Medieval warfare - Knowledge

3745: 3566: 3066: 63: 3079: 3266: 3737: 2609: 2746: 2703: 3470: 2574: 2254: 3190: 19: 3498:, a shield and spear. European countries with a weak system of government would be unable to organize a suitable response and would naturally suffer the most to Viking raiders. Viking raiders always had the option to fall back in the face of a superior force or stubborn defence and then reappear to attack other locations or retreat to their bases. As time went on, Viking raids became more sophisticated, with coordinated strikes involving multiple forces and large armies, as the " 3054: 2374: 2266: 3446: 8342: 7718: 2312:, a structure which has become almost synonymous with the Medieval era in the popular eye. The castle served as a protected place for the local elites. Inside a castle they were protected from bands of raiders and could send mounted warriors to drive the enemy from the area, or to disrupt the efforts of larger armies to supply themselves in the region by gaining local superiority over foraging parties that would be impossible against the whole enemy host. 8332: 2807: 8352: 7729: 2174: 3776: 2149:. In much of the Middle Ages, light cavalry usually consisted of wealthy commoners. Later in the Middle Ages, light cavalry would also include sergeants who were men who had trained as knights but could not afford the costs associated with the title. Light cavalry was used as scouts, skirmishers or outflankers. Many countries developed their styles of light cavalries, such as Hungarian 3037:, a 14th century knight who wrote about warfare, recommended that his audience should learn by observing and asking advice from their superiors. Vegetius remained prominent in medieval literature on warfare, although it is uncertain to what extent his work was read by the warrior class as opposed to the clergy. In 1489, King 2601:(winds blowing from west to east) dominated Europe, giving naval powers to the west an advantage. Medieval sources on the conduct of medieval naval warfare are less common than those about land-based war. Most medieval chroniclers had no experience of life on the sea and generally were not well informed. 3522:

followed the usual pattern of the Northern European armies, but with a stronger emphasis on infantry. The terrain of Scandinavia favoured heavy infantry, and whilst the nobles fought mounted in the continental fashion, the Scandinavian peasants formed a well-armed and well-armoured infantry, of which

3106:

Through the medieval period, soldiers were responsible for supplying themselves, either through foraging, looting, or purchases. Even so, military commanders often provided their troops with food and supplies, but this would be provided instead of the soldiers' wages, or soldiers would be expected to

2782:

in 1176 and the Scots held their own against heavily armoured English cavalry. During the St. Louis crusade, dismounted French knights formed a tight lance-and-shield phalanx to repel Egyptian cavalry. The Swiss used pike tactics in the late medieval period. While pikemen usually grouped and awaited

2320:

was a time-consuming process, and could seldom be effectively done without preparations before the campaign. Many sieges could take months, if not years, to weaken or demoralize the defenders sufficiently. Fortifications were an excellent means of ensuring that the elite could not be easily dislodged

4442:

The British naval historian Nicholas Rodger describes this as a "crisis in naval warfare" which eventually led to the development of the galleon, which combined ahead-firing capabilities, heavy broadside guns and a considerable increase in manoeuvrability by the introduction of more advanced sailing

3620:

would frequently clash with Hungarians, Lithuanians and Poles in the thirteenth century, with two large raids in the 1260s and 1280s respectively. In 1284 the Hungarians repelled the last major raid into Hungary, and in 1287 the Poles repelled a raid against them. The instability in the Golden Horde

3489:

that could be rapidly deployed directly onto land due to the longships being able to land directly. The longship was the enabler of the Viking style of warfare that was fast and mobile, relying heavily on the element of surprise. The usual method was to approach a target with the element of surprise

3029:

noted "the medieval axiom that laymen are illiterate and its converse that clergy are literate", so it may be the case that few soldiers read Vegetius' work. While their Roman predecessors were well-educated and had been experienced in warfare, the European nobility of the early Medieval period were

2710:

As guns were made more durable to withstand stronger gunpowder charges, they increased their potential to inflict critical damage to the vessel rather than just their crews. Since these guns were much heavier than the earlier anti-personnel weapons, they had to be placed lower in the ships, and fire

2213:

was introduced, whereby most Englishmen paid to escape their service and this money was used to create a permanent army. However, almost all high medieval armies in Europe were composed of a great deal of paid core troops, and there was a large mercenary market in Europe from at least the early 12th

3461:

were a feared force in Europe because of their savagery and speed of their attacks. Whilst seaborne raids were nothing new at the time, the Vikings refined the practice to a science through their shipbuilding, tactics and training. Unlike other raiders, the Vikings made a lasting impact on the face

2647:

maritime warfare was divided in two distinct regions. In the Mediterranean, galleys were used for raiding along coasts, and in the constant fighting for naval bases. In the Atlantic and Baltic there was greater focus on sailing ships that were used mostly for troop transport, with galleys providing

2185:

In the earliest Middle Ages, it was the obligation of every noble to respond to the call to battle with his equipment, archers, and infantry. This decentralized system was necessary due to the social order of the time but could lead to motley forces with variable training, equipment and abilities.

2525:

into battle is a feature that distinguishes medieval warfare from its predecessors or early modern warfare and possibly inspired by biblical references. The presence of relics was believed to be an important source of supernatural power that served both as a spiritual weapon and a form of defence;

2315:

Fortifications were a very important part of warfare because they provided safety to the lord, his family, and his servants. They provided refuge from armies too large to face in open battle. The ability of the heavy cavalry to dominate a battle on an open field was useless against fortifications.

2221:

to do their fighting rather than the militias that had dominated the early and high medieval period in this region. These would be groups of career soldiers who would be paid a set rate. Mercenaries tended to be effective soldiers, especially in combination with standing forces, but in Italy, they

2189:

Typically the feudal armies consisted of a core of highly skilled knights and their household troops, mercenaries hired for the time of the campaign and feudal levies fulfilling their feudal obligations, who usually were little more than rabble. They could, however, be efficient in disadvantageous

2757:

In the Medieval period, the mounted cavalry long held sway on the battlefield. Heavily armoured mounted knights represented a formidable foe for reluctant peasant draftees and lightly armoured freemen. To defeat mounted cavalry, infantry used swarms of missiles or a tightly packed phalanx of men,

2914:

Medieval campaigns were planned with strategy in mind, such as maintaining unity in morale, planning troop movements, and mount offensives with numerical advantages. Medieval armies used strategic deception, such as misleading troop movements, to take opposing armies by surprise. They would also

2730:

This temporarily upended the strength of older seaside fortresses, which had to be rebuilt to cope with gunpowder weapons. The addition of guns also improved the amphibious abilities of galleys as they could assault supported with heavy firepower, and could be even more effectively defended when

3422:

which had brought both empires close to collapse. Also, the typically multi-ethnic Byzantine force was always wracked by dissension and lacked a unity of command, a similar situation also being encountered among the Sassanids who had been embroiled in a bitter civil war for a decade before the

2726:

The first ships to actually mount heavy cannon capable of sinking ships were galleys, with large wrought-iron pieces mounted directly on the timbers in the bow. The first example is known from a woodcut of a Venetian galley from 1486. Heavy artillery on galleys was mounted in the bow which fit

2164:

The infantry was recruited and trained in a wide variety of manners in different regions of Europe all through the Middle Ages, and probably always formed the most numerous part of a medieval field army. Many infantrymen in prolonged wars would be mercenaries. Most armies contained significant

3628:

The Hungarians and Poles had responded to the mobile threat by extensive fortification-building, army reform in the form of better-armoured cavalry, and refusing battle unless they could control the site of the battlefield to deny the Mongols local superiority. The Lithuanians relied on their

2686:). The large superstructure made these warships quite unstable, but the decisive defeats that the more mobile but considerably lower boarded longships suffered at the hands of high-boarded cogs in the 15th century ended the issue of which ship type would dominate northern European warfare. 2694:

The introduction of guns was the first step towards major changes in naval warfare, but it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship-to-ship combat. The first guns on ships were introduced in the 14th century and consisted of small wrought-iron pieces placed on the open decks and in the

3509:

After the Vikings consolidated their kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, this period marks the end of significant raider activity both for plunder or conquest; adapting a more continental European tradition of warfare, whilst retaining an emphasis on naval power – the "Viking"

2727:

conveniently with the long-standing tactical tradition of attacking head-on and bow-first. The ordnance on galleys was quite heavy from its introduction in the 1480s, and capable of quickly demolishing medieval-style stone walls that still prevailed until the 16th century.

3494:-style fighting. The fully armoured Viking raider would wear an iron helmet and a mail hauberk, and fight with a combination of axe, sword, shield, spear or great "Danish" two-handed axe, although the typical raider would be unarmoured, carrying only a bow and arrows, a 2369:

in which tunnels were dug under a section of the wall and then rapidly collapsed to destabilize the wall's foundation. Another technique was to bore into the enemy walls, however, this was not nearly as effective as other methods due to the thickness of castle walls.

3462:

of Europe. During the Viking age, their expeditions, frequently combining raiding and trading, penetrated most of the old Frankish Empire, the British Isles, the Baltic region, Russia, and both Muslim and Christian Iberia. Many served as mercenaries, and the famed

3024:

Although his work was widely reproduced, and over 200 copies, translations, and extracts survive today, the extent to which Vegetius affected the actual practice of warfare as opposed to its concept is unclear because of his habit of stating the obvious. Historian

3379:. During the 7th century, Arab armies employed weapons such as swords, spears, iron mace and lances. For protection, they used shields and wore helmets and coats of mail, although the latter was extremely rare. The bow and arrow was also utilized. Also, after the 3370:. Constantly outnumbered by their opponent, they did, however, possess the advantage of strategic mobility, their camel-borne nature allowing them to constantly outmaneuver larger Byzantine and Sassanid armies to take prime defensive positions. The 2507:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics favoured the defender. With the invention of gunpowder, the traditional methods of defence became less and less effective against a determined siege. 3621:

seems to have quieted the western front of the Horde. Also, the large scale invasions and raiding that had previously characterized the expansion of the Mongols was cut short probably in some part due to the death of the last great Mongol leader,

3609:. The Mongol aim seems to have consistently been to defeat the Hungarian-Cuman alliance. The Mongols raided across the borders to Austria and Bohemia in the summer when the Great Khan died, and the Mongol princes returned home to elect a new 2484:, Venetian engineers had designed and installed cisterns that were fed by rain water channeled by a system of conduits in the walls and buildings. Complex systems of tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like 2731:

beached stern-first. Galleys and similar oared vessels remained uncontested as the most effective gun-armed warships in theory until the 1560s, and in practice for a few decades more, and were considered a grave risk to sailing warships.

