Vikings - Knowledge

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these burial sites and homesteads, combs, often made from antler, are a common find. The manufacturing of such antler combs was common, as at the Viking settlement at Dublin hundreds of examples of combs from the tenth-century have survived, suggesting that grooming was a common practice. The manufacture of such combs was also widespread throughout the Viking world, as examples of similar combs have been found at Viking settlements in Ireland, England, and Scotland. The combs share a common visual appearance as well, with the extant examples often decorated with linear, interlacing, and geometric motifs, or other forms of ornamentation depending on the comb's period and type, but stylistically similar to Viking Age art. All levels of Viking age society appear to have groomed their hair, as hair combs have been found in common graves as well as in aristocratic ones.

3476: 3403: 4420: 1836: 5195: 2938: 35: 3676: 3026: 3324:. Usually she would be the mistress of a wealthy and powerful man who also had a wife. The wife had authority over the mistresses if they lived in her household. Through her relationship to a man of higher social standing, a concubine and her family could advance socially; although her position was less secure than that of a wife. There was little distinction made between children born inside or outside marriage: both had the right to inherit property from their parents, and there were no "legitimate" or "illegitimate" children. However, children born in wedlock had more inheritance rights than those born out of wedlock. 3042: 1431: 3255: 5255: 14917: 10612: 3414:: "their skin was fair and the hair color varied between blond, dark and reddish". Genetic studies suggest that people were mostly blond in what is now eastern Sweden, while red hair was mostly found in western Scandinavia. Most Viking men had shoulder-length hair and beards, and slaves (thralls) were usually the only men with short hair. The length varied according to personal preference and occupation. Men involved in warfare, for example, may have had slightly shorter hair and beards for practical reasons. Men in some regions bleached their hair a 2669: 2117:(which had had little influence in Scandinavia 300 years earlier) which were asserting their power with increasing authority and ambition, with the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden taking shape. Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models. By this time the influx of Islamic silver from the East had been absent for more than a century, and the flow of English silver had come to an end in the mid-11th century. 2653: 2880: 4446:. Medieval Christians in Europe were totally unprepared for the Viking incursions and could find no explanation for their arrival and the accompanying suffering they experienced at their hands save the "Wrath of God". More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne demonised perception of the Vikings for the next twelve centuries. Not until the 1890s did scholars outside Scandinavia begin to seriously reassess the achievements of the Vikings, recognising their artistry, technological skills, and seamanship. 2005: 2177:. Most contemporary literary and written sources on the Vikings come from other cultures that were in contact with them. Since the mid-20th century, archaeological findings have built a more complete and balanced picture of the lives of the Vikings. The archaeological record is particularly rich and varied, providing knowledge of their rural and urban settlement, crafts and production, ships and military equipment, trading networks, as well as their pagan and Christian religious artefacts and practices. 4254: 414: 2064: 2196: 751: 2393: 19335: 2409: 5432:(Poland) dated to 1010–1020 AD. The cemetery in Bodzia is exceptional in terms of Scandinavian and Kievian Rus links. The Bodzia man (sample VK157, or burial E864/I) was not a simple warrior from the princely retinue, but he belonged to the princely family himself. His burial is the richest one in the whole cemetery. Moreover, strontium analysis of his teeth enamel shows he was not local. It is assumed that he came to Poland with the Prince of Kiev, 4637: 20055: 19347: 89: 49: 5787:

age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'

726:. Perceived views of the Vikings as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore 428: 442: 400: 3871: 456: 2952: 867: 1812: 470: 4817: 4763: 4124: 15427: 7980: 4534: 3983: 18229: 5436:, and met a violent death in combat. This corresponds to the events of 1018 AD when Sviatopolk himself disappeared after having retreated from Kiev to Poland. It cannot be excluded that the Bodzia man was Sviatopolk himself, as the genealogy of the Rurikids at this period is extremely sketchy and the dates of birth of many princes of this dynasty may be quite approximative. The Bodzia man carried haplogroup I1- 1168: 4977:, an Eddic poem describing the creation of the world, often directly referencing specific lines of the poem in the dialogue. The show portrays some of the social realities of the medieval Scandinavian world, such as slavery and the greater role of women within Viking society. The show also addresses the topics of gender equity in Viking society with the inclusion of shield maidens through the character 4097:, as first hypothesised by the Swedish theologian Samuel Ødman in 1784 and later by the botanist F.C. Schübeler in 1885. The Norwegian battlefield archaeologist Are Skarstein Kolberg asserts that "...Ödman's hypothesis is not supported by the saga literature or by the archaeological record", and according to Roderick Dale, there is no evidence for it from the Viking Age or from Old Norse literature. 1337:. The Rus' initially appeared in Serkland in the 9th century, travelling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves, as well as luxury goods such as amber, Frankish swords, and walrus ivory. These goods were mostly exchanged for Arabian silver coins, called dirhams. Hoards of 9th century Baghdad-minted silver coins have been found in Sweden, particularly in Gotland. 5524: 683:). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. 4727:. They accused Normanist theory proponents of distorting history by depicting the Slavs as undeveloped primitives. In contrast, Soviet historians stated that the Slavs laid the foundations of their statehood long before the Norman/Viking raids, while the Norman/Viking invasions only served to hinder the historical development of the Slavs. They argued that 2907:. Longships were intended for warfare and exploration, designed for speed and agility, and were equipped with oars to complement the sail, making navigation possible independently of the wind. The longship had a long, narrow hull and shallow draught to facilitate landings and troop deployments in shallow water. Longships were used extensively by the 1862:. It was not until after 1130, when the islands had become Christianised, that accounts of the history of the islands were written from the point of view of the inhabitants in sagas and chronicles. The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa, east to Kievan Rus (now – Ukraine, Belarus), 12677: 4700:. The idealised view of the Vikings appealed to Germanic supremacists who transformed the figure of the Viking in accordance with the ideology of a Germanic master race. Building on the linguistic and cultural connections between Norse-speaking Scandinavians and other Germanic groups in the distant past, Scandinavian Vikings were portrayed in 2013:

weaker entities. England suffered from internal divisions and was a relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old

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primary sources of evidence for circumstances in the Viking Age. The items buried with the dead give some indication as to what was considered important to possess in the afterlife. It is unknown what mortuary services were given to dead children by the Vikings. Some of the most important burial sites for understanding the Vikings include:

1139:), but also any member of the culture that produced the raiders during the period from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries, or more loosely from about 700 to as late as about 1100. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like 2621:. Although there is no mutual intelligibility, due to schools and public administration in Älvdalen being conducted in Swedish, native speakers are bilingual and speak Swedish at a native level. Residents in the area who speak only Swedish as their sole native language, neither speaking nor understanding Elfdalian, are also common. 11741: 9378: 4664:. Pioneering 19th-century scholarly editions of the Viking Age began to reach a small readership in Britain. Archaeologists began to dig up Britain's Viking past, and linguistic enthusiasts started to identify the Viking-Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs. The new dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled the 5154:, began a journey from Roskilde to Dublin. The remains of that ship and four others were discovered during a 1962 excavation in the Roskilde Fjord. Tree-ring analysis has shown the ship was built of oak in the vicinity of Dublin in about 1042. Seventy multinational crew members sailed the ship back to its home, and 4696:

20th-century Europe. In Normandy, which had been settled by Vikings, the Viking ship became an uncontroversial regional symbol. In Germany, awareness of Viking history in the 19th century had been stimulated by the border dispute with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Scandinavian mythology by

9294:, "Viking civilisation and culture. A bibliography of French-language", Caen, Centre for research on the countries of the North and Northwest, University of Caen, 1975, p. 19, and "Les Vikings: the Scandinavian and European 800–1200", 22nd exhibition of art from the Council of Europe, 1992, p. 26 7390:, finished in the 1080s. After the Christianization of Scandinavia, Adam tells us that the Viking raids against Christian Western Europe stopped. In Scandinavian waters and in the Baltic, piracy continued unabated, however. Sprogo and Elsinore in particular were notorious nests of Danish pirates... 5206:

Historians therefore believe that Viking warriors did not wear horned helmets; whether such helmets were used in Scandinavian culture for other, ritual purposes, remains unproven. The general misconception that Viking warriors wore horned helmets was partly promulgated by the 19th-century enthusiasts

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were hunted for meat, along with partridges and sea birds, while foxes were hunted to stop their killing of farm animals and for their furs. Spears, bows, and later crossbows, were the weapons used; stalking was the most common method, although game was also chased with dogs. Numerous kinds of snares

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According to written sources, most of the funerals took place at sea. Funerals involved either burial or cremation, depending on local customs. In the area that is now Sweden, cremations were predominant; in Denmark burial was more common; and in Norway both were common. Viking barrows are one of the

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states that "it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne". The ascendance of Christianity in Scandinavia led to serious conflict, dividing Norway for almost a century. However, this time period did not commence until the 10th century. Norway was never

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relationships may have led to a shortage of women available to the Viking male. Consequently, the average Viking man may have felt compelled to seek wealth and power to have the means to acquire suitable women. Several centuries after Dudo's observations, scholars revived this idea, and over time it

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Archaeological finds and written sources indicate that the Vikings participated in social gatherings and festivities. Board games and dice games were a popular pastime. Game boards were made of ornately carved wood, with gaming pieces fashioned mostly from wood, bone, or stone. Pieces were also made

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Examination of Viking Age burials suggests that women lived longer, and nearly all well past the age of 35, as compared to earlier times. Female graves from before the Viking Age in Scandinavia hold a proportionally large number of remains from women aged 20 to 35, presumably due to complications of

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in Denmark and Norway with the establishment of dioceses in the 11th century, and the new religion was beginning to organise and assert itself more effectively in Sweden. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating

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Another explanation is that the Vikings exploited a moment of weakness in the surrounding regions. Contrary to Simek's assertion, Viking raids occurred sporadically long before the reign of Charlemagne; but exploded in frequency and size after his death, when his empire fragmented into multiple much

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In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but the peoples who lived in what is now those countries were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known

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The study found evidence of a Swedish influx into Estonia and Finland; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland during the Viking Age. However, the authors commented "Viking Age Danish-like ancestry in the British Isles cannot be distinguished from that of the Angles and Saxons, who

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dated to the 8th century have been found and examined, and are believed to have been cultivated locally. Grains and flour were used for making porridges, some cooked with milk, some cooked with fruit and sweetened with honey, and also various forms of bread. Remains of bread from primarily Birka in

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Archaeological finds from Scandinavia and Viking settlements in the British Isles support the idea of the well-groomed and hygienic Viking. Burial with grave goods was a common practice in the Scandinavian world, through the Viking Age and well past the Christianisation of the Norse peoples. Within

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Indirectly, the Vikings have also left a window open onto their language, culture and activities, through many Old Norse place names and words found in their former sphere of influence. Some of these place names and words are still in direct use today, almost unchanged, and shed light on where they

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in the 11th and 12th centuries, native written sources began to appear in Latin and Old Norse. In the Viking colony of Iceland, extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the 12th through 14th centuries, and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in

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The slave trade was an important part of the Viking economy, with most slaves destined to Scandinavia although many others were shipped east where they could be sold for large profits. The "Highway of Slaves" was a term for a route that the Vikings found to have a direct pathway from Scandinavia to

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and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading". In the Middle Ages, goods were transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark could be considered "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements". Leszek Gardeła, of the Department of Scandinavian

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The essential three elements of the word "Viking" are: the original meaning and derivation or etymology; its medieval usage; and its current modern-day usage. According to some authors, these three elements are often confused in popular and scholarly discussions. Also, the etymology of the word has

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Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th

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arrived outside Dublin's Custom House on 14 August 2007. The purpose of the voyage was to test and document the seaworthiness, speed, and manoeuvrability of the ship on the rough open sea and in coastal waters with treacherous currents. The crew tested how the long, narrow, flexible hull withstood

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Apart from two or three representations of (ritual) helmets—with protrusions that may be either stylised ravens, snakes, or horns—no depiction of the helmets of Viking warriors, and no preserved helmet, has horns. The formal, close-quarters style of Viking combat (either in shield walls or aboard

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production on the European mainland. Wool was also very important as a domestic product for the Vikings, to produce warm clothing for the cold Scandinavian and Nordic climate, and for sails. Sails for Viking ships required large amounts of wool, as evidenced by experimental archaeology. There are

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Violence was common in Viking Age Norway. An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of the examined females had suffered weapon-related injuries. Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and

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Ships were an integral part of Viking culture. They facilitated everyday transportation across seas and waterways, exploration of new lands, raids, conquests, and trade with neighbouring cultures. They also held a major religious importance. People with high status were sometimes buried in a ship

