1607:
1755:
2444:
2322:
3154:, who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy: electoral regime, political participation, civil rights, horizontal accountability, and the power of the elected representatives to govern. The five internal regimes work together to check the power of the government, while external regimes also help to secure and stabilize embedded democracies. Together, all the regimes ensure that an embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental principles of freedom, equality, and control.
1916:
3203:
1402:
582:
1877:
2573:
1687:
2800:, who notes that representative democracy as it exists is usually linked solely to highly developed capitalist countries. However, newly installed democracies do not seem to be on a path of becoming fully representative democracies, and instead exhibit authoritarian tendencies. O'Donnell calls the former delegative democracies, for they are not fully consolidated democracies but may be enduring.
3179:: the self-serving use of state institutions (regarding abuses of electoral and judicial institutions such as voter intimidation and voter fraud); the overuse of state resources (to gain influence and/or power over proportional representation media, and use legal resources to disturb constitutional change); and the disruption of civil liberties (such as freedom of speech/press and association).
2200:(IDEA), there are twenty hybrid regimes. "International IDEA compiles data from 12 different data sources, including expert surveys and observational data includes the extent to which voting rights are inclusive, political parties are free to form and campaign for office, elections are free, and political offices are filled through elections." IDEA defined hybrid regimes as:
2804:
is partially democratic, for the president has a free rein to act and justify his or her acts in the name of the people. The president can "govern as he sees fit" even if it does not resemble promises made while running for election. The president claims to represent the whole nation rather than just a political party, embodying even the legislature and the judiciary.
2487:"Freedom House assign scores to countries and territories across the globe on 10 indicators of political rights (e.g., whether there is a realistic opportunity for opposition parties to gain power through elections) and 15 indicators of civil liberties (e.g., whether there is a free and independent media)." Freedom House classifies transitional or hybrid regimes as:
3121:. While there are four forms of defective democracy, how each nation reaches the point of defectiveness varies. One recurring theme is the geographical location of the nation, which includes the effects of the influence of surrounding nations in the region. Other causes for defective democracies include their path of modernization, level of modernization,
3072:, or as a "regime that mixes democratic with autocratic features". Another definition classifies anocracy as "a regime that permits some means of participation through opposition group behavior but that has incomplete development of mechanisms to redress grievances." The term "semi-democratic" is reserved for stable regimes that combine democratic and
1530:. "Some scholars argue that deficient democracies and deficient autocracies can be seen as examples of hybrid regimes, whereas others argue that hybrid regimes combine characteristics of both democratic and autocratic regimes." Scholars also debate if these regimes are in transition or are inherently a stable political system.
3351:"Some scholars argue that deficient democracies and deficient autocracies can be seen as examples of hybrid regimes, whereas others argue that hybrid regimes combine characteristics of both democratic and autocratic regimes." Scholars also debate if these regimes are in transition or are inherently a stable political system.
1895:"The EIU Democracy Index is based on ratings across 60 indicators, grouped into five categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, the functioning of government, political participation and political culture." The Democracy Index defines hybrid regimes with the following characteristics:
7018:
Thus, there is a real danger of 'pseudo-democracy', especially because elections can be manipulated and often are. In these cases, elections and other democratic institutions are simply adapted patterns of authoritarianism, not democracy in some imperfect form, having the dual purpose of legitimising
1560:
a system characterized by weak checks and balances on executive powers, flawed or even suspended elections, fragmented opposition forces, state restrictions on media freedoms, intellectuals, and civil society organizations, curbs on the independence of the judiciary and disregard for rule of law, the
2803:
For a representative democracy to exist, there must be an important interaction effect. The successful cases have featured a decisive coalition of broadly supported political leaders who take great care in creating and strengthening democratic political institutions. By contrast, the delegative form
1572:
a political regime that combines some democratic and some autocratic elements in a significant manner. It is not, however, a mere half-way category: hybrid regimes have their own distinct dynamics that do not simply amount to half of what we would see in a democracy plus half of what we would see in
3080:
and democracies in their capability to maintain authority, political dynamics, and policy agendas. Anocratic regimes have democratic institutions that allow for nominal amounts of competition. Such regimes are particularly susceptible to outbreaks of armed conflict and unexpected or adverse changes
2664:
Electoral authoritarianism means that democratic institutions are imitative and, due to numerous systematic violations of liberal democratic norms, in fact adhere to authoritarian methods. Electoral authoritarianism can be competitive and hegemonic, and the latter does not necessarily mean election
1656:
the majority of “transitional countries” are neither completely dictatorial nor aspiring to democracy, and by and large they cannot be called transitional. They are located in the politically stable gray zone, changes in which may not take place for decades. Thus, he stated that hybrid regimes must
1584:
a set of institutions that have been persistent, be they stable or unstable, for about a decade, have been preceded by authoritarianism, a traditional regime (possibly with colonial characteristics), or even a minimal democracy and are characterized by the break-up of limited pluralism and forms of
6670:
6648:
3182:
Currently, within the political sphere, Competitive
Authoritarianism has become a crucial regime type that has grown exponentially since the Post-Soviet era in multiple world regions without signs of slowing. On the contrary, there has been growth of Competitive Authoritarianism within previously
1661:
Hybrid regimes have evolved to lean more authoritarian while keeping some democratic traits. One of the main issues with authoritarian rule is the ability to control the threats from the masses, and democratic elements in hybrid regimes can reduce social tension between the masses and the elite.
7324:
The
Republicans had come to see themselves as the natural governing party of the United States. Leaving aside the Cleveland and Wilson accidents, they had been in power since Grant's day. If Republican delegates declared an uncharismatic Hoover worthy of the presidency, voters were unlikely to
3167:
and of the wider Hybrid Regime regime type. This regime type was created to encapsulate states that contained formal democratic institutions that rulers viewed as the principal means of obtaining and exercising legitimate political authority with a meaningful opposition and other semblances of
1838:
Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize
6681:
2655:
over a "hybrid system". Authoritarian governments that conduct elections are in many scholars view not hybrids, but are successful well-institutionalized stable authoritarian regimes. Democratic elements can simultaneously serve authoritarian purposes and contribute to democratization.
1666:, some regimes became stuck in the transition to democracy, causing the creation of weak democratic institutions. This results from a lack of institutional ownership during critical points in the transition period leading the regime into a gray zone between democracy and autocracy.
2726:
sense", while political scientist Ulrich
Wagrandl argues that "illiberal democracy is actually more true to democracy’s roots". Other theorists say that classifying illiberal democracy as democratic is overly sympathetic to the illiberal regimes and therefore prefer terms such as
2716:. While liberal democracies protect individual rights and freedoms, illiberal democracies do not. Elections in an illiberal democracy are often manipulated or rigged, being used to legitimize and consolidate the incumbent rather than to choose the country's leaders and policies.
2753:, or one-party dominant system, is a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties. Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a
1673:. Defective democratic stability is an indicator to explain and measure these new forms of autocracies. Additionally, approval ratings of political leaders play an important role in these types of regimes, and democratic elements can drive up the ratings of a
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not diminished subtypes, since they do not lack the full development of a characteristic, but rather they exhibit a mixture of characteristics of both basic types, so that they simultaneously combine autocratic and democratic dimensions or
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Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of
1677:
leader creating a tool not utilized previously. Today, 'hybrid regime' is a term used to explain a growing field of political development where authoritarian leaders incorporate elements of democracy that stabilize their regimes.
2204:
Combination of the elements of authoritarianism with democracy ... These often adopt the formal characteristics of democracy (while allowing little real competition for power) with weak respect for basic political and civil
2879:
as the head of the ruling dictatorial government, and attempted to reduce tensions in the country by repealing some of the harsher measures that Primo de Rivera had introduced. It was also used to refer to the later years of
2708:
that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures". There is a lack of consensus among experts about the exact definition of illiberal democracy or whether it even exists.
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1597:
Hybrid regimes have the common feature that they all have competition, although the political elite in power deliberately rearranges state regulations and the political arena as to grant itself undue advantages
2433:
In 2021, 70% of the world population – 5.4 billion people – live in closed or electoral autocracies. A mere 13% of the world's population reside in liberal democracies, and 16% in electoral democracies.
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6022:
2426:
there are 65 hybrid regimes. V-Dem's "Regimes of the World" indicators identify four political regimes: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies.
1637:, such regimes have become the most common among undemocratic countries. At the end of the process of transformation of authoritarian regimes, limited elections appear in one way or another when
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Other names include autocratization, democratic decline, de-democratization, democratic erosion, democratic decay, democratic recession, democratic regression, and democratic deconsolidation.
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democratic political society. However officials violate elections frequently and interfere with opposition organisations causing the regime to miss the minimum conventional standard for
1839:
grassroots bottom-up processes. How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.
2491:
Countries that are typically electoral democracies where democratic institutions are fragile, and substantial challenges to the protection of political rights and civil liberties exist
4174:
1483:. Although these regimes experience civil unrest, they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time. There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the
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6883:
Bonet, Lluis; Zamorano, Mariano Martín (2021). "Cultural policies in illiberal democracies: a conceptual framework based on the Polish and
Hungarian governing experiences".
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In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic
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be considered without the assumption that they will ultimately become democracies. These hybrid regimes were called semi-authoritarianism or electoral authoritarianism.
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while non-alternative elections, appointed at the request of the ruler, are not a sufficient condition for considering the regime conducting them to be hybrid.
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A low degree of representation of the interests of citizens in the process of political decision-making (incapacity of associations of citizens, for example
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in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes. The term "embedded democracy" was coined by political scientists
Wolfgang Merkel,
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1514:, a transition to authoritarianism is the most prevalent basis of hybrid regimes. Some scholars also contend that hybrid regimes may imitate a full
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from the 1970s onward has led to the emergence of hybrid regimes that are neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian. Neither the concept of
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1565:
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Buhllman, Mark; Merkel, Wolfgang; Wessels, Bernhard (April 2008). "The
Quality of Democracy: Democracy Barometer for Established Democracies".
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methods. In these regimes, regular elections are held, but they are accused of failing to reach democratic standards of freedom and fairness.
1606:
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These developments have caused some scholars to believe that hybrid regimes are not poorly functioning democracies, but rather new forms of
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Cassani, Andrea (September 3, 2013). "Hybrid what? Partial consensus and persistent divergences in the analysis of hybrid regimes".
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861:
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Regan, Patrick; Bell, Sam (December 2010). "Changing Lanes or Stuck in the Middle: Why Are
Anocracies More Prone to Civil Wars?".
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there are 34 hybrid regimes, representing approximately 20% of countries, encompassing 17.2% to 20.5% of the world's population.
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with a strong leader in a newly created otherwise democratic government. The concept arose from
Argentinian political scientist
7338:
4040:
Comparing autocracies in the early Twenty-first
Century: Volume 1: Unpacking Autocracies - Explaining Similarity and Difference
8129:
The
Bulletin of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series: Philosophy, Philosophies of Law, Political Science, Sociology
5496:
Chull Shin, Doh (2021). "Democratic deconsolidation in East Asia: exploring system realignments in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan".
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4862:"(PDF) Democratic Transition, Transformation and Development in times of War and Peace: Conceptualisations and Observations"
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in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the
1506:(elections do not lead to a change of power, different media broadcast the government point of view and the opposition in
7648:
2713:
1537:
introduced the notion of "hybrid" regime, which was simply defined as "combining democratic and authoritarian elements".