2241:, and attempting to attack the enemy supply lines, his economy and his ability to wage war rather than risking an open battle, and manoeuvre him into a position where risking a battle would have been suicidal. Machiavelli understood this 3660:, where conflict among the generals of the Byzantines gave the Turks the perfect opportunity to strike. They hit the cataphracts with arrows, and outmanoeuvred them, then rode down their less mobile infantry with light cavalry that used 3514:

was used in the war until the 14th century. However, developments in shipbuilding elsewhere removed the advantage they previously enjoyed at sea, whilst castle building throughout frustrated and eventually ended Viking raids.

2193:

As central governments grew in power, a return to the citizen and mercenary armies of the classical period also began, as central levies of the peasantry began to be the central recruiting tool. It was estimated that the best

2833:. The longbow was a difficult weapon to master, requiring long years of use and constant practice. A skilled longbowman could shoot about 12 shots per minute. This rate of fire was far superior to competing weapons like the 3172:(starting in 1337), the English returned to a practice of foraging and raiding to meet their logistical needs. This practice lasted throughout the war, extending through the remainder of Edward III's reign into the reign of 2852:

bowmen unleashed clouds of arrows into the ranks of knights. At Crécy, even 5,000 Genoese crossbowmen could not dislodge them from their hill. At Agincourt, thousands of French knights were brought down by armour-piercing

2616:

Early in the medieval period, ships in the context of warfare were used primarily for transporting troops. In the Mediterranean, naval warfare in the Middle Ages was similar to that under late Roman Empire: fleets of

3016:

and could be deployed on any terrain. One of the tenets he put forward was that a general should only engage in battle when he was sure of victory or had no other choice. As archaeologist Robert Liddiard explains,

2222:

came to dominate the armies of the city-states. This made them problematic; while at war they were considerably more reliable than a standing army, at peacetime they proved a risk to the state itself like the

3629:

forested homelands for defence and used their cavalry for raiding into Mongol-dominated Russia. When attacking fortresses they would launch dead or diseased animals into fortresses to help spread disease.

2480:. Great effort was expended to ensure a good water supply inside the city in case of siege. In some cases, long tunnels were constructed to carry water into the city. In other cases, such as the Ottoman 3374:

cavalry, while lacking the number and mounted archery skill of their Roman and Persian counterparts was for the most part skillfully employed, and played a decisive role in many crucial battles such as

2648:

fighting support. Galleys were still widely used in the north and were the most numerous warships used by Mediterranean powers with interests in the north, especially the French and Iberian kingdoms.

3680:; "new soldier"), from which they also recruited many of their heavy infantry. Along with the use of cavalry and early grenades, the Ottomans mounted an offensive in the early Renaissance period and 3744: 2433:, concealed doors for sallies, and deep water wells were also integral to resisting siege at this time. Designers of castles paid particular attention to defending entrances, protecting gates with 3161:

in 1337, the English instead used a system where merchants would be asked to meet armies with supplies for the soldiers to purchase. This led to discontent as the merchants saw an opportunity to

3045:

into English, "so every gentleman born to arms and all manner of men of war, captains, soldiers, victuallers and all others would know how they ought to behave in the feats of wars and battles".

3691:

Like many other nomadic peoples, the Turks featured a core of heavy cavalry from the upper classes. These evolved into the Sipahis (feudal landholders similar to western knights and Byzantine

2719:

planking made it difficult to cut ports in the hull; clinker-built (or clench-built) ships had much of their structural strength in the outer hull. The solution was the gradual adoption of

3414:) that were better equipped, heavily protected, and were more experienced and disciplined. The Arab invasions came at a time when both ancient powers were exhausted from the protracted 5249: 2659:

saw use well into the 15th century. Their main purpose in the north remained the transportation of soldiers to fight on the decks of the opposing ship (as, for example, at the

2122:

was great; this, among other things, helped gradually transform the knight, at least in western Europe, into a distinct social class separate from other warriors. During the

2593:

were free of large tides, generally calm, and had predictable weather. The seas around the north and west of Europe experienced stronger and less predictable weather. The

2825:

The Welsh and English longbowmen used a single-piece longbow (but some bows later developed a composite design) to deliver arrows that could penetrate contemporary

2799:, and between 1450 and 1550 every leading prince in Europe (except the English and Scottish) hired Swiss pikemen, or emulated their tactics and weapons (e.g., the 3506:

in the 9th century. In time, the Vikings began to hold on to the areas they raided, first wintering and then consolidating footholds for further expansion later.

2918:

One common tactic used in medieval warfare was raiding; this benefitted the attacking army by with new supplies and wealth while damaging the target's resources.

2209:

In theory, every Englishman had an obligation to serve for forty days. Forty days was not long enough for a campaign, especially one on the continent. Thus the

7795: 7524: 5190:

Laury Sarti, "Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400–700 A.D.)" (= Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages, 22), Leiden/Boston 2013,

8161: 2841:

forces. The crossbow had greater penetrating power and did not require the extended years of training. However, it lacked the rate of fire of the longbow.

3593:

By 1241, having conquered large parts of Russia, the Mongols continued the invasion of Europe with a massive three-pronged advance, following the fleeing

8297: 2273:

In Europe, breakdowns in centralized power led to the rise of several groups that turned to large-scale pillage as a source of income. Most notably the

2202:, such as the English archers and Swiss pikemen. England was one of the most centralized states in the Late Middle Ages, and the armies that fought the 2699:, often requiring only one or two men to handle them. They were designed to injure, kill or simply stun, shock and frighten the enemy before boarding. 3103:

tactics, where mounted troops would burn and pillage enemy territory in order to distract and demoralize the enemy while denying them their supplies.

2110:, although (especially in north-eastern Europe) knights could also come from the lower classes, and could even be enslaved persons. The cost of their 4787: 4697: 5687: 5877: 7810: 3219: 5355: 6591: 6122: 2585:

The waters surrounding Europe can be grouped into two types which affected the design of craft that traveled and therefore the warfare. The

7887: 3565: 2783:

a mounted attack, the Swiss developed flexible formations and aggressive manoeuvring, forcing their opponents to respond. The Swiss won at

2837:

or early gunpowder weapons. The nearest competitor to the longbow was the much more expensive crossbow, used often by urban militias and

2229:

Mercenary-on-mercenary warfare in Italy led to relatively bloodless campaigns which relied as much on manoeuvre as on battles, since the

7596: 5388: 3333: 5882: 3419: 2233:

recognized it was more efficient to attack the enemy's ability to wage war rather than his battle forces, discovering the concept of

7533: 7211: 986: 3093:, which meant that armies had to acquire food supplies from the territory they were passing through. This meant that large-scale 1413: 6567: 3065: 2870: 2597:, the advantage of having a following wind, was an important factor in naval battles, particularly to the attackers. Typically 2325:

commented in 1184 on seeing enemy troops ravage his lands from the safety of his castle, "they can't take the land with them".

2996:

was divided into five books: who should be a soldier and the skills they needed to learn, the composition and structure of an

7765: 5275: 5236: 4936: 4905: 4574: 4539: 4443:

rigs; Rodger (2003), p. 245. For more detailed arguments concerning the development of broadside armament, see Rodger (1996).

4079: 3380: 3756:

with a thick blade; and archer, in fighting dress, drawing the string of his crossbow with a double-handled winch. From the

5519: 5195: 8381: 8376: 8221: 8196: 8136: 7671: 6166: 6117: 1769: 62: 3768: 8312: 7483: 6097: 6092: 5841: 5497: 4856: 3757: 3329: 2042:. Technological, cultural, and social advancements had forced a severe transformation in the character of warfare from 1964: 1742: 357: 8355: 8317: 7847: 5326: 5185: 5152: 5137: 5119: 5102: 5085: 5025: 5008: 4990: 4958: 4741: 4501: 4279: 4216: 4183: 4158: 4133: 4108: 3602: 3241: 2990:, his books were the standard for military discourse in Western Europe from their production until the 16th century. 2625:

to fight on deck. This mode of naval warfare remained the same into the early modern period, as, for example, at the

1418: 3212: 7693: 3325: 3078: 2948: 1496: 7815: 6613: 5509: 1841: 1479: 1266: 111: 2559:, the city's patron, it carried a crucifix so massive it took four men to step it in place, like a ship's mast. 8181: 8121: 8093: 7852: 6532: 5977: 5430: 5381: 3265: 1605: 6161: 4308: 3699:, taken from youth like Janissaries and trained to be royal servants and elite soldiers, mainly cataphracts). 2875:

In 1326 the earliest known European picture of a gun appeared in a manuscript by Walter de Milemete. In 1350,

8267: 8098: 5960: 4768: 3941: 3147: 2906:

mounted on wheeled carriages, which could be deployed against an enemy stronghold immediately after arrival.

2022: 1469: 4521: 4394:

Mott, Lawrence V., "Iberian Naval Power, 1000–1650" in Hattendorf & Unger (2003), pp. 105–106

7705: 7415: 6671: 6272: 6223: 5645: 5514: 4830: 3736: 3722:. In ranged military techniques, they used the powerful war-horses from Central Asia with mounted archers. 3345: 2879:

wrote that the presence of cannons on the battlefield was 'as common and familiar as other kinds of arms'.

1959: 663: 423: 4705: 3030:

not renowned for their education, but from the 12th century, it became more common for them to read.

2551:

in his book on the "Marvels of Milan". Wrapped in scarlet cloth and drawn by three yoke of oxen that were

8277: 7515: 7420: 7193: 7095: 6562: 6412: 5982: 5851: 5699: 4701: 3715: 3415: 2740: 2322: 2083: 1969: 1156: 958: 829: 367: 8272: 8262: 8226: 8068: 7970: 7626: 7601: 6054: 5965: 5936: 2771: 1433: 4731: 3033:

Some soldiers regarded the experience of warfare as more valuable than reading about it; for example,

2181:

in 955 Medieval Europeans were vulnerable from the Nomadic style of war that came from the Hungarians.

7995: 7758: 7266: 6774: 6651: 6112: 6102: 6080: 5948: 5894: 5752: 5709: 5374: 5071:

Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century.

4479:

Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World

4064: 4036: 3761: 3570: 3474: 3309: 3202: 2115: 1543: 1051: 400: 274: 128: 5001:

Anglo-Norman warfare: Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Military Organization and Warfare

3645:, were known for their cavalry archers. These fierce nomads were often raiding empires, such as the 3485:

were swift and easily manoeuvered; they could navigate deep seas or shallow rivers, and could carry

2608: 8246: 7549: 7440: 7395: 7155: 7038: 6429: 6402: 6382: 6264: 6156: 6144: 6139: 4208: 3731: 3317: 3313: 3206: 3198: 2626: 2543:, the "war wagon", was an elaboration of this practice that developed during the 13th century. The 1994: 1861: 1408: 1101: 919: 767: 3150:

which began in 1296, though the system was unpopular and was ended with Edward I's death in 1307.