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Linguistic and etymological studies continue to provide a vital source of information on the Viking culture, their social structure and history and how they interacted with the people and cultures they met, traded, attacked or lived with in overseas settlements. A lot of Old Norse connections are

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The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking

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There are numerous burial sites associated with Vikings throughout Europe and their sphere of influence—in Scandinavia, the British Isles, Ireland, Greenland, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Russia, etc. The burial practices of the Vikings were quite varied, from dug

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Like elsewhere in medieval Europe, most women in Viking society were subordinate to their husbands and fathers and had little political power. However, written sources portray free Viking women as having independence and rights. Viking women generally appear to have had more freedom than women

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Margaryan et al. 2020 analysed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe. They were found to be closely related to modern Scandinavians. The Y-DNA composition of the individuals in the study was also similar to that of modern Scandinavians. The most common Y-DNA

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The romanticised idea of the Vikings constructed in scholarly and popular circles in northwestern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries was a potent one, and the figure of the Viking became a familiar and malleable symbol in different contexts in the politics and political ideologies of

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as a pure Germanic type. The cultural phenomenon of Viking expansion was re-interpreted for use as propaganda to support the extreme militant nationalism of the Third Reich, and ideologically informed interpretations of Viking paganism and the Scandinavian use of runes were employed in the

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describes three types: diving, long-distance swimming, and a contest in which two swimmers try to dunk one another. Children often participated in some of the sport disciplines, and women have also been mentioned as swimmers, although it is unclear if they took part in competitions. King

3538:, and pork with small amounts of horse meat. Most of the beef and horse leg bones were found split lengthways, to extract the marrow. The mutton and swine were cut into leg and shoulder joints and chops. The frequent remains of pig skull and foot bones found on house floors indicate that 6324:

Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors

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The image of wild-haired, dirty savages sometimes associated with the Vikings in popular culture is a distorted picture of reality. Viking tendencies were often misreported, and the work of Adam of Bremen, among others, told largely disputable tales of Viking savagery and uncleanliness.

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Caroline Peterson, "A Tale of two cemeteries: Viking Burials at Cumwhitton and Carlisle, Cumbria", Crossing Boundaries: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Art, Material Culture, Language and Literature of the Early Medieval World. Edited by, Eric Cambridge and Jane Hawkes. Oxbow Books

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in the Viking settlements of Eastern Europe. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages, combined with the Rus Vikings' more peaceful businesses in these areas, and the fact that they were outnumbered. The Norse named some of the

3854:, played with a bat and a small hard ball, usually on a smooth surface of ice. Popular with both adults and children, it was a rugged game that often led to injuries. Knattleik appears to have been played only in Iceland, where it attracted many spectators, as did horse fighting. 3389:

techniques. Burials from Scandinavia and other European countries suggest that, in comparison with other societies at the time, female equality was remarkably high in rural Scandinavia. Females in the rural periphery of Nordic countries during the Viking period and the later

2434:, built upon sound values. While there are few remains of runic writing on paper from the Viking era, thousands of stones with runic inscriptions have been found where Vikings lived. They are usually in memory of the dead, though not necessarily placed at graves. The use of 3840:

Horse fighting was practised for sport, although the rules are unclear. It appears to have involved two stallions pitted against each other, within smell and sight of fenced-off mares. Whatever the rules were, the fights often resulted in the death of one of the stallions.

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in York have provided much information in this respect. Overall, archaeo-botanical investigations have been undertaken increasingly in recent decades, as a collaboration between archaeologists and palaeoethno-botanists. This new approach sheds light on the agricultural and

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In 2019, archaeologists uncovered two Viking boat graves in Gamla Uppsala. They also discovered that one of the boats still holds the remains of a man, a dog, and a horse, along with other items. This has shed light on the death rituals of Viking communities in the region.

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Later writings on the Vikings and the Viking Age can also be important for understanding them and their culture, although they need to be treated cautiously. After the consolidation of the church and the assimilation of Scandinavia and its colonies into mainstream medieval

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diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly.

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Languages and Literatures at the University of Bonn, posits that the presence of Slavs in Scandinavia is "more significant than previously thought", while Mats Roslund states that "the Slavs and their interaction with Scandinavia have not been adequately investigated".

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is filled with tales of plunder and colonisation, and the majority of these chronicles came from western European witnesses and their descendants. Less common, although equally relevant, are references to Vikings in chronicles that originated in the east, including the

3302:, reached legal majority and had the right to decide her place of residence and was regarded as her own person before the law. An exception to her independence was the right to choose a husband, as marriages were normally arranged by the family. The groom would pay a 11118:

Ohlander, Ann-Sofie & Strömberg, Ulla-Britt, Tusen svenska kvinnoår: svensk kvinnohistoria från vikingatid till nutid, 3. (A Thousand Swedish Women's Years: Swedish Women's History from the Viking Age until now), uppl., Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm,

5351:, especially (but not exclusively) of the Scandinavian R1a-Z284 subclade (61 samples). The study showed what many historians have hypothesised: that it was common for Norseman settlers to marry foreign women. Some individuals from the study, such as those found in 4030:

as a utility knife and side-arm. Bows were used in the opening stages of land battles and at sea, but they tended to be considered less "honourable" than melee weapons. Vikings were relatively unusual for the time in their use of axes as a main battle weapon. The

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colour. Females also had long hair, with girls often wearing it loose or braided, and married women often wearing it in a bun. The average height is estimated to have been 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) for men and 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) for women.

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Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their

3291:(lady of the house). Norse laws assert the housewife's authority over the 'indoor household'. She had the important roles of managing the farm's resources, conducting business, as well as child-rearing, although some of this would be shared with her husband. 2472:), which is a group of about 30 runestones in Sweden which refer to Viking Age voyages to England. They constitute one of the largest groups of runestones that mention voyages to other countries, and they are comparable in number only to the approximately 30 5397:

showed marked Norse heritage: up to 50% of males of families that lived there before the years of industrialisation and population expansion. High percentages of Norse inheritance—tracked through the R-M420 haplotype—were also found among males in the

4604:) in 1703–05. During the 18th century, British interest and enthusiasm for Iceland and early Scandinavian culture grew dramatically, expressed in English translations of Old Norse texts and in original poems that extolled the supposed Viking virtues. 3332:, all had the right to inherit property from a deceased man. A woman with no husband, sons or male relatives could inherit not only property but also the position as head of the family when her father or brother died. Such a woman was referred to as 4981:, also based on a legendary figure. Recent archaeological interpretations and osteological analyses of previous excavations of Viking burials have given support to the idea of the Viking woman warrior, namely the excavation and DNA study of the 4456:

tell of Scandinavian culture and religion through tales of heroic and mythological heroes. Early transmission of this information was primarily oral, and later texts relied on the writings and transcriptions of Christian scholars, including the