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irregularities. A. Schedler calls electoral authoritarianism a new form of authoritarian regime, not a hybrid regime or
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84:
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Mietzner, Marcus (2021). "Sources of resistance to democratic decline: Indonesian civil society and its trials".
4456:
Bogaards, Matthijs (2009). "How to classify hybrid regimes? Defective democracy and electoral authoritarianism".
2927:
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independent, autonomous participation, but the absence of at least one of the four aspects of a minimal democracy
1301:
9045:
6944:
5397:
Laebens, Melis G.; Lührmann, Anna (2021). "What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability".
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7526:
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Matthijs Bogaards. 2009. *How to Classify Hybrid Regimes? Defective Democracy and Electoral Authoritarianism".
1108:
1063:
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473:
251:
99:
6699: — Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes?; Department of Political Science ; March 2006
8993:) explores how elections are held in such authoritarian regimes,which are nominally democratic institutions.
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8090:(Report). College Park: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
8006:
Benson, Michelle; Kugler, Jackek (April 1998). "Power Parity, Democracy, and Severity of Internal Violence".
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The declarative nature of political rights and freedoms (formally there is in fact difficult implementation).
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1623:
934:
488:
3540:. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 258–266.
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occurs. Liberal democracy has always been assumed while in practice this process basically froze "halfway".
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Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James (June 2008). "Political Institutions and Civil War: Unpacking Anocracy".
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O'Donnell's notion of delegative democracy has been criticized as being misleading, because he renders the
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69:
40:
7452:
7218:"In Searching for Theory of One-Party Dominance: World Experience of Studying Dominant-Party Systems (II)"
6603:. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 380–393.
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7251:"In Searching for Theory of One-Party Dominance: World Experience of Studying Dominant-Party Systems (I)"
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1920:
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Peace and conflict 2003: A global survey of armed conflicts, self-determination movements, and democracy
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3647:"Regime-Hybridity in Developing Countries: Achievements and Limitations of New Research on Transitions"
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Boese, Vanessa A.; Lundstedt, Martin; Morrison, Kelly; Sato, Yuko; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2022-05-23).
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5586:"Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement"
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6308:
5871:"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization"
5012:
Origins and Outcomes of Electoral Institutions in African Hybrid Regimes: A Comparative Perspective
2495:
In 2022, Freedom House classified 11 of 29 countries analyzed as "Transitional or Hybrid Regimes":
2423:
1718:
The presence of external attributes of democracy (elections, multi-party system, legal opposition).
699:
316:
206:
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Merkel, Wolfgang; Croissant, Aurel (December 2004). "Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies".
5779:"Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1"
4312:
3946:
3472:"Courts between Democracy and Hybrid Authoritarianism: Evidence from the Venezuelan Supreme Court"
3094:(or flawed democracy) is a concept that was proposed by the political scientists Wolfgang Merkel,
3043:. He says that until 1991 "it had never held a meaningful election, but its government epitomized
3023:. Until the 20th century, most countries in Western Europe were "liberal autocracies, or at best,
2209:
As of 2021 the countries considered hybrid regimes by the "Global State of Democracy Report" are:
1618:(blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.
6189:
4965:"Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries"
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3028:
2415:
2326:
1803:
1795:
1357:
924:
246:
8775:"Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes"
6864:"Hungary is no longer a full democracy but an 'electoral autocracy,' MEPs declare in new report"
6216:"Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes"
5778:
9400:
9016:
8084:
7897:
6543:"Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner"
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3047:, protecting its citizens' basic rights and administering a fair court system and bureaucracy".
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1503:
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2722:, illiberal democracy should be counted as a type of democracy because it is "democratic in a
1868:
that publish assessments of the worlds political systems, according to their own definitions.
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Beatriz Magaloni. 2010. "The Game of Electoral Fraud and the Ousting of Authoritarian Rule."
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1502:. Modern scholarly analysis of hybrid regimes focuses attention on the decorative nature of
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2900:
used the term when he was asked about his regime and the accusations about his government.
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Hale, Henry E. (2010). "Eurasian Polities as Hybrid Regimes: The Case of Putin's Russia".
3147:
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8:
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9015:) as well as how officials who came to power in an undemocratic way form election rules (
8173:
7519:"Mexico, 1940–1968 and Beyond: Perfect Dictatorship? Dictablanda? or PRI State Hegemony?"
7267:
7250:
7234:
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6998:
5432:
Daly, Tom Gerald (2019). "Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field".
5106:
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In relation to regimes that were previously called "transitional" in the 1980s, the term
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The researchers conducted a comparative analysis of political regimes around the world (
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8724:"Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes"
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5546:
5038:"Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes"
3737:"Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes"
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votes the same way as the ruling party, among others), from which it is concluded that
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Fearon, James; Laitan, David (February 2003). "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War".
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that is core to many current democratic governments worldwide into a negative concept.
1630:, nor the concept of electoral authoritarianism fully describes these hybrid regimes.
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Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism
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4699:. The Julian J. Rothbaum Distinguished Lecture Series. University of Oklahoma Press.
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Three main instruments are used within Competitive Authoritarian Regimes to maintain
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abuse of human rights by the security forces, and tolerance of authoritarian values.
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Competitive Authoritarian Regimes (or Competitive Authoritarianism) is a subtype of
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7453:"Demokratische Dilemmata: Zum Verhältnis zwischen Repräsentation und Partizipation"
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7410:
7387:
7375:
7262:
7229:
7155:
7007:
6892:
6828:
6752:
6718:
6709:
Brancati, Dawn (May 11, 2014). "Democratic Authoritarianism: Origins and Effects".
6604:
6554:
6268:
6227:
5964:
5917:
5884:
5833:
5790:
5723:
5654:
5600:
5550:
5531:
Hyde, Susan D. (2020). "Democracy's backsliding in the international environment".
5505:
5478:
5441:
5406:
5348:
5232:
5174:
5102:
5049:
4976:
4601:
4562:
4508:
4465:
4384:
4308:
4237:
4152:
4132:
4089:
3942:
3909:
3860:
3827:
3748:
3658:
3541:
3483:
3389:
3307:
3164:
3107:
2984:
2961:
2947:
2921:
2897:
2881:
2719:
2686:
2648:
1711:
1649:
1577:
1448:
1195:
1118:
1088:
962:
704:
684:
508:
264:
118:
9077:
8697:
8680:
7012:
6994:"Liberal Democracy and its Current Illiberal Critique: The Emperor's New Clothes?"
6993:
6896:
6505:
History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 AuthoritariaAuthoritarian States (20th Century)
6273:
6256:
5659:
5642:
5604:
5509:
5410:
5352:
3441:
1494:
arises from a polymorphic view of political regimes that opposes the dichotomy of
9515:
9450:
9385:
9320:
9060:
9049:
9038:
9027:
9023:
9012:
9008:
8997:
8990:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8917:
8859:
The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism
8312:
8210:
8141:
8124:
8057:
7852:
7780:
7767:
7758:
7468:
7159:
6685:
6674:
6663:
6652:
4847:
4694:
4123:
Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2002). "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism".
3436:
3434:
3432:
3208:
3151:
3103:
2833:
2685:
is a hybrid regime, in which democratic institutions are imitative and adhere to
2669:. Moreover, a purely authoritarian regime does not need elections as a source of
2652:
2545:
2419:
2029:
2014:
As of 2021 the countries considered hybrid regimes by the "Democracy Index" are:
1924:
1885:
1825:
1811:
1406:
1379:
1235:
1225:
1022:
919:
586:
568:
393:
378:
8019:
4566:
3864:
9495:
9480:
9440:
9390:
9305:
7142:"From civil war to soft authoritarianism: Sri Lanka in comparative perspective"
6819:
6696:
6502:
Allan Todd; Sally Waller (10 September 2015). Allan Todd; Sally Waller (eds.).
6248:
5889:
5870:
5445:
3313:
3126:
3032:
3016:
2994:
2973:
2969:
2477:
1638:
1463:
one (or vice versa). Hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of
1384:
1315:
1220:
1053:
967:
464:
383:
337:
279:
8531:
8410:
7949:
6832:
6608:
6558:
6438:
6157:
5794:
5236:
4980:
4791:
4665:
4469:
4077:
4030:
3831:
3545:
3429:
1806:, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially
9584:
9550:
9520:
9490:
9365:
9189:
8958:
8800:
8749:
8740:
8723:
8706:
8631:
8592:
8541:
8508:
8469:
8420:
8395:
8228:
8150:
8116:
7984:
7911:
7823:
7725:
7678:
7585:
The Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience
7539:
7476:
7194:
6730:
6656:
6304:
6282:
6241:
5976:
5968:
5929:
5802:
5244:
5186:
5063:
5054:
5037:
4988:
4574:
4520:
4477:
4396:
4388:
4251:
4144:
4101:
3882:
3762:
3753:
3736:
3670:
3495:
3073:
3040:
2885:
2476:
measures the level of political and economic governance in 29 countries from
2473:
1791:
1779:
1770:
1707:
1615:
1611:
1456:
1271:
1166:
1068:
1058:
899:
388:
366:
341:
7701:
7490:
Jackson, Gabriel (Spring 1976). "The Franco Era in Historical Perspective".
7282:
5554:
5163:"Presidential Popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin"
4964:
1836:, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
9270:
8939:
8791:
8607:
8583:
8566:
8484:
8445:
8371:
6232:
6215:
6214:
Lührmann, Anna; Tannenberg, Marcus; Lindberg, Staffan I. (March 19, 2018).
6207:
5562:
5482:
5011:
4342:. Comparative Government and Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 222.
4242:
4225:
3263:
Scholars use a variety of terms to encompass the "grey zones" between full
3102:
at the beginning of the 21st century to subtilize the distinctions between
3069:
2829:
2644:
2609:
2585:
2481:
2139:
1553:
1515:
1320:
1247:
1241:
1215:
1210:
1186:
1176:
1113:
1002:
822:
746:
151:
8623:
8500:
8461:
8387:
8190:
7414:
7379:
7019:
the incumbent's rule and guarding it from any danger of democratic change.
6946:
The People Vs. Democracy - Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It
5770:
4606:
4589:
4136:
4093:
2640:
with many different terms that describe specific types of hybrid regimes.
9525:
9505:
9485:
9435:
9380:
9315:
9310:
9275:
8966:
8849:
7799:
6140:
The Global State of Democracy 2021: Building resilience in a Pandemic Era
5944:
4770:
Morlino, Leonardo; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Badie, Bertrand (6 March 2017).
4512:
3703:
3268:
3264:
2823:
2793:
2789:
2629:
2605:
2224:
2179:
2024:
1722:
1526:
Scholars vary on the definition of hybrid regimes based on their primary
1480:
1325:
1310:
1252:
1123:
987:
786:
781:
761:
751:
741:
455:
420:
323:
311:
176:
8757:
8567:"What Do We Know about Hybrid Regimes after Two Decades of Scholarship?"
8219:
8164:
Croissant, Aurel; Merkel, Wolfgang (2019-02-13). "Defective Democracy".
7831:
7733:
7547:
7503:
7440:. University of Notre Dame: Kellogg Institute for International Studies.