3097:

by soldiers was unavoidable, and was actively encouraged in the 14th century with its emphasis on

7950: 7920: 7686: 7372: 5856: 5625: 5531: 5285: 4929:

History of the Bishops of Salona and Split – Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum

4453: 3511: 2745: 2716: 1947: 1929: 1685: 1244: 1166: 1111: 709: 372: 2702: 2301:

raided significantly. As these groups were generally small and needed to move quickly, building

8307: 8063: 7837: 7661: 7043: 6896: 6579: 6527: 6514: 6397: 6348: 6321: 6129: 5924: 5769: 5615: 5470: 3681: 3277: 3260: 3223: 2720: 2410: 1814: 1789: 1511: 1423: 1296: 1171: 772: 749: 195: 94: 4982: 4976: 2766:

The use of long pikes and densely packed foot troops was not uncommon in the Middle Ages. The

2137:

The light cavalry consisted usually of lighter armed and armoured men, who could have lances,

8126: 8018: 7975: 7567: 7178: 7145: 7053: 6886: 6681: 6434: 6309: 5872: 5635: 4924: 3672:

hired the mercenaries that used the gunpowder weapons and obtained their instruction for the

3169: 3158: 2883: 2573: 2426: 2354: 2305:

was a good way to provide refuge and protection for the people and the wealth in the region.

2203: 1403: 1336: 1289: 943: 906: 869: 787: 739: 623: 433: 241: 150: 27: 4805: 4200: 3427:

which preceded the Arab conflicts with both the Sasanids and the Byzantines, had forged the

2715:, to avoid ships becoming unstable. In Northern Europe the technique of building ships with 2258: 8345: 8287: 8083: 7990: 7960: 7945: 7751: 7558: 7276: 7003: 6939: 6891: 6831: 6759: 6289: 6014: 5794: 5440: 3154: 3038: 2891: 2723:-built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship. 2638: 2602: 2308:

These fortifications evolved throughout the Middle Ages, the most important form being the

1794: 1696: 1553: 1548: 1366: 1331: 1066: 886: 744: 680: 534: 504: 101: 5356:

Guide to researching records of medieval soldiers, from the British National Archives site

3469: 8: 8231: 8211: 8191: 8156: 8088: 8000: 7867: 7733: 7168: 7125: 7020: 6806: 6796: 6744: 6646: 6636: 6586: 6557: 5931: 5552: 5547: 5435: 4201: 4027: 3657: 3503: 3466:, serving the Emperor of Constantinople, was drawn principally of Scandinavian warriors. 3321: 3173: 3115: 2975: 2849: 2784: 2548: 2253: 2131: 2043: 1645: 1630: 1506: 1393: 1371: 1346: 1306: 1216: 1026: 931: 881: 648: 638: 603: 395: 385: 155: 79: 8335: 8171: 8146: 8048: 7925: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7800: 7435: 7251: 7163: 7130: 6996: 6971: 6871: 6856: 6841: 6801: 6769: 6641: 6492: 6451: 6240: 5682: 5475: 5216: 5165:, Translated Texts for Historians, vol. xvi, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 5059: 5051: 4296:

Monumentet: Materialet e sesionit III shkencor të Institutit të Monumenteve të Kulturës

3800: 3598: 3499: 3297: 3034: 2792: 2394: 2378: 2178: 1979: 1834: 1754: 1675: 1620: 1595: 1516: 1462: 1428: 1359: 1276: 1186: 1091: 1036: 926: 891: 844: 719: 690: 643: 581: 556: 390: 204: 123: 2845: 2449:

and other water defences, whether natural or augmented, were also vital to defenders.

2409:

encouraged the development of a variety of defensive counter-measures. In particular,

2186:

The more resources the noble had access to, the better his troops would typically be.

23: 8331: 8073: 8043: 8033: 8023: 7940: 7930: 7915: 7782: 7666: 7576: 7256: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7203: 7135: 7105: 7085: 6734: 6676: 6499: 6360: 6252: 6228: 6218: 6173: 5889: 5846: 5789: 5714: 5480: 5322: 5271: 5232: 5191: 5181: 5148: 5133: 5115: 5098: 5081: 5063: 5021: 5004: 4999:

Gillingham, John (1992), "William the Bastard at War", in Strickland, Matthew (ed.),

4986: 4954: 4932: 4901: 4737: 4570: 4535: 4497: 4275: 4245: 4212: 4179: 4154: 4129: 4104: 4069: 4032: 3881: 3450: 3376: 3324:, all within just seven years from 633 to 640. Under the Umayyads, the Arabs annexed 3301: 3293: 2978:

had a succession of military writers. Though Vegetius had no military experience and

2895: 2788: 2779: 2660: 2622: 2586: 2511: 2414: 2366: 2242: 2234: 2150: 2015: 1924: 1871: 1774: 1764: 1759: 1729: 1712: 1707: 1680: 1625: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1221: 1211: 1206: 1181: 1151: 1041: 1011: 1006: 996: 991: 981: 896: 849: 819: 658: 451: 428: 362: 7385: 3788:

Medieval weapons consisted of many different types of ranged and hand-held objects:

3605:, and finally, Hungary, culminating in the crushing defeat of the Hungarians in the 2385:, never breached by a hostile army, that have surrounded and protected the maritime 1984: 8292: 8236: 8176: 8141: 8053: 8010: 7980: 7902: 7820: 7790: 7506: 7474: 7410: 7390: 7236: 7188: 7090: 7075: 7030: 6986: 6981: 6954: 6816: 6786: 6724: 6714: 6472: 6407: 6259: 6201: 6075: 6029: 6019: 5899: 5831: 5811: 5504: 5425: 5420: 5043: 4562: 4527: 3646: 3556: 3519: 3440: 3162: 3090: 2983: 2971: 2903: 2750: 2644: 2577:

The Byzantine fleet repels the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 941. The Byzantine

2481: 2223: 2059: 2047: 1989: 1954: 1886: 1779: 1717: 1610: 1538: 1531: 1388: 1321: 1271: 1261: 1136: 1056: 1016: 1001: 968: 953: 824: 809: 762: 670: 628: 571: 566: 524: 347: 324: 231: 160: 72: 3649:, and they scored several victories using mobility and timing to defeat the heavy 8302: 8216: 8186: 7910: 7827: 7681: 7676: 7347: 7342: 7261: 7241: 7070: 6991: 6976: 6922: 6881: 6749: 6487: 6419: 6213: 5729: 5667: 5657: 5630: 5595: 5088: 4895: 4059: 3903: 3845: 3830: 3714:

and wooden parapets by their war engineers. In order to breach a fortification's

3560: 3540: 3463: 3026: 2820: 2796: 2670:

Late medieval sailing warships resembled floating fortresses, with towers in the

2664: 2630: 2527: 2127: 1799: 1784: 1702: 1658: 1600: 1256: 1251: 1141: 1131: 1046: 1021: 963: 804: 734: 724: 576: 561: 484: 456: 256: 236: 84: 8206: 8151: 8105: 8058: 8038: 7882: 7805: 7656: 7631: 7497: 7425: 7322: 7281: 7271: 7246: 7183: 7140: 7008: 6949: 6944: 6917: 6846: 6821: 6764: 6620: 6520: 6279: 6087: 5821: 5640: 5590: 5031: 5018:

Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe.

4693: 3946: 3927: 3703: 3685: 3669: 3638: 3606: 3544: 3399: 3341: 3131: 3018: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2775: 2568: 2382: 2302: 2217:

As the Middle Ages progressed in Italy, Italian cities began to rely mostly on

1974: 1722: 1146: 1106: 1084: 1071: 1061: 1031: 948: 901: 704: 695: 586: 539: 519: 509: 479: 446: 334: 291: 246: 118: 51: 5302:. London: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1998. 5047: 4773:

The official website for BBC History Magazine and BBC World Histories Magazine

4531: 4523:

Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages

2858: 8370: 7965: 7636: 7405: 7115: 7080: 6966: 6959: 6927: 6876: 6851: 6826: 6608: 6574: 6480: 6343: 6316: 6297: 6009: 5816: 5652: 5492: 5465: 4946: 4249: 4022: 3990: 3978: 3898: 3872: 3840: 3665: 3582: 3403: 3395: 3270: 2826: 2556: 2422: 2338: 2142: 2093: 2089: 1821: 1809: 1665: 1585: 1501: 1484: 1341: 1196: 1176: 859: 854: 834: 814: 729: 700: 675: 551: 529: 514: 489: 329: 251: 214: 209: 106: 4864: 3547:

were the usual Scandinavian infantry armour before the era of plate armour.

3099: 18: 8131: 8028: 7832: 7722: 7465: 7337: 7312: 7015: 6934: 6509: 6377: 6367: 6328: 6304: 6049: 5774: 5672: 5256: 5169:

Rodger, Nicholas A. M., "The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650."

4972: 4556: 4041: 3966: 3913: 3810: 3642: 3617: 3337: 3143: 3139: 3111: 3053: 3012:

was the most important element of an army because it was cheap compared to

2887: 2854: 2830: 2800: 2749:

A battle between the Venetian and Holy Roman fleets. Detail of a fresco by

2696: 2634: 2594: 2581:

are rolling over the Rus' vessels and smashing their oars with their spurs.

2334: 2317: 2238: 2107: 2008: 1934: 1914: 1909: 1804: 1749: 1383: 1378: 1201: 1116: 864: 598: 499: 296: 200: 5351:

Medieval History Database (MHDB), which includes medieval military records

5346:

Database of thousands of English soldiers during the later medieval period

5293:

The pursuit of power: technology, armed force, and society since A.D. 1000

4566: 2373: 8282: 7985: 7892: 7774: 7641: 7317: 7100: 6906: 6836: 6537: 6284: 6004: 5799: 5742: 5677: 5662: 5585: 5244: 4454:"The Crossbow vs the Longbow in the Medieval Period – on 'The Beckoning'" 4010: 2706:

Two views of a hand culverin and two small cannons from the 15th century.

2530:

much more powerful than "walls, trenches, weapons and hosts of soldiers"

2453: 2342: 2265: 2230: 2218: 2195: 2039: 1919: 1670: 1635: 1474: 1161: 1126: 839: 782: 685: 469: 190: 185: 5055: 3445: 3134:

at prices fixed below typical market prices under the Crown's rights of

7857: 7743: 7357: 7173: 6598: 6039: 5914: 5909: 4967:

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1999), "Naval Warfare after the Viking Age,

4294:

Karaiskaj, Gjerak. "Furnizimi me ujë i kalasë së Shkodrës ne mesjetë."

3961: 3956: 3850: 3650: 3610: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3135: 3083: 3058: 2679: 2671: 2598: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2386: 2062:). In terms of fortification, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the 1876: 1846: 1568: 937: 7651: 4176:

World History: A Concise, Selective, Interpretive History of the World

3165:, forcing the troops to pay well above normal market prices for food. 8166: 7935: 7327: 7300: 6791: 6729: 6446: 6235: 6149: 6134: 5972: 5806: 5764: 5575: 5342:

Siege warfare, open battles, weapons, armour and fighting techniques.

