote principle. 1908:

policy, small partnerships could not possibly compete with the aggregate capital generated by corporate

6042: 5372: 3156: 2812: 638: 2772:

Smith divided "primary (feudal) monopoly" into four general categories: banking; land; technology and

6655: 6650: 6581: 6292: 6062: 5468: 3925: 3240: 3144: 2944: 2940: 1629: 1320: 1248: 669: 3124:

One of the biggest criticisms against capitalism is that it concentrates economic and, as a result,

1792:

Regarding a social and economic democracy perspective on social problems, Douglas P. Biklen states:

6593: 6503: 6189: 4708: 3230: 3164: 2729:

However, none of these proposals aspire to the mandates recommended by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.:

856: 542: 387: 247: 2682:

is an economic reform movement that originates from theories developed by Scottish engineer Major

6422: 3350: 3325: 3056: 2962: 2632: 2534: 2448: 2291: 2142: 1422: 1372: 1253: 981: 851: 547: 482: 392: 367: 222: 5783:

Political parties and the tax level in the American states: two regression discontinuity designs

4987: 4981: 4675: 4563: 4557: 1851:

Artificially restricted access of labor to common resources is generally considered monopoly or

1823:

creates and the sharp distinction between capitalist and laborer would, in fact, cease to exist.

6417: 6207: 6072: 6057: 5975: 5651: 4642: 4636: 4395: 4389: 4285: 4252: 3215: 2722:, where each citizen receives an annual share of the part of the state's oil revenues via the " 2487: 2408: 2303: 2274:

Worker self-management: each productive enterprise is controlled democratically by its workers.

2233: 2069: 1606: 1432: 831: 372: 362: 329: 257: 212: 192: 173: 113: 103: 98: 78: 5408: 5402: 5396: 2973:

prices and, in some cases, cooperatively own factories. Alternatively, they may be members of

2201:

behavior proved vulnerable and unsustainable. The enemies of the New Deal had the incentives (

6299: 6245: 6235: 6212: 6177: 6172: 5420: 4219: 4213: 4099: 4060: 4056: 3834: 3748: 3742: 3530: 3524: 3245: 3205: 2908: 2370: 2150: 1948: 1928: 1888: 1427: 1072: 762: 732: 717: 427: 407: 382: 377: 357: 319: 294: 4700: 3576: 3570: 2056:

a lowering of total global income (a straight-out utilitarian bad)." Jack Rasmus, author of

6304: 6240: 6152: 6033: 3891: 3225: 2934: 2835: 2222: 1981: 1570: 1332: 1140: 1037: 1001: 846: 779: 727: 600: 402: 304: 237: 168: 163: 143: 49: 4444: 3139:

argued that only two systems could embody the main features of his principles of justice:

2674:

rather than debt to financial centers. Once reinvested in human productive potential, the

8: 6665: 6392: 6339: 6250: 6222: 6144: 6124: 6111: 6002: 5704:

The Causes of the Economic Crisis: and other Essays Before and After the Great Depression

4701: 3300: 3290: 3183: 2958: 2896: 2875: 2758: 2595: 2589: 2325: 2202: 2158: 2025: 1932: 1815: 1685: 1657: 1574: 1442: 1387: 1382: 1315: 1305: 991: 826: 595: 585: 422: 397: 334: 314: 284: 267: 262: 252: 227: 182: 158: 133: 108: 93: 5967: 5548: 5415: 2842:, the cooperative business model is fundamental to the interests of economic democracy. 2690:. In this view, the term "economic democracy" does not mean worker control of industry. 6645: 6587: 6472: 6314: 6197: 6047: 5943: 5814: 5655: 5572: 5447: 5342: 5250: 4668: 4278: 4245: 3683: 3148: 2974: 2862: 2839: 2469: 2210: 1909: 1757: 1653: 1626: 1535: 1531: 1447: 1407: 1278: 1183: 802: 784: 767: 567: 497: 487: 432: 207: 202: 88: 83: 71: 6518: 6457: 6309: 5954: 5924: 5905: 5886: 5867: 5861: 5843: 5821: 5798: 5767: 5748: 5726: 5707: 5683: 5661: 5637: 5620: 5601: 5579: 5533: 5514: 5474: 5453: 5395:

E McGaughey, 'Economic democracy: a brief history, and the laws that make it' (2023)

5382: 5346: 5266: 5256: 5229: 5168: 4991: 4712: 4679: 4646: 4567: 4399: 4289: 4256: 4223: 4147: 4122: 4091: 4048: 3931: 3838: 3827: 3805: 3782: 3752: 3690: 3580: 3534: 3140: 3108: 2997: 2773: 2561: 2491: 2400: 2338: 2205:) and the resources (their returns on investments) to undo many of its reforms after 2146: 2041: 1702: 1673: 1300: 1052: 1032: 819: 812: 807: 590: 517: 242: 232: 178: 59: 32: 2957:

Consumer cooperatives vary in organization and operations, but typically follow the

6334: 6287: 6271: 6134: 5938: 5675: 5593: 5334: 5141: 4168: 4077: 4034: 3285: 3270: 3255: 3235: 3210: 3179: 2990: 2921: 2892: 2675: 2576: 2538: 2479: 2342: 2198: 2088: 2073: 1807: 1780:"invisible hand" does not seem reliable to guide economic forces on a large scale. 1714: 1649: 1590: 1578: 1549: 1293: 1228: 1213: 1165: 1155: 1149: 1122: 1107: 878: 841: 527: 522: 472: 299: 187: 148: 138: 118: 5187: 4827: 3998: 3402:"Economic Democracy: An Ethically Desirable Socialism That Is Economically Viable" 2333:

In the world today, the main form of enterprise is based on renting human beings (

2237:

Regarding the gap between productivity and purchasing power, Dr. King maintained:

1562:

as society is unable to earn enough income to purchase its own production output.