7202:
7182:
6840:
6814:
5984:
5897:
5194:
5162:
5071:
4226:"What Do We Know about Hybrid Regimes after Two Decades of Scholarship?"
3787:
Shaping the Developing World: The West, the South, and the Natural World
3678:
3503:
3202:
1401:
581:
9370:
9260:
8773:
Lührmann, Anna; Tannenberg, Marcus; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2018-03-19).
8656:
8372:"Elections Without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism"
7807:
7709:
6855:
6138:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2021).
5952:
5937:
3646:
3471:
3143:
3020:
2954:
2723:
2705:
2550:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2169:
2149:
2064:
2044:
2019:
1915:
1534:
1507:
1464:
1330:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1262:
1103:
894:
776:
771:
635:
545:
535:
530:
269:
131:
6566:
6542:
5905:
2950:, also called directed democracy and managed democracy, is a formally
1876:
1828:, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an
9405:
9360:
9250:
9245:
9235:
9219:
9209:
9095:
9042:
8197:
Merkel, Wolfgang (2004-01-01). "Embedded and defective democracies".
5373:
3184:
3169:
3111:
3077:
3065:
3036:
2980:
2965:
2951:
2785:
2581:
2289:
2124:
2074:
1783:
1499:
1495:
1460:
1133:
1027:
1017:
1012:
997:
992:
982:
856:
817:
806:
801:
791:
756:
724:
668:
663:
430:
328:
211:
166:
146:
8923:
Weyland, Kurt. 2024. "Hybrid Regimes in Historical Perspective." in
6375:
Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
4648:
Foundations of comparative politics: democracies of the modern world
4303:
Schedler, Andreas (Aug 1, 2013). "Shaping the Authoritarian Arena".
2991:
prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.
1786:
in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and
9560:
9555:
9330:
9325:
9199:
9152:
6868:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
5821:
5467:
Huq, Aziz Z (2021). "How (not) to explain a democratic recession".
3057:
3024:
2572:
2294:
2234:
2159:
2104:
2079:
1634:
1484:
1472:
1205:
766:
736:
679:
553:
513:
196:
181:
161:
30:
8049:
5869:
Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020).
5334:
5332:
9375:
9280:
9240:
8681:"Overlooked forms of non-democracy? Insights from hybrid regimes"
7626:
A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers.
5685:
Cassani, Andrea; Tomini, Luca (2019). "What Autocratization Is".
5221:"Are there hybrid regimes? Or are they just an optical illusion?"
4167:"Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War"
2535:
2530:
2525:
2510:
2500:
2304:
2279:
2269:
2184:
2174:
2119:
2109:
2089:
2084:
2069:
2039:
2034:
1007:
844:
834:
468:
126:
8103:"Global Report 2014 - Conflict, Governance, and State Fragility"
6747:
Schedler, Andreas (May 15, 2015), "Electoral Authoritarianism",
6036:
5643:"A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?"
4963:
Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (2008-06-01).
1734:
A low level of trust in political institutions by the citizenry.
9350:
9285:
7883:
7881:
6257:"State of the world 2021: autocratization changing its nature?"
5777:
Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (June 2008).
5712:"Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding"
5577:
5329:
4159:
4036:
2893:
2601:
2540:
2520:
2309:
2284:
2249:
2244:
2214:
2154:
2134:
2129:
2059:
2049:
1833:
1686:
1171:
518:
460:
358:
8166:
The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation
7339:"UMNO intends to return as Malaysia's natural governing party"
7087:
Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition
5099:
The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation
5014:(Report). German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA).
4818:
Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition
4763:
4037:
Croissant, A.; Kailitz, S.; Koellner, P.; Wurster, S. (2015).
3906:
The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation
3859:. Politics of South Asia. Singapore: Springer. pp. 9–19.
2198:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
7401:
O'Donnell, Guillermo (January 1994). "Delegative Democracy".
7366:
O'Donnell, Guillermo (January 1994). "Delegative Democracy".
6911:
5673:
The decline of democratic regime attributes – autocratization
5010:
Stroh, Alexander; Elischer, Sebastian; Erdmann, Gero (2012).
4273:
3937:
Morlino, Leonardo (2011-11-01). "Are There Hybrid Regimes?".
2868:
2597:
2259:
2239:
2219:
2164:
2144:
2114:
2099:
8485:"Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes"
8094:
7878:
7710:"Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One without the Other"
5906:"Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization"
4892:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2018-09-04.
4078:"The Surprising Instability of Competitive Authoritarianism"
7361:
7359:
5425:
4116:
3640:
3638:
2617:
2589:
2299:
2054:
8772:
8345:
8327:
8292:
6254:
6213:
4769:
3985:] (in Russian). Kharkiv: ХГУ НУА. pp. 62–65/164.
3815:
3606:
2712:
The rulers of an illiberal democracy may ignore or bypass
1467:
features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold
8125:"What Are 'Defective Democracies' and What They Are Like"
6742:
6740:
6702:
6592:
5953:"Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War"
5832:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7.
5703:
4449:
4411:
3463:
2987:. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of
2843:
1905:
Corruption is widespread and rule of law tends to be weak
1860:
There are various democratic freedom indices produced by
8841:
Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) dataset v6.0
8135:(33). Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University: 114–122.
8059:
The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans
7596:
E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017).
7356:
6599:
Schedler, Andreas (2009). "Electoral Authoritarianism".
5868:
5776:
4962:
4696:
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century
4501:"Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks"
4368:
3897:
3635:
3187:, which has been attributed to the recent phenomenon of
3027:". One example of a "classic liberal autocracy" was the
2836:
are allegedly preserved rather than destroyed. The word
7964:
7931:
7929:
7673:
7671:
7183:"Illiberal Democracy, Modernisation and Southeast Asia"
6785:Вестник общественного мнения. Данные. Анализ. Дискуссии
6102:
4296:
3129:, civil society, political institutions, and education.
2196:
According to the "Global State of Democracy Report" by
8920:
American Journal of Political Science, 54 (3): 751-65.
8101:
Marshall, Monty G.; Cole, Benjamin R. (23 July 2014).
7024:
6992:
Nyyssönen, Heino; Metsälä, Jussi (24 September 2020).
6737:
6501:
4217:
3930:
3826:. Cambridge University Press. 2018. pp. 129–153.
3730:
3728:
9087:
Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?
8821:
Ruling by Cheating: Governance in Illiberal Democracy
8283:
7844:
7598:
Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges.
6749:
Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
6171:
Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023
5689:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–35.
3529:
7926:
7668:
7640:
7310:
Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times
5830:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
5009:
4581:
3538:
21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook
3198:
3158:
2972:
are legitimized by elections, but do not change the
7649:"Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society"
7065:
6975:"Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right"
5828:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".
4639:
4546:
4329:
3904:Schmotz, Alexander (2019-02-13). "Hybrid Regimes".
3725:
2191:
1648:began to be used and was strengthened according to
16:
Regime combining autocratic and democratic features
9067:) in order to win the election and stay in power.
8973:). Types of non-democratic regimes are described (
7854:Weapons systems and political stability: a history
7587:. 28. p. 38. " is also called Directed Democracy."
6920:"Illiberal Democracies and Democratic Backsliding"
6365:
6297:
5709:
5687:Autocratization in post-Cold War Political Regimes
5300:
4686:
4421:Democracy and Globalization: Anger, Fear, and Hope
4266:
3939:Changes for DemocracyActors, Structures, Processes
3848:
2983:principles, there can be major deviations towards
8862:. Oxford Studies in Democratization. OUP Oxford.
7187:Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory
6073:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
3777:
3536:Göbel, Christian (2011). "Semiauthoritarianism".
2858:, which by itself is a word meaning 'hard', with
1911:There are issues in the functioning of governance
1899:Electoral fraud or irregularities occur regularly
9582:
7569:(in Portuguese). Portal Imprensa. Archived from
6991:
6337:
6335:
6333:
5749:"The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe"
5640:
4614:
2931:
2919:
2913:
2907:
1790:. The process typically restricts the space for
8298:
8163:
6862:Liboreiro, Jorge; Zsiros, Sandor (2022-09-16).
6861:
6815:"Review: THE ERA OF ELECTORAL AUTHORITARIANISM"
6462:
6409:
6407:
5396:
5380:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.86-96.
4836:"Review: The Era of Electoral Authoritarianism"
3822:"Why Parties and Elections in Dictatorships?".
3379:
3377:
3076:elements. Scholars distinguish anocracies from
8530:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16).
8409:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16).
8370:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (April 2002).
7887:
6495:
6413:
6110:"FAQs – The Global State of Democracy Indices"
6019:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
5999:
5783:South African Journal of International Affairs
4969:South African Journal of International Affairs
4645:
4492:
4274:"Home - IDEA Global State of Democracy Report"
4011:[The kingdom of political imitation].
3855:Riaz, Ali (2019). "What is a Hybrid Regime?".
3442:"Hybrid Concepts and the Concept of Hybridity"
2926:ran a controversial editorial classifying the
2765:party). Some dominant parties were called the
9111:
8925:The Oxford Handbook of Authoritarian Politics
8168:. Oxford University Press. pp. 437–446.
8083:Marshall, Monty G.; Gurr, Ted Robert (2003).
7435:
7400:
7365:
6882:
6330:
6303:
5876:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
5684:
5641:Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019).
4889:Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know
3908:. Oxford University Press. pp. 521–525.
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2837:
2821:
2659:
1830:authoritarian government to a more democratic
1424:
604:
9078:Hybrid Concepts and the Concept of Hybridity
8286:Hertie School of Governance - Working Papers
8100:
8082:
8005:
7935:
7857:. University Press of America. p. 307.
7720:(2). Council on Foreign Relations: 171–180.
7248:
7215:
6508:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–.
6404:
4417:
3576:
3399:
3374:
2918:. In February 2009, the Brazilian newspaper
1810:. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of
8678:
8605:
8529:
8443:
8408:
8369:
6164:
6051:"Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge"
5470:International Journal of Constitutional Law
4588:Hameed, Dr. Muntasser Majeed (2022-06-30).
4307:. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–75.
4122:
3941:. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–69.
3696:
2888:, and to the hegemonic 70-year rule of the
1902:Pressure is applied to political opposition
1451:often created as a result of an incomplete
9118:
9104:
9082:European Consortium for Political Research
8654:
7818:(6). Council on Foreign Relations: 22–43.
7752:Zakaria, Fareed (November/December 1997).
6456:
5495:
4733:
4692:
4678:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4646:Newton, Kenneth; van Deth, Jan W. (2021).
3589:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3446:European Consortium for Political Research
3334:
3039:until 1 July 1997, which was ruled by the
3019:government that follows the principles of
2316:
1431:
1417:
611:
597:
8790:
8739:
8696:
8655:Herre, Bastian; Roser, Max (2013-03-15).
8582:
8218:
8140:
7970:
7901:
7687:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7646:
7266:
7233:
7011:
6601:The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics
6272:
6231:
6012:
5888:
5727:
5658:
5270:
5053:
4625:. Cornell University Press. p. 199.
4605:
4313:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680320.003.0003
4241:
4075:
4006:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3947:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572533.003.0004
3752:
3469:
2564:List of countries by system of government
648:List of countries by system of government
8975:Linz, 2000, originally published in 1975
8855:
8837:
8647:
8055:
7707:
7180:
7083:
7042:
6885:International Journal of Cultural Policy
6746:
6708:
6598:
6463:Jonathan Michie, ed. (3 February 2014).
