1071:
1500:
682:
1820:(1939; English 1961) a feudal order not limited solely to the nobility. It is his radical notion that peasants were part of the feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers: while the vassal performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasant performed physical labour in return for protection â both are a form of feudal relationship. According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms; all the aspects of life were centred on "lordship", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly (and anti-courtly) literature, and a feudal economy.
308:
29:
48:
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739:
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1614:
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1912:, is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with the personal association among the nobility. But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds. The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German
1882:, Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the MĂąconnais region and charted a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000. He argued that in early 11th century, governing institutionsâparticularly comital courts established under the
1944:, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back "tyrannically" into the historical record. Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely. In
1956:
Too many models of feudalism used for comparisons, even by
Marxists, are still either constructed on the 16th-century basis or incorporate what, in a Marxist view, must surely be superficial or irrelevant features from it. Even when one restricts oneself to Europe and to feudalism in its narrow sense
890:
Without debate the
Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitudeâwhich were to be abolished without indemnification. Other proposals followed with the same success: the equality of legal punishment, admission
726:
Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another. The vassal's principal obligation to the lord was to provide aid or military service. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from
834:
and comital control, linking vassals to their lords; but in other regions, the system led to significant confusion, all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords. In response to this, the idea of a "liege lord" was developed (where the obligations to one
668:
version of feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility based on the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known
1799:
in 1066. Round argued that the
Normans had brought feudalism with them to England, while Maitland contended that its fundamentals were already in place in Britain before 1066. The debate continues today, but a consensus viewpoint is that England before the Conquest had commendation (which embodied
1486:
used the term "feudal system" to describe a social and economic system defined by inherited social ranks, each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations. In such a system, wealth derived from agriculture, which was arranged not according to market forces but on the
1579:
He also took it as a paradigm for understanding the power-relationships between capitalists and wage-labourers in his own time: "in pre-capitalist systems it was obvious that most people did not control their own destinyâunder feudalism, for instance, serfs had to work for their lords. Capitalism
1050:
was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates
895:
Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues; these dues affected more than a quarter of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners. The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled. Thus the peasants got
1543:
for his own purposes, and even drove some of the bishops out of the church and placed his own laymen in their seats, Fouracre discounts Martel's role in creating political change, that it was simply a military move in order to have control in the region by hording land through tenancies, and
763:
In its origin, the feudal grant of land had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal, but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings, the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of "politics of land" (an expression used by the historian
794:
families had done before them) lesser lords usurped/privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state, including travel dues, market dues, fees for using woodlands, obligations, use the lord's mill and, most importantly, the highly profitable rights of justice, etc. (what
727:
the fief, the vassal had to answer calls to military service by the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship. In addition, the vassal could have other obligations to his lord, such as attendance at his court, whether
1037:
bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church. Thus the feudal order embraces society from top to bottom, though the "powerful and well-differentiated social group of the urban classes" came to occupy a distinct position to some extent outside the classic feudal hierarchy.
2435:
750:
this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy, but also included sentencing by the lord for criminal offences, including capital punishment in some cases. Concerning the king's feudal court, such deliberation could include the question of declaring war. These are
1804:
introduced a modified and stricter northern French feudalism to
England incorporating (1086) oaths of loyalty to the king by all who held by feudal tenure, even the vassals of his principal vassals (holding by feudal tenure meant that vassals must provide the quota of
402:
means "goods", implying "a movable object of value". Bloch explains that by the beginning of the 10th century it was common to value land in monetary terms but to pay for it with objects of equivalent value, such as arms, clothing, horses or food. This was known as
1575:
and principally by means of labour, produce and money rents. He deemed feudalism a 'democracy of unfreedom', juxtaposing the oppression of feudal subjects with a holistic integration of political and economic life of the sort lacking under industrial capitalism.
891:
of all to public office, abolition of venality in office, conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption, freedom of worship, prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice.
869:
Most of the military aspects of feudalism effectively ended by about 1500. This was partly since the military shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters thus reducing the nobility's claim on power, but also because the
1835:). His classic definition of feudalism is widely accepted today among medieval scholars, though questioned both by those who view the concept in wider terms and by those who find insufficient uniformity in noble exchanges to support such a model.
1973:
notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences. Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term
633:
without allocating land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.
1524:(or leases) for his followers, in return for their military service. Martel's military ambitions were becoming more expensive as it changed into a cavalry force, thus the need to maintain his followers through the despoiling of church lands.
865:
rule where a king and one royal court held almost all the power. Feudal nobles regardless of ethnicity generally thought of themselves as arbiters of a politically free system, so this often puzzled them before the fall of most feudal laws.
1425:
The concept of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in the middle of the 18th century, as a result of works such as
298:
countries, such as Poland and
Lithuania, with scholars observing that the medieval political and economic structure of those countries bears some, but not all, resemblances to the Western European societies commonly described as feudal.
1472:". Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the "Dark Ages" including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain. For them "feudalism" meant
3649:
1580:
seems different because people are in theory free to work for themselves or for others as they choose. Yet most workers have as little control over their lives as feudal serfs." Some later
Marxist theorists (e.g.
3046:
407:, a term that took on the general meaning of paying for something in lieu of money. This meaning was then applied to land itself, in which land was used to pay for fealty, such as to a vassal. Thus the old word
1890:
during the 9th and 10th centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence.
641:
in these empires. However, once the infrastructure to maintain unitary power was re-establishedâas with the
European monarchiesâfeudalism began to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappeared.
1957:
it is extremely doubtful whether feudo-vassalic institutions formed a coherent bundle of institutions or concepts that were structurally separate from other institutions and concepts of the time.
711:. During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces.
3162:
Encyc. Brit. op.cit. It was a standard part of the feudal contract (fief , fealty , faith ) that every tenant was under an obligation to attend his overlord's court to advise and support him;
541:, which literally means "the returned", and was used especially for 'land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight'). Samarrai's theory is that early forms of 'fief' include
1827:
defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective, arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself. Ganshof articulated this concept in
958:, feudalism was abolished with the law of 5 December 1861 n.Âș 342 were all feudal bonds abolished. The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s.
1816:, arguably the most influential 20th-century medieval historian, approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one, presenting in
723:
owed by a vassal to his feudal lord. "Fealty" also refers to an oath that more explicitly reinforces the commitments of the vassal made during homage; such an oath follows homage.
673:, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship.