6437: 6167: 5950: 5374:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

5194: 4087: 4044: 3275: 3187: 3125: 2792: 2762: 2754: 2707: 2652: 2525: 2510: 2472:, do not reproduce for the sole purpose of providing the market with workers. In 2444: 2334: 2263: 2037: 1752: 1417: 1377: 1342: 1238: 1198: 1193: 1160: 1006: 986: 976: 966: 951: 931: 866: 752: 677: 628: 452: 412: 197: 5449:

America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy

5356:"The myths about the economic crisis, the reformist left and economic democracy" 4638:

Self-Management and the Crisis of Socialism: The Rose in the Fist of the Present

6447: 5857: 5443: 3921: 3280: 3260: 2671: 2619: 2569: 2502: 2498: 2392: 2321: 2267: 2247: 2115: 2006: 1940: 1920: 1876: 1859: 1773: 1721: 1645: 1614: 1598: 1519: 1402: 1218: 1112: 956: 557: 447: 217: 5075: 3035: 6634: 6528: 6488: 5790: 5558: 5338: 4562:(1st ed.). White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 2796: 2683: 2679: 2665: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2514: 2506: 2428: 2355: 2351: 2081: 1969: 1936: 1748: 1680:: "The structure of a capitalist society consists of three basic components: 1452: 1437: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1208: 1188: 1117: 961: 883: 794: 757: 747: 737: 457: 324: 277: 153: 5270: 3935: 3773: 54: 6493: 6427: 6119: 5371:

Mattei, Clara E. (2022). "Chapter 3: The Struggle for Economic Democracy".

5226:

Firms as Political Entities: Saving Democracy through Economic Bicameralism

5165:

The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale.

5149: 3956: 3220: 3001: 2808: 2777: 2766: 2465: 2396: 2359: 2206: 1666: 1662: 1586: 1522:

philosophy that proposes to shift ownership and decision-making power from

1327: 1203: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1042: 996: 971: 946: 941: 888: 742: 5921:

The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale

5687: 5624: 4528:"Sustainable Economic Democracy: Worker Cooperatives for the 21st Century" 3842: 3119: 2925:

step on the journey to reclaiming the wealth we all collectively create."

1976:

A corporation is considered by the law to exist as a legal person. In the

6508: 5998: 5207: 3168: 3147:. Within a property-owning democracy, Rawls envisioned widespread use of 3098: 2830: 2824: 2800: 2747: 2542: 2483: 2404: 2310: 2173: 2154: 2138: 2133: 2033: 2029: 2021: 1998: 1977: 1924: 1695: 1594: 1563: 1540: 1523: 1392: 1347: 1310: 1288: 1283: 896: 871: 437: 128: 5816:

From Mondragon To America: Experiments In Community Economic Development

4946: 623: 4559:

What Then Must We Do?: Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution

4391:

What Then Must We Do?: Straight Talk About The Next American Revolution

3786: 3136: 3070: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2888: 2583: 2557: 2553: 2530: 2518: 2317: 2194: 2077: 2052:

and reduced the ability of sovereign nations to regulate corporations.

1777: 1720:

In chapter 3 of his book, "Community Organizing: Theory and Practice",

1610: 1602: 1545: 1527: 722: 690: 512: 442: 309: 5146:"Yes, there is an alternative to capitalism: Mondragon shows the way." 6462: 6157: 5696: 3401: 3005: 2970: 2537:

resolves these problems, to a significant if incomplete degree, in a

2226: 2092: 2065: 2017: 1965: 1958: 1952: 1884: 1880: 1852: 1828: 1641: 1412: 936: 901: 836: 700: 695: 537: 492: 352: 39: 4537:. MIT Community Innovators Lab with support from the Barr Foundation 3781:. St. Martin's Street, London: MacMillan & Co, Ltd. p. 15. 3504: 3045: 3004:

as a viable alternative to packaged imports. The ideas of local and

1776:"—carrying a stick—that keeps the workforce in line." In this view, 5697:"The Nature and Role of the Market: The Role and Rule of Consumers" 5511:

The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm: A New Model for the East and West

4082: 4039: 2711: 2432: 2415: 2366: 2190: 2049: 2002: 1811: 1802: 1744: 1637: 1566: 789: 532: 502: 467: 289: 5902:

Economic Democracy A Grand Strategy for World Peace and Prosperity

3022:

developing nations have all three of these foundations of wealth:

2609:

The proposed system aims to meet the basic needs of all citizens (

2575:

According to Michael Howard, "in preserving commodity exchange, a

1814:, some view this "public wrong" as the most influential factor in 6452: 6345: 5786:(No. 10/614). Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK. 5036: 2785: 2420: 1993:

legally recognized corporations as “persons”, entitled under the

1944: 1145: 921: 5286: 2874:

Worker cooperatives generally employ an industrial model called

5745:

Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle for the 21st century

5530:

Economic Democracy: The Working-Class Alternative to Capitalism

4592: 4433:"Economic Democracy: A Worthy Socialism That Would Really Work" 3685:

The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger

3186:

belongs to private firms and can only be sustained by means of

2719: 2623: 2594:

Economic democracy is described as an integral component of an

2045: 1725:

exploitation". Biklen states that according to this viewpoint:

1467: 1273: 552: 5484: 4748:. Melbourne, Australia: The Social Credit Press. pp. 4–9. 4394:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 2718:

One real-world example of such reform is in the U.S. State of

6619: 6352: 2916: 2565: 1706: 4507: 4471: 3645: 3643: 3628: 2149:", such economic crises stem from the imbalances imposed by 1927:

economy and society in the early United States "underwent a

1705:

are generally accepted as market functions for establishing

5883:

Humanizing the Economy: Co-operatives in the Age of Capital

3775:

An Essay On The Nature And Significance Of Economic Science

3492: 3036:

Democratizing workplaces and distributing productive assets

2706:, Peter Barnes likens a "National Dividend" to the game of 2436: 2080:

for 100 million workers are less in 2007 than in 1980 when

5208:"An Alternative Organizational Model: Workplace Democracy" 4314: 2185:

sort of reform policy. For example, Wolff goes on to say:

5997: 4616: 4604: 4580: 4495: 4459: 4326: 4302: 4169:"Reading Marx's Capital Vol 1 – Class 12, Chapters 26-33" 4016: 3640: 3593: 1883:

when he said, "England was already captured by a wealthy

1787: 5513:. London: Unwin Hyman Limited (HarperCollins Academic). 3747:. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 1964:

the precursor of the business corporation was the first

5747:. Radford, VA: Institute for Economic Democracy Press. 4851: 4815: 3529:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 3467: 3465: 3120:

Creating a widespread distribution of productive assets

2741: 1943:." Dahl claims that such inequalities result from the " 1734: 5110:

European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy

4945:. US Federation of Worker Cooperatives. Archived from 4887: 4875: 4483: 3296:

Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

3099:

The Workplace as a political entity to be democratized

2606:

state of abundance, or sacrificing freedom of choice.

2427:

Banks are public, not private, institutions that make

2172:

Enclosures, "perhaps half of the whole population was

1709:. Organisations typically endeavor to 1) minimize the 5840:

After Occupy: Economic Democracy for the 21st Century

5058: 5056: 5054: 5004: 3968: 3966: 5298: 5188:

What is a Consumer Cooperative? – Cooperative Grocer

5183: 5181: 4961: 4791: 4641:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 3482: 3480: 3462: 2969:, through which they collectively purchase goods at 2807:

According to Smith, all monetary systems, including

2584:

Economic democracy as part of an inclusive democracy

4923: 4911: 4899: 4863: 4803: 4767: 4412: 4369: 4119:

The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism

3452: 3450: 3448: 5942: 5813: 5634:The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism 5571: 5051: 4839: 4779: 4667: 4277: 4244: 3978: 3963: 3826: 3682: 1959:The rise of corporations and ending labor shortage 1801:The discipline of economics is largely a study of 5574:We Hold These Truths: The Hope of Monetary Reform 5532:. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing. 5470:Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons 5178: 4424: 4207: 4205: 3477: 1620: 6632: 5680:Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis 5360:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy 4737: 4725: 4628: 4526:Hoyt, Lorlene; Luviene, Nicholas; Stitely, Amy. 3445: 2246:According to historian and political economist, 5780:De Magalhães, L. M., & Ferrero, L. (2010). 2869:United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives 2386: 1818:. For example, Henry George further suggested: 5766:. the Institute for Economic Democracy Press. 5636:. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 5255:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 4525: 4202: 4146:(4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375. 3016: 3000:were originally established to provide fresh, 2497:Schweickart's economic democracy is a form of 5983: 5657:Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos Or Community? 5619:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co. 5416:"Co-ops: giving real power back to consumers" 4836:, pp. 2, 13, 22, 90, 102, 113, 124, 220. 4071: 2694:that retain the title, "economic democracy". 2407:as starting points for what he has termed a " 1492: 646: 4196:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 4121:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 19. 3804:. New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. 3161:United States Individual Development Account 2005:, donate copiously to politicians, and sway 1985:creation, a fundamental need in any society. 5720: 5706:. Auburn, Ala: Ludwig von Mises Institute. 5023: 5021: 5019: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4513: 4477: 4465: 4430: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4022: 3649: 3634: 3622: 3599: 3510: 3498: 3399: 3182:argued that ownership and control over the 2130:The Political Struggle for the 21st century 1846: 5990: 5976: 5592: 5442: 5353: 5248: 4555: 4387: 3892:"The Trillion Dollar Income Shift, Part 1" 3833:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 2613:decisions), and secure freedom of choice ( 2414:Alternately, David Schweickart proposes a 1633:the profitable sale of the total output". 1499: 1485: 653: 639: 6398:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity 5228:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 5205: 4979: 4345:King, Martin Luther Jr (16 August 1967). 3744:Community Organizing: Theory and Practice 3680: 3526:Community Organizing: Theory and Practice 3086:Learn how and when to remove this message 2297: 5945:Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism 5880: 5834: 5508: 5252:Justice as fairness : a restatement 5223: 5100: 5082:. Canadian Worker Co-op Federation. 2012 5016: 4967: 4670:Modern environmentalism: An Introduction 4501: 4489: 4284:. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 4280:Democracy At Work: A Cure For Capitalism 4251:. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 4247:Democracy At Work: A Cure For Capitalism 4141: 4083:Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism 4040:Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism 3855: 3428:"Economic democracy in the 21st Century" 3425: 2928: 2501:, at least insofar as the allocation of 2193:–era taxes on business and the rich and 5918: 5856: 5811: 5789: 5324: 4986:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 4743: 4674:. London; New York: Routledge. p. 4211: 3996: 3824: 3771: 3568: 1951:and to organize economic activity into 6633: 5631: 5614: 5527: 5466: 5413: 5370: 5103:"Dewey and the Mondragon Cooperatives" 5062: 5029:"US Federation of Worker Cooperatives" 4761: 4698: 4665: 4634: 4418: 4166: 4116: 3972: 3948: 3920: 3889: 3799: 3740: 3709: 3572:Wall Street: How It Works and For Whom 3556: 3522: 3486: 3471: 2961:. Consumer cooperatives may also form 2907:According to Kenneth W. Stikkers, the 2856: 2788:should be legislated as human rights. 1788:Monopoly power versus purchasing power 6374: 6013: 5971: 5937: 5899: 5761: 5739: 5694: 5674: 5304: 5292: 5219: 5217: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4275: 4242: 4193: 3877: 3668: 3456: 2851:Statement on the Cooperative Identity 2375:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2358:entrusted to them. This means that a 2179: 6576:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 5904:. Institute for Economic Democracy. 5764:Money: A Mirror Image of the Economy 5650: 5569: 5557: 5546: 5499: 5010: 4773: 4731: 4375: 4344: 3984: 3858:The Political Economy of Imperialism 3068:adding citations to reliable sources 3039: 2984: 2943:is owned by its customers for their 2742:Monopoly power versus public utility 2697: 1827:For example, many analysts consider 1735:Savings, investment and unemployment 6615:History of the cooperative movement 6086:International Co-operative Alliance 5863:Participation and Democratic Theory 2795:for all. Federated regions collect 13: 5473:. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. 5414:DeNies, Ramona (29 January 2003). 5354:Fotopoulos, Takis (October 2008). 5214: 4707:. New York: Verso Books. pp. 4431:Schweickart, David (Spring 1992). 4218:. City Lights Publishers. p. 4167:Harvey, David (5 September 2008). 3132:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement 2847:International Cooperative Alliance 2451:. The original formulation of the 2403:, municipally owned utilities and 1997:to the same protections as living 14: 6677: 6014: 5504:. University of California Press. 5452:. Democracy Collaborative Press. 5327:Economic and Industrial Democracy 5249:Rawls, John; Kelly, Erin (2001). 4144:The Dictionary of Human Geography 3400:Schweickart, David (March 2016). 3157:United Kingdom's Child Trust Fund 2646: 2453:U.S. Humphrey-Hawkins Act of 1978 1751:, and that concentration of such 1473:Business and economics portal 5820:. Cape Breton University Press. 