6423:. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143.
5950:
5583:
5376:and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017)
5338:
5160:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4810:
4720:
4455:
4302:
4000:
3644:
3582:
3405:
3259:
3257:
2743:
2571:
2442:
2320:
1914:
1875:
1753:
1685:
1605:
1479:with abundant natural resources such as
8482:
8122:
8040:
7850:
7805:
7560:
7516:
7489:
7450:
7139:
7114:
6540:
6534:
6371:
5903:
5218:
5092:
4773:Political Science: A Global Perspective
4374:
4335:
4007:Schulmann, Ekaterina (15 August 2014).
3936:
3903:
2773:
1778:Democratic backsliding is a process of
1728:A low level of political participation.
1475:. Hybrid regimes are commonly found in
9583:
9125:
8728:International Political Science Review
8608:"The New Competitive Authoritarianism"
8446:"The New Competitive Authoritarianism"
8249:
8196:
7312:. Knopf Doubleday. 2017. p. 338.
6778:
6420:Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes
5827:
5042:International Political Science Review
4587:
4498:
4377:International Political Science Review
3963:
3741:International Political Science Review
3085:
2769:, given their length of time in power.
2693:
2676:
9099:
8721:
8606:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2020).
8564:
8444:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2020).
7778:
7677:
6942:
6812:
6723:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052013-115248
6466:Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences
6061:from the original on November 8, 2022
6015:"Appendix A: Classifying democracies"
5817:from the original on 21 January 2020.
5729:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628
5167:American Journal of Political Science
5035:
4925:"Foundations of Comparative Politics"
4823:
4798:from the original on 16 November 2022
4739:
4620:
4424:. Taylor & Francis. p. 180.
4418:Colomer, J. M.; Beale, A. L. (2020).
4356:from the original on December 9, 2022
4223:
4188:
4057:from the original on December 9, 2022
4043:. Taylor & Francis. p. 212.
3783:
3734:
3535:
3384:Gagné, Jean-François (Mar 10, 2015),
3383:
3254:
3133:
2902:Analogously, the same pun is made in
2449:European Union and surrounding states
1725:, or that they are in state control).
9011:) and "electoral authoritarianism" (
8991:Guy Hermet, Rose, & Rouquie 1978
8818:
8734:(1). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 7–31.
8252:"Embedded and Defective Democracies"
7647:Vanbergen, Graham (March 28, 2024).
7336:
7268:10.30570/2078-5089-2017-86-3-136-153
7235:10.30570/2078-5089-2017-87-4-133-149
7117:"Assessing the Quality of Democracy"
7071:
7030:
6917:
6783:[The nature of "Putinism"].
6378:. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
5746:
5622:from the original on 6 February 2023
5530:
5431:
4853:
4552:
3854:
3005:
2714:constitutional limits on their power
2643:Academics generally refer to a full
2584:while countries in red do not. Only
2331:
1929:
1714:, signs of a hybrid regime include:
9000:), "competitive authoritarianism" (
8932:
8679:Balderacchi, Claudio (2022-04-14).
8056:Everdell, William R. (2000-04-15).
7561:Ribeiro, Igor (February 25, 2009).
7457:Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
7287:The Dictionary of Canadian Politics
7147:Global Change, Peace & Security
6392:from the original on April 30, 2023
6353:from the original on March 26, 2023
5466:
5378:Populism: a Very Short Introduction
5288:from the original on April 17, 2023
4859:
4820:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.
4740:Gagné, Jean-François (2019-05-02).
3470:Urribarri, Raul A. Sanchez (2011).
2940:
1738:
13:
8642:
8250:Merkel, Wolfgang (December 2004).
8174:10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0041
7049:Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism
6813:Morse, Yonatan L. (January 2012).
6711:Annual Review of Political Science
6522:from the original on 22 April 2023
6483:from the original on 22 April 2023
6175:
5759:from the original on 13 April 2021
5716:Annual Review of Political Science
5107:10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0053
4284:from the original on April 4, 2023
3914:10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0053
3242:Hybrid institutions and governance
2429:According to the V-Dem Institute:
1871:
1818:
1749:
14:
9602:
9071:
7938:American Political Science Review
7808:"The Rise of Illiberal Democracy"
7754:"The Rise of Illiberal Democracy"
7045:"A Theory of Illiberal Democracy"
6547:Journal of Latin American Studies
6013:Greenwood, Shannon (2022-12-06).
5225:European Political Science Review
4834:Yonatan L. Morse (January 2012).
3388:, Oxford University Press (OUP),
3159:Competitive authoritarian regimes
3051:
2890:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2877:Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja
2784:is a mode of governance close to
1856:Democratic backsliding by country
1767:number of countries autocratizing
479:Biology and political orientation
8599:
8558:
8523:
8476:
8437:
8402:
8363:
8354:
8336:
8277:
8243:
8205:(5). Informa UK Limited: 33–58.
8076:
8034:
7999:
7772:
7746:
7618:
7590:
7577:
7554:
7510:
7483:
7444:
7429:
7394:
7337:Chin, James (15 November 2022).
7330:
7301:
7275:
7242:
7209:
7174:
7133:
7108:
7077:
7036:
6985:
5922:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x
5434:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
5308:"Nations in Transit Methodology"
5179:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00500.x
4860:Dam, Caspar ten (Feb 17, 2017).
3663:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00850.x
3488:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01253.x
3406:Plattner, Marc F. (1969-12-31).
3201:
3117:. It is based on the concept of
3064:that is loosely defined as part
2636:and, sitting between these two,
2624:, there are three main types of
2438:
2230:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2192:Global State of Democracy Report
1692:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
1400:
580:
8899:from the original on 2022-11-18
8889:"BTI 2022 Benin Country Report"
8876:from the original on 2023-04-04
8807:from the original on 2022-11-18
8667:from the original on 2022-11-18
8062:. University of Chicago Press.
6967:
6936:
6876:
6806:
6795:from the original on 2019-08-13
6772:
6757:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0098
6690:
6639:
6581:from the original on 2023-03-08
6445:from the original on 2023-04-22
6319:from the original on 2019-02-05
6120:from the original on 2023-04-04
6091:from the original on 2023-03-08
6081:"The Global State of Democracy"
6025:from the original on 2023-03-05
5862:
5838:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1
5740:
5678:
5634:
5524:
5489:
5460:
5390:
5367:
5318:from the original on 2023-03-18
5259:from the original on 2023-03-03
5219:Morlino, Leonardo (July 2009).
5212:
5201:from the original on 2023-03-24
5154:
5123:from the original on 2023-04-22
5086:
5029:
5018:from the original on 2023-03-03
5003:
4956:
4945:from the original on 2023-03-02
4917:
4906:from the original on 2023-03-03
4880:
4752:from the original on 2019-07-29
4561:(1). SAGE Publications: 33–41.
4535:from the original on 2023-04-04
4438:from the original on 2023-04-04
4206:from the original on 2019-07-29
4177:from the original on 2023-04-06
4171:Department of Political Science
4076:Carothers, Christopher (2018).
4069:
4019:from the original on 2019-07-30
4009:"Царство политической имитации"
3989:from the original on 2023-04-22
3804:from the original on 2023-04-23
3714:from the original on 2022-11-21
3685:from the original on 2022-11-16
3624:from the original on 2023-04-05
3595:from the original on 2023-04-06
3583:Tlemcani, Rachid (2007-05-29).
3518:from the original on 2022-11-16
3452:from the original on 2023-04-06
3418:from the original on 2023-04-06
3354:
2993:The concept is also related to
2928:military dictatorship in Brazil
2327:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index
1908:Media is pressured and harassed
9446:Open–closed political spectrum
9052:) and manipulate the economy (
8823:. Cambridge University Press.
8536:. Cambridge University Press.
8415:. Cambridge University Press.
8008:Journal of Conflict Resolution
7527:Latin American Research Review
6717:(1). Annual Reviews: 313–326.
4816:Andreas Schedler, ed. (2006).
4224:Mufti, Mariam (Jun 22, 2018).
3394:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0167
2976:policies, motives, and goals.
2814:
2612:do not claim to be democratic.
1866:non-governmental organizations
1843:
1109:Intergovernmental organisation
1064:Separation of church and state
474:Theories of political behavior
100:Political history of the world
1:
9431:Left–right political spectrum
8838:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2021),
8698:10.1080/01436597.2022.2059460
8483:Diamond, Larry (April 2002).
8123:Романюк, О. І. (2017-11-24).
7890:Journal of Conflict Solutions
7601:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
7436:O'Donnell, Guillermo (1992).
7115:Diamond, Larry (April 2002).
7013:10.1080/09668136.2020.1815654
6897:10.1080/10286632.2020.1806829
6274:10.1080/13510347.2022.2069751
5710:Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018).
5660:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029
5605:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194
5584:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020).
5510:10.1080/13510347.2020.1826438
5411:10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109
5353:10.1080/13510347.2020.1796649
4650:. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
4590:"Hybrid regimes: An Overview"
3367:
1759:
1681:
1664:third wave of democratization
1624:third wave of democratization
1521:
489:Critique of political economy
8565:Mufti, Mariam (2018-06-22).
8533:Competitive Authoritarianism
8412:Competitive Authoritarianism
8313:10.1080/13510340412331304651
8211:10.1080/13510340412331304598
8142:10.21564/2075-7190.33.109732
7469:10.5771/1430-6387-2011-3-391
7249:Ostroverkhov, A. A. (2017).
7216:Ostroverkhov, A. A. (2017).
7160:10.1080/14781158.2010.510268
6943:Mounk, Yascha (2020-03-18).
6188:. March 2021. Archived from
5957:Political Research Quarterly
5910:International Studies Review
5904:Schmitz, Hans Peter (2004).
3978:Политология: Учебное пособие
3651:International Studies Review
3585:"Electoral Authoritarianism"
3273:competitive authoritarianism
3237:Democracy-Dictatorship Index
2852:("dictatorship"), replacing
2733:competitive authoritarianism
1800:peaceful transition of power
1769:(blue) is higher than those
906:(socio-political ideologies)
70:Outline of political science
7:
9456:Right-wing authoritarianism
8020:10.1177/0022002798042002004
7973:Political Science Quarterly
7289:. Campbell Strategies. 2022
6343:"Countries and Territories"
6055:Economist Intelligence Unit
5951:Bogaards, Matthijs (2010).
5093:Schmotz, Alexander (2019).
4567:10.1016/j.euras.2009.11.001
4555:Journal of Eurasian Studies
4305:The Politics of Uncertainty
3983:Political Science: Textbook
3865:10.1007/978-981-13-7956-7_2
3614:"What is Hybrid Democracy?"
3194:
3035:, a more recent example is
2867:The term was first used in
2568:List of forms of government
2557:
1921:Economist Intelligence Unit
1890:Economist Intelligence Unit
1593:defined hybrid regimes as:
1580:defined hybrid regimes as;
1568:defined hybrid regimes as;
1556:defined hybrid regimes as:
974:(socio-economic ideologies)
644:List of forms of government
10:
9607:
8983:Huntington and Moore, 1970
8927:. Oxford University Press.