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There have been several archaeological finds of Viking ships of all sizes, providing knowledge of the craftsmanship that went into building them. There were many types of Viking ships, built for various uses; the best-known type is probably the

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The three classes were easily recognisable by their appearance. Men and women of the Jarls were well groomed with neat hairstyles and expressed their wealth and status by wearing expensive clothes (often silk) and well-crafted jewellery like

2224:, but these were usually very short and formulaic. Most contemporary documentary sources consist of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities outside Scandinavia, often by authors who had been negatively affected by Viking activity. 2526:, to celebrate the conquest of Denmark and Norway and the conversion of the Danes to Christianity. It has three sides: one with an animal image; one with an image of the crucified Jesus Christ; and a third bearing the following inscription: 1970:

The motives driving the Viking expansion are a topic of much debate. The concept that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands was expressed in the 11th century by historian

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recorded in the 13th century. According to custom, all free Norse men were required to own weapons and were permitted to carry them at all times. These arms indicated a Viking's social status: a wealthy Viking had a complete ensemble of a

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A variety of sources illuminate the culture, activities, and beliefs of the Vikings. Although they were generally a non-literate culture that produced no literary legacy, they had an alphabet and described themselves and their world on

12657: 5355:, displayed typical Scandinavian Y-DNA haplogroups but also southern European autosomal ancestry, suggesting that they were the descendants of Viking settler males and local women. The five individual samples from Foggia were likely 4465:. Many of these sagas were written in Iceland, and most of them, even if they had no Icelandic provenance, were preserved there after the Middle Ages due to the continued interest of Icelanders in Norse literature and legal codes. 3811:

was practised as a sport. Agility and balance were built and tested by running and jumping for sport, and there is mention of a sport that involved jumping from oar to oar on the outside of a ship's railing as it was being rowed.

4389:, who used it for pottery. Whetstones were traded and used for sharpening weapons, tools and knives. There are indications from Ribe and surrounding areas, that the extensive medieval trade with oxen and cattle from Jutland (see 3794:

Sports were widely practised and encouraged by the Vikings. Sports that involved weapons training and developing combat skills were popular. These included spear and stone throwing, building and testing physical strength through

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was a dedicated merchant vessel designed to carry cargo in bulk. It had a broader hull, a deeper draught, and a small number of oars (used primarily to manoeuvre in harbours and similar situations). One Viking innovation was the

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declared no-one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: Kievan Rus'

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In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old

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in Estonia. The skeletal remains belonged to warriors killed in battle who were later buried together with numerous valuable weapons and armour. DNA testing and isotope analysis revealed that the men came from central Sweden.

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described how the Viking Rus' had "no cultivated fields and lived by pillaging alone". They were ruthless in their enslaving of many people. Most of the slaves were taken to Scandinavia, but others were sold in the markets of

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The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland, and raids continued into the 12th century, but the military ambitions of Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths. In 1107,

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They raided and pillaged, traded, acted as mercenaries and settled colonies over a wide area. Early Vikings probably returned home after their raids. Later in their history, they began to settle in other lands. Vikings under

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A woman had the right to inherit part of her husband's property upon his death, and widows enjoyed the same independent status as unmarried women. The paternal aunt, paternal niece and paternal granddaughter, referred to as

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Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonisation, and conquest. In this period, voyaging from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden the Norsemen settled in the present-day

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C. Paterson, "The combs, ornaments, weights and coins", Cille Pheadair: A Norse Farmstead and Pictish Burial Cairn in South Uist. Mike Parker Pearson, Mark Brennand, Jacqui Mulville and Helen Smith. Oxbow Books (2018), p.

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Senest i krigen 1864 (2. Slesvigske Krig) fungerede Dannevirke som forsvarsværk, og fortidsmindet har en nærmest mytisk rolle i Danmarks historie." English: "Dannevirke last functioned as a defensive structure in the 1864

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were popular, both as cooking ingredients and drinks, but were not always available, even at farms. Milk came from cows, goats and sheep, with priorities varying from location to location, and fermented milk products like

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The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has 250 runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none. Sweden has as many as between 1,700 and 2,500 depending on the definition. The Swedish district of

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One common theory posits that Charlemagne "used force and terror to Christianise all pagans", leading to baptism, conversion or execution, and as a result, Vikings and other pagans resisted and wanted revenge. Professor

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Bowden, G. R.; Balaresque, P.; King, T. E.; Hansen, Z.; Lee, A. C.; Pergl-Wilson, G.; Hurley, E.; Roberts, S. J.; Waite, P.; Jesch, J.; Jones, A. L.; Thomas, M. G.; Harding, S. E.; Jobling, M. A. (20 November 2007).

3499:-preserved meat, sausages, and boiled or fried fresh meat cuts, were prepared and consumed. There were plenty of seafood, bread, porridges, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, berries and nuts. Alcoholic drinks like 2929:', a spar mounted to the sail that allowed their ships to sail effectively against the wind. It was common for seafaring Viking ships to tow or carry a smaller boat to transfer crew and cargo from the ship to shore. 6537:

Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (September 2020).

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A 10th-century grave of a warrior-woman in Denmark was long thought to belong to a Viking. However, new analyses suggest that the woman may have been a Slav from present-day Poland. The first king of the Swedes,

11426:

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the tough ocean waves. The expedition also provided valuable new information on Viking longships and society. The ship was built using Viking tools, materials, and much of the same methods as the original ship.

12215: 5627:. See Magdalena Carrasco, "Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works", PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. 4346:

that fed the demand in many cities of Asia and North Africa. The surge in the slave trade of the 9th century is reflected in the amount of coins minted in Central Asia, that have been unearthed in Scandinavia.