248:, which had some feudal characteristics (sometimes called "semifeudal"). Some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing feudalism (or traces of it) in places as diverse as
882:
explains how at an early stage of the French
Revolution, on just one night of 4 August 1789, France abolished the long-lasting remnants of the feudal order. It announced, "The
69:
from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
1952:
expanded upon Brown's original thesis. Although some contemporaries questioned
Reynolds's methodology, other historians have supported it and her argument. Reynolds argues:
1555:
also uses the term in the 19th century in his analysis of society's economic and political development, describing feudalism (or more usually feudal society or the feudal
3518:'Writing about Charles Martel', in Law, laity and solidarities : essays in honour of Susan Reynolds / edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
3576:'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
3547:'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
746:
It could also involve the vassal providing "counsel", so that if the lord faced a major decision he would summon all his vassals and hold a council. At the level of the
497:
The term "féodal" was first used in 17th-century French legal treatises (1614) and translated into
English legal treatises as an adjective, such as "feodal government".
3043:
1518:
laid the foundation for feudalism during the 8th century. Brunner believed Martel to be a brilliant warrior who secularized church lands for the purpose of providing
1503:
The Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel (boundaries approximate), primarily modern day France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic and Austria
147:(1994), there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society.
3174:, p.18, quoted by Encyc. Brit, op.cit., p. 388: "It was the principle of the feudal system that every tenant should attend the court of his immediate superior".
1978:
has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.
5206:
669:
as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord, the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of
482:
in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one-hundred years earlier. The origin of the
5572:
1965:
has also been applied to non-Western societies, in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed (see
981:
were held for the election of a local parliament and the appointment of a government. The "revolution" is a consequence of the juridical intervention of the
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19:
This article is about the classic, medieval, Western European form of feudalism. For feudalism in other societies, as well as that of the Europeans, see
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of the 1790s. Even when the original feudal relationships had disappeared, there were many institutional remnants of feudalism left in place. Historian
1940:
as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept. Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of
1033:
offers a wider definition than Ganshof's and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the
291:
has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.
4375:
Keshri VR, Bhaumik S (2022) . The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation . BMJ Global Health Available online
927:
abolished feudalism with the law of 2 August 1806, then implemented with a law of 1 September 1806 and a royal decree of 3 December 1808. In the
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Sutherland, D. M. G. (2002). "Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780-1820".
2030:
973:
entered into full force putting an end to what was left of the Scottish feudal system. The last feudal regime, that of the island of
4447:
4140:
2409:
4435:
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3139:
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Jerzy Topolski, Continuity and discontinuity in the development of the feudal system in Eastern Europe (Xth to XVIIth centuries)"
1770:
1539:
was the gifting of land to the church, done for various spiritual and legal purposes. Although Charles Martel did indeed utilize
613:
scribes often used etymologically "fanciful roots" to support outlandish claims that something was of Arabian or Muslim origin.
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1477:
912:
769:
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4010:
3849:
3804:
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4250:(1967). "Economic Relationships in the Decline of Feudalism: An Examination of Economic Interdependence and Social Change".
2760:
1456:, 1739). In the 18th century, writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the
3835:
3790:
3748:
2623:
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5547:
5096:
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3171:
1879:
944:
504:, seeking to describe economic systems, effectively coined the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book
192:, though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment was only related to the "narrow, technical, legal sense of the word."
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2251:
1909:
1812:
In the 20th century, two outstanding historians offered still more widely differing perspectives. The French historian
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283:
has also been appliedâoften pejorativelyâto non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those in
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4042:
3990:
3632:
3589:
3560:
3531:
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3317:
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2565:
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36:
4397:
2551:
2284:
5049:
4983:
4578:
908:
844:
822:), counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later. Thus, in some regions (like
367:, but these words are not attested in this meaning in Germanic sources, or even in the Latin of the Frankish laws.
2303:
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (October 1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe".
5226:
5008:
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This "fragmentation of powers" was not, however, systematic throughout France, and in certain counties (such as
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Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle, c. 800âc. 1100
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reduced the nobility's hold over the lower classes. Vestiges of the feudal system hung on in France until the
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1258:
1077:
916:
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699:) to someone, he had to make that person a vassal. This was done at a formal and symbolic ceremony called a
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1985:
notes that "Western civilization and world civilization textbooks now shy away from the term 'feudalism'."
1900:
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4111:
Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century
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601:), which was used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time, resulting in a plurality of forms â
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5381:
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Cheyette, Fredric L. (2005). "FEUDALISM, EUROPEAN.". In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline; Gale, Thomas (eds.).
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expelling the bishops who he did not agree with, but it did not specifically create feudalism.
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2127:
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65:, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in
4077:
Brown, Elizabeth (1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe".
4056:
Abels, Richard (2009). "The Historiography of a Construct: "Feudalism" and the Medieval Historian".
2180:
1824:
665:
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was established. It is possible, Samarrai says, that French scribes, writing in Latin, attempted to
173:
73:
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4425:
3145:
2504:
1499:
1443:
849:
Around this time, rich, "middle-class" commoners chafed at the authority and powers held by feudal
249:
203:(1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three
100:(1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three
1585:
681:
456:
Initially in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service was called a
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5331:
5143:
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3057:, ed. Belle S. Tuten and Tracey L. Billado (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010), 135-155 at 145-149.
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5248:
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1791:, both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions about the character of
1756:
963:
780:
in the same period or later: Counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as
755:; depending on the period of time and location in Europe, feudal customs and practices varied.
287:
Europe are perceived to prevail. Some historians and political theorists believe that the term
273:
3307:
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2214:
1584:) have applied this label to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with
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Covenant and commonwealth : from Christian separation through the Protestant Reformation
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Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian."
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Friday, Karl (2010). "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan".
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An Historical Account of the Ancient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom
1212:
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772:" or "mutation" and a "fragmentation of powers" (Bloch) that was unlike the development of
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3044:"Reflections on Feudalism: Thomas Madox and the Origins of the Feudal System in England,"
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in the 9th century AD, which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support
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The applicability of the term feudalism has also been questioned in the context of some
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Forster, Robert (1967). "The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution".
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Feud, Violence and Practice: Essays in Medieval Studies in Honor of Stephen D. White
1870:), and working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian
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Fouracre, Paul (2020). "The Successor States, 550-750". In Mossman, Stephen (ed.).
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based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under
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Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution
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2626:[Did feudalism exist in Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages?].
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has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.
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in Slovakia. Medieval castles are often a traditional symbol of a feudal society.
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2827:"fee, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 18 August 2017.
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feudalism ceased by virtue of the edicts of 7 March, and 19 July 1797 issued by
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4183:
The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland: Or, The Story of the Land League Revolution
4106:
3956:
3946:
3733:
3350:
3258:
2729:
2708:
2680:
2649:
2601:
2196:
2067:
2050:
2025:
1982:
1843:
1842:
was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and
1673:
1528:
1343:
1328:
924:
609:
derived. Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as
320:
269:
253:
241:
4298:
4198:
4170:
3276:
2665:"The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century"
526:
first introduced the word "feudalism" and the notion of the feudal pyramid.