8360:Buhllman et al. (2008) p.7
7708:Plattner, Marc F. (1998).
7583:Sultana, Tasneem. (2012).
7517:Vaughan, Mary Kay (2018).
7181:Christie, Kenneth (1998).
7084:Schedler, Andreas (2006).
6918:Self, Darin (2022-09-26).
5890:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7
5446:10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2
4693:Huntington, S. P. (2012).
4131:(2). Project Muse: 51–65.
3645:Zinecker, Heidrun (2009).
3408:"Is Democracy in Decline?"
3285:electoral authoritarianism
3060:, or semi-democracy, is a
2729:electoral authoritarianism
2660:Electoral authoritarianism
2561:
2447:Freedom House ratings for
1853:
1847:
1742:
1601:
75:Index of politics articles
9463:
9418:
9343:
9293:
9228:
9176:
9133:
9017:Lust-Okar and Jamal, 2002
8981:). Huntington and Moore (
8110:Center for Systemic Peace
7950:10.1017/S0003055403000534
7851:Quigley, Carroll (1983).
7283:"Natural Governing Party"
7051:. Routledge. p. 98.
7043:Wagrandl, Ulrich (2021).
6833:10.1017/S0043887111000281
6609:10.4135/9780857021083.n21
6559:10.1017/S0022216X00015868
6469:. Routledge. p. 95.
5795:10.1080/10220460802217934
5237:10.1017/S1755773909000198
5161:Treisman, Daniel (2011).
4981:10.1080/10220460802217934
4470:10.1080/13510340902777800
4236:(2). Cogitatio: 112–119.
3975:Подлесный, Д. В. (2016).
3857:Voting in a Hybrid Regime
3832:10.1017/9781316336182.006
3546:10.4135/9781412979351.n31
3045:constitutional liberalism
2964:or, in some cases, as an
1095:(geo-cultural ideologies)
8948:Almond and Coleman, 1960
8741:10.1177/0192512108097054
8542:10.1017/cbo9780511781353
8421:10.1017/cbo9780511781353
7985:10.1177/1065912909336274
7912:10.1177/0022002708315594
7806:Zakaria, Fareed (1997).
7451:Kestler, Thomas (2011).
7092:Lynne Rienner Publishers
6951:Harvard University Press
6751:, Wiley, pp. 1–16,
6631:: CS1 maint: location (
5969:10.1177/1065912909358578
5055:10.1177/0192512108097054
4776:. SAGE. pp. 112ff.
4389:10.1177/0192512113495756
3754:10.1177/0192512108097054
3568:: CS1 maint: location (
3476:Law & Social Inquiry
3247:
2962:authoritarian government
2424:University of Gothenburg
8779:Politics and Governance
8571:Politics and Governance
7766:15 October 2005 at the
7624:Rohmann, Chris (2000).
7261:(3): 136–153 (p. 148).
7228:(4): 133–149 (p. 136).
6541:Sondrol, P. C. (2009).
6226:(1). Cogitatio: 60–77.
6220:Politics and Governance
5555:10.1126/science.abb2434
4623:Democracy in Dark Times
4505:SSRN Electronic Journal
4230:Politics and Governance
3281:hybrid authoritarianism
3217:Authoritarian democracy
3029:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2767:natural governing party
2757:(also referred to as a
2416:V-Dem Democracy Indices
2317:V-Dem Democracy Indices
1804:free and fair elections
1796:political participation
1540:According to professor
1504:democratic institutions
1358:Administrative division
1302:International relations
484:Political organisations
247:International relations
85:Politics by subdivision
9401:Social justice warrior
8792:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214
8722:Ekman, Joakim (2009).
8584:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1400
7779:Myers, Sondra (2002).
7140:DeVotta, Neil (2010).
6372:Dobratz, B.A. (2015).
6309:"Democracy in Retreat"
6233:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214
5036:Ekman, Joakim (2009).
4499:Norris, Pippa (2017).
4339:Non-Democratic Regimes
4243:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1400
3824:How Dictatorships Work
3735:Ekman, Joakim (2009).
3618:Digital Society School
3271:. Such terms include:
3189:democratic backsliding
2932:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2838:
2822:
2780:In political science,
2613:
2516:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2493:
2470:
2436:
2411:
2207:
2011:
1881:
1774:
1695:
1659:
1619:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1512:democratic backsliding
9476:Democratic transition
9471:Anti-authoritarianism
9346:Political pejoratives
9002:Levitsky and Way 2002
8856:Schedler, A. (2013).
8844:, Harvard Dataverse,
8819:Sajó, András (2021).
8685:Third World Quarterly
8648:Contemporary analysts
8624:10.1353/jod.2020.0004
8501:10.1353/jod.2002.0025
8462:10.1353/jod.2020.0004
8388:10.1353/jod.2002.0026
8351:Merkel (2004) p.43-45
8342:Merkel (2004) p.36-27
7785:. IDEA. p. 174.
7492:The Centennial Review
7438:Delegative Democracy?
7415:10.1353/jod.1994.0010
7380:10.1353/jod.1994.0010
6781:"Природа "Путинизма""
6646:Levitsky and Way 2002
5747:Lindberg, Staffan I.
4621:Isaac, J. C. (1998).
4607:10.31945/iprij.220101
4137:10.1353/jod.2002.0026
4094:10.1353/jod.2018.0068
3790:. SAGE. p. 202.
3482:(4). Wiley: 854–884.
3277:semi-authoritarianism
2989:propaganda techniques
2966:autocratic government
2751:dominant-party system
2744:Dominant-party system
2737:soft authoritarianism
2638:authoritarian regimes
2575:
2562:Further information:
2489:
2446:
2431:
2324:
2202:
1985:Authoritarian regimes
1918:
1880:Democracy index types
1879:
1854:Further information:
1808:freedom of expression
1757:
1745:Democratic transition
1743:Further information:
1704:Philippe C. Schmitter
1689:
1671:authoritarian regimes
1654:
1633:Since the end of the
1609:
1595:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1469:political repressions
1453:democratic transition
1368:Democratic transition
1231:Self-governing colony
828:Military dictatorship
564:Political campaigning
304:Public administration
137:Collective leadership
9231:Political ideologies
9026:), institutionalize
8944:developing countries
8612:Journal of Democracy
8489:Journal of Democracy
8450:Journal of Democracy
8376:Journal of Democracy
8041:Montesquieu. "2–3".
7782:The Democracy Reader
7403:Journal of Democracy
7368:Journal of Democracy
7122:Journal of Democracy
6979:Journal of Democracy
6779:Гудков, Лев (2009).
6313:Freedom in the World
6183:"V-Dem Codebook v11"
5483:10.1093/icon/moab058
5101:. pp. 521–525.
4842:64(1). pp. 161—198.
4513:10.2139/ssrn.2933655
4383:(5). SAGE: 542–558.
4336:Brooker, P. (2013).
4125:Journal of Democracy
4082:Journal of Democracy
3296:delegative democracy
3227:Delegative democracy
2957:that functions as a
2846:on the Spanish word
2782:delegative democracy
2774:Delegative democracy
2718:According to jurist
2647:as either a form of
2634:totalitarian regimes
1690:Global trend report
1477:developing countries
414:Separation of powers
285:Political psychology
260:Comparative politics
238:political scientists
225:Academic disciplines
105:Political philosophy
9356:Champagne socialist
9266:Christian democracy
9195:Anti-Stalinist left
9179:Political positions
7563:"A 'ditabranda' da
6999:Europe-Asia Studies
5547:2020Sci...369.1192H
5541:(6508): 1192–1196.
3324:defective democracy
3319:deficient democracy
3302:illiberal democracy
3092:Defective democracy
3086:Defective democracy
2798:Guillermo O'Donnell
2702:illiberal democracy
2694:Illiberal democracy
2683:Electoral autocracy
2677:Electoral autocracy
2667:illiberal democracy
2576:Countries in green
1700:Guillermo O'Donnell
1628:illiberal democracy
1528:academic discipline
1407:Politics portal
1292:Supranational union
1201:Dependent territory
1114:National government
587:Politics portal
436:Election commission
407:Government branches
290:Political sociology
142:Confessional system
80:Politics by country
9531:Anti-establishment
9396:Social imperialism
9301:Buddhist socialism
9296:Religious politics
9127:Political spectrum
9059:2023-04-04 at the
9048:2019-08-26 at the
9037:2022-03-13 at the
9022:2019-07-30 at the
9007:2019-08-08 at the
8996:"Hybrid regimes" (
8953:2023-04-04 at the
8916:2019-07-29 at the
8850:10.7910/DVN/WPKNIT
8333:Merkel (2004) p.33
8043:Spirit of the Laws
7654:The Economic Times
7308:"The Wonder Boy".
6684:2022-12-30 at the
6673:2023-01-31 at the
6662:2021-03-01 at the
6651:2022-12-30 at the
6195:on 30 October 2022
6114:International IDEA
5278:"Global Dashboard"
4846:2021-07-29 at the
4278:International IDEA
3784:Baker, A. (2021).
3232:Types of democracy
3222:Embedded democracy
3185:democratic regimes
3140:Embedded democracy
3134:Embedded democracy
3119:embedded democracy
3100:Aurel S. Croissant
3062:form of government
2864:, meaning 'soft'.
2614:
2471:
2412:
2012:
1951:Flawed democracies
1882:
1775:
1696:
1620:
1544:hybrid types are:
270:Political analysis
202:Semi-parliamentary
9578:
9577:
9546:The Establishment
9501:Identity politics
9336:Religious Zionism
9091:Our World in Data
8869:978-0-19-166983-5
8830:978-1-108-84463-5
8661:Our World in Data
8551:978-0-521-88252-1
8430:978-0-521-88252-1
8183:978-0-19-882991-1
8069:978-0-226-22482-4
7864:978-0-8191-2947-5
7792:978-0-9702130-3-7
7694:978-0-691-13566-3
7679:Wolin, Sheldon S.
7636:978-0-345-43706-8
7101:978-1-58826-415-2
7058:978-1-000-47945-4
7033:, pp. 23–24.
6960:978-0-674-24502-0
6515:978-1-107-55889-2
6476:978-1-135-93226-8
6430:978-1-55587-890-0
6385:978-1-317-34529-9
6149:978-91-7671-478-2
5847:978-3-319-74336-3
5696:978-3-030-03125-1
5386:978-0-19-023487-4
5116:978-0-19-882991-1
4899:978-0-19-088020-0
4783:978-1-5264-1303-1
4706:978-0-8061-8604-7
4657:978-1-108-92494-8
4632:978-0-8014-8454-4
4431:978-1-000-05363-0
4349:978-1-137-38253-5
4322:978-0-19-968032-0
4050:978-1-317-70018-0
3956:978-0-19-957253-3
3923:978-0-19-882991-1
3874:978-981-13-7955-0
3797:978-1-0718-0709-5
3290:liberal autocracy
3148:Hans-Jürgen Puhle
3115:political systems
3096:Hans-Jürgen Puhle
3013:liberal autocracy
3006:Liberal autocracy
2930:(1964–1985) as a
2626:political systems
2462: Partly free
2414:According to the
2409:
2408:
2397: 0.000–0.099
2391: 0.100–0.199
2383: 0.200–0.299
2377: 0.300–0.399
2371: 0.400–0.499
2365: 0.500–0.599
2357: 0.600–0.699
2351: 0.700–0.799
2345: 0.800–0.899
2339: 0.900–1.000
2009:
2008:
1884:According to the
1862:intergovernmental
1850:Democracy indices
1542:Matthijs Bogaards
1441:
1440:
1392:
1391:
1363:Democracy indices
1338:
1337:
1141:
1140:
950:Semi-presidential
875:
874:
621:
620:
569:Political parties
509:Electoral systems
233:Political science
207:Semi-presidential
119:Political systems
95:Political history
90:Political economy
9598:
9591:Mixed government
9566:Radical politics
9541:Communitarianism
9511:Authoritarianism
9426:Horseshoe theory
9256:Social democracy
9215:Radical centrism
9205:Centrist Marxism
9120:
9113:
9106:
9097:
9096:
9028:electoral frauds
8987:one-party system
8979:Perlmutter, 1981
8933:Research history
8907:
8905:
8904:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8852:
8834:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8794:
8769:
8743:
8718:
8700:
8691:(6): 1441–1459.