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letters was introduced to Scandinavia with Christianity, so there are few native documentary sources from Scandinavia before the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The Scandinavians did write inscriptions in

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have shown a persistent influence in late 20th- and early 21st-century popular culture in some countries, inspiring comics, movies, television series, role-playing games, computer games, and music, including

3204:

In daily life, there were many intermediate positions in the overall social structure and it appears that there was some social mobility between them. These details are unclear, but titles and positions like

2237:. A literal interpretation of these medieval prose narratives about the Vikings and the Scandinavian past is doubtful, but many specific elements remain worthy of consideration, such as the great quantity of 3286:

Most free Viking women were housewives, and a woman's standing in society was linked to that of her husband. Marriage gave a woman a degree of economic security and social standing encapsulated in the title

11147:

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (December 2017).

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shows that the word was pronounced with a palatal k and thus in all probability existed in North-Western Germanic before that palatalisation happened in the 5th century or before (in the western branch).

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Constantinople and Baghdad while traveling on the Baltic Sea. With the advancements of their ships during the 9th century, the Vikings were able to sail to Kievan Rus and some northern parts of Europe.

1897:, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the 2312:

Many common words in everyday English language stem from the Old Norse of the Vikings and give an opportunity to understand their interactions with the people and cultures of the British Isles. In the

11854: 4220:) and China. It was valued by many European cultures of the time, and the Vikings used it to indicate status such as wealth and nobility. Many of the archaeological finds in Scandinavia include silk. 3759:. More than 40% of all known textile recoveries from the Viking Age can be traced as linen. This suggests a much higher actual percentage, as linen is poorly preserved compared to wool, for example. 3940:

was recited, and stories were told. Music was considered an art form and musical skill was viewed as suitable for a cultivated man. The Vikings are known to have played instruments including harps,

13514:"Iron Smelting at the Norse Encampment – Daily Life in the Viking Age circa 1000 AD at Vinland. The Viking Encampment living history program at Parks Canada L'Anse aux Meadows NHSC in Newfoundland" 11338: 9328: 5224:, especially in depictions of Norse gods. This was done to legitimise the Vikings and their mythology by associating it with the Classical world, which had long been idealised in European culture. 2530:

King Haraldr ordered this monument made in memory of Gormr, his father, and in memory of Thyrvé, his mother; that Haraldr who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian.

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Elements of a Scandinavian identity and practices were maintained in settler societies, but they could be quite distinct as the groups assimilated into neighbouring societies. Assimilation to the

3099:

for slaves, who comprised as much as a quarter of the population. Slavery was vital to Viking society – for everyday chores and large-scale construction, and also for trading and for the economy.

2048:

did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were, however, the first to be documented by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times.

850:) 'to move, to turn', with "well-attested nautical usages", according to Bernard Mees. This theory is better attested linguistically, and the term most likely predates the use of the sail by the 6395: 11020: 10233: 10211: 10093: 10027: 10005: 9975: 9953: 9858: 8850: 13836:"Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling; The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England, Georgina R. Bowden, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20 November 2007" 13812: 10593: 2143:

One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave-taking from other European peoples. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so

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Viking... person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.

5285:

Viking helmets were conical, made from hard leather with wood and metallic reinforcements for regular troops. The iron helmet with mask and mail was for the chieftains, based on the previous

3236:) were obliged. A félag could be centred around certain trades, a common ownership of a sea vessel or a military obligation under a specific leader. Members of the latter were referred to as 710:, and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the 663:

emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the Byzantine emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of

5071:, though many smaller groups exist in Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia. Many reenactor groups participate in live-steel combat, and a few have Viking-style ships or boats. 3148:). They owned farms, land and cattle, and engaged in chores like ploughing the fields, milking the cows, and building houses and wagons, but used thralls to make ends meet. Other names for 1854:

Colonisation of Iceland by Norwegian Vikings began in the 9th century. The first source mentioning Iceland and Greenland is a papal letter from 1053. Twenty years later, they appear in the

11257:

Baten, Joerg; Maravall Buckwalter, Laura (2019). "Valkyries: Was Gender Equality High in the Scandinavian Periphery since Viking Times? Evidence from Enamel Hypoplasia and Height Ratios".

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The quality of food for common people was not always particularly high. The research at Coppergate shows that the Vikings in York made bread from wholemeal flour—probably both wheat and

10357:

Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007).

8261: 1947:

on the southern Baltic coast in 808 AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby. This secured Viking supremacy in the Baltic Sea, which continued throughout the Viking Age.

1732:

for only the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age, the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their

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The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE.

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Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X-Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th–8th centuries (Fayard, 2005)

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The majority of runic inscriptions from the Viking period are found in Sweden. Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions, such as the

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The Vikings established and engaged in extensive trading networks throughout the known world and had a profound influence on the economic development of Europe and Scandinavia.

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was also used. Traders carried small portable scales, enabling them to measure weight precisely, which allowed an accurate medium of exchange, even lacking a regular coinage.

1984:

became a cliché among scholars of the Viking Age. Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines; such polygynous marriages increase

1381:

is an academic term referring to the people, and archaeological and historical periods during the 8th to 13th centuries, in which there was migration to—and occupation of—the

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did not necessarily possess negative overtones, nor was it always associated with violence, and only in the post-Viking age would negative overtones be attached to the word.

13502:

Kristinn Schram, 'Banking on borealism: Eating, smelling, and performing the North', Iceland and images of the North, ed. Sumarliði R. Ísleifsson (Québec, 2011), pp. 305–27.

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Fedrigo, Anna; Grazzi, Francesco; Williams, Alan R.; Panzner, Tobias; Lefmann, Kim; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Jørgensen, Lars; Pentz, Peter; Scherillo, Antonella (1 April 2017).

6208:

Viking... ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain.

13221: 10397: 8215: 14510: 9521: 2320:. Some modern words and names only emerge and contribute to our understanding after a more intense research of linguistic sources from medieval or later records, such as 14214:

Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga; (an Exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., April 29, 2000 – September 5, 2000)

9136: 6414: 4015:

shirt, and sword. However, swords were rarely used in battle; they were probably not sturdy enough for combat and most likely only used as symbolic or decorative items.

10872: 10539: 901:(masculine gender) would originally have been a participant on such a sea journey. In that case, the idea behind it seems to be that the tired rower moves aside on the 12211: 8064: 4442:'s Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe to the Viking presence. "Never before has such an atrocity been seen", declared the Northumbrian scholar 12821: 5851:

Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian...

6360:

Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland

2105:

While the Vikings were active beyond their Scandinavian homelands, Scandinavia was itself experiencing new influences and undergoing a variety of cultural changes.