5312:

The Military Revolution: Military innovation and the Rise of The West

4931:(in Latin and English). Budapest: Central European University Press. 4806:"Medieval and Middle Ages History Timelines – Why castles were built" 4074: 4000: 3876: 3825: 3795: 3707: 3673: 3536: 3491: 3428: 3071: 2987: 2970:

relied on a single text for the basis of its military knowledge, the

2838: 2683: 2621:

would exchange missile fire and then try to board bow first to allow

2590: 2552: 2535: 2504: 2461: 2457: 2390: 2362: 2067: 2055: 1866: 1690: 1640: 1590: 1580: 1575: 1440: 1231: 1226: 1191: 633: 319: 286: 175: 2861:. Longbowmen decimated an entire generation of the French nobility. 8201: 8078: 7955: 7646: 7307: 6861: 6709: 6247: 6024: 5955: 5747: 5600: 5558: 5415: 5397: 5366: 5345: 4005: 3995: 3951: 3908: 3711: 3664:(in use since the 9th century). When gunpowder was introduced, the 3661: 3524: 3482: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3305: 3285: 3123: 3107:

pay for it from their wages, either at cost or even with a profit.

3009: 2899: 2876: 2834: 2806: 2767: 2656: 2465: 2442: 2418: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2146: 2123: 2103: 1881: 1856: 1489: 1121: 1096: 714: 269: 143: 5339: 3021:, particularly in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, were rare." 2612:

Turkish armor during battles of Marica and Kosovo in 1371 and 1389

2485: 2421:– and more dangerous to attackers – witness the increasing use of 7842: 7058: 7048: 6866: 6811: 6504: 6467: 6390: 6372: 6355: 6338: 5989: 5943: 5784: 5757: 5610: 5605: 5580: 5450: 5250:

The face of battle: a study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme

4698:"War in the Middle Ages: Medieval Logistics – English Experience" 4046: 3922: 3862: 3857: 3753: 3597:, who had established an uncertain alliance with King Bela IV of 3586: 3532: 3528: 3486: 3367: 3364: 3146:

under his command could purchase them. This continued during the

3142:

in southern Scotland and along the Scottish border where English

3127: 3094: 3013: 2712: 2489: 2469: 2398: 2298: 2294: 2282: 2274: 2210: 2158: 2138: 2119: 2099: 2051: 1891: 1851: 1615: 1449: 1445: 792: 777: 653: 314: 309: 279: 218: 180: 5160: 5145:

Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500

5095:

Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500

3118:'s planned invasion of France, Edward I implemented a system in 7362: 7291: 7110: 7065: 6719: 6704: 6196: 5836: 5719: 5460: 5455: 5350: 5284:. New York: Columbia University Press: Stackpole Books, 1996. ( 3973: 3815: 3749: 3594: 3574: 3458: 3130:

would acquire foodstuffs, horses and carts from merchants with

2618: 2578: 2497: 2493: 2477: 2445:. Wet animal skins were often draped over gates to repel fire. 2413:

became progressively stronger – for example, the advent of the

2333:

In the Medieval period besieging armies used a wide variety of

2309: 2290: 2199: 2173: 2154: 2111: 2079: 2063: 1398: 799: 616: 352: 5305: 5178:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649.

5161:

Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus (1996), Milner, N. P. (ed.),

4429: 4427: 3775: 3523:

approximately 30% to 50% would be archers or crossbowmen. The

2958:

possibly in the late 4th century. Described by historian

7621: 7120: 6661: 6656: 5994: 5919: 3918: 3886: 3867: 3820: 3622: 3578: 3356: 3281: 3119: 3001: 2675: 2522: 2406: 2278: 874: 410: 405: 4863:(in Croatian). Službene stranice Općine Klis. Archived from 2468:

is a well-preserved example – and more important cities had

6107: 5570: 5565: 5229:

Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300

4424: 4233: 3719: 3495: 3289: 3005: 2997: 2652: 2473: 2446: 2286: 2165:

numbers of spearmen, archers and other unmounted soldiers.

170: 165: 4526:(1 ed.). Boydell and Brewer Limited. pp. 28–31. 2915:

spread misinformation regarding army size and provisions.

6699: 6691: 5401: 5306:

De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History

43: 4663: 4661: 3332:

from the Romans and the Arab Empire soon stretched from

5126:

Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose.

5076:

Hattendorf, John B. & Unger, Richard W. (editors),

2898:, brought with him the first truly mobile siege train: 2655:-driven, although the long lowboard Viking-style rowed 2098:

The medieval knight was usually a mounted and armoured

3676:. Out of these Ottoman soldiers rose the Janissaries ( 2962:

as "the bible of warfare throughout the Middle Ages",

2126:, holy orders of Knights fought in the Holy Land (see 4658: 2966:

was widely distributed through the Latin West. While

2190:

terrain. Towns and cities could also field militias.

2157:, Italian and German mounted crossbowmen and English 4347:

Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food

5132:, Volume 1. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. 2003. 5003:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, pp. 143–160, 3535:were especially popular in Sweden and Finland. The 2500:, who were sometimes employed by besieging armies. 5078:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. 2864: 2651:Bulkier ships were developed which were primarily 4966: 26:(1346) between the English and the French in the 8368: 4676:Quoted in Nicholson (2004), pp. 18–19 3431:'s army into a united and loyal fighting force. 3280:began in the 7th century after the death of the 3211:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 2774:met and overcame French knights in 1302, as the 2177:Hungarian raids in the 10th century. Before the 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 3581:, experienced a major failure in March 1242 at 2814: 2526:the relics of martyrs were considered by Saint 2198:came from the younger sons of free land-owning 5300:A history of the art of war in the Middle Ages 4878: 4848: 4624: 4622: 4496:. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. p. 19. 3740:Replica of 12th century Serbian medieval armor 3000:, field tactics, how to conduct and withstand 7759: 5382: 5295:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. 4343:De Magnalibus Mediolani: Meraviglie di Milano 3168:As Edward III went to war with France in the 3089:Medieval warfare largely predated the use of 2890:of 1494–1559, marking the beginning of 2882:Early artillery played a limited role in the 2758:techniques honed in antiquity by the Greeks. 2016: 4981:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 4792:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers 4679: 3706:utilized several siege technologies such as 2547:of Milan was described in detail in 1288 by 5221:Technology and War: From 2000 BC to present 5180:W.W. Norton & Company, New York. 1997. 5034:(1977), "The date and purpose of Vegetius' 4619: 4345:(Milan, 1998), as reported in John Dickie, 4203:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 3138:. These goods would then be transported to 7766: 7752: 5389: 5375: 4998: 4923: 4692: 4367:Fernández-Armesto (1999), pp. 230–231 4269: 4148: 4123: 4098: 3718:, long earthen-ramps were used to fill up 2023: 2009: 5142: 5073:Cambridge University Press, London. 1974. 4894:Eaton, Richard M. (2019). "Chapter Two". 4519: 4485: 3632: 3381:naval siege of Constantinople in the 670s 3242:Learn how and when to remove this message 3048: 7773: 7212:List of military strategies and concepts 5092: 4733:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 4198: 3774: 3743: 3735: 3564: 3468: 3444: 3355:The early Arab army mainly consisted of 3288:, and were marked by a century of rapid 3264: 3077: 3064: 3052: 2805: 2744: 2701: 2607: 2572: 2372: 2264: 2252: 2172: 987:List of military strategies and concepts 17: 5030: 4945: 4828: 4729: 4470: 4231: 2909: 2810:A modern replica of an English longbow. 2689: 8369: 5226: 5097:, Macclesfield: Windgather Press Ltd, 4897:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 4766: 4655:Quoted in Nicholson (2004), p. 16 4616:Nicholson (2004), pp. 13–14 4554: 4491: 3702:Already by the late 13th century, the 3423:coming of the Arabs. In contrast, the 3398:at the time both had large numbers of 2871:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages 7747: 5370: 5253:. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1988. 5163:Vegetius: epitome of military science 4893: 4785: 4762: 4760: 4725: 4723: 4515: 4513: 4476: 4358:Fernández-Armesto (1999), p. 231 4173: 4080:Timeline of women in Medieval warfare 3340:, the Middle East, North Africa, and 3157:in 1307 and ending under the rule of 2886:, and it became indispensable in the 2492:. Against these would be matched the 7728: 5396: 5231:, London: Cornell University Press, 4831:"Heavy Armor Gave Knights a Workout" 4494:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600 3183: 3179: 2066:in Europe, which then spread to the 8351: 7796:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 7672:Idealism in international relations 5286:Parts of which are available online 5270:Bison Books Limited, London, 1978, 5147:, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 4736:. Greenwood Press. pp. 63–64. 3418:, particularly the bitterly fought 2934:If you want peace, prepare for war 2734: 13: 7888:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 5202: 4854: 4757: 4720: 4510: 3148:First War of Scottish Independence 14: 8393: 8318:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5333: 5282:Hungary in the thirteenth century 4788:"Engineering the Viking Longboat" 3473:Norwegian Vikings' defeat at the 3420:Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 2921: 2456:, virtually all large cities had 2365:. Siege techniques also included 2248: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8330: 7727: 7717: 7716: 5298:Oman, Charles William Chadwick. 5263:. Oxford University Press, 1999. 5213:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984. 4769:"A brief history of the Vikings" 4555:France, John, ed. (2017-05-15). 3334:parts of the Indian subcontinent 3188: 3041:commissioned the translation of 2949:Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus 2761: 2605:has helped provide information. 2562: 2328: 2206:were mostly paid professionals. 61: 7816:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7811:Decline of Hellenistic religion 4887: 4822: 4798: 4779: 4767:Parker, Philip (May 25, 2016). 4670: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4548: 4520:Titterton, James (2022-02-25). 4446: 4436: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4335: 4315: 4234:"The Myths of Medieval Warfare" 3779:15th century armor from Germany 3518:The Scandinavian armies of the 2865:Transition to gunpowder warfare 2555:in white with the red cross of 2405:Advances in the prosecution of 2073: 8094:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 5321:. Boydell & Brewer, 2022, 4829:Reardon, Sara (19 July 2011). 4637:Gillingham (1992), p. 150 4433:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 264–266 4301: 4288: 4263: 4225: 4192: 4167: 4142: 4117: 4092: 3490:and then retire swiftly using 3112:John II de Balliol of Scotland 2982:was derived from the works of 1: 8268:Disability in the Middle Ages 7941:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7873:Rise of the Venetian Republic 5319:Deception in Medieval Warfare 5114:Meulenhoff, Amsterdam. 1984. 4917: 4323:Laudatio martyrum Aegyptiorum 4153:. Pen and Sword. p. 11. 4128:. Pen and Sword. p. 10. 3688:by massed infantry assaults. 2956:(Concerning Military Matters) 2425:, as well the preparation of 2168: 5173:82 (1996), pp. 301–324. 4951:Military Medieval Technology 4667:Nicholson (2004), p. 16 4628:Nicholson (2004), p. 14 4598:Nicholson (2004), p. 13 4412:Marsden (2003), pp. 137–142. 4403:Rodger (1997), pp. 205–206 . 4274:. Pen and Sword. p. 6. 4103:. Pen and Sword. p. 8. 3725: 3310:conquered the Persian Empire 3061:with a flat top to the skull 2815:Welsh and English longbowmen 2427:hot or incendiary substances 2337:including: scaling ladders; 2141:or missile weapons, such as 7: 7194:Operational manoeuvre group 5261:Medieval Warfare: A History 5112:Galleys in the Netherlands. 5080:Woodbridge, Suffolk. 2003. 4978:Medieval Warfare: A History 4925:Archdeacon, Thomas of Split 4702:United States Naval Academy 4646:Liddiard (2005), p. 79 4376:DeVries (1992), p. 283 4052: 3656:One notable victory was at 3153:Starting under the rule of 2894:. Charles VIII, during his 2741:Infantry in the Middle Ages 2629:. Famous admirals included 2496:skills of teams of trained 2237:500 years before Sir Basil 2084:Infantry in the Middle Ages 1480:Military–industrial complex 959:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8398: 8382:Military history of Europe 8377:Warfare of the Middle Ages 8069:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7627:Peace and conflict studies 7516:Infantry fighting vehicles 6055:Front; Russian land forces 5069:Guilmartin, John Francis, 4884:Archdeacon (2006), p. 299. 4730:Lindsay, James E. (2005). 4607:Goffart (1977), p. 65 4561:. Routledge. p. 124. 4558:Medieval Warfare 1000–1300 4481:. Basic Books. p. 29. 4232:McGlynn, Sean (Jan 1994). 3985:Artillery and Siege engine 3729: 3577:, under the leadership of 3554: 3550: 3438: 3434: 3258: 2868: 2818: 2772:Battle of the Golden Spurs 2738: 2566: 2509: 2087: 2077: 8326: 8255: 8114: 8009: 7996:Mongol invasion of Europe 7901: 7781: 7714: 7682:International cooperation 7614: 7589: 7456: 7449: 7371: 7290: 7202: 7154: 7029: 6905: 6690: 6652:Combat information center 6629: 6550: 6460: 6189: 6182: 6113:Infantry fighting vehicle 6063: 5895:Unified combatant command 5865: 5728: 5540: 5408: 5143:Nicholson, Helen (2004), 5093:Liddiard, Robert (2005), 5048:10.1017/S0362152900009077 5020:Routledge, London. 2000. 4786:Walsh, David (May 2013). 4589:Milner (1996), p. 63 4532:10.1017/9781800104747.006 4065:Great Stirrup Controversy 4037:Horses in the Middle Ages 3769:Imperial Library of Paris 3571:Mongol invasion of Europe 3475:Battle of Stamford Bridge 3383:, they started to employ 3008:. According to Vegetius, 2931:si vis pacem, para bellum 2857:arrows and horse-maiming 2521:The practice of carrying 2516: 2269:Celje Castle in Slovenia. 1544:Loss-of-strength gradient 401:Combat information center 7597:Lists of wars by country 7039:List of military tactics 6157:Self-propelled artillery 6045:Special units by nation: 5488:Protocols and structure: 5291:McNeill, William Hardy. 5176:Rodger, Nicholas A. M., 4349:(New York, 2008), p. 33. 4270:Carruthers, Bob (2013). 4149:Carruthers, Bob (2013). 4124:Carruthers, Bob (2013). 4099:Carruthers, Bob (2013). 4086: 3760:of the "Jouvencel", and 3732:List of medieval weapons 3269:14th century Arab style 3254: 3197:This article includes a 2397:), situated in southern 2323:Count Baldwin of Hainaut 1862:Military science fiction 1347:Technology and equipment 768:List of military tactics 7951:Investiture Controversy 7921:Second Bulgarian Empire 7694:International relations 7687:Crimes against humanity 6334:Other infantry weapons: 6050:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 5621:Functional specialties: 5128:The Archaeology of the 3416:Byzantine–Sassanid Wars 3226:more precise citations. 3110:In 1294, the same year 2503:Until the invention of 2417:from the period of the 2411:Medieval fortifications 2102:, often connected with 1930:Wartime sexual violence 1686:Full-spectrum dominance 1497:Supply-chain management 8308:Post-classical history 8064:Fall of Constantinople 7971:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7838:First Bulgarian Empire 7662:Conscientious objector 5770:Special reconnaissance 5510:Awards and decorations 5211:War in the Middle Ages 4309:"Oremus Bible Browser" 4207:. Routledge. pp. 4199:Bradbury, Jim (2004). 3780: 3772: 3741: 3633:Turks and Central Asia 3590: 3478: 3454: 3273: 3261:Early Muslim conquests 3086: 3075: 3062: 3049:Supplies and logistics 3004:, and the role of the 2936: 2811: 2754: 2707: 2613: 2582: 2402: 2321:from their lands – as 2270: 2262: 2182: 2038:is the warfare of the 1842:Awards and decorations 1815:Peace through strength 1790:Low-intensity conflict 1424:Conscientious objector 1297:Area of responsibility 31: 6682:Torpedo Data Computer 6672:Ship gun fire-control 5227:France, John (1999), 5209:Contamine, Philippe. 4567:10.4324/9781315249247 4492:Norris, John (2003). 4421:Lehmann (1984), p. 31 4178:. Sentia Publishing. 3778: 3747: 3739: 3601:. They first invaded 3568: 3512:clinker-built warship 3472: 3448: 3292:expansion beyond the 3268: 3081: 3068: 3056: 2928: 2869:Further information: 2809: 2748: 2705: 2611: 2576: 2383:defensive stone walls 2376: 2345:and various types of 2268: 2256: 2176: 2070:(modern day Israel). 434:Torpedo data computer 424:Ship gun fire-control 21: 8288:Medieval reenactment 8084:Renaissance Humanism 7991:Medieval Warm Period 7961:Republic of Florence 7775:European Middle Ages 7543:Specific modern wars 7491:Vehicles and weapons 7416:Military occupations 6015:Carrier strike group 4477:Kelly, Jack (2004). 