3999:"The Public Purpose Corporation" 3044: 2967:co-operative wholesale societies 2659: 2062:The Trillion Dollar Income Shift 1841:The Trillion Dollar Income Shift 1466: 622: 5502:A Preface to Economic Democracy 5277: 5242: 5199: 5157: 5135: 5094: 5068: 4973: 4935: 4692: 4659: 4549: 4519: 4381: 4338: 4269: 4236: 4198:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 4187: 4160: 4135: 4110: 4028: 3990: 3942: 3914: 3883: 3849: 3829:The International Patent System 3818: 3793: 3765: 3734: 3710:Jarvis, Brooke (4 March 2010). 3703: 3674: 3562: 3516: 3055:needs additional citations for 2818: 1917:A Preface To Economic Democracy 606:Latin America and the Caribbean 6468:Socially responsible investing 5866:. Cambridge University Press. 4703:Parecon: Life After Capitalism 4556:Alperovitz, Gar (1 May 2013). 4142:Johnston, Ronald John (2000). 3997:MacLeod, Greg (4 April 2009). 3890:Rasmus, Jack (February 2007). 3825:Penrose, Edith Tilton (1951). 3419: 3393: 3368: 3343: 3318: 3266:Progressive utilization theory 2724:Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend 2600:Towards An Inclusive Democracy 2102: 1621:Deficiency of effective demand 1: 6091:Cooperative wholesale society 5600:. London; New York: Cassell. 5578:. Aurora, CO: Tendril Press. 5313: 5101:Stikkers, Kenneth W. (2011). 3681:Wilkinson, Richard G (2009). 3376:"What is Economic Democracy?" 3201:Active labour market policies 2965:. These may take the form of 2459: 2435:payments but no repayment of 2399:and other cooperative forms, 2110:Dictionary of Human Geography 1858:In 1911, American journalist 1368:Commons-based peer production 1088:Socialism of the 21st century 418:Democracy and economic growth 23:Democracy and economic growth 6514:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 6267:Health insurance cooperative 6130:Savings and loan association 5725:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5116:(2): 195–197. Archived from 4003:Harvard International Review 3174: 2799:on land and technology to a 2387:Social control of investment 611:Middle East and North Africa 478:Peaceful transition of power 7: 5923:. Independently Published. 5721:Schweickart, David (2002). 5550:Self-Government in Industry 5509:Ellerman, David P. (1990). 5379:University of Chicago Press 5224:Ferreras, Isabelle (2017). 4980:Wilkinson, Richard (2009). 4943:"About Worker Cooperatives" 3741:Biklen, Douglas P. (1983). 3575:. New York: Verso. p. 3523:Biklen, Douglas P. (1983). 3251:List of worker cooperatives 3193: 3017:Regional trading currencies 2482:, labor, and money are all 2097:financial crisis of 2007–08 1887:before the series of great 508:Proportional representation 10: 6682: 6375: 5885:. New Society Publishers. 5660:. New York: Beacon Press. 5403:Journal of Comparative Law 4746:Credit-Power and Democracy 4347:"Where Do We Go From Here" 4276:Wolff, Richard D. (2012). 3955:. London & Edinburgh: 2988: 2932: 2860: 2822: 2813:fractional-reserve banking 2745: 2663: 2587: 2301: 2234:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 2141:. Rhetorically termed as " 1585:, it opens a path to full 20: 6610: 6582:United Farmers of Alberta 6568: 6537: 6481: 6406: 6385: 6381: 6370: 6327: 6280: 6259: 6221: 6188: 6143: 6110: 6103: 6071: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6009: 5695:Mises, Ludwig V (2006) . 5682:. Yale University Press. 5570:Cook, Richard C. (2008). 5076:"What is a Worker Co-op?" 4443:(1): 9–38. Archived from 4243:Wolff, Richard D (2012). 4212:Parenti, Michael (1995). 3860:. Zed Books. p. 251. 3513:, pp. 36, 40–43, 95. 3241:Guaranteed minimum income 3149:worker-owned cooperatives 3145:property-owning democracy 2952:From Mondragon To America 2811:, should function within 2213:, the current assault on 862:Socialist-oriented market 6594:Nepal Co-operative Party 5563:Guild Socialism Restated 5339:10.1177/0143831X01221005 5193:17 December 2007 at the 4699:Albert, Michael (2003). 4635:Howard, Michael (2000). 4388:Alperovitz, Gar (2013). 4194:Lenin, Vladimir (1916). 3949:Belloc, Hilaire (1912). 3772:Robbins, Lionel (1932). 3355:New Economics Foundation 3351:"The Democratic Economy" 3312: 3306:Workers' self-management 3231:Employee stock ownership 2963:Co-operative Federations 2887:In worker cooperatives, 2475:The Great Transformation 2153:. Just as cities in the 1947:to accumulate unlimited 1903:, when Adam Smith wrote 1853:enclosure of the commons 1847:Enclosure of the commons 1764:than to stockpile cash. 563:Wars between democracies 543:Territorial peace theory 388:Democratic confederalism 21:Not to be confused with 18:Socioeconomic philosophy 5881:Restakis, John (2010). 5652:King, Dr. Martin Luther 5615:George, Henry (1912) . 5547:Cole, G. D. H. (1917). 5500:Dahl, Robert A (1985). 5206:van der Vliet, Merijn. 5154:Retrieved 27 July 2013. 3330:Democracy Collaborative 2633:participatory economics 2449:employer of last resort 2143:survival of the fittest 2137:typically characterize 2087:According to economist 2048:but extended corporate 1955:governed enterprises." 1595:democratic cooperatives 1557:deficiency of effective 1534:) to a larger group of 548:Tyranny of the majority 483:Political demonstration 393:Democratic peace theory 368:Deliberative referendum 6423:Cooperative federalism 6418:Co-operative economics 5812:MacLeod, Greg (1999). 5632:Harvey, David (2010). 5528:Engler, Allan (2010). 5467:Barnes, Peter (2006). 4744:Douglas, C.H. (1933). 4666:Pepper, David (1996). 4117:Harvey, David (2011). 3927:The Devil's Dictionary 3856:Nadudere, Dan (1977). 3800:George, Henry (1998). 3569:Henwood, Doug (1997). 3426:Malleson, Tom (2014). 3029: 2941:consumers' cooperative 2909:Mondragon cooperatives 2885: 2736: 2488:fictitious commodities 2419:firms with profitable 2409:Pluralist Commonwealth 2384: 2347: 2304:Worker self-management 2298:Worker self-management 2260: 2244: 2219: 2169: 2126: 1987: 1869: 1825: 1799: 1732: 1524:corporate shareholders 373:Democratic backsliding 363:Criticism of democracy 6236:Community wind energy 6032:Primary cooperative ( 5919:Winters, Tom (2018). 5900:Smith, J. W. (2006). 5421:The Portland Alliance 4437:Science & Society 3246:Libertarian socialism 3216:Cooperative economics 3171:'s coupon socialism. 3024: 2929:Consumer cooperatives 2880: 2836:consumer cooperatives 2731: 2598:in Takis Fotopoulos' 2379: 2331: 2316:According to veteran 2255: 2239: 2187: 2164: 2151:corporate imperialism 2121: 1974: 1905:The Wealth of Nations 1864: 1820: 1794: 1768:of effective demand. 