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were brought back to Scandinavia by boat, used on location or in newer settlements to build needed structures, or sold, often to the Arabs in exchange for silver

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The Viking warrior is often associated with violent fits of rage and frenzied fighting in modern popular culture, as reflected in meanings attached to the words

2051:

Vikings themselves were expanding; although their motives are unclear, historians believe that scarce resources or a lack of mating opportunities were a factor.

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Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 ad onwards.

5063:. While the earliest groups had little claim for historical accuracy, the seriousness and accuracy of reenactors has increased. The largest such groups include 3378:

These liberties of the Viking women gradually disappeared after the introduction of Christianity, and from the late 13th century, they are no longer mentioned.

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had relatively high status, resulting in substantial nutritional and health resources being allocated to girls, enabling them to grow stronger and healthier.

1131:. During the 20th century, the meaning of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them (like 1127:

was introduced into Modern English during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of "barbarian warrior" or

14820: 11828: 6440: 4623:, of which Geijer was a member, popularised this myth to a great extent. Another Swedish author who had great influence on the perception of the Vikings was 2093:. Jomsborg's exact location, or its existence, has not yet been established, though it is often maintained that Jomsborg was somewhere on the islands of the 13946: 12184: 3994:

Knowledge about the arms and armour of the Viking age is based on archaeological finds, pictorial representation, and to some extent on the accounts in the

1375:

normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were generally known as Danes or heathen, and the Irish knew them as pagans or gentiles.

16357: 15105:

Wamers, Egon (1998). "Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway". In Clarke, H.B.; Mhaonaigh, M. Ní; Floinn, R. Ó. (eds.).

12402: 5422: 5115: 2001:

subject to aggression by Charlemagne and the period of strife was due to successive Norwegian kings embracing Christianity after encountering it overseas.

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This image of the Danes - and indeed the Scandinavians - as having a pre-disposition to engage in piracy was continued in Adam of Bremen's chronicle, the

6795: 16537: 12626:

Karsten Fatur, Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 244, 2019,

12081: 9206:

Vikings on the Rhine: Recent Research on Early Medieval Relations Between the Rhinelands and Scandinavia | Volume 11 of Studia medievalia Septentrionalia

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Metcalf, D.M. (1997). "THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS: Viking-Age Numismatics 3. What Happened to Islamic Dirhams after Their Arrival in the Northern Lands?".

7590: 4841:, Vikings and the Romanticist Viking Revival have inspired many creative works. These have included novels directly based on historical events, such as 4241: 3240:, one of the words for warrior. There were also official communities within towns and villages, the overall defence, religion, the legal system and the 1385:

by Scandinavian peoples generally known in English as Vikings. It is used in distinction from Anglo-Saxon. Similar terms exist for other areas, such as

13917: 11094:: Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. 11053:: Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. 8384: 6392: 11017: 10230: 10208: 10090: 10024: 10002: 9972: 9950: 9855: 8633: 8143: 4079:, and it has been proposed that the berserk-state may have been induced by consuming large amounts of alcohol, or through ingestion of materials with 1591:. In the late 10th century, a new unit of the imperial bodyguard formed. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the 13809: 10562: 1033:

was raised in memory of a local man named Tóki who got the name Tóki víking (Toki the Viking), presumably because of his activities as a Viking. The

533:), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe. They also voyaged as far as the 13286:

Carol Clover, "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe", Representations, No. 44, pp. 1–28. University of California Press

12804: 12775: 11407:

Selwyn Kittredge, "Digging up Viking and Medieval Dublin", Archaeology, Vol.27, No. 2 (April 1974), pp. 134–36. Archaeological Institute of America.

7846: 2554:(i.e. the Muslim world), England (including London), and various places in Eastern Europe. Viking Age inscriptions have also been discovered on the 838:

weik or *wîk, as in the Proto-Germanic verb *wîkan, 'to recede'. This is found in the early Nordic verb *wikan, 'to turn', similar to Old Icelandic

11654: 10828: 4615:. Geijer's poem did much to propagate the new romanticised ideal of the Viking, which had little basis in historical fact. The renewed interest of 3751:

Sweden were made of barley and wheat. It is unclear if the Norse leavened their breads, but their ovens and baking utensils suggest that they did.

2129:

only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By 1103, the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at

1001:

has become 'the Vikings' throughout the standard translation of this work, even though there is "clear evidence" that it was used as a synonym for

13690: 8602: 6768:

better Wiking, Icel. Viking-r, O. Icel. *Viking-r, a creek-dweller; from Icel. vik, O. Icel. *wik, a creek, bay, with suffix -uig-r, belonging to

6173:

The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries

909:

was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers, but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians began to dominate the seas. Even the word

569:, and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the 20756: 18528: 15043: 13615: 13539: 11935: 9071:"Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding" 8961: 8916:"Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding" 6255: 6107: 4406:

from organised hunting with large-scale reindeer traps in the far north. They were used as raw material for making everyday utensils like combs.

2245:

of the 10th and 11th centuries, the exposed family trees, the self-images, and the ethical values that are contained in these literary writings.

1263:) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ( 14117: 11788: 7081: 3385:

Examination of skeletal remains also allows the relative health and nutritional status of boys and girls in the past to be reconstructed, using

2215:

The most important primary sources on the Vikings are contemporary texts from Scandinavia and regions where the Vikings were active. Writing in

2140:

altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours.

2024:

Raids in Europe, including raids and settlements from Scandinavia, were not unprecedented and had occurred long before the Vikings arrived. The

1815:

Viking expeditions (blue line): depicting the immense breadth of their voyages through most of Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Northern Africa,

14753: 13028: 10963: 8796: 7915: 7746: 3770:), would have made the bread dark-coloured, but the seeds are poisonous, and people who ate the bread might have become ill. Seeds of carrots, 3111:, and they were used for constructing fortifications, ramps, canals, mounds, roads and similar projects built by hard labour. According to the 9747: 5970:

The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries...

4671:

Until recently, the history of the Viking Age was largely based on Icelandic sagas, the history of the Danes written by Saxo Grammaticus, the

3320:

was also part of Viking society, whereby a woman could live with a man and have children with him without marrying; such a woman was called a

20109: 19947: 19846: 9821: 9671: 8250: 7500: 6103:

Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries...

4110: 1928:

led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1864.