8675:
8673:
8672:
8636:
8635:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8586:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8367:
8361:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8334:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8256:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8222:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8144:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8107:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7933:
7924:
7923:
7905:
7885:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7776:
7770:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7644:
7638:
7629:Ballantine Books
7622:
7616:
7594:
7588:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7523:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7363:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7015:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6679:A. Schedler 2002
6643:
6637:
6636:
6630:
6622:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6339:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6276:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6235:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6057:. Feb 15, 2022.
6047:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6010:
5997:
5996:
5963:(2). : 475–488.
5948:
5942:
5941:
5916:(3). : 403–426.
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5662:
5653:(7): 1095–1113.
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5599:(8): 1533–1542.
5590:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5394:
5388:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5095:"Hybrid Regimes"
5090:
5084:
5083:
5057:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4931:(4th ed.).
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4857:
4851:
4832:
4821:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4742:"Hybrid Regimes"
4737:
4731:
4730:16 (2): 399–423.
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4669:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4245:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4196:"Hybrid Regimes"
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3657:(2). : 302–331.
3642:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3438:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3332:
3329:hybrid democracy
3308:guided democracy
3261:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3165:Authoritarianism
3025:semi-democracies
2997:, also known as
2985:authoritarianism
2948:Guided democracy
2941:Guided democracy
2935:
2925:
2922:Folha de S.Paulo
2917:
2911:
2898:Augusto Pinochet
2882:Francisco Franco
2873:Dámaso Berenguer
2863:
2857:
2851:
2841:
2827:
2808:delegative model
2706:governing system
2649:authoritarianism
2580:to be a type of
2467:
2461:
2455:
2418:compiled by the
2402:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1934:Full democracies
1930:
1888:compiled by the
1764:
1761:
1739:Transition types
1712:Thomas Carothers
1650:Thomas Carothers
1591:Jeffrey C. Isaac
1578:Leonardo Morlino
1449:political system
1433:
1426:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1352:
1351:
1196:Associated state
1154:
1153:
1129:Internationalism
1119:World government
1096:
975:
907:
888:
887:
862:Free association
849:
810:
729:
672:
660:
659:
623:
622:
613:
606:
599:
585:
584:
375:
320:
275:Political theory
265:Election science
255:
241:
19:
18:
9606:
9605:
9601:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9516:Totalitarianism
9468:
9459:
9451:Pournelle chart
9423:
9414:
9386:Regressive left
9348:
9339:
9321:Christian right
9298:
9289:
9233:
9224:
9181:
9172:
9129:
9124:
9074:
9069:
9061:Wayback Machine
9050:Wayback Machine
9039:Wayback Machine
9024:Wayback Machine
9009:Wayback Machine
8955:Wayback Machine
8935:
8930:
8918:Wayback Machine
8902:
8900:
8887:
8879:
8877:
8870:
8831:
8810:
8808:
8670:
8668:
8650:
8645:
8643:Further reading
8640:
8639:
8604:
8600:
8563:
8559:
8552:
8528:
8524:
8481:
8477:
8442:
8438:
8431:
8407:
8403:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8346:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8301:Democratization
8297:
8293:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8259:Democratization
8254:
8248:
8244:
8199:Democratization
8195:
8191:
8184:
8162:
8158:
8121:
8117:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8087:
8081:
8077:
8070:
8054:
8050:
8045:. Vol. II.
8039:
8035:
8004:
8000:
7969:
7965:
7934:
7927:
7903:10.1.1.584.1330
7886:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7849:
7845:
7836:
7834:
7812:Foreign Affairs
7804:
7800:
7793:
7777:
7773:
7768:Wayback Machine
7759:Foreign Affairs
7751:
7747:
7738:
7736:
7714:Foreign Affairs
7706:
7702:
7695:
7676:
7669:
7659:
7657:
7645:
7641:
7623:
7619:
7595:
7591:
7582:
7578:
7559:
7555:
7521:
7515:
7511:
7488:
7484:
7449:
7445:
7434:
7430:
7399:
7395:
7364:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7335:
7331:
7320:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7247:
7243:
7214:
7210:
7189:(91): 102–118.
7179:
7175:
7138:
7134:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7082:
7078:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7025:
6990:
6986:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6941:
6937:
6928:
6926:
6916:
6912:
6881:
6877:
6860:
6856:
6811:
6807:
6798:
6796:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6745:
6738:
6707:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6686:Wayback Machine
6675:Wayback Machine
6668:L. Diamond 1999
6664:Wayback Machine
6653:Wayback Machine
6644:
6640:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6597:
6593:
6584:
6582:
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6516:
6500:
6496:
6486:
6484:
6477:
6461:
6457:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6412:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6386:
6370:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6341:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6320:
6302:
6298:
6267:(6): 983–1013.
6261:Democratization
6253:
6249:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6165:
6150:
6136:
6132:
6123:
6121:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6094:
6092:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6049:
6048:
6037:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6000:
5949:
5945:
5902:
5898:
5867:
5863:
5848:
5826:
5822:
5775:
5771:
5762:
5760:
5753:Carnegie Europe
5745:
5741:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5683:
5679:
5647:Democratization
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5593:Democratization
5588:
5582:
5578:
5529:
5525:
5498:Democratization
5494:
5490:
5465:
5461:
5430:
5426:
5399:Democratization
5395:
5391:
5372:
5368:
5341:Democratization
5337:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5217:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5159:
5155:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5091:
5087:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5019:
5008:
5004:
4961:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4939:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4858:
4854:
4848:Wayback Machine
4833:
4824:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4784:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4734:
4728:Democratization
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4619:
4615:
4586:
4582:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4497:
4493:
4458:Democratization
4454:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4416:
4412:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4222:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4121:
4117:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3973:
3964:
3957:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3902:
3898:
3875:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3400:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3335:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3209:Politics portal
3207:
3200:
3197:
3177:political power
3161:
3156:
3155:
3152:Aurel Croissant
3136:
3131:
3130:
3123:economic trends
3088:
3083:
3082:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3031:. According to
3008:
3003:
3002:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2834:civil liberties
2817:
2812:
2811:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2662:
2653:totalitarianism
2570:
2560:
2555:
2546:North Macedonia
2469:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2420:V-Dem Institute
2410:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2319:
2314:
2194:
2189:
2030:North Macedonia
2010:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:Democracy Index
1886:Democracy Index
1874:
1872:Democracy Index
1858:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1826:Democratization
1821:
1819:Democratisation
1816:
1815:
1812:democratization
1762:
1752:
1750:Autocratization
1747:
1741:
1684:
1604:
1524:
1437:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1380:Democratisation
1373:Autocratization
1349:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1296:
1257:
1236:Tributary state
1226:Satellite state
1181:
1151:
1150:Power structure
1143:
1142:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1046:
1032:
1023:Totalitarianism
973:
972:
954:
905:
904:
885:
877:
876:
871:
847:
839:
804:
796:
727:
719:
666:
657:
656:Source of power
634:Basic forms of
628:Politics series
617:
579:
574:
573:
504:
503:
494:
493:
451:
450:
441:
440:
409:
408:
399:
398:
394:Public interest
379:Domestic policy
369:
362:
361:
350:
349:
314:
307:
306:
295:
294:
256:
249:
242:
235:
227:
226:
217:
216:
122:
121:
110:
109:
65:
64:
55:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
9604:
9594:
9593:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9496:Green politics
9493:
9488:
9483:
9481:Libertarianism
9478:
9473:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9441:Overton window
9438:
9433:
9428:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9391:Social fascism
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9306:Christian left
9303:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9123:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9084:
9073:
9072:External links
9070:
9013:Schedler, 2006
8989:issue Hermet (
8985:) discuss the
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8921:
8908:
8895:. 2021-02-19.
8885:
8868:
8853:
8835:
8829:
8816:
8770:
8719:
8676:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8598:
8577:(2): 112–119.
8557:
8550:
8522:
8475:
8436:
8429:
8401:
8362:
8353:
8344:
8335:
8326:
8307:(5): 199–213.
8291:
8276:
8242:
8189:
8182:
8156:
8115:
8093:
8075:
8068:
8048:
8033:
8014:(2): 196–209.
7998:
7979:(4): 747–759.
7963:
7925:
7896:(3): 401–425.
7877:
7863:
7843:
7798:
7791:
7771:
7745:
7700:
7693:
7667:
7639:
7617:
7589:
7576:
7573:on 2012-02-01.
7553:
7509:
7498:(2): 103–127.
7482:
7443:
7428:
7393:
7355:
7329:
7318:
7300:
7274:
7241:
7208:
7173:
7154:(3): 331–343.
7132:
7107:
7100:
7076:
7064:
7057:
7035:
7023:
7006:(2): 273–290.
6984:
6966:
6959:
6935:
6910:
6891:(5): 559–573.
6875:
6854:
6827:(1): 161–198.
6820:World Politics
6805:
6771:
6765:
6736:
6701:
6697:Barbara Geddes
6689:
6638:
6617:
6591:
6553:(3): 599–620.
6533:
6514:
6494:
6475:
6455:
6429:
6415:Juan José Linz
6403:
6384:
6364:
6329:
6307:(2019-02-06).
6296:
6247:
6206:
6174:
6163:
6148:
6130:
6116:. 2021-12-31.
6101:
6087:. 2021-11-22.
6072:
6035:
5998:
5943:
5896:
5861:
5846:
5820:
5769:
5739:
5702:
5695:
5677:
5633:
5576:
5523:
5504:(1): 142–160.
5488:
5477:(2): 723–737.
5459:
5424:
5405:(5): 908–928.
5389:
5366:
5347:(1): 161–178.
5328:
5314:. 2021-12-31.
5299:
5269:
5231:(2): 273–296.
5211:
5173:(3): 590–609.
5153:
5144:|website=
5115:
5085:
5028:
5002:
4955:
4937:
4916:
4898:
4879:
4868:. p. 5–18
4852:
4840:World Politics
4822:
4809:
4782:
4762:
4732:
4719:
4705:
4685:
4656:
4638:
4631:
4613:
4580:
4545:
4491:
4464:(2): 399–423.
4448:
4430:
4410:
4367:
4348:
4328:
4321:
4295:
4265:
4216:
4187:
4158:
4115:
4088:(4): 129–135.