47:
5542:
5439:
5243:
5111:
4937:
4767:
4638:
4556:
4306:
4190:
3870:
3859:
3817:
3775:
3342:
2780:
2571:
2220:
2144:
2082:
2020:
1839:
1373:
1278:
986:
796:
515:
51:
3985:
Tr. L.A. Manyon. Two volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
2870:
Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon
1865:
1563:. For Marx, what defined feudalism was the power of the ruling class (the
226:
Outside its European context, the concept of feudalism can be extended to
5693:
5396:
5303:
5185:
5086:
4922:
4800:
4785:
4757:
4593:
4376:
4247:
3907:
3252:
2035:
1970:
1871:
1706:
1589:
1564:
1427:
1268:
1248:
1208:
1188:
1002:
871:
747:
284:
216:
135:
by the people who lived during the Middle Ages. Since the publication of
113:
66:
32:
768:). The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a "
5268:
5154:
5065:
4685:
4361:
4271:
4098:
3386:
A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon
2737:
2703:
2688:
2664:
2326:
2077:
2010:
1856:
tradition. In a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled
1813:
1699:
1658:
1639:
1560:
1531:
theorizes that the church itself held power over the land with its own
1483:
1368:
1108:
1030:
765:
638:
578:
566:
501:
459:
383:
196:
97:
4230:
3358:
2624:"Czy istniaĆ feudalizm w Europie Ćrodkowo-Wschodniej w Ćredniowieczu?"
1904:(personal interdependency state), understanding it in contrast to the
1480:
abolished the "feudal regime" in August 1789, this is what was meant.
557:
and others, the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a
5577:
5034:
3754:
3709:
2040:
1669:
1654:
1581:
1552:
1468:, when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the "
1318:
1303:
1128:
862:
781:
738:
562:
316:
4461:
4444:. Cornell University Press, 1942. Classic introduction to Feudalism.
4263:
4090:
4030:, Tr. Caroline Higgitt. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1991.
4023:
Paris: Le Seuil, 2001 (complete history of the meaning of the term).
3912:"The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan"
2721:
2318:
621:
Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the
5612:
5489:
5366:
4942:
4737:
2762:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795
2557:
2117:
2101:
1720:
1692:
1650:
1520:
1308:
1293:
1228:
1133:
1118:
948:
936:
858:
854:
827:
823:
786:
720:
586:
558:
81:
2495:
Jessee, W. Scott (1996). Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.).
2199:, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.
1613:
1007:
163:
was in use by the end of the 18th century, paralleling the French
5253:
4812:
4623:
2138:
2132:
2045:
1731:
1727:
1688:
1665:
1572:
1488:
1378:
1363:
1298:
1243:
1238:
1218:
1143:
1034:
1016:
630:
230:
social structures in other regions, most often in discussions of
227:
212:
180:
of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of
109:
985:, which declared the local constitutional system as contrary to
2943:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718â1050
2087:
1898:
subordinated the feudal state as secondary to his concept of a
1806:
1735:
1684:
1358:
1178:
1148:
1123:
1012:
951:, feudalism was abolished only with an edict of 5 August 1848.
742:
France in the late 15th century: a mosaic of feudal territories
708:
387:
236:
208:
185:
105:
89:
3468:
Debating Medieval Europe: the Early Middle Ages, c. 450-c.1050
1916:
because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the
1512:
The Equestrian Service and the Beginnings of the Feudal System
131:
and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal
5101:
3952:
The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
1223:
897:
791:
4454: (archived 26 February 2009), by Robert Harbison, 1996,
2872:. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai.
1859:
La société aux XIe et XIIe siÚcles dans la région mùconnaise
127:(fief), which was used during the Medieval period, the term
3650:"The Young Marx on Feudalism as the Democracy of Unfreedom"
3470:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 35â62.
1473:
1233:
1098:
974:
850:
831:
696:
189:
181:
93:
85:
3177:
3022:. Vol. 2. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 828â831.
2219:. George Foster Longsdorf. pp. 365, 1901 – via
1886:
monarchyâthat had represented public justice and order in
1809:
required by the king or a money payment in substitution).
915:, a provision that was later extended to various parts of
886:
abolishes the feudal system entirely." Lefebvre explains:
565:, one of the least Germanic areas of Europe and bordering
449:, which can be translated as "Louis forbade that military
211:, and those who lived off their labour, most directly the
176:(1944), feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and
3194:
3192:
838:
510:(1776). The phrase "feudal system" appeared in 1736, in
116:; this is sometimes referred to as a "feudal society".
4035:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted.
3309:
The French Revolution: Vol. 1, from Its Origins To 1793
3099:
2892:(3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875â78, Vol. 1, pg. 251, n. 1
4448:"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"
3877:
3837:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
3578:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 18.
3549:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.
3520:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.
3216:
3204:
3189:
2410:"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"
2345:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
1969:). Japan has been extensively studied in this regard.
1946:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
1831:("What is feudalism?", 1944; translated in English as
830:), the vassal/feudal system was an effective tool for
577:) can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at
359:
is unclear. It may come from a Germanic word, perhaps
3889:
1823:
In contradistinction to Bloch, the Belgian historian
514:, published nine years after the death of its author
439:(840) by Astronomus. In that text is a passage about
4334:
The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth-century France
4142:
The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay
3484:
989:, and, following a series of legal battles, imposed
969:
More recently in Scotland, on 28 November 2004, the
835:
lord are regarded as superior) in the 12th century.
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
457:
453:(which they popularly call "fodder") be furnished."
444:
971:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
3998:
3495:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 1â11.
3291:Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century
2987:
2704:"The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania, 1506-1548"
2235:
1800:some of the personal elements in feudalism) while
758:
2876:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.
1927:
5779:
4428:, by Fredric Cheyette (Amherst), excerpted from
4281:Eastern Europe 1740â1985: Feudalism to Communism
2549:
1567:) in their control of arable land, leading to a
919:following the invasion by French troops. In the
76:(1944), describes a set of reciprocal legal and
35:of a knight (miniature from the statutes of the
3092:. "The term 'fief': A possible Arabic origin",
803:"). Power in this period became more personal.
415:, meaning the exact opposite: landed property.
411:meaning movable property would have changed to
16:Legal and military structure in medieval Europe
3414:(2001). "Perspectives on the Medieval World".
1908:. This form of statehood, identified with the
1864:Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the
5170:
5050:
4477:
4209:(1962). "Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment".
4145:. Western Kentucky University. Archived from
3138:(1942). "Classic introduction to Feudalism".