624: 14901: 13715: 12285: 11676: 8096: 5359:. The same pattern of a combination of Scandinavian Y-DNA and local autosomal ancestry is seen in other samples from the study, for example 1524:. Viking navigators opened the road to new lands to the north, west and east, resulting in the foundation of independent settlements in the 20832: 19000: 18417: 13134: 11565: 9351: 8187: 8173: 5562: 2590:. The Elfdalian language differentiates itself from the other Scandinavian languages as it evolved much closer to Old Norse. The people of 13444: 12736: 10328: 4723:

historians emphasised a Slavic rooted foundation in contrast to the Normanist theory of the Vikings conquering the Slavs and founding the

4592:

used runic inscriptions and Icelandic sagas as historical sources. An important early British contributor to the study of the Vikings was

4075:

that would not have been the meanings understood by medieval Norse society. Such a fighting style may have been deployed intentionally by

1988:

in society because they create a pool of unmarried men who are willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors. The

1962:

suggested that the term "Viking" may have evolved to become "a job description, not a matter of heredity", at least in some Viking bands.

20837: 20827: 20822: 20812: 14275: 14194: 14092: 13110: 12702: 12519: 12480: 11599: 11492:

Short description in English: Diet and health in previous times, as revealed in the Old Norse Literature, especially the Icelandic Sagas.

10913: 9708: 9175: 8754: 8303: 7419: 7185: 6230: 6195: 6160: 15176: 12884: 12592: 12145: 12014: 11463: 6277: 4176:

were obtained from Chinese and Persian traders, who met with the Viking traders in Russia. Vikings used homegrown spices and herbs like

20842: 20817: 20807: 19710: 19248: 14134: 12956: 12848: 11960: 10789: 10682: 7958: 7629: 6711: 6261: 1728:, Russia and Turkey, as well as initiating the consolidation that resulted in the formation of the present-day Scandinavian countries. 955:, or pirate in modern English. Whereas the first known attack by Viking raiders in England was at Lindisfarne about 93 years later. In 14032: 13656: 10755: 10432: 7875: 4202:

was much prized by the Norse. The imported glass was often made into beads for decoration and these have been found in the thousands.

3508: 1454:

The Viking Age in Scandinavian history is taken to have been the period from the earliest recorded raids by Norsemen in 793 until the

18631: 13344: 9587: 6347: 4947: 4393:), reach as far back as c. 720 AD. This trade satisfied the Vikings' need for leather and meat to some extent, and perhaps hides for 3755:

was a very important crop for the Vikings: it was used for oil extraction, food consumption, and most importantly, the production of

1889:

Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful tribes to the south. Early on, it was the

1481:, in the 10th century. In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King 13639: 10720: 7338:"Between Pagan Pirates and Glorious Sea-Warriors: The Portrayal of the Viking Pirate in Danish Twelfth-Century Latin Historiography" 4165:

Organised trade covered everything from ordinary items in bulk to exotic luxury products. The Viking ship designs, like that of the

19258: 11519: 11486:

Folkekost og sundhedsforhold i gamle dage. Belyst igennem den oldnordiske Litteratur. (Dvs. først og fremmest de islandske sagaer).

9471:

Gareth Williams, "Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age", in

7999: 7804: 6773: 6740: 2617:

dialect, but by several criteria closer related to West Scandinavian dialects, Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of

11763: 19915: 19547: 19543: 18747: 16893: 16074: 13517: 10366: 4971:, itself more legend than fact, and Old Norse Eddic and Skaldic poetry. The events of the show frequently make references to the 13213: 10389: 8207: 7560: 3786:

rock) in the flour, which when eaten wore down the teeth. The effects of this can be seen on skeletal remains from that period.

3475: 2625:

can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century. Today there are about 2,000–3,000 native speakers of

15618: 6601: 5735: 13883: 12246: 11558:"Forråd til vinteren – Salte, syrne, røge og tørre [Supplies for the winter – curing, fermenting, smoking and drying]" 10862: 9373: 9128: 6411: 3723:

shells have been found in cities like Hedeby. The shells were used for dyeing, and it is assumed that the nuts were consumed.

3487:

The combined information from various sources suggests a diverse cuisine and ingredients. Meat products of all kinds, such as

3427:, belt buckles, necklaces and arm rings. Almost all of the jewellery was crafted in specific designs unique to the Norse (see 18833: 15506: 14704: 14638: 14539: 14424: 14384: 14264: 14245: 14188: 14167: 14144: 14021: 13979: 13609: 13104: 12586: 12513: 12474: 12279: 12178: 12139: 12075: 12008: 11457: 10907: 10533: 10523: 10054: 9789: 9484: 9451: 9303:"History of the Kings of Norway" by Snorri Sturlusson translated by Professor of History François-Xavier Dillmann, Gallimard 9280: 9213: 9169: 8748: 8596: 8297: 7413: 7179: 7075: 7023: 6705: 3402: 565:). In their countries of origin, and some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the 501: 19884: 19740: 19652: 19539: 19535: 19531: 16858: 16853: 16712: 16452: 16222: 15070: 15003: 14967: 14856: 14780: 14730: 14671: 14611: 14472: 14359: 14326: 13985: 12929: 7777: 7658: 7029: 6311: 6090: 5957: 5920: 5838: 4419: 1599:

may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks. In these years,

20797: 19383: 19159: 17199: 15554: 14514: 13572: 12323: 11625: 8406: 7975: 5496: 4953:

The appearance of Vikings within popular media and television has seen a resurgence in recent decades, especially with the

4629: 3197: 600: 19768: 19527: 19523: 19519: 14874:"Insular artefacts from Viking-Age burials from mid-Norway. A review of contact between Trøndelag and Britain and Ireland" 13383: 7675:"Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 20086: 18072: 17302: 17097: 16029: 15511: 13469: 7314: 6142: 676: 4967:. The show has a loose grounding in historical facts and sources, but bases itself more so on literary sources, such as 3925:

was popular by the early medieval period, with the Vikings introducing it to England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The

3778:

were also discovered, but they were poor specimens and tend to come from white carrots and bitter tasting cabbages. The

2787: 18301: 18102: 15133: 15114: 15095: 15064: 15026: 14997: 14850: 14774: 14665: 14605: 14581: 14466: 14353: 14320: 14223: 14086: 14065: 13164: 13022: 12858: 11848: 11757: 11359:

Caroline Ahlström Arcini "Eight Viking Age Burials", The Viking Age: A Time With Many Faces, Oxbow Books (2018), pp. 5.

8505: 8325: 7903: 6243:

Viking... ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent.