4458:www.thebeckoning.com 4341:Bovesin de la Riva, 3136:prise and purveyance 3057:13th century German 3039:Henry VII of England 2943:, preface to book 3. 2910:Strategy and tactics 2892:early modern warfare 2690:Introduction of guns 2639:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2603:Maritime archaeology 1960:Military occupations 1795:Military engineering 1697:Unrestricted Warfare 1554:Force multiplication 452:Military manoeuvrers 8001:Kingdom of Portugal 7868:Old Church Slavonic 7853:Anglo-Saxon England 7706:Peace organizations 7169:Operations research 6647:Director (military) 6637:Fire-control system 5548:Command and control 5217:Creveld, Martin Van 4953:, Broadview Press, 4174:Parsa, Ali (2017). 3653:of the Byzantines. 3504:Anglo-Saxon England 3390:In contrast to the 3322:Byzantine-Arab Wars 3116:Edward I of England 3114:refused to support 2976:Southeastern Europe 2801:German Landsknechte 2678:(respectively, the 2549:Bonvesin de la Riva 1646:Penal military unit 1631:Rules of engagement 1307:Command and control 932:Operations research 396:Director (military) 386:Fire-control system 156:Command and control 37:Part of a series on 8182:In popular culture 8147:Crusading movement 8019:Hundred Years' War 7878:Civitas Schinesghe 7863:Carolingian Empire 7848:Kingdom of Croatia 7801:Barbarian kingdoms 7164:Military operation 7131:Tactical objective 6642:Fire-control radar 6558:Military equipment 6500:Anti-ship missiles 5852:Electronic-warfare 5715:Military maneuvers 5700:Combat occupations 5476:Commanding officer 5436:Occupational roles 5317:Titterton, James, 5310:Parker, Geoffrey. 5280:Kosztolnyik, Z.J. 5042:, xxxiii: 65–100, 4385:Glete (2000), p. 2 3781: 3773: 3742: 3591: 3500:Great Heathen Army 3479: 3455: 3363:, alongside a few 3302:Umayyad Caliphates 3274: 3199:list of references 3170:Hundred Years' War 3087: 3076: 3063: 3035:Geoffroi de Charny 2884:Hundred Years' War 2812: 2755: 2708: 2614: 2583: 2545:carro della guerra 2541:carro della guerra 2403: 2379:Walls of Dubrovnik 2271: 2263: 2259:Château de Falaise 2204:Hundred Years' War 2183: 2179:battle of Lechfeld 1755:Counter-insurgency 1676:Command of the sea 1621:Jewish laws on war 1596:Geneva Conventions 1132:Divide and conquer 927:Military operation 892:Tactical objective 391:Fire-control radar 368:Electronic-warfare 32: 28:Hundred Years' War 8364: 8363: 8273:Basic topics list 8074:Swiss mercenaries 8024:Wars of the Roses 7931:Kingdom of Poland 7916:Holy Roman Empire 7783:Early Middle Ages 7741: 7740: 7667:Anti-war movement 7610: 7609: 7602:Conflicts by time 7227:Counter-offensive 7217:Military campaign 7136:Target saturation 7086:Counterinsurgency 6735:International law 6677:Gun data computer 6546: 6545: 5883:Armies by country 5847:Close air support 5812:Aircraft carriers 5481:Executive officer 5276:978-0-86124-008-1 5268:Medieval Warfare. 5238:978-0-8014-8607-4 5110:Lehmann, L. Th., 4971:. 1100–1500", in 4938:978-963-7326-59-2 4907:978-0-14-196655-7 4576:978-1-315-24924-7 4541:978-1-80010-474-7 4321:John Chrysostom, 4298:11 (1985): 55–77. 4070:Horses in warfare 4033:Horses in warfare 4023:Camels in warfare 3875:, the weaponized 3451:landing at Dublin 3377:Battle of Yarmouk 3346:Iberian Peninsula 3294:Arabian Peninsula 3252: 3251: 3244: 3180:Regional examples 2896:invasion of Italy 2661:Battle of Svolder 2627:Battle of Lepanto 2512:Mining (military) 2415:concentric castle 2243:indirect approach 2033: 2032: 1925:Horses in warfare 1872:Anti-war movement 1775:Gunboat diplomacy 1765:Disaster response 1713:Philosophy of war 1708:Principles of war 1681:Deterrence theory 1626:Right of conquest 1549:Lanchester's laws 1317:Principles of war 1007:Counter-offensive 992:Military campaign 897:Target saturation 820:Counterinsurgency 429:Gun data computer 363:Close air support 325:Aircraft carriers 8389: 8354: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8334: 8293:Medieval studies 8137:Church and State 8011:Late Middle Ages 7903:High Middle Ages 7821:Christianization 7791:Migration Period 7768: 7761: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7719: 7697: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7454: 7453: 7396:Military tactics 7237:Defence in depth 7091:Defeat in detail 6787:Armoured warfare 6725:Military science 6515:Close-in weapons 6187: 6186: 6098:Wheeled vehicles 6093:Tracked vehicles 5890:Chain of command 5553:Defense ministry 5391: 5384: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5340:Medieval Warfare 5241: 5196:978-9004-25618-7 5171:Mariner's Mirror 5166: 5157: 5124:Marsden, Peter, 5107: 5066: 5013: 4995: 4963: 4942: 4912: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4857:"Povijest Klisa" 4855:Listeš, Srećko. 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4708:on 13 April 2016 4704:. Archived from 4690: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4339: 4333: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4272:Medieval Warfare 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4206: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4151:Medieval Warfare 4146: 4140: 4139: 4126:Medieval Warfare 4121: 4115: 4114: 4101:Medieval Warfare 4096: 3695:) and Qapukulu ( 3647:Byzantine Empire 3557:Mongol invasions 3520:High Middle Ages 3441:Viking invasions 3278:Muslim conquests 3247: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3222:this article by 3213:inline citations 3192: 3191: 3184: 3132:compulsory sales 2972:Byzantine Empire 2944: 2829:and damage/dent 2751:Spinello Aretino 2735:Rise of infantry 2482:siege of Shkodra 2381:are a series of 2235:indirect warfare 2224:Praetorian Guard 2060:military history 2050:and the role of 2048:military tactics 2036:Medieval warfare 2025: 2018: 2011: 1780:Humanitarian aid 1718:Security dilemma 1539:Power projection 1322:Economy of force 1302:Chain of command 1017:Defence in depth 1002:Commerce raiding 825:Defeat in detail 161:Defense ministry 65: 56: 55: 46: 34: 33: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8322: 8303:Neo-medievalism 8251: 8187:Itinerant court 8110: 8005: 7926:Georgian Empire 7911:Norman Conquest 7897: 7843:Frankish Empire 7777: 7772: 7742: 7737: 7710: 7691: 7677:Humanitarianism 7606: 7585: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7550:Napoleonic Wars 7547: 7531: 7525:Modern warships 7522: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7450:Other namespace 7445: 7367: 7286: 7198: 7150: 7116:Rapid dominance 7025: 6901: 6686: 6625: 6542: 6488:Naval artillery 6468:Guided missiles 6456: 6178: 6059: 5861: 5724: 5720:Combat training 5668:Security forces 5658:Military police 5596:Airborne forces 5536: 5404: 5395: 5364: 5361: 5336: 5331: 5239: 5205: 5203:Further reading 5155: 5105: 5032:Goffart, Walter 5011: 4993: 4961: 4939: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4810:www.timeref.com 4804: 4803: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4765: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4728: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4691: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4490: 4486: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4060:Endemic warfare 4055: 4028:Dogs in warfare 3801:Horseman's pick 3734: 3728: 3682:attacked Europe 3635: 3563: 3561:Tatar invasions 3555:Main articles: 3553: 3541:lamellar armour 3502:" that ravaged 3464:Varangian Guard 3443: 3437: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3217: 3203:related reading 3193: 3189: 3182: 3140:Royal Magazines 3051: 3027:Michael Clanchy 3019:Pitched battles 2946: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2912: 2873: 2867: 2823: 2821:English longbow 2817: 2770:footmen at the 2764: 2743: 2737: 2692: 2665:Battle of Sluys 2631:Roger of Lauria 2571: 2565: 2528:John Chrysostom 2519: 2514: 2331: 2251: 2226:had once been. 2171: 2151:mounted archers 2128:Knights Templar 2096: 2086: 2078:Main articles: 2076: 2029: 2000: 1999: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1837: 1827: 1826: 1800:Multilateralism 1785:Law enforcement 1745: 1735: 1734: 1703:Just war theory 1661: 1651: 1650: 1601:Geneva Protocol 1571: 1561: 1560: 1534: 1524: 1523: 1465: 1455: 1454: 1362: 1352: 1351: 1292: 1282: 1281: 1247: 1237: 1236: 1167:Network-centric 1087: 1077: 1076: 984: 974: 973: 922: 912: 911: 860:Rapid dominance 765: 755: 754: 710:Electromagnetic 619: 609: 608: 595: 548: 496: 472: 462: 461: 457:Combat training 438: 415: 381:Combat systems: 377: 339: 335:Auxiliary ships 301: 261: 257:Military police 223: 146: 136: 135: 75: 49: 48: 47: 42: 24:Battle of Crécy 12: 11: 5: 8395: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8348: 8338: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8298:Misconceptions 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8106:Little Ice Age 8103: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8059:Western Schism 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7813: 7808: 7806:Late antiquity 7803: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7657:Global studies 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7632:Peace movement 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7511: 7502: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7431:Related lists: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7401:History lists: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7381:Military lists 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7348:Defense policy 7345: 7343:Defense budget 7340: 7335: 7333:Public policy: 7330: 7325: 7323:United Nations 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7296: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7282:Scorched earth 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7184:Deep operation 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6897:Unconventional 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6847:Disinformation 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6755:Post-classical 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6630:Combat systems 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6621:Field hospital 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6398:Shoulder-fired 6387: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6298:Service rifles 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6277: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5857:Reconnaissance 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Auxiliary ship 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710:Basic training 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5641:Reconnaissance 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626:Communications 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:Special forces 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5335: 5334:External links 5332: 5330: 5329: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5278: 5264: 5254: 5242: 5237: 5224: 5214: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5188: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5153: 5140: 5122: 5108: 5103: 5090: 5074: 5067: 5036:De Re Militari 5028: 5014: 5009: 4996: 4991: 4964: 4959: 4947:DeVries, Kelly 4943: 4937: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4900:. Penguin UK. 4886: 4877: 4847: 4821: 4797: 4778: 4756: 4742: 4719: 4694:Abels, Richard 4678: 4669: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4575: 4547: 4540: 4509: 4502: 4484: 4469: 4445: 4435: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4334: 4314: 4300: 4287: 4280: 4262: 4224: 4217: 4191: 4184: 4166: 4159: 4141: 4134: 4116: 4109: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4030: 4025: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3919:Throwing spear 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3870: 3865: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837:Blunt weapons 3835: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3730:Main article: 3727: 3724: 3704:Khilji dynasty 3686:Constantinople 3670:Ottoman Empire 3634: 3631: 3607:Battle of Mohi 3552: 3549: 3545:coat of plates 3439:Main article: 3436: 3433: 3400:heavy infantry 3342:southern Italy 3330:southern Italy 3259:Main article: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3207:external links 3196: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3050: 3047: 3043:De re militari 2994:De re militari 2980:De re militari 2968:Western Europe 2964:De re militari 2960:Walter Goffart 2954:De re militari 2941:De re militari 2927: 2925: 2923:De re militari 2920: 2911: 2908: 2866: 2863: 2819:Main article: 2816: 2813: 2763: 2760: 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2691: 2688: 2569:Byzantine navy 2564: 2561: 2533:In Italy, the 2518: 2515: 2423:machicolations 2339:battering rams 2330: 2327: 2303:fortifications 2250: 2249:Fortifications 2247: 2245:as cowardice. 