3066:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2490:
2488:
1764:
1406:
896:their land free, and also no longer paid the
569:(Muslim Spain). Further, the earliest use of
378:in 1870, being supported by, amongst others,
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
2662:
1917:
1857:
1851:
1457:
1447:
1431:
703:, which was composed of the two-part act of
339:'fee, feud', first attested in a charter of
164:
3085:
3083:
3036:
3013:
3011:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2588:"Feudal Government Alive and Well in Tonga"
1783:In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
1487:basis of customary labour services owed by
1054:
977:, was abolished in December 2008, when the
139:'s "The Tyranny of a Construct" (1974) and
119:Although it is derived from the Latin word
5177:
5163:
5057:
5043:
4484:
4470:
4347:
4211:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4049:
3134:
3128:
2913:
2895:
2485:
2338:
2336:
1771:
1757:
1413:
1399:
1029:The phrase "feudal society" as defined by
446:annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant
421:proposes that the origin of 'fief' is not
159:was in use by at least 1405, and the noun
3615:
3596:
3289:"The End of Feudalism" in J.H.M. Salmon,
2639:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
1449:Histoire des anciens Parlements de France
5184:
4138:
3883:
3830:
3647:
3573:
3544:
3515:
3490:
3465:
3410:
3404:
3302:
3254:Pictorial History of the American People
3080:
3073:The History of Manchester: In Four Books
3017:
3008:
2847:
2585:
2538:having some characteristics of feudalism
2458:
2456:
2407:
2342:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2212:
1498:
1006:
737:
680:
386:. Kern derived the word from a putative
306:
112:, all of whom were bound by a system of
96:. A broader definition, as described by
84:and revolved around the key concepts of
46:
27:
4163:Decline of English Feudalism, 1215â1540
4037:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
4026:Poly, Jean-Pierre and Bournazel, Eric,
3996:
3945:
3746:
3491:Fouracre, Paul (2000). "Introduction".
3332:
3250:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3183:
2931:
2467:. Translated by Manyon, L. A. Chicago:
2333:
2238:The Foundations of Western Civilization
911:with a decree of 11 August 1789 by the
343:in 884, which is related to Old French
219:. This order is often referred to as a
5780:
5064:
4430:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4377:https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e010603
4177:
4117:
4105:
3788:
3688:
3020:New Dictionary of the History Of Ideas
2982:
2758:
2701:
2501:Reader's Companion to Military History
2494:
2365:
2163:
1476:privileges and prerogatives. When the
1078:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
839:End of European feudalism (1500â1850s)
319:, was depicted with his noble arms in
240:, and sometimes in discussions of the
195:A broader definition, as described in
5158:
5038:
4491:
4465:
4076:
4055:
4005:. London; New York: Longmans, Green.
3711:Europe and the people without history
3246:
3244:
2937:
2890:The Constitutional History of England
2792:
2790:
2669:The Slavonic and East European Review
2462:
2453:
2302:
2291:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2233:
2031:List of feudal wars 12thâ14th century
931:the abolishing law was issued by the
790:took control of local lands, and (as
561:. The first use of these terms is in
433:, the earliest attested use being in
172:According to a classic definition by
5793:9th-century establishments in Europe
4278:
4246:
4205:
4160:
4028:The Feudal Transformation, 900â1200.
3895:
3707:
3399:Journal of European Economic History
2621:
2586:McDonald, Hamish (17 October 2007).
2432:
645:
637:These acquired powers significantly
5762:
5207:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
4999:History of the Mediterranean region
4426:"Feudalism: the history of an idea"
4154:
3373:The A to Z of the French Revolution
3105:
2990:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
2401:
2371:
1494:
1464:, or French monarchy. This was the
907:, following the French Revolution,
13:
5299:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
3975:
3241:
2787:
2553:Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook
2260:
695:Before a lord could grant land (a
656:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
14:
5824:
5729:Historiography in the Middle Ages
4382:
4331:Mackrell, John Quentin Colborne.
4283:. University of Minnesota Press.
3438:
1041:
996:
605:and othersâfrom which eventually
215:, which was bound by a system of
5798:1861 disestablishments in Europe
5761:
5752:
5751:
5741:
4984:Bibliography of European history
4579:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
4369:
4132:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x
4070:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00610.x
3997:Ganshof, François Louis (1952).
2216:The Cyclopedic Dictionary of Law
1932:In 1974, the American historian
1894:In 1939, the Austrian historian
1612:
1599:
1527:Responding to Brunner's thesis,
1069:
964:Russia finally abolished serfdom
947:, specifically on the island of
845:Abolition of feudalism in France
611:Medieval and Early Modern Muslim
533:suggests an Arabic origin, from
518:, in 1727. In 1771, in his book
5227:Christianity in the Middle Ages
5222:Decline of Hellenistic religion
5009:History of Western civilization
4612:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4350:The Journal of Economic History
4322:The Fall of Feudalism in France
3938:
3921:
3901:
3824:
3782:
3740:
3701:
3691:Marx: A Very Short Introduction
3682:
3641:
3567:
3538:
3509:
3459:
3432:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3326:
3296:
3283:
3228:
3156:
3060:
2976:
2949:
2879:
2830:
2821:
2752:
2695:
2656:
2615:
2578:
2543:
2515:
2447:
2094:
1846:, that came to be known as the
1452:(1737; published in English as
1436:(1748; published in English as
759:The feudal revolution in France
370:One theory about the origin of
5505:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4853:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
4796:Christianity in the modern era
4567:Christianity in late antiquity
4398:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
4021:L'avenir d'un passé incertain.
3716:University of California Press
2426:
2306:The American Historical Review
2285:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2227:
2202:
1928:Challenges to the feudal model
1850:, Duby was an exponent of the
1334:Peerages in the United Kingdom
331:comes from the medieval Latin
262:India until the Mughal dynasty
1:
5679:Disability in the Middle Ages
5352:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
5284:Rise of the Venetian Republic
5004:History of the European Union
3789:Elazar, Daniel Judah (1996).
3588:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3559:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3530:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3312:. Columbia U.P. p. 130.
3261:: Gallery Books. p. 13.
2187:. Translated into English by
2156:
1874:, as well as the dioceses of
1596:, as 'tributary' societies .
1559:) as the order coming before
1535:. The most commonly utilized
1259:Feudal land tenure in England
1020:
625:of an empire: such as in the
150:
4420:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
4243:; compares Europe and Japan.
3648:Halikias, Dimitrios (2023).
3251:Slosson, Preston W. (1985).
2382:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
2213:Shumaker, Walter A. (1901).
1547:
861:, and preferred the idea of
676:
302:
296:Central and Eastern European
7:
4963:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4574:Crisis of the Third Century
4456:Western Kentucky University
3750:Companion to Historiography
3168:Historic Peerage of England
3094:Studies in Medieval Culture
2962:Online Etymology Dictionary
2469:University of Chicago Press
2415:Western Kentucky University
1988:
1829:Qu'est-ce que la féodalité?
1793:Anglo-Saxon English society
1478:French Constituent Assembly
956:Kingdom of LombardyâVenetia
72:The classic definition, by
10:
5829:
5480:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
5019:Military history of Europe
5014:Maritime history of Europe
4079:American Historical Review
3708:Wolf, Eric Robert (2010).
3443:. usna.edu. Archived from
2910:, Vol. 1, 1964. pp.165â66.
2702:Backus, Oswald P. (1962).