1727: 1676:asserts in his book, 1661:wealth. According to 428:Electoral competition 408:Democratic transition 383:Democratic centralism 378:Democratic capitalism 6003:mutual organizations 5797:. Bloomfield Books. 5762:Smith, J.W. (2007). 5163:Winters, Tom (2018) 4601:, pp. 135, 136. 3689:. Bloomsbury Press. 3226:Democratic socialism 3064:improve this article 2935:Consumer cooperative 2464:Hungarian historian 2078:real weekly earnings 1995:Fourteenth Amendment 1741:Progress and Poverty 1514:(sometimes called a 1398:Newly industrialized 1141:Collective ownership 1002:Vertical archipelago 403:Democratic socialism 6661:Worker cooperatives 6393:Rochdale Principles 6340:Agent-owned company 6125:Mutual savings bank 5080:canadianworker.coop 4949:on 17 November 2011 3326:"Democracy Economy" 3291:Worker co-operative 3184:means of production 3107:Political theorist 2975:Co-operative unions 2959:Rochdale Principles 2876:workplace democracy 2857:Worker cooperatives 2840:worker cooperatives 2759:economic efficiency 2596:inclusive democracy 2590:Inclusive democracy 2326:employment contract 2203:profit maximization 2159:means of production 1935:of wealth, income, 1881:Enclosures Movement 1862:defined "land" as: 1816:artificial scarcity 1686:means of production 1627:economic geographer 1575:artificial scarcity 1536:public stakeholders 1383:Inclusive Democracy 629:Politics portal 423:Democracy promotion 398:Democratic republic 6641:Economic democracy 6588:Co-operative Party 6473:Solidarity economy 6433:Economic democracy 6198:Collective farming 5795:Economic Democracy 5381:. pp. 74–99. 5295:, preface; p. 443. 5039:on 6 February 2012 4860:, pp. 17, 54. 4824:, pp. 2, 187. 4447:on 11 January 2007 3959:. pp. 72, 74. 3722:on 13 October 2011 3206:Citizen's dividend 2863:Worker cooperative 2688:Economic Democracy 2535:Market competition 2401:social enterprises 2211:Glass-Steagall Act 2180:Alternative models 1991:U.S. Supreme Court 1949:economic resources 1910:economies of scale 1711:cost of production 1573:typically creates 1532:board of directors 1528:corporate managers 1516:democratic economy 1512:Economic democracy 1321:Material balancing 803:Buddhist economics 568:Waves of democracy 528:Right to candidacy 498:Popular referendum 488:Political equality 358:Citizens' assembly 6628: 6627: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6569:Political parties 6524:Rochdale Pioneers 6519:David Schweickart 6458:Social enterprise 6410:economic theories 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6323: 6322: 6099: 6098: 5939:Wolff, Richard D. 5773:978-1-933567-12-9 5713:978-1-933550-03-9 5643:978-0-19-975871-5 5607:978-0-304-33628-9 5594:Fotopoulos, Takis 5585:978-0-9802190-1-2 5539:978-1-55266-346-2 5480:978-1-57675-361-3 5459:978-0-471-66730-8 5013:, pp. 92–93. 4997:978-1-60819-036-2 4896:, pp. 16–17. 4884:, pp. 2, 84. 4718:978-1-85984-698-8 4685:978-0-415-05745-5 4516:, pp. 47–49. 4504:, pp. 44–49. 4480:, pp. 47–48. 4295:978-1-60846-247-6 4262:978-1-60846-247-6 4229:978-0-87286-298-2 4078:Wolff, Richard D. 4035:Wolff, Richard D. 3952:The Servile State 3811:978-0-911312-83-6 3696:978-1-60819-036-2 3637:, pp. 42–43. 3586:978-0-86091-495-2 3501:, pp. 22–23. 3141:liberal socialism 3109:Isabelle Ferreras 3096: 3095: 3088: 2998:Food cooperatives 2985:Food cooperatives 2867:According to the 2845:According to the 2698:National dividend 2624:freedom of choice 2620:personal vouchers 2539:non-authoritarian 2492:natural resources 2322:David P. Ellerman 2320:economic adviser 2147:might makes right 2042:limited liability 1873:The Servile State 1739:In his 1879 book 1722:Douglas P. Biklen 1703:Supply and demand 1684:"The bulk of the 1674:David Schweickart 1509: 1508: 1019:By regional model 813:Sabbath economics 663: 662: 518:Right to petition 6673: 6656:Market socialism 6651:Economic systems 6383: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6335:Friendly society 6272:Mutual insurance 6135:Building society 6108: 6107: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6010: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5948: 5934: 5915: 5896: 5877: 5853: 5831: 5819: 5808: 5777: 5758: 5736: 5723:After Capitalism 5717: 5701: 5691: 5671: 5647: 5628: 5611: 5589: 5577: 5566: 5554: 5543: 5524: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5487:on 23 March 2013 5483:. Archived from 5463: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5392: 5367: 5350: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5185: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5144:(24 June 2012). 5142:Richard D. Wolff 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5035:. Archived from 5025: 5014: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4983:The Spirit Level 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4706: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4673: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4632: 4626: 4623:Schweickart 2002 4620: 4614: 4611:Schweickart 2002 4608: 4602: 4599:Schweickart 2002 4596: 4590: 4587:Schweickart 2002 4584: 4578: 4577: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4523: 4517: 4514:Schweickart 2002 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4478:Schweickart 2002 4475: 4469: 4466:Schweickart 2002 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4405:978-160358-491-3 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4357:on 21 March 2012 4353:. 