2170: 2167: 2075: 2072: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1965:Military terms 1962: 1957: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1723:Tripwire force 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1245:Administrative 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:New generation 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:Fleet in being 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1085:Grand strategy 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072:Scorched earth 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 985: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Deep operation 946: 941: 934: 929: 923: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 878: 877: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795: 790: 785: 775: 766: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 750:Unconventional 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 698: 696:Disinformation 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 667: 666: 661: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 601: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 589: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 547: 546: 545: 544: 543: 542: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 482: 473: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 449: 447:Basic training 444: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 376: 375: 373:Reconnaissance 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 300: 299: 294: 292:Special forces 289: 284: 283: 282: 272: 267: 260: 259: 254: 249: 247:Reconnaissance 244: 239: 234: 229: 222: 221: 212: 207: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 116: 115: 114: 109: 99: 98: 97: 90:Post-classical 87: 82: 76: 71: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 39: 38: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8394: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8357: 8349: 8347: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966:Scholasticism 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Rise of Islam 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7724: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7637:Peace process 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Expeditionary 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081:Counterattack 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Psychological 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:Combined arms 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6609:Military base 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6510:Depth charges 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344:Anti-tank gun 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317:Assault rifle 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6305:Battle rifles 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6273:Infantry guns 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6167:Anti-aircraft 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:General staff 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Landing craft 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Enlisted rank 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5328: 5327:9781783276783 5324: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257:Keen, Maurice 5255: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186:0-393-04579-X 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5154:0-333-76330-0 5150: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5138:0-9544029-0-1 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5120:90-290-1854-2 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5104:0-9545575-2-2 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5086:0-85115-903-6 5083: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5026:0-415-21455-6 5023: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010:0-85115-327-5 5006: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4992:0-19-820639-9 4988: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4973:Keen, Maurice 4970: 4965: 4962: 4960:0-921149-74-3 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4881: 4867:on 2010-03-23 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4743:9780313322709 4739: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4623: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4503:1-86126-615-4 4499: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4439: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4283: 4281:9781473846968 4277: 4273: 4266: 4255:September 14, 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:History Today 4235: 4228: 4220: 4218:9781134598472 4214: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4195: 4187: 4185:9780999005613 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4160:9781473846968 4156: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4135:9781473846968 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4110:9781473846968 4106: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3991:Battering ram 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873:Military fork 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716:curtain walls 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666:Ottoman Turks 3663: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3583:Klis Fortress 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3449:Viking fleet 3447: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3404:heavy cavalry 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312:, along with 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3271:battering ram 3267: 3262: 3246: 3243: 3235: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3091:supply trains 3085: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762:Swiss pikemen 2759: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2697:fighting tops 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2645:Late medieval 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:weather gauge 2592: 2588: 2587:Mediterranean 2580: 2575: 2570: 2563:Naval warfare 2560: 2558: 2557:Saint Ambrose 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:siege engines 2329:Siege warfare 2326: 2324: 2319: 2318:siege engines 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2094:Light cavalry 2091: 2090:Heavy cavalry 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:Warrior caste 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1822:Show of force 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810:Peacebuilding 1808: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1666:Air supremacy 1664: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606:Islamic rules 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Court-martial 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1485:Arms industry 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1102:Broken-backed 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 944:Expeditionary 942: 940: 939: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 921: 916: 915: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 815:Counterattack 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 769: 764: 759: 758: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740:Psychological 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676:Combined arms 674: 672: 669: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 613: 612: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 549: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Fortification 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 501: 498: 497: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 475: 474: 471: 466: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 331: 330:Landing craft 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 220: 216: 215:Standing army 213: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 145: 140: 139: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 117: 113: 110: 108: 107:pike and shot 105: 104: 103: 100: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 53: 45: 41: 40: 36: 35: 29: 25: 20: 16: 8241: 8127:Architecture 8099:Great Famine 8089:Universities 8029:Hussite Wars 7946:Great Schism 7833:Papal States 7732: 7721: 7700: 7696:}} 7692:{{ 7579:}} 7575:{{ 7570:}} 7568:World War II 7566:{{ 7561:}} 7557:{{ 7552:}} 7548:{{ 7542: 7536:}} 7532:{{ 7527:}} 7523:{{ 7518:}} 7514:{{ 7509:}} 7505:{{ 7500:}} 7496:{{ 7490: 7486:}} 7482:{{ 7477:}} 7473:{{ 7468:}} 7464:{{ 7430: 7400: 7380: 7352: 7338:Conscription 7332: 7313:Peace treaty 7299: 7004:Subterranean 6892:Radiological 6832:Conventional 6781: 6760:Early modern 6754: 6739: 6666: 6603: 6519: 6479: 6441: 6424: 6389: 6378:Combat knife 6368:Flamethrower 6333: 6329:Sniper rifle 6296: 6285:Machine guns 6271: 6208: 6070: 6044: 6034: 5999: 5904: 5873:Organization 5826: 5780:Naval units: 5779: 5775:Signal corps 5737: 5705:Development: 5704: 5694: 5673:Border guard 5636:Intelligence 5620: 5559:Armed Forces 5557: 5526: 5487: 5445: 5363: 5360: 5318: 5311: 5299: 5292: 5281: 5267: 5266:H. W. Koch: 5260: 5248: 5245:Keegan, John 5228: 5220: 5210: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5111: 5094: 5077: 5070: 5039: 5035: 5017: 5016:Glete, Jan, 5000: 4977: 4968: 4950: 4928: 4896: 4889: 4880: 4869:. Retrieved 4865:the original 4860: 4850: 4838:. Retrieved 4834: 4824: 4813:. Retrieved 4809: 4800: 4791: 4781: 4772: 4747:. Retrieved 4732: 4710:. Retrieved 4706:the original 4672: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4557: 4550: 4522: 4493: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4461:. Retrieved 4457: 4448: 4438: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4271: 4265: 4253:. Retrieved 4241: 4237: 4227: 4202: 4194: 4175: 4169: 4150: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4100: 4094: 4042:War elephant 4016: 4015: 3984: 3983: 3935: 3934: 3914:Throwing axe 3811:Arming sword 3787: 3783: 3782: 3763: 3762:Froissart's 3748:A varlet or 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3655: 3636: 3627: 3618:Golden Horde 3615: 3592: 3585:in southern 3517: 3508: 3480: 3456: 3396:Persian army 3389: 3354: 3338:Central Asia 3326:North Africa 3308:, the Arabs 3304:. Under the 3276:The initial 3275: 3238: 3229: 3218:Please help 3210: 3167: 3152: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3088: 3070: 3042: 3032: 3023: 2993: 2992: 2979: 2963: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2888:Italian Wars 2881: 2874: 2855:bodkin point 2843: 2831:plate armour 2824: 2765: 2756: 2729: 2725: 2709: 2693: 2669: 2650: 2643: 2635:Andrea Doria 2615: 2584: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2520: 2502: 2451: 2439:portcullises 2404: 2349:such as the 2343:siege towers 2332: 2314: 2307: 2272: 2239:Liddell Hart 2228: 2216: 2208: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2163: 2136: 2132:Hospitallers 2097: 2074:Organization 2035: 2034: 1935:Fifth column 1915:War resister 1910:Women in war 1805:Peacekeeping 1750:Arms control 1695: 1384:Mobilization 1379:Conscription 1337:Intelligence 1290:Organization 936: 865:Encirclement 745:Radiological 681:Conventional 535:Subterranean 442:Development: 441: 418: 380: 342: 305:Naval units: 304: 297:Signal corps 264: 242:Intelligence 227:Specialties: 226: 151:Organization 102:Early modern 89: 15: 8356:WikiProject 8283:Medievalism 8122:Agriculture 7986:Manorialism 7981:Communalism 7976:Monasticism 7893:Reconquista 7883:Kievan Rus' 7701:Categories: 7642:Disarmament 7559:World War I 7318:Cooperation 7232:Culminating 7156:Operational 7101:Envelopment 7021:Information 6940:Cold-region 6907:Battlespace 6765:Late modern 6745:Prehistoric 6667:Historical: 6604:Facilities: 6130:Armored car 6005:Naval fleet 5743:Combat arms 5738:Land units: 5695:Categories: 