2441:Cambridge University Press
2185:Qu'est-ce que la féodalité
1993:
1000:
979:first democratic elections
842:
735:, or at the king's court.
649:
616:
18:
5737:
5666:
5525:
5420:
5407:Mongol invasion of Europe
5312:
5192:
5072:
4989:Genetic history of Europe
4971:
4776:
4592:
4532:
4499:
4344:(Penn State Press, 2010).
4314:
4223:10.1017/S001041750000150X
4139:Harbison, Robert (1996).
3931:(2009) 7#3 pp: 1008â1031.
3747:Bentley, Michael (2006).
3669:10.1017/S0018246X23000493
3493:The Age of Charles Martel
3108:War in Human Civilization
3076:. J. Murray. p. 359.
2807:Oxford English Dictionary
2663:SkwarczyĆski, P. (1956).
2641:10.12775/KH.2013.120.4.01
2550:L. Shelton Woods (2002).
2408:Harbison, Robert (1996).
2141:, an Indian feudal system
2128:Mandala (political model)
2057:Nulle terre sans seigneur
1789:Frederic William Maitland
799:called collectively the "
520:The History of Manchester
464:(Latin). Later, the term
376:Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern
355:. The ultimate origin of
335:, the adjectival form of
223:, echoing Bloch's usage.
3401:(1981) 10#2 pp: 373â400.
3236:Capetian France 987â1328
3146:Cornell University Press
3096:, 4.1 (1973), pp. 78â82.
2844:, 1( 1870), pp. 189-201.
2505:Houghton Mifflin Company
2343:Reynolds, Susan (1994).
1606:Feudal titles and status
1514:(1887), maintained that
1444:Henri de Boulainvilliers
1055:Evolution of the concept
731:, baronial, both termed
639:diminished unitary power
250:Spring and Autumn period
5362:Investiture Controversy
5332:Second Bulgarian Empire
4994:History of Christianity
4410:18 October 2014 at the
4050:Historiographical works
3842:Oxford University Press
3695:Oxford University Press
3689:Singer, Peter (2000) .
3574:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3545:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3516:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3112:Oxford University Press
3042:Elizabeth A. R. Brown,
2767:Oxford University Press
2759:Davies, Norman (2005).
2349:Oxford University Press
991:parliamentary democracy
962:was abolished in 1856.
909:feudalism was abolished
5719:Post-classical history
5475:Fall of Constantinople
5382:CapetâPlantagenet feud
5249:First Bulgarian Empire
4818:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3797:Transaction Publishers
3657:The Historical Journal
3418:. Getty Publications.
2842:De taal- en letterbode
2628:Kwartalnik Historyczny
2433:West, Charles (2013).
2234:Noble, Thomas (2002).
2181:François Louis Ganshof
2135:, a Thai feudal system
1959:
1918:
1858:
1852:
1825:François Louis Ganshof
1504:
1491:to landowning nobles.
1458:
1448:
1432:
1026:
935:on 10 August 1812. In
893:
743:
692:
690:Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
666:François Louis Ganshof
573:(as a replacement for
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
458:
445:
324:
174:François Louis Ganshof
165:
74:François Louis Ganshof
55:
44:
5117:Agricultural/Agrarian
4898:Industrial Revolution
4393:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
4326:full text online free
4161:Bean, J.M.W. (1968).
3619:(2001). "Feudalism".
3234:Elizabeth M. Hallam.
2868:Meir Lubetski (ed.).
2622:Dygo, Marian (2013).
2593:Sydney Morning Herald
2280:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
2195:, with a foreword by
2108:Feudalism in Pakistan
2016:English feudal barony
1967:Examples of feudalism
1954:
1934:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
1901:Personenverbandsstaat
1802:William the Conqueror
1502:
1274:English feudal barony
1010:
888:
843:Further information:
753:examples of feudalism
741:
715:comes from the Latin
701:commendation ceremony
684:
660:Examples of feudalism
603:feo, feu, feuz, feuum
507:The Wealth of Nations
500:In the 18th century,
310:
137:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
50:
39:, founded in 1352 by
31:
21:Examples of feudalism
5699:Medieval reenactment
5495:Renaissance Humanism
5402:Medieval Warm Period
5372:Republic of Florence
5186:European Middle Ages
4953:European debt crisis
4948:European integration
4888:Age of Enlightenment
4728:Republic of Florence
4279:Okey, Robin (1986).
4149:on 29 February 2008.
3918:8.2 (2010): 179â196.
3625:The Teaching Company
3621:The High Middle Ages
3343:10.1093/past/37.1.71
3257:(Revised ed.).
3114:. pp. 332â343.
3049:6 March 2023 at the
2769:. pp. 165â166.
2527:Webster's Dictionary
2511:on 12 November 2004.
2463:Bloch, Marc (1961).
2422:on 29 February 2008.
2244:The Teaching Company
2073:Statutes of Mortmain
1466:Age of Enlightenment
1433:De L'Esprit des Lois
1169:Feudal fragmentation
913:Constituent Assembly
774:feudalism in England
652:Feudalism in England
488:and why it replaced
419:Archibald Ross Lewis
207:: the nobility, the
205:estates of the realm
178:military obligations
104:: the nobility, the
102:estates of the realm
78:military obligations
61:, also known as the
5412:Kingdom of Portugal
5279:Old Church Slavonic
5264:Anglo-Saxon England
4918:Revolutions of 1848
4848:Early modern France
4629:Anglo-Saxon England
4534:Classical antiquity
3186:, pp. 522â523.
3152:on 9 February 2012.
2939:Lewis, Archibald R.
1936:rejected the label
1608:
1104:Ecclesiastical fief
1019:in feudal England,
983:European Parliament
945:Kingdom of Sardinia
941:Charles Emmanuel IV
933:Sicilian Parliament
476:, began to replace
398:means "cattle" and
5593:In popular culture
5558:Crusading movement
5430:Hundred Years' War
5289:Civitas Schinesghe
5274:Carolingian Empire
5259:Kingdom of Croatia
5212:Barbarian kingdoms
5066:Types of societies
5024:Crusading movement
4928:Russian Revolution
4763:Hundred Years' War
4659:Maritime republics
4562:Early Christianity
4552:Hellenistic period
4509:Paleolithic Europe
4437:Medieval Feudalism
4337:(Routledge, 2013).
4252:History and Theory
4207:Hall, John Whitney
3335:Past & Present
3164:Sir Harris Nicolas
3141:Medieval Feudalism
3106:Gat, Azar (2006).