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Archived from 3707: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3653: 3650:Schweickart 2002 3647: 3638: 3635:Schweickart 2002 3632: 3626: 3623:Schweickart 2002 3620: 3603: 3600:Schweickart 2002 3597: 3591: 3590: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3520: 3514: 3511:Schweickart 2002 3508: 3502: 3499:Schweickart 2002 3496: 3490: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3322: 3301:Workers' control 3286:Social ownership 3271:Social democracy 3256:Market socialism 3236:Energy democracy 3211:Co-determination 3180:Ludwig von Mises 3091: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3048: 3040: 2991:Food cooperative 2922:Richard D. Wolff 2755:Western cultures 2622:, which ensures 2577:market socialism 2543:non-bureaucratic 2343:private property 2157:monopolized the 2089:Richard D. Wolff 2074:Great Depression 1982:corporate person 1879:referred to the 1808:economic problem 1715:effective demand 1678:After Capitalism 1591:decentralization 1587:political rights 1579:purchasing power 1571:common resources 1550:effective demand 1501: 1494: 1487: 1471: 1470: 1229:Municipalization 1214:Financialization 1184:Collectivization 1166:Social ownership 1156:Private property 1150:Common ownership 1108:Common ownership 922:Closed (autarky) 879:State capitalism 857:Socialist market 842:Market socialist 678:Economic systems 665: 664: 655: 648: 641: 627: 626: 523:Right to protest 473:Nomination rules 28: 27: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6598: 6564: 6533: 6499:David Griffiths 6477: 6438:Guild socialism 6411: 6409: 6402: 6377: 6358: 6319: 6315:Social services 6276: 6255: 6217: 6184: 6168:Housing society 6163:Student housing 6139: 6095: 6067: 6016: 6005: 5996: 5961: 5951:Haymarket Books 5931: 5912: 5893: 5874: 5858:Patemen, Carole 5850: 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4360: 4358: 4351:writespirit.net 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4210: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4088:Haymarket Books 4076: 4072: 4045:Haymarket Books 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3964: 3947: 3943: 3922:Bierce, Ambrose 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3798: 3794: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3716:yesmagazine.org 3708: 3704: 3697: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3406:The Next System 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3276:Social dividend 3196: 3188:consumer choice 3177: 3126:political power 3122: 3101: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3061: 3049: 3038: 3019: 3002:organic produce 2993: 2987: 2937: 2931: 2865: 2859: 2827: 2821: 2763:quality of life 2750: 2744: 2700: 2668: 2662: 2649: 2592: 2586: 2570:corporate bonds 2562:Finance capital 2526:price mechanism 2462: 2445:full employment 2389: 2306: 2300: 2215:Social Security 2182: 2105: 2058:The War At Home 2050:property rights 2038:self-government 2026:proprietorships 1961: 1849: 1790: 1753:unearned wealth 1737: 1642:economic system 1623: 1611:food production 1607:regionalization 1583:economic rights 1505: 1465: 1458: 1457: 1423:Post-industrial 1418:Post-capitalist 1378:Hunter-gatherer 1363: 1355: 1354: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1239:Nationalization 1199:Demutualization 1194:Corporatization 1179: 1171: 1170: 1161:State ownership 1136: 1128: 1127: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1020: 1012: 1011: 982:Robinson Crusoe 917: 916:By coordination 909: 908: 893:Traditionalist 753:Neomercantilist 713: 705: 686: 659: 621: 616: 615: 581: 573: 572: 453:Majoritarianism 413:Democratization 348: 340: 339: 74: 64: 33:Politics series 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6555:United Kingdom 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Neo-capitalism 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6026: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6006: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5960:978-1608462476 5959: 5935: 5930:978-1726628839 5929: 5916: 5910: 5897: 5892:978-0865716513 5891: 5878: 5872: 5854: 5849:978-0199330102 5848: 5832: 5826: 5809: 5803: 5791:Douglas, C. H. 5787: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5737: 5731: 5718: 5712: 5692: 5672: 5666: 5648: 5642: 5629: 5612: 5606: 5590: 5584: 5567: 5559:Cole, G. D. H. 5555: 5544: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5506: 5497: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5388:978-0226818399 5387: 5368: 5351: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5307:, p. 158. 5297: 5285: 5276: 5261: 5241: 5234: 5213: 5198: 5177: 5173:978-1726628839 5156: 5134: 5123:on 26 May 2013 5093: 5067: 5050: 5015: 5003: 4996: 4972: 4960: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4800:, p. xiv. 4790: 4778: 4776:, p. 164. 4766: 4751: 4736: 4724: 4717: 4691: 4684: 4658: 4651: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4573:978-1603585040 4572: 4548: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4423: 4411: 4404: 4380: 4378:, p. 163. 4368: 4337: 4325: 4323:, p. 151. 4313: 4301: 4294: 4268: 4261: 4235: 4228: 4215:Against Empire 4201: 4186: 4159: 4152: 4134: 4128:978-0199836840 4127: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4027: 4015: 3989: 3977: 3962: 3941: 3913: 3882: 3863: 3848: 3817: 3810: 3792: 3764: 3757: 3733: 3702: 3695: 3673: 3654: 3639: 3627: 3604: 3592: 3585: 3561: 3546: 3539: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3476: 3474:, p. 107. 3461: 3444: 3432:Open Democracy 3418: 3392: 3367: 3342: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3281:Social economy 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3261:Profit sharing 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3176: 3173: 3121: 3118: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3018: 3015: 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2945:mutual benefit 2933:Main article: 2930: 2927: 2861:Main article: 2858: 2855: 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2797:resource rents 2774:communications 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2704:Capitalism 3.0 2699: 2696: 2672:public utility 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2653:reform agendas 2648: 2647:Reform agendas 2645: 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2509:is concerned. 2499:market economy 2461: 2458: 2393:Gar Alperovitz 2388: 2385: 2352:capital assets 2302:Main article: 2299: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2248:Gar Alperovitz 2181: 2178: 2116:Vladimir Lenin 2104: 2101: 2084:took office". 