4068:
4049:
4029:
3999:
3962:
3955:
3929:
3922:
3896:
3873:
3847:
3840:
3814:
3796:
3776:
3724:
3710:. 2017-09-23.
3695:
3634:
3620:. 2022-05-19.
3605:
3575:
3554:
3528:
3462:
3448:. 2019-09-07.
3428:
3398:
3386:Hybrid Regimes
3372:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3333:
3314:semi-democracy
3252:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3196:
3193:
3160:
3157:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3127:social capital
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:in leadership.
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:Semi-democracy
3050:
3033:Fareed Zakaria
3017:non-democratic
3010:
3009:
3007:
3004:
2995:semi-democracy
2970:hybrid regimes
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2755:dominant party
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2724:plebiscitarian
2704:" describes a
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2661:
2658:
2622:Juan José Linz
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2478:Central Europe
2468: Not free
2464:
2458:
2452:
2440:
2437:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1968:Hybrid regimes
1965:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1873:
1870:
1848:Main article:
1845:
1842:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1792:public contest
1777:
1776:
1751:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1683:
1680:
1639:liberalization
1603:
1600:
1523:
1520:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:Hybrid regimes
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Regional power
1313:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1221:Puppet monarch
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1054:State religion
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
977:
976:
971:
970:
965:
959:
956:
955:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
925:Constitutional
922:
917:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
891:
886:
884:Power ideology
883:
882:
879:
878:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
859:
851:
850:
848:(rule by none)
841:
840:
838:
837:
832:
831:
830:
820:
812:
811:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
731:
730:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Representative
697:
692:
687:
682:
674:
673:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
639:
638:
631:
630:
619:
618:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
590:
589:
576:
575:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
550:
549:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
511:
505:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
458:
452:
449:Related topics
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
410:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
384:Foreign policy
381:
376:
363:
357:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
331:
326:
321:
308:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
280:Policy studies
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
245:
243:
231:
228:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:Primary topics
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
54:
53:
48:
43:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9603:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9572:
9571:Triangulation
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9551:Individualism
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9521:Revolutionary
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9491:Progressivism
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9366:Liberal elite
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9227:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9190:Ultra-leftism
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9175:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9114:
9109:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9068:
9066:
9065:Magaloni 2006
9062:
9058:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9043:Schedler 2002
9040:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8971:Zolberg, 1966
8968:
8964:
8960:
8959:Latin America
8956:
8952:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8926:
8922:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8875:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8677:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8653:
8652:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8602:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8526:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8440:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8357:
8348:
8339:
8330:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8295:
8287:
8280:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8185:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8160:
8152:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8119:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8086:
8079:
8071:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8052:
8044:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8002:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7930:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7882:
7866:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7847:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7621:
7614:
7610:
7609:9781443891820
7606:
7602:
7599:
7593:
7586:
7580:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7520:
7513:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7439:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7360:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7319:9780307743879
7315:
7311:
7304:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7269:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7080:
7074:, p. 24.
7073:
7068:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7027:
7020:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6962:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6939:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6809:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6766:9781118900772
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6741:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6642:
6634:
6628:
6620:
6618:9781412919760
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6498:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6459:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6352:
6348:
6347:Freedom House
6344:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6305:Freedom House
6300:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6191:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5725:
5722:(1): 93–113.
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5317:
5313:
5312:Freedom House
5309:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5137:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4944:
4940:
4938:9781108831826
4934:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4819:
4813:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4708:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3841:9781316336182
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3555:9781412969017
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:is a form of
3141:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:authoritarian
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3079:
3075:
3074:authoritarian
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3046:
3042:
3041:British Crown
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Spanish State
2883:
2878:
2874:
2871:in 1930 when
2870:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2688:
2687:authoritarian
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:According to
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:Freedom House
2450:
2445:
2439:Freedom House
2435:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2403: No data
2386:
2360:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Côte d'Ivoire
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
1986:
1983:
1969:
1966:
1952:
1949:
1940: 9.01–10
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:regime change
1772:
1771:democratizing
1768:
1756:
1746:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:Larry Diamond
1705:
1701:
1698:According to
1693:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:hybrid regime
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1616:democratizing
1613:
1612:autocratizing
1608:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:an autocracy.
1569:
1567:
1566:Henry E. Hale
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:hybrid regime
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:authoritarian
1454:
1450:
1447:is a type of
1446:
1445:hybrid regime
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Confederation
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Unitary state
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:State atheism
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:Secular state
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
978:
969:
966:
964:
963:Authoritarian
961:
960:
958:
957:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Parliamentary
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
889:
881:
880:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
843:
842:
836:
833:
829:
826:
825:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
800:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
728:(rule by few)
726:
723:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
662:
661:
653:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
594:
592:
591:
588:
583:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
547:
543:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
412:
411:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
389:Civil society
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
368:
367:Public policy
365:
364:
360:
354:
353:
343:
339:
335:
334:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
313:
310:
309:
305:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
253:
248:
244:
239:
234:
230:
229:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Parliamentary
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Hybrid regime
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
9536:Collectivism
9465:
9420:
9345:
9295:
9271:Conservatism
9230:
9185:Post-leftism
9178:
9158:Centre-right
9032:Lehoucq 2003
8998:Diamond 2002
8995:
8963:Collier 1979
8940:Samuel Finer
8937:
8924:
8901:. Retrieved
8892:
8878:. Retrieved
8858:
8840:
8820:
8809:. Retrieved
8785:(1): 60–77.
8782:
8778:
8731:
8727:
8688:
8684:
8669:. Retrieved
8660:
8618:(1): 51–65.
8615:
8611:
8601:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8532:
8525:
8495:(2): 21–35.
8492:
8488:
8478:
8456:(1): 51–65.
8453:
8449:
8439:
8411:
8404:
8382:(2): 51–65.
8379:
8375:
8365:
8356:
8347:
8338:
8329:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8285:
8279:
8267:. Retrieved
8262:
8258:
8245:
8220:10419/251950
8202:
8198:
8192:
8165:
8159:
8132:
8128:
8118:
8109:
8096:
8078:
8058:
8051:
8042:
8036:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7941:
7937:
7893:
7889:
7868:. Retrieved
7853:
7846:
7835:. Retrieved
7815:
7811:
7801:
7781:
7774:
7757:
7748:
7737:. Retrieved
7717:
7713:
7703:
7683:
7658:. Retrieved
7652:
7642:
7625:
7620:
7597:
7592:
7584:
7579:
7571:the original
7564:
7556:
7531:
7525:
7512:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7437:
7431:
7409:(1): 55–69.
7406:
7402:
7396:
7374:(1): 55–69.
7371:
7367:
7346:. Retrieved
7342:
7332:
7323:
7309:
7303:
7291:. Retrieved
7286:
7277:
7258:
7254:
7244:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7186:
7176:
7151:
7145:
7135:
7126:
7120:
7110:
7086:
7079:
7067:
7048:
7038:
7026:
7017:
7003:
6997:
6987:
6978:
6969:
6945:
6938:
6927:. Retrieved
6923:
6913:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6867:
6857:
6824:
6818:
6808:
6797:. Retrieved
6788:
6784:
6774:
6748:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6692:
6657:T. Karl 1995
6641:
6600:
6594:
6583:. Retrieved
6550:
6546:
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6504:
6497:
6485:. Retrieved
6465:
6458:
6447:. Retrieved
6419:
6394:. Retrieved
6374:
6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6346:
6321:. Retrieved
6312:
6299:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6190:the original
6177:
6166:
6139:
6133:
6122:. Retrieved
6113:
6104:
6093:. Retrieved
6085:Publications
6084:
6075:
6065:November 18,
6063:. Retrieved
6054:
6027:. Retrieved
6018:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5880:
5874:
5864:
5829:
5823:
5789:(1): 29–40.
5786:
5782:
5772:
5761:. Retrieved
5752:
5742:
5733:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5686:
5680:
5672:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5596:
5592:
5579:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5377:
5369:
5344:
5340:
5320:. Retrieved
5311:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5281:
5272:
5261:. Retrieved
5228:
5224:
5214:
5203:. Retrieved
5170:
5166:
5156:
5125:. Retrieved
5098:
5088:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5020:. Retrieved
5005:
4975:(1): 29–40.
4972:
4968:
4958:
4947:. Retrieved
4928:
4919:
4908:. Retrieved
4888:
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4866:ResearchGate
4865:
4855:
4839:
4817:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4772:
4765:
4754:. Retrieved
4745:
4735:
4727:
4722:
4712:November 16,
4710:. Retrieved
4695:
4688:
4647:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4597:
4594:IPRI Journal
4593:
4583:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4537:. Retrieved
4507:. Elsevier.
4504:
4494:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4440:. Retrieved
4420:
4413:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4338:
4331:
4304:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4208:. Retrieved
4199:
4190:
4179:. Retrieved
4170:
4161:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4039:
4032:
4021:. Retrieved
4012:
4002:
3991:. Retrieved
3982:
3977:
3938:
3932:
3905:
3899:
3856:
3850:
3823:
3817:
3806:. Retrieved
3786:
3779:
3744:
3740:
3716:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3654:
3650:
3626:. Retrieved
3617:
3608:
3597:. Retrieved
3588:
3578:
3537:
3531:
3520:. Retrieved
3479:
3475:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3445:
3420:. Retrieved
3411:
3401:
3385:
3356:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3181:
3174:
3162:
3104:totalitarian
3070:dictatorship
2998:
2978:
2958:
2946:
2866:
2830:dictatorship
2820:
2802:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2711:
2699:
2663:
2645:dictatorship
2642:
2615:
2586:Saudi Arabia
2577:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:Central Asia
2472:
2432:
2428:
2413:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2140:Sierra Leone
2013:
2003: 0–2.00
1997: 2.01–3
1991: 3.01–4
1984:
1980: 4.01–5
1974: 5.01–6
1967:
1963: 6.01–7
1957: 7.01–8
1950:
1946: 8.01–9
1933:
1923:
1894:
1883:
1859:
1824:
1723:trade unions
1697:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1621:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1554:Pippa Norris
1552:
1549:institutions
1547:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1516:dictatorship
1491:
1489:
1481:petro-states
1471:and regular
1459:regime to a
1444:
1442:
1321:Middle power
1248:Vassal state
1242:Buffer state
1240:
1216:Puppet state
1211:Protectorate
1187:Client state
1177:Principality
1003:Distributism
945:Presidential
823:Dictatorship
747:Gerontocracy
669:rule by many
642:
626:Part of the
317:street-level
192:Presidential
171:
152:Dictatorship
22:Part of the
9526:Reactionary
9506:Corporatism
9486:Syndicalism
9436:Nolan Chart
9381:Red fascist
9316:Muslim left
9311:Jewish left
9276:Nationalism
9148:Centre-left
8967:West Africa
8657:"Democracy"
7129:(2): 51–65.
6526:19 November
6487:19 November
5735:governance.
5048:(1): 7–31.
4929:VitalSource
4802:16 November
4600:(1): 1–24.
3747:(1): 7–31.
3269:democracies
3265:autocracies
3078:autocracies
2839:dictablanda
2824:Dictablanda
2815:Dictablanda
2794:caudillismo
2790:Bonapartism
2759:predominant
2720:András Sajó
2630:democracies
2606:Afghanistan
2451:, in 2019.