2389:on 18 October 2014
2001:Barons in Scotland
1872:monastery of Cluny
1604:
1557:mode of production
1505:
1324:Customary freehold
1164:Feudal maintenance
1027:
960:Slavery in Romania
943:, although in the
744:
693:
671:feudal land tenure
627:Carolingian Empire
529:Another theory by
325:
313:Reinmar von Zweter
56:
45:
5808:Political systems
5775:
5774:
5684:Basic topics list
5485:Swiss mercenaries
5435:Wars of the Roses
5342:Kingdom of Poland
5327:Holy Roman Empire
5194:Early Middle Ages
5152:
5151:
5032:
5031:
4958:COVID-19 pandemic
4903:French Revolution
4878:Habsburg monarchy
4858:Cossack Hetmanate
4838:Portuguese Empire
4828:Absolute monarchy
4823:Thirty Years' War
4718:Holy Roman Empire
4643:Bulgarian Empire
4602:Early Middle Ages
4519:Bronze Age Europe
4493:History of Europe
4320:Herbert, Sydney.
4107:Cantor, Norman F.
4033:Reynolds, Susan,
4019:Guerreau, Alain,
4012:978-0-8020-7158-3
3898:, pp. 15â51.
3851:978-0-1982-0648-4
3806:978-1-4128-2052-3
3764:978-1-1349-7024-7
3725:978-0-520-26818-0
3617:Daileader, Philip
3416:Medieval Panorama
3304:Lefebvre, Georges
3090:Alauddin Samarrai
2994:. HarperCollins.
2984:Cantor, Norman F.
2945:. pp. 76â77.
2776:978-0-19-925339-5
2584:Cf. for example:
2242:. Chantilly, VA:
2006:Bastard feudalism
1910:Holy Roman Empire
1906:territorial state
1781:
1780:
1647:Lord of the manor
1594:pre-Columbian era
1439:The Spirit of Law
1423:
1422:
1199:Lord of the manor
1174:Bastard feudalism
1063:English feudalism
929:Kingdom of Sicily
921:Kingdom of Naples
905:Kingdom of France
884:National Assembly
876:French Revolution
801:seigneurie banale
770:feudal revolution
646:Classic feudalism
531:Alauddin Samarrai
315:, a 13th-century
246:medieval Ethiopia
145:Fiefs and Vassals
41:Louis I of Naples
37:Order of the Knot
5820:
5803:Economic systems
5765:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5704:Medieval studies
5548:Church and State
5422:Late Middle Ages
5314:High Middle Ages
5232:Christianization
5202:Migration Period
5179:
5172:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5134:Proto-Industrial
5059:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5035:
4893:Great Divergence
4808:Age of Discovery
4753:Late Middle Ages
4723:High Middle Ages
4634:Byzantine Empire
4617:Christianization
4607:Migration Period
4542:Classical Greece
4514:Neolithic Europe
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4365:
4310:
4275:
4242:
4202:
4174:
4155:End of feudalism
4150:
4135:
4114:
4102:
4085:(4): 1063â1068.
4073:
4064:(3): 1008â1031.
4016:
4004:
3970:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3613:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3439:Abels, Richard.
3436:
3430:
3429:
3412:Bartlett, Robert
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3375:(2013) pp 293â94
3371:Paul R. Hanson,
3369:
3363:
3362:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:. Archived from
3136:Stephenson, Carl
3132:
3126:
3125:
3103:
3097:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3058:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:, 1961, pg. 106.
2922:
2911:
2904:
2893:
2883:
2877:
2866:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2507:. Archived from
2492:
2483:
2482:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:. Archived from
2369:
2363:
2362:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2313:(4): 1063â1088.
2300:
2289:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2206:
2200:
2178:
2123:Indian feudalism
1923:
1861:
1855:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1714:Domestic servant
1626:Territorial lord
1616:
1609:
1603:
1508:Heinrich Brunner
1495:Heinrich Brunner
1463:
1451:
1435:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1354:Avera and inward
1088:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1025:
1022:
880:Georges Lefebvre
719:and denotes the
623:decentralization
593:the Arabic word
583:La Garde-Freinet
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
448:
374:was proposed by
266:Antebellum South
168:
133:political system
5828:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5733:
5714:Neo-medievalism
5662:
5598:Itinerant court
5521:
5416:
5337:Georgian Empire
5322:Norman Conquest
5308:
5254:Frankish Empire
5188:
5183:
5153:
5148:
5144:Post-industrial
5082:Hunter-gatherer
5068:
5063:
5033:
5028:
4967:
4933:Interwar period
4908:Napoleonic Wars
4772:
4743:Mongol invasion
4696:Crown of Aragon
4588:
4528:
4524:Iron Age Europe
4495:
4490:
4452:Wayback Machine
4442:Carl Stephenson
4412:Wayback Machine
4385:
4372:
4340:Markoff, John.
4317:
4291:
4264:10.2307/2504421
4248:Nell, Edward J.
4179:Davitt, Michael
4157:
4120:History Compass
4091:10.2307/1869563
4058:History Compass
4052:
4013:
3983:Feudal Society.
3978:
3976:Further reading
3973:
3967:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3929:History Compass
3926:
3922:
3916:History Compass
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3844:. p. 397.
3832:Reynolds, Susan
3829:
3825:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3795:. Vol. 2.
3787:
3783:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3757:. p. 126.
3745:
3741:
3726:
3706:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3614:
3597:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3388:(1996) pp 12â13
3384:John Merriman,
3383:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3301:
3297:
3293:(1979) pp 19â26
3288:
3284:
3269:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3161:
3157:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3104:
3100:
3088:
3081:
3065:
3061:
3051:Wayback Machine
3041:
3037:
3030:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2957:"Feudal (n.d.)"
2955:
2954:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2848:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2777:
2757:
2753:
2722:10.2307/3000579
2700:
2696:
2675:(83): 292â310.
2661:
2657:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2319:10.2307/1869563
2301:
2292:
2274:
2261:
2254:
2232:
2228:
2207:
2203:
2189:Philip Grierson
2179:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:Zemene Mesafint
2097:
2092:
1996:
1991:
1930:
1797:Norman Conquest
1785:J. Horace Round
1777:
1633:Tenant-in-chief
1602:
1550:
1497:
1419:
1383:
1338:
1253:
1183:
1090:
1089:
1085:Bayeux Tapestry
1082:
1081:
1057:
1051:about its use.
1044:
1023:
1005:
999:
917:Italian kingdom
900:to the church.
847:
841:
761:
679:
662:
648:
619:
597:(the plural of
537:(the plural of
512:Baronia Anglica
441:Louis the Pious
349:feo, feu, fieu,
341:Charles the Fat
305:
258:Parthian Empire
153:
80:of the warrior
67:medieval Europe
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5826:
5816:
5815:
5813:Social systems
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5749:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:Misconceptions
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5517:Little Ice Age
5514:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Western Schism
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5217:Late antiquity
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5077:Pre-industrial
5073:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5039:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4883:Russian Empire
4880:
4875:
4873:British Empire
4870:
4868:Dutch Republic
4865:
4863:Swedish Empire
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4843:Spanish Empire
4840:
4835:
4833:Ottoman Empire
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:Serbian Empire
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4584:Late antiquity
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Roman Republic
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4445:
4433:
4423:
4402:
4384:
4383:External links
4381:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4289:
4276:
4258:(3): 313â350.