2007:public opinion 1960: 1957: 1953:hierarchically 1923:suggests that 1921:Robert A. Dahl 1901:Capitalism 3.0 1877:Hilaire Belloc 1860:Ambrose Bierce 1848: 1845: 1812:monopoly power 1789: 1786: 1774:invisible hand 1749:economic rents 1736: 1733: 1700: 1699: 1696:wage labourers 1692: 1689: 1646:exchange value 1622: 1619: 1599:public banking 1507: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Resource-based 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1219:Liberalization 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1137: 1135:Property types 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1084:Latin America 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 899: 891: 886: 881: 876: 875: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 824: 823: 822: 817: 816: 815: 805: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 771: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 704: 703: 698: 693: 687: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 661: 660: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 632: 631: 618: 617: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 558:War referendum 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 448:Libertarianism 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 347:Related topics 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 281: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 250: 248:Representative 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 63: 62: 57: 52: 46: 43: 42: 36: 35: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6678: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6560:United States 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6529:Beatrice Webb 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489:G. D. H. Cole 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482:Key theorists 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6408:Political and 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:Reforestation 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6025:By governance 6023: 6019: 6015:Organizations 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5911:1-933567-02-3 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5873:0-521-29004-X 5869: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836:Malleson, Tom 5833: 5829: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5804:0-904656-06-3 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5754:1-933567-01-5 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5732:0-7425-1299-1 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5667:0-8070-0571-1 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5520:0-04-445743-X 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333:(1): 99–142. 5332: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5235:9781108245043 5231: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5119: 5115: 5112:. 2036-4091. 5111: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5033:usworker.coop 5030: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4968:Ellerman 1990 4964: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4932:, p. 13. 4931: 4926: 4920:, p. 16. 4919: 4914: 4908:, p. 15. 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4872:, p. xv. 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4812:, p. 14. 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4662: 4654: 4652:0-8476-8905-0 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4625:, p. 63. 4624: 4619: 4613:, p. 49. 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4589:, p. 56. 4588: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4552: 4536: 4535:colab.mit.edu 4529: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4502:Ellerman 1990 4498: 4492:, p. 56. 4491: 4490:Ellerman 1990 4486: 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. 47. 4467: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4335:, p. 46. 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4311:, p. 45. 4310: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4173:Video Lecture 4170: 4163: 4155: 4153:0-631-20561-6 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025:, p. 96. 4024: 4019: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3987:, p. 50. 3986: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3758:0-13-153676-1 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3652:, p. 97. 3651: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3602:, p. 17. 3601: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3540:0-13-153676-1 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3090: 3087: 3079: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3053:This section 3051: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2950:In his book, 2948: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2913:Basque region 2910: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2809:money markets 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2767:working hours 2765:, and reduce 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702:In his book, 2695: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2684:C. H. Douglas 2681: 2680:Social Credit 2677: 2673: 2667: 2666:Social credit 2660:Social credit 2657: 2654: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2615:microeconomic 2612: 2611:macroeconomic 2607: 2605: 2604:post-scarcity 2601: 2597: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515:raw materials 2512: 2508: 2507:capital goods 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2416:flat-rate tax 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:credit unions 2394: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2356:capital stock 2353: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2232:For example, 2230: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2128:In his book, 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2082:Ronald Reagan 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:Supreme Court 2012:But, despite 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1971: 1970:royal charter 1967: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:revolutionary 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895:According to 1893: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672:Alternately, 1670: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:socioeconomic 1517: 1513: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1428:Post-scarcity 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Expeditionary 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249:Socialization 1247: 1245: 1244:Privatization 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234:Mutualization 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224:Marketization 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1209:Expropriation 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189:Communization 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 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