5678:Coast guard 5663:Gendarmerie 5586:Space force 5527:Categories: 5441:Recruitment 4835:Science.org 4011:Siege tower 3942:Body armour 3752:carrying a 3697:door slaves 3674:Janissaries 3651:cataphracts 3641:group, the 3569:During The 3408:cataphracts 3320:during the 3318:Roman Egypt 3314:Roman Syria 3232:August 2022 3224:introducing 2674:and at the 2553:caparisoned 2454:Middle Ages 2435:drawbridges 2431:Arrow slits 2231:condottieri 2219:mercenaries 2196:infantrymen 2046:, changing 2040:Middle Ages 1920:War studies 1743:Non-warfare 1671:Appeasement 1636:Martial law 1475:War economy 1414:Transgender 1367:Recruitment 1127:Containment 1012:Culminating 920:Operational 840:Envelopment 783:Air assault 664:Air cavalry 624:Air defence 604:Information 505:Cold-region 470:Battlespace 419:Historical: 265:Land units: 191:Space force 186:Coast guard 119:Late modern 80:Prehistoric 8371:Categories 8278:Land terms 8232:Technology 8212:Philosophy 8192:Literature 8157:Demography 7858:Viking Age 7590:Categories 7436:War crimes 7421:Operations 7358:Government 7174:Blitzkrieg 7146:Withdrawal 6997:Underwater 6972:Amphibious 6914:Aerospace 6857:Electronic 6807:Camouflage 6802:Biological 6775:fourth-gen 6770:industrial 6599:Body armor 6587:Camouflage 6568:By country 6413:By country 6224:By country 6209:Artillery: 6123:By country 6040:Combat box 6010:Task force 5978:By country 5961:By country 5915:Field army 5910:Army group 5878:By country 5827:Air units: 5807:Submarines 5688:By country 5515:By country 5431:Technology 4918:References 4871:2010-05-16 4815:2018-05-19 4463:2020-01-30 4332:col. 694f. 3962:Brigandine 3957:Chain mail 3851:War hammer 3764:Chronicles 3758:miniatures 3708:trebuchets 3611:Great Khan 3425:Ridda Wars 3412:clibanarii 3385:greek fire 3296:under the 3159:Edward III 3144:conscripts 3100:chevauchée 3069:Byzantine 3059:great helm 2939:Vegetius, 2859:broadheads 2787:, Laupen, 2753:1407–1408. 2680:forecastle 2599:westerlies 2591:Black Seas 2567:See also: 2510:See also: 2458:city walls 2387:city-state 2261:in France. 2169:Recruiting 2153:, Spanish 2088:See also: 1980:War crimes 1970:Operations 1877:Foot drill 1847:Battle cry 1760:deterrence 1419:Harassment 1394:Specialism 1217:Technology 1212:Succession 1157:Liberation 1092:Asymmetric 1027:Empty fort 938:Blitzkrieg 907:Withdrawal 870:Investment 649:Camouflage 644:Biological 582:Underwater 557:Amphibious 476:Aerospace 343:Air units: 320:Submarines 129:fourth-gen 124:industrial 112:napoleonic 8263:Dark Ages 8172:Household 8167:Hastilude 7936:Feudalism 7457:Templates 7328:Mediation 7308:Alliances 7301:Diplomacy 7277:Offensive 7257:Defensive 7252:Deception 7222:Attrition 7106:Guerrilla 7054:Airbridge 6872:Loitering 6792:Artillery 6730:Diplomacy 6551:Equipment 6505:Torpedoes 6447:Land mine 6403:Anti-tank 6236:Field gun 6214:Artillery 6150:Gun truck 6135:Scout car 5973:Battalion 5866:Structure 5765:Artillery 5683:Logistics 5631:Engineers 5576:Air force 5130:Mary Rose 5064:151406462 4712:3 October 4250:0018-2753 4244:(1): 32. 4075:Slighting 4001:Trebuchet 3877:Pitchfork 3826:Longsword 3796:Battleaxe 3726:Equipment 3712:ballistas 3684:, taking 3678:yeni ceri 3662:scimitars 3658:Manzikert 3637:An early 3623:Tamerlane 3537:chainmail 3492:guerrilla 3483:longships 3429:Caliphate 3359:-mounted 3344:, to the 3336:, across 3163:profiteer 3155:Edward II 3084:Almogávar 3072:klivanion 2988:Frontinus 2900:culverins 2850:Agincourt 2839:mercenary 2785:Morgarten 2684:aftcastle 2536:carroccio 2505:gunpowder 2462:Dubrovnik 2443:barbicans 2391:Dubrovnik 2363:trebuchet 2347:catapults 2316:Building 2214:century. 2147:crossbows 2134:, etc.). 2068:Holy Land 2056:artillery 2044:antiquity 1867:War novel 1770:Grey-zone 1730:War games 1691:Overmatch 1641:War crime 1591:Desertion 1581:Ceasefire 1576:Armistice 1463:Logistics 1441:Mercenary 1429:Volunteer 1360:Personnel 1332:Engineers 1277:Sociology 1232:World war 1227:Total war 1207:Strategic 1197:Religious 1182:Political 1177:Perpetual 1152:Irregular 1067:Offensive 1042:Defensive 1037:Deception 997:Attrition 850:Guerrilla 845:Formation 788:Airbridge 720:Loitering 634:Artillery 287:Artillery 237:Engineers 205:Irregular 176:Air force 8346:Category 8313:Timeline 8202:Minstrel 8197:Medicine 8079:Chivalry 8034:Burgundy 7956:Crusades 7723:Category 7647:Pacifism 7577:Cold War 7534:Aircraft 7353:Related: 7204:Strategy 7189:Maneuver 7126:Swarming 6955:Mountain 6923:Airborne 6862:Infantry 6817:Chemical 6782:By type: 6710:Strategy 6533:Missiles 6461:Sea/Air: 6430:Infantry 6391:Missiles 6248:Howitzer 6064:Vehicles 6030:Squadron 6025:Flotilla 6020:Division 5956:Regiment 5932:Division 5832:Fighters 5795:Littoral 5785:Warships 5748:Infantry 5730:Branches 5616:Reserves 5601:Commando 5505:Uniforms 5416:Military 5409:Concepts 5398:Military 5056:27831025 5040:Traditio 4949:(1992), 4927:(2006). 4840:26 April 4053:See also 4047:War pigs 4006:Ballista 3996:Catapult 3909:Crossbow 3693:pronoiai 3543:and the 3531:and the 3525:crossbow 3487:warriors 3372:Rashidun 3361:infantry 3350:Pyrenees 3348:and the 3306:Rashidun 3298:Rashidun 3286:Muhammad 3284:prophet 3174:Henry VI 3128:sheriffs 3124:Scotland 3082:Spanish 3010:infantry 2904:bombards 2877:Petrarch 2835:crossbow 2793:Grandson 2776:Lombards 2713:gunports 2657:longship 2470:citadels 2466:Dalmatia 2419:Crusades 2359:ballista 2351:mangonel 2159:currours 2139:javelins 2124:crusades 2104:nobility 1882:War song 1857:War film 1490:Materiel 1409:Children 1389:Training 1327:Medicine 1312:Doctrine 1267:Training 1202:Resource 1187:Princely 1137:Economic 1122:Conquest 1117:Colonial 1112:Cold war 1097:Blockade 982:Strategy 954:Maneuver 715:Infantry 671:Chemical 525:Mountain 485:Airborne 348:Fighters 315:Warships 270:Infantry 196:Reserves 144:Military 8256:Related 8242:Warfare 8237:Theatre 8227:Slavery 8222:Science 8177:Hunting 8142:Cuisine 8115:Culture 8054:Castile 8049:England 7734:Commons 7652:Détente 7615:Related 7507:Weapons 7475:Weapons 7441:Writers 7411:Battles 7391:Weapons 7096:Foxhole 7071:Cavalry 7059:Airdrop 7049:Airlift 7031:Tactics 6992:Surface 6882:Nuclear 6867:Lawfare 6812:Cavalry 6797:Barrage 6750:Ancient 6740:By era: 6715:Tactics 6692:Warfare 6373:Bayonet 6356:Grenade 6339:Bazooka 6280:Pistols 6229:Battery 6197:Weapons 6183:Weapons 6071:Ground: 5990:Platoon 5983:By type 5966:By type 5949:By type 5944:Brigade 5842:Command 5837:Bombers 5790:Surface 5758:Cavalry 5653:Medical 5611:Militia 5606:Frogman 5581:Marines 5520:Highest 5471:Officer 5451:Soldier 5426:History 5421:Service 5314:, 1988. 5223:, 1989. 4983:230–252 4975:(ed.), 4861:klis.hr 4749:7 April 4017:Animals 3947:Leather 3923:Javelin 3904:Longbow 3895:Ranged 3882:Pollaxe 3863:Halberd 3858:Polearm 3807:Blades 3784:Weapons 3754:halberd 3668:of the 3643:Seljuks 3599:Hungary 3587:Croatia 3551:Mongols 3533:longbow 3529:flatbow 3481:Viking 3459:Vikings 3435:Vikings 3368:cavalry 3365:Bedouin 3282:Islamic 3220:improve 3095:looting 3014:cavalry 2789:Sempach 2780:Legnano 2778:did in 2768:Flemish 2717:clinker 2663:or the 2623:marines 2619:galleys 2579:dromons 2498:sappers 2490:Bohemia 2478:castles 2452:In the 2399:Croatia 2299:Magyars 2295:Tartars 2283:Mongols 2275:Vikings 2211:scutage 2155:jinetes 2120:weapons 2108:royalty 2100:soldier 2052:cavalry 1995:Writers 1990:Weapons 1955:Battles 1904:Related 1892:Wargame 1887:Uniform 1835:Culture 1616:Perfidy 1611:Justice 1532:Science 1517:Outpost 1470:History 1450:Warrior 1446:Soldier 1434:foreign 1372:counter 1272:Service 1222:Theater 1162:Limited 1142:Endemic 1057:Nuclear 830:Foxhole 805:Cavalry 793:Airdrop 778:Airlift 763:Tactics 735:Nuclear 725:Missile 654:Cavalry 639:Barrage 617:Weapons 577:Surface 358:Command 353:Bombers 310:Frogman 280:Cavalry 252:Medical 219:Militia 201:Regular 181:Marines 95:castles 85:Ancient 73:History 52:outline 8336:Portal 8217:Poetry 8044:France 7726: 7426:Sieges 7363:Nation 7292:Policy 7247:Mosaic 7242:Fabian 7141:Trench 7111:Morale 7076:Charge 7066:Battle 7044:Aerial 7009:Tunnel 6950:Jungle 6945:Desert 6842:Denial 6720:Combat 6705:Battle 6575:Helmet 6521:Aerial 6452:Shells 6442:Other: 6425:Lists: 6420:Mortar 6260:Rocket 6088:Combat 6076:Ground 6000:Naval: 5800:Patrol 5541:Forces 5461:Airman 5456:Sailor 5446:Roles: 5325: 5274: 5235: 5194: 5184: 5151: 5136: 5118: 5101: 5084: 5062: 5054: 5024: 5007: 4989: 4957: 4935: 4904: 4740: 4573: 4538: 4500: 4278: 4248: 4215: 4182: 4157: 4132: 4107: 3979:Helmet 3974:Shield 3952:Fabric 3936:Armour 3831:Messer 3816:Dagger 3792:Melee 3750:squire 3639:Turkic 3603:Poland 3595:Cumans 3575:Tatars 3539:, the 3527:, the 3477:, 1066 3126:where 3002:sieges 2951:wrote 2797:Murten 2721:carvel 2523:relics 2517:Relics 2494:mining 2407:sieges 2395:Ragusa 2367:mining 2361:, and 2355:onager 2310:castle 2297:, and 2291:Cumans 2200:yeomen 2130:, the 2118:, and 2116:horses 2112:armour 2080:Knight 2064:castle 1975:Sieges 1659:Theory 1399:Morale 1257:Policy 1252:Branch 1032:Mosaic 1022:Fabian 969:Covert 902:Trench 887:Screen 810:Charge 800:Battle 773:Aerial 691:Denial 659:Horses 587:Seabed 540:Tunnel 520:Jungle 510:Desert 480:Aerial 8247:Women 8207:Music 8162:Domes 8152:Dance 8039:Milan 7622:Peace 7498:Tanks 7484:Ranks 7373:Lists 7272:Naval 7262:Depth 7121:Siege 7016:Cyber 6987:Green 6982:Brown 6960:Urban 6928:Space 6877:Music 6852:Drone 6837:Cyber 6822:Class 6662:Radar 6657:Sonar 6614:Lists 6563:Lists 6538:Bombs 6481:Naval 6435:Heavy 6140:Truck 6118:Lists 6103:Armor 5995:Squad 5920:Corps 5905:Land: 5753:Armor 5532:Ranks 5493:Ranks 5060:S2CID 5052:JSTOR 4087:Notes 3967:Plate 3928:Sling 3887:Spear 3868:Lance 3821:Knife 3720:moats 3579:Kadan 3453:, 841 3392:Roman 3357:camel 3255:Arabs 3205:, or 3120:Wales 2846:Crécy 2711:from 2676:stern 2486:Tábor 2474:forts 2447:Moats 2279:Arabs 2058:(see 1948:Lists 1404:Women 1342:Ranks 1262:Staff 1192:Proxy 1107:Class 1062:Naval 1047:Depth 882:Swarm 875:Siege 855:Naval 835:Drone 730:Music 705:Robot 701:Drone 686:Cyber 629:Armor 599:Cyber 572:Green 567:Brown 530:Urban 490:Space 411:Radar 406:Sonar 275:Armor 232:Staff 210:Ranks 7406:Wars 7386:Wars 7267:Goal 6977:Blue 6935:Land 6592:List 6580:List 6528:Guns 6493:List 6473:List 6408:List 6383:List 6361:List 6349:List 6322:List 6310:List 6290:List 6265:List 6253:List 6241:List 6219:List 6202:List 6190:Land 6174:Rail 6162:List 6145:List 6108:Tank 6081:List 6035:Air: 5937:List 5925:List 5646:List 5571:Navy 5566:Army 5498:List 5400:and 5323:ISBN 5272:ISBN 5233:ISBN 5192:ISBN 5182:ISBN 5149:ISBN 5134:ISBN 5116:ISBN 5099:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5022:ISBN 5005:ISBN 4987:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4933:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4842:2022 4751:2022 4738:ISBN 4714:2017 4571:ISBN 4536:ISBN 4498:ISBN 4325:, 1 4276:ISBN 4257:2009 4246:ISSN 4213:ISBN 4180:ISBN 4155:ISBN 4130:ISBN 4105:ISBN 4035:and 3921:and 3846:Mace 3841:Club 3616:The 3559:and 3496:seax 3457:The 3410:and 3402:and 3394:and 3328:and 3316:and 3300:and 3290:Arab 3122:and 3006:navy 2998:army 2986:and 2984:Cato 2902:and 2848:and 2827:mail 2795:and 2682:and 2672:bows 2653:sail 2637:and 2589:and 2441:and 2377:The 2287:Huns 2257:The 2143:bows 2092:and 2082:and 2054:and 1985:Wars 1502:Base 1052:Goal 964:Raid 562:Blue 500:Land 171:Navy 166:Army 22:The 8132:Art 7466:War 6967:Sea 6918:Air 6700:War 5402:war 5044:doi 5038:", 4563:doi 4528:doi 4209:284 3899:Bow 2974:in 2844:At 2667:). 2539:or 2488:in 2476:or 2464:in 2389:of 2145:or 2106:or 1569:Law 1512:FOB 1507:MOB 552:Sea 44:War 8373:: 5259:. 5247:. 5219:. 5058:, 5050:, 4985:, 4859:. 4833:. 4808:. 4790:. 4771:. 4759:^ 4722:^ 4700:. 4696:. 4681:^ 4660:^ 4621:^ 4569:. 4534:. 4512:^ 4456:. 4426:^ 4330:50 4327:PG 4242:44 4240:. 4236:. 4211:. 3767:. 3710:, 3625:. 3613:. 3573:, 3387:. 3352:. 3209:, 3201:, 3176:. 2803:). 2791:, 2641:. 2633:, 2472:, 2460:– 2437:, 2429:. 2357:, 2353:, 2341:; 2293:, 2289:, 2285:, 2281:, 2277:, 2161:. 2114:, 1448:/ 703:/ 217:/ 203:/ 7767:e 7760:t 7753:v 7303:: 6523:: 6483:: 6393:: 6300:: 6275:: 5561:: 5390:e 5383:t 5376:v 5288:) 5198:. 5046:: 4969:c 4941:. 4910:. 4874:. 4844:. 4818:. 4794:. 4775:. 4753:. 4716:. 4579:. 4565:: 4544:. 4530:: 4506:. 4466:. 4311:. 4284:. 4259:. 4221:. 4188:. 4163:. 4138:. 4113:. 3771:. 3589:. 3406:( 3245:) 3239:( 3234:) 3230:( 3216:. 3017:" 2401:. 2393:( 2024:e 2017:t 2010:v 54:) 50:( 30:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index