4244:
4203:
4175:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4136:
4126:(2): 179â196.
4115:
4103:
4074:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4011:
3994:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:978-0140290141
3965:
3947:Wickham, Chris
3942:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3850:
3823:
3805:
3799:. p. 76.
3781:
3763:
3739:
3724:
3700:
3681:
3663:(2): 281â304.
3640:
3633:
3595:
3566:
3537:
3508:
3501:
3483:
3476:
3458:
3447:on 5 July 2017
3431:
3424:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3325:
3318:
3295:
3282:
3267:
3240:
3227:
3225:, p. 523.
3215:
3213:, p. 522.
3203:
3201:, p. 518.
3188:
3176:
3155:
3127:
3121:978-0199236633
3120:
3098:
3079:
3059:
3035:
3028:
3007:
3000:
2975:
2948:
2930:
2912:
2908:Feudal Society
2894:
2886:William Stubbs
2878:
2846:
2829:
2820:
2786:
2775:
2751:
2716:(4): 639â659.
2694:
2655:
2614:
2577:
2566:
2542:
2514:
2484:
2477:
2465:Feudal Society
2452:
2446:
2425:
2400:
2364:
2357:
2332:
2290:
2259:
2253:978-1565856370
2252:
2226:
2201:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Protofeudalism
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1950:Susan Reynolds
1929:
1926:
1914:historiography
1848:Annales school
1818:Feudal Society
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:Lord paramount
1618:
1617:
1601:
1598:
1586:imperial China
1549:
1546:
1516:Charles Martel
1496:
1493:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:Knight-service
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1204:Manorial court
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Subinfeudation
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Allodial title
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1042:Historiography
1040:
1001:Main article:
998:
997:Feudal society
995:
840:
837:
760:
757:
678:
675:
647:
644:
618:
615:
436:Vita Hludovici
429:), but rather
380:William Stubbs
304:
301:
274:American South
221:feudal society
201:Feudal Society
155:The adjective
152:
149:
141:Susan Reynolds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5825:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5768:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Scholasticism
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Rise of Islam
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Horticultural
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Art of Europe
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4778:Modern period
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4370:Global Health
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4043:0-19-820648-8
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3991:0-226-05979-0
3988:
3984:
3981:Bloch, Marc,
3980:
3979:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3957:Penguin Books
3954:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3886:, p. 11.
3885:
3884:Reynolds 1994
3880:
3872:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3697:. p. 91.
3696:
3692:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3634:1-5658-5827-1
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3527:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3502:9781315845647
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:9781526117328
3473:
3469:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3425:0-89236-642-7
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:(37): 71â86.
3336:
3329:
3321:
3319:9780231085984
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:0-8317-6871-1
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:John Whitaker
3063:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3029:0-684-31379-0
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3001:9780060170332
2997:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2709:Slavic Review
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2630:(in Polish).
2629:
2625:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2567:9781576074169
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2478:0-226-05979-0
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2439:. Cambridge:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2373:Halsall, Paul
2368:
2360:
2358:0-19-820648-8
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2197:F. M. Stenton
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Quia Emptores
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:Neo-feudalism
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Feudal duties
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1983:Richard Abels
1979:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:FĂŒhrerprinzip
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:Theodor Mayer
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:Lucien Febvre
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:Landed gentry
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1600:Later studies
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:class society
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Paul Fouracre
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:Ancien RĂ©gime
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:Feudal duties
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Landed gentry
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1018:
1015:on the royal
1014:
1011:Depiction of
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Joachim Murat
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
756:
754:
749:
740:
736:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
687:
683:
674:
672:
667:
661:
657:
653:
643:
640:
635:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:transliterate
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
524:John Whitaker
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
495:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
461:
454:
452:
447:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
321:Codex Manesse
318:
314:
309:
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
270:Jim Crow laws
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:ancient Egypt
251:
247:
243:
242:Zagwe dynasty
239:
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229:
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103:
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91:
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70:
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63:feudal system
60:
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30:
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5538:Architecture
5510:Great Famine
5500:Universities
5440:Hussite Wars
5357:Great Schism
5346:
5244:Papal States
5121:
4938:World War II
4791:Early modern
4768:Kalmar Union
4732:
4639:Papal States
4557:Roman Empire
4436:
4429:
4416:Paul Halsall
4405:"Feudalism?"
4396:
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4333:
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4217:(1): 15â51.
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4147:the original
4141:
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4000:
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3939:Bibliography
3928:
3923:
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3891:
3879:
3871:Google Books
3869:– via
3863:. Retrieved
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3826:
3818:Google Books
3816:– via
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3784:
3776:Google Books
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3749:
3742:
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3672:. Retrieved
3660:
3656:
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3445:the original
3434:
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3298:
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3235:
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3223:Wickham 2010
3218:
3211:Wickham 2010
3206:
3199:Wickham 2010
3184:Wickham 2010
3179:
3167:
3158:
3150:the original
3140:
3130:
3110:. New York:
3107:
3101:
3093:
3072:
3062:
3054:
3038:
3019:
2989:
2978:
2968:16 September
2966:. Retrieved
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
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2907:
2906:Marc Bloch.
2889:
2881:
2869:
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2823:
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2805:
2799:
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2779:– via
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2591:
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2572:Google Books
2570:– via
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2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2523:"Semifedual"
2517:
2509:the original
2503:. New York:
2500:
2464:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2420:the original
2413:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2380:
2377:"Feudalism?"
2367:
2344:
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2304:
2283:
2237:
2229:
2221:Google Books
2215:
2208:
2204:
2192:
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2145:Small castes
2113:Feudal Japan
2095:Non-European
2083:Vassal state
2055:
2021:Feudal baron
1980:
1975:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1899:
1893:
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1840:Georges Duby
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1424:
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1284:Knight's fee
1279:Feudal baron
1076:
1047:
1046:The idea of
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987:human rights
968:
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902:
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805:
800:
797:Georges Duby
785:
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762:
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663:
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528:
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511:
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288:
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232:feudal Japan
225:
220:
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154:
144:
128:
124:
120:
118:
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62:
58:
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52:Orava Castle
25:
5767:WikiProject
5694:Medievalism
5533:Agriculture
5397:Manorialism
5392:Communalism
5387:Monasticism
5304:Reconquista
5294:Kievan Rus'
5092:Circumpolar
4923:World War I
4913:Nationalism
4801:Reformation
4786:Renaissance
4758:Black Death
4691:Kievan Rus'
4594:Middle Ages
4389:"Feudalism"
4356:(1): 1â24.