2180:Ivory Coast
2025:El Salvador
1844:Measurement
1763: 2010
1326:Great power
1311:Small power
1253:Viceroyalty
1124:Nationalism
988:Colonialism
968:Libertarian
930:Directorial
807:rule by one
787:Technocracy
782:Stratocracy
762:Meritocracy
752:Kleptocracy
742:Aristocracy
456:Sovereignty
421:Legislature
324:Technocracy
312:Bureaucracy
177:Meritocracy
157:Directorial
9371:Loony left
9261:Liberalism
9054:L. Blaydes
8942:1970), in
8903:2022-11-18
8880:2022-11-19
8811:2022-11-18
8671:2022-11-18
8269:6 November
7837:2023-06-03
7739:2023-06-03
7615:. p. 158.
7613:1443891827
7534:(1): 170.
7348:5 December
7293:5 December
6929:2023-04-26
6799:2019-08-13
6585:2022-11-19
6449:2022-11-19
6439:1172052725
6323:2019-02-06
6158:1288461480
6124:2022-12-27
6095:2022-12-27
6029:2022-12-27
5763:2021-01-27
5626:7 November
5374:Mudde, Cas
5322:2022-11-19
5263:2023-03-03
5205:2023-03-03
5127:2023-03-03
5022:2023-03-03
4949:2023-03-03
4910:2023-03-03
4792:1124515503
4756:2022-11-19
4666:1156414956
4539:2022-12-09
4442:2022-12-27
4210:2019-08-13
4181:2022-11-16
4023:2019-08-13
3993:2019-08-13
3808:2023-04-23
3718:2022-11-21
3689:2022-11-18
3628:2022-11-16
3599:2022-11-16
3522:2022-11-16
3456:2022-11-18
3422:2022-12-27
3368:References
3183:steadfast
3144:government
3112:democratic
3021:liberalism
2981:democratic
2955:government
2952:democratic
2933:ditabranda
2909:ditabranda
2904:Portuguese
2700:The term "
2671:legitimacy
2620:professor
2608:, and the
2551:Montenegro
2456: Free
2275:Mozambique
2265:Mauritania
2255:Kyrgyzstan
2170:Kyrgyzstan
2065:Madagascar
2045:Montenegro
2020:Bangladesh
1832:political
1788:repressive
1682:Indicators
1662:After the
1610:Countries
1589:Professor
1535:Terry Karl
1522:Definition
1508:parliament
1465:autocratic
1461:democratic
1331:Superpower
1287:Superstate
1282:Federation
1277:Devolution
1263:Federalism
1104:City-state
777:Plutocracy
772:Particracy
636:government
546:Governance
536:Government
531:Federalism
132:City-state
9406:Soft left
9361:Hard left
9251:Socialism
9246:Communism
9236:Anarchism
9220:New Right
9210:Third Way
9168:Far-right
8969:regimes (
8957:), among
8801:2183-2463
8766:145077481
8750:0192-5121
8715:248208017
8707:0143-6597
8632:1086-3214
8593:2183-2463
8517:154815836
8509:1086-3214
8470:1086-3214
8396:1086-3214
8321:218522553
8237:149654333
8229:1351-0347
8151:2663-5704
8028:143823486
7993:154960398
7944:: 75–90.
7898:CiteSeerX
7824:0015-7120
7726:0015-7120
7540:0023-8791
7477:1430-6387
7463:(3): 24.
7195:0040-5817
7168:143630796
7072:Sajó 2021
7031:Sajó 2021
6905:225285163
6849:154433302
6731:1094-2939
6627:cite book
6575:144333167
6291:249031421
6283:1351-0347
6242:2183-2463
5993:154168435
5977:1065-9129
5930:1521-9488
5856:240235199
5803:1022-0461
5669:150992660
5613:225378571
5571:221472047
5518:228959708
5454:159354232
5419:234870008
5361:225475139
5292:April 17,
5253:154947839
5245:1755-7747
5187:0092-5853
5146:ignored (
5136:cite book
5080:145077481
5064:0192-5121
4989:1022-0461
4674:cite book
4575:1879-3665
4529:157117940
4521:1556-5068
4486:145315763
4478:1351-0347
4405:144881011
4397:0192-5121
4260:158943827
4252:2183-2463
4145:1086-3214
4110:158234306
4102:1086-3214
4013:Ведомости
3891:198088445
3883:2523-8345
3771:145077481
3763:0192-5121
3671:1521-9488
3564:cite book
3512:232400805
3496:0897-6546
3412:kipdf.com
3267:and full
3170:democracy
3068:and part
3066:democracy
3037:Hong Kong
2892:(PRI) in
2875:replaced
2849:dictadura
2832:in which
2786:Caesarism
2763:hegemonic
2582:democracy
2290:Singapore
2125:Guatemala
2075:Hong Kong
1919:The 2021
1784:autocracy
1675:strongman
1614:(red) or
1500:democracy
1496:autocracy
1490:The term
1473:elections
1158:Unitarism
1134:Globalism
1040:Religious
1028:Tribalism
1018:Socialism
1013:Feudalism
998:Despotism
993:Communism
983:Anarchism
920:Communist
867:Stateless
857:Anarchism
818:Despotism
802:Autocracy
792:Theocracy
757:Kritarchy
725:Oligarchy
710:Socialist
664:Democracy
526:Unitarism
514:Elections
502:Subseries
431:Judiciary
426:Executive
329:Adhocracy
212:Theocracy
167:Feudalism
147:Democracy
9585:Category
9561:Populism
9556:Hardline
9466:See also
9331:Islamism
9326:Hindutva
9200:New Left
9138:Far-left
9057:Archived
9046:Archived
9035:Archived
9020:Archived
9005:Archived
8951:Archived
8914:Archived
8897:Archived
8893:BTI 2022
8874:Archived
8805:Archived
8758:20445173
8665:Archived
7920:42071287
7832:20048274
7764:Archived
7734:20048858
7681:(2008).
7660:July 28,
7548:26744297
7504:23738276
7255:Politeia
7222:Politeia
7203:41802094
6869:Euronews
6841:41428375
6793:Archived
6682:Archived
6671:Archived
6660:Archived
6649:Archived
6579:Archived
6520:Archived
6481:Archived
6443:Archived
6417:(2000).
6390:Archived
6351:Archived
6317:Archived
6199:21 April
6118:Archived
6089:Archived
6059:Archived
6023:Archived
5985:20721505
5815:Archived
5811:55589140
5757:Archived
5617:Archived
5563:32883862
5440:: 9–36.
5316:Archived
5286:Archived
5282:BTI 2022
5257:Archived
5199:Archived
5195:23024939
5121:Archived
5072:20445173
5016:Archived
4997:55589140
4943:Archived
4904:Archived
4844:Archived
4796:Archived
4750:Archived
4533:Archived
4436:Archived
4354:Archived
4282:Archived
4204:Archived
4175:Archived
4055:Archived
4017:Archived
3987:Archived
3802:Archived
3712:Archived
3683:Archived
3679:40389063
3622:Archived
3593:Archived
3516:Archived
3504:41349660
3450:Archived
3416:Archived
3195:See also
3058:Anocracy
2999:anocracy
2959:de facto
2915:ditamole
2558:Typology
2329:in 2023
2295:Tanzania
2235:Ethiopia
2160:Pakistan
2105:Tanzania
2080:Honduras
1773:(yellow)
1635:Cold War
1533:In 1995
1485:Cold War
1455:from an
1206:Dominion
935:Legalist
915:Absolute
900:Republic
895:Monarchy
767:Noocracy
737:Anocracy
690:Economic
680:Demarchy
554:Ideology
372:doctrine
333:Service
197:Republic
182:Monarchy
162:Federacy
51:Category
31:Politics
9411:Wingnut
9376:Moonbat
9281:Fascism
9241:Marxism
7958:8303905
7423:8558740
7388:8558740
6396:Apr 30,
6357:Nov 25,
5938:3699697
5883:(106).
5543:Bibcode
5534:Science
4872:Aug 22,
4360:Nov 27,
4288:Nov 26,
4153:6711009
4061:Nov 27,
3708:Dem-Dec
3704:"Index"
2974:state's
2968:. Such
2628:today:
2610:Vatican
2536:Albania
2531:Hungary
2526:Ukraine
2511:Moldova
2506:Georgia
2501:Armenia
2422:at the
2325:Map of
2305:Tunisia
2280:Nigeria
2270:Morocco
2185:Nigeria
2175:Lebanon
2120:Morocco
2110:Bolivia
2095:Georgia
2090:Liberia
2085:Armenia
2070:Senegal
2040:Moldova
2035:Ukraine
1782:toward
1602:History
1348:Related
1043:Secular
1008:Fascism
845:Anarchy
835:Tyranny
695:Liberal
559:Culture
469:Country
127:Anarchy
41:Outline
9421:Models
9351:Baizuo
9286:Nazism
9153:Centre
9063:2006,
8965:) and
8866:
8827:
8799:
8764:
8756:
8748:
8713:
8705:
8630:
8591:
8548:
8515:
8507:
8468:
8427:
8394:
8319:
8235:
8227:
8180:
8149:
8066:
8026:
7991:
7956:
7918:
7900:
7870:20 May
7861:
7830:
7822:
7789:
7732:
7724:
7691:
7634:
7607:
7546:
7538:
7502:
7475:
7421:
7386:
7343:Nikkei
7325:argue.
7316:
7201:
7193:
7166:
7098:
7055:
6957:
6903:
6847:
6839:
6791:: 13.
6763:
6729:
6615:
6573:
6567:157386
6565:
6512:
6473:
6437:
6427:
6382:
6289:
6281:
6240:
6156:
6146:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5936:
5928:
5854:
5844:
5809:
5801:
5693:
5667:
5611:
5569:
5561:
5516:
5452:
5417:
5384:
5359:
5251:
5243:
5193:
5185:
5113:
5078:
5070:
5062:
4995:
4987:
4935:
4896:
4790:
4780:
4703:
4664:
4654:
4629:
4573:
4527:
4519:
4484:
4476:
4428:
4403:
4395:
4346:
4319:
4258:
4250:
4151:
4143:
4108:
4100:
4047:
3953:
3920:
3889:
3881:
3871:
3838:
3794:
3769:
3761:
3677:
3669:
3552:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3327:, and
3150:, and
3110:, and
2894:Mexico
2861:blanda
2602:Brunei
2592:, the
2541:Serbia
2521:Kosovo
2466:
2460:
2454:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2310:Turkey
2285:Serbia
2250:Kuwait
2245:Jordan
2215:Angola
2205:rights
2155:Turkey
2150:Gambia
2135:Zambia
2130:Uganda
2060:Bhutan
2050:Malawi
2005:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1834:regime
1765:, the
1758:Since
1172:Empire
1084:Global
715:Others
705:Social
685:Direct
519:voting
461:Polity
359:Policy
338:Public
252:theory
9163:Right
8762:S2CID
8754:JSTOR
8711:S2CID
8513:S2CID
8317:S2CID
8255:(PDF)
8233:S2CID
8106:(PDF)
8088:(PDF)
8024:S2CID
7989:S2CID
7954:S2CID
7916:S2CID
7828:JSTOR
7730:JSTOR
7565:Folha
7544:JSTOR
7522:(PDF)
7500:JSTOR
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