3908:Karl Friday
3865:17 November
3812:17 November
3770:17 November
3674:10 February
3441:"Feudalism"
2874:Pg. 248â250
2607:7 September
2497:"Feudalism"
2276:"Feudalism"
2036:Investiture
1971:Karl Friday
1884:Carolingian
1795:before the
1707:Free tenant
1590:Inca Empire
1565:aristocracy
1474:seigneurial
1428:Montesquieu
1269:Land tenure
1249:Free tenant
1209:Manor house
1189:Manorialism
1024: 1310
1003:Manorialism
872:Black Death
784:and lesser
733:court baron
394:, in which
317:Minnesinger
217:manorialism
114:manorialism
33:Investiture
5782:Categories
5689:Land terms
5643:Technology
5623:Philosophy
5603:Literature
5568:Demography
5269:Viking Age
5139:Industrial
4686:Viking Age
4501:Prehistory
4290:0816615616
3693:. Oxford:
2836:H. Kern, '
2765:. Oxford:
2634:(4): 667.
2393:4 November
2347:. Oxford:
2157:References
2078:Suzerainty
2011:Cestui que
1981:Historian
1814:Marc Bloch
1700:Husbandman
1659:Liege lord
1640:Mesne lord
1561:capitalism
1484:Adam Smith
1369:Feudal aid
1109:Crown land
1031:Marc Bloch
863:autocratic
782:castellans
778:in Germany
766:Marc Bloch
650:See also:
579:Fraxinetum
575:beneficium
567:Al-Andalus
502:Adam Smith
491:beneficium
479:beneficium
460:beneficium
443:that says
384:Marc Bloch
347:Provençal
234:under the
197:Marc Bloch
151:Definition
108:, and the
98:Marc Bloch
5788:Feudalism
5674:Dark Ages
5583:Household
5578:Hastilude
5347:Feudalism
5097:Subarctic
4733:Feudalism
4704:Catalonia
4239:145750386
4199:23299170M
4171:23803960M
4001:Feudalism
3896:Hall 1962
3755:Routledge
3734:905625305
3584:cite book
3555:cite book
3526:cite book
3451:30 August
3351:0031-2746
3172:Courthope
2926:Feudalism
2746:163444810
2730:0037-6779
2681:0037-6795
2650:0023-5903
2602:0312-6315
2532:8 October
2193:Feudalism
2104:(Chinese)
2041:Lehnsmann
1976:feudalism
1961:The term
1942:feudalism
1938:feudalism
1866:MĂąconnais
1853:Annaliste
1838:Although
1833:Feudalism
1670:Gentleman
1592:, in the
1582:Eric Wolf
1553:Karl Marx
1548:Karl Marx
1537:precarias
1533:precarias
1521:precarias
1510:, in his
1470:Dark Ages
1389:Feudalism
1319:Gavelkind
1304:Serjeanty
1129:Feoffment
1048:feudalism
1035:peasantry
966:in 1861.
855:overlords
787:seigneurs
717:fidelitas
677:Vassalage
563:Languedoc
451:provender
327:The word
303:Etymology
289:feudalism
281:feudalism
279:The term
228:analogous
213:peasantry
166:féodalité
161:feudalism
129:feudalism
110:peasantry
59:Feudalism
5757:Category
5724:Timeline
5613:Minstrel
5608:Medicine
5490:Chivalry
5445:Burgundy
5367:Crusades
5107:Pastoral
4972:See also
4943:Cold War
4738:Crusades
4708:Valencia
4408:Archived
4307:2718094M
4299:13644378
4181:(1904).
4113:. Quill.
4109:(1991).
3949:(2010).
3860:7397539M
3834:(1996).
3306:(1962).
3277:12782511
3259:New York
3070:(1773).
3047:Archived
2986:(1994).
2941:(1965).
2813:11 March
2558:ABC-CLIO
2183:(1944).
2118:Hacienda
2102:Fengjian
1989:See also
1948:(1994),
1888:Burgundy
1721:Vagabond
1693:Vavasour
1681:Franklin
1651:Overlord
1588:and the
1541:precaria
1314:Freehold
1309:Copyhold
1294:Baronage
1229:Overlord
1159:Affinity
1134:Seignory
1119:Appanage
949:Sardinia
937:Piedmont
828:Flanders
824:Normandy
820:Toulouse
812:Normandy
808:Flanders
729:manorial
721:fidelity
587:Provence
559:loanword
392:*fehu-ĂŽd
388:Frankish
357:feudÄlis
345:fé, fié,
333:feudÄlis
285:medieval
264:and the
82:nobility
5667:Related
5653:Warfare
5648:Theatre
5638:Slavery
5633:Science
5588:Hunting
5553:Cuisine
5526:Culture
5465:Castile
5460:England
5127:Complex
5102:Nomadic
5087:Montane
4813:Baroque
4712:Majorca
4624:Francia
4450:at the
4362:2697970
4324:(1921)
4272:2504421
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4099:1869563
3238:, p.17.
2738:3000579
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2327:1869563
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2046:Majorat
1994:General
1807:knights
1732:Villein
1689:Retinue
1666:Esquire
1573:serfdom
1442:), and
1379:Tallage
1364:Scutage
1299:Peerage
1244:Serfdom
1239:Peasant
1219:Demesne
1144:Feoffee
1017:demesne
954:In the
903:In the
792:comital
631:cavalry
617:History
431:foderum
272:in the
252:China,
237:shoguns
186:vassals
90:vassals
5747:Portal
5628:Poetry
5455:France
5122:Feudal
4700:Aragon
4679:Amalfi
4664:Venice
4652:Second
4432:(2004)
4360:
4315:France
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1868:region
1740:Cottar
1736:Bordar
1685:Yeoman
1359:Socage
1179:Livery
1154:Homage
1149:Fealty
1124:Vassal
1013:socage
859:nobles
857:, and
713:Fealty
709:fealty
705:homage
686:Homage
658:, and
607:feudum
485:feudum
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467:feudum
427:feodum
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365:*fehĂŽd
337:feudum
329:feudal
256:, the
209:clergy
157:feudal
125:feudum
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106:clergy
92:, and
5658:Women
5618:Music
5573:Domes
5563:Dance
5450:Milan
4669:Genoa
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4440:, by
4414:, by
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4268:JSTOR
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4227:JSTOR
4095:JSTOR
3653:(PDF)
3355:JSTOR
3166:, in
2742:S2CID
2734:JSTOR
2685:JSTOR
2323:JSTOR
2278:, by
1880:Dijon
1876:MĂącon
1747:Slave
1489:serfs
1224:Glebe
898:tithe
851:lords
832:ducal
816:Anjou
748:manor
585:) in
571:feuum
555:feuum
470:, or
396:*fehu
390:term
311:Herr
190:fiefs
182:lords
94:fiefs
86:lords
4674:Pisa
4295:OCLC
4285:ISBN
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4039:ISBN
4007:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3867:2019
3846:ISBN
3814:2019
3801:ISBN
3772:2019
3759:ISBN
3730:OCLC
3720:ISBN
3676:2024
3629:ISBN
3590:link
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2800:n. 2
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