6125: 6084: 4752: 4735:

and Oleg's success was rooted in their support from within the local Slavic aristocracy.. After the dissolution of the

1689: 1485:, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with 668: 13405: 9632: 7530: 4905:

authored a trilogy of novels in 2005 about a young Viking adventurer Thorgils Leifsson, who travels around the world.

19940: 17216: 16962: 15638: 15211: 15171: 14558: 14443: 14403: 14287: 13079: 12974: 12112: 11099: 11058: 10767: 10318:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology" 10293: 9692: 9509: 9308: 9263: 8456: 7943: 7729: 7623: 7298: 7282: 7106:

Oslo: Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning (Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture). p. 1051.

6996: 6857: 6751: 6510: 6473: 6212: 6034: 5990: 5875: 5585: 4323:

was collected and exported. The Norwegian west coast supplied eiderdowns and sometimes feathers were bought from the

2316:

of Shetland and Orkney, Old Norse completely replaced the local languages and over time evolved into the now extinct

268: 16898: 15156: 8495: 7242: 7219: 6668: 3921:

was probably the oldest type of board game played in medieval Scandinavia. The archaeological record indicates that

2017:

could also have played a role. Trade between Western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the

1992:

states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".

1736:. Thus, the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages. 973:, probably from the 9th century. The word was not regarded as a reference to nationality, with other terms such as 19185: 19007: 18311: 17699: 17297: 17239: 15150: 15088:

Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas. Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion

14745:

Blanck, Dag. "The Transnational Viking: The Role of the Viking in Sweden, the United States, and Swedish America."

10561:

Byock, Jesse; Walker, Phillip; Erlandson, Jon; Holck, Per; Zori, David; Gudmundsson, Magnus; Tveskov, Mark (2005).

10286:

National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin

7373: 5089:

During the banking boom of the first decade of the twenty-first century, Icelandic financiers came to be styled as

3730:

revolutionised agriculture in Scandinavia in the early Viking Age and made it possible to farm even poor soils. In

1979:. As observed by Adam of Bremen, rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines; and these 14797: 10625: 10470: 6922: 6432: 6343: 6307: 20792: 20044: 19567: 19289: 17261: 17244: 16171: 15654: 13938: 12168: 5501: 5064: 3463:

and garbage dumps have proved to be of great value and importance. Undigested remains of plants from cesspits at

2125: 699: 263: 241: 19551: 16848: 12394: 5648: 5382:

Female descent studies show evidence of Norse descent in areas closest to Scandinavia, such as the Shetland and

2021:

fell in the 5th century. The expansion of Islam in the 7th century had also affected trade with Western Europe.

19515: 19511: 18716: 18543: 18538: 18511: 18371: 17689: 16422: 16044: 14983: 14925: 12426:"Extraction of archaeological information from metallic artefacts—A neutron diffraction study on Viking swords" 12000: 8378: 7111: 6814: 5914: 5832: 5806: 5779: 3010: 1557: 18077: 12372: 12065: 11381:"The Portable Antiquities Scheme and the potential of non-metallic finds: A Viking Comb from Shotley, Suffolk" 10659:

A comprehensive list of registered pagan graves in Iceland, can be found in Eldjárn & Fridriksson (2000):

6962: 6895: 4545:

Early modern publications, dealing with what is now called Viking culture, appeared in the 16th century, e.g.

19644: 19555: 19507: 19503: 19499: 19495: 19491: 19487: 19483: 19479: 19422: 19086: 18724: 18558: 18553: 18430: 18422: 18391: 18082: 17784: 16929: 16883: 16768: 16642: 16059: 16034: 15613: 14650:"Kingship, Christianity and coinage: monetary and political perspectives on silver economy in the Viking Age" 10642: 7582: 6066: 5217:. They promoted the use of Norse mythology as the subject of high art and other ethnological and moral aims. 4796: 811:, ('Vík dwellers'), not "Viking", in Old Norse manuscripts. The explanation could explain only the masculine 19475: 16247: 15166: 13914: 12903: 12542: 8356: 5106:

of the Viking Age is a flourishing branch and several places have been dedicated to this technique, such as

4683:. Few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources, as historians now rely more on archaeology and 3825:

was acclaimed for his skill in both mountain climbing and oar-jumping, and reputedly excelled in the art of

2305:

was worshipped. Viking influence is also evident in concepts like the present-day parliamentary body of the

1920:

of 772–804. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the

1835: 612: 19933: 19784: 19744: 19706: 19632: 19563: 19559: 18972: 18853: 18047: 17223: 17186: 16987: 16748: 16743: 16069: 8625: 8251:"Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th −11th Centuries" 8151: 6138:

Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries

5894: 5036: 3964:

for example was rapid. Links to a Viking identity remained longer in the remote islands of Iceland and the

2333: 1786: 1677: 577: 161: 18446: 16307: 15501: 8484:, Penguin (1996). Detailed maps of Viking settlements in Scotland, Ireland, England, Iceland and Normandy. 1823:, depicted as a "Viking territory in 911", was not part of the lands granted by the king of the Franks to 1430: 20104: 19780: 18615: 18261: 17854: 16738: 16242: 15934: 15829: 15406: 12801: 12767: 5150: 5026: 4982: 4106: 3372: 2986:

in Denmark. Ship burials were also practised by Vikings overseas, as evidenced by the excavations of the

2974:

along with animal sacrifices, weapons, provisions and other items, as evidenced by the buried vessels at

722:

began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century

373: 19797: 19752: 19668: 16337: 16014: 15854: 13555: 11646: 10820: 9291: 9018:

Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay".

5367:

and Vikings in England, suggesting that Viking men had married into local families in those places too.

5194: 4713:, similarly appropriated elements of the modern Viking cultural myth in their symbolism and propaganda. 4398:

archaeological signs of organised textile productions in Scandinavia, reaching as far back as the early

4238:

To counter these valuable imports, the Vikings exported a large variety of goods. These goods included:

34: 19299: 18688: 18502: 18256: 17362: 17256: 16997: 16582: 16114: 16084: 15969: 15709: 13686: 13599: 11028: 9654: 8586: 7938:

Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000,

6273: 6221: 6186: 6177: 6151: 5953: 5767: 4852: 4792: 4169:, were an important factor in their success as merchants. Imported goods from other cultures included: 3977: 3675: 3488: 2937: 2817: 2278: 1455: 1447: 378: 15040: 13763:"MtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry" 11927: 9817: 8915: 4679: 3857:

Hunting was practiced as a sport only in Denmark, where it was not an essential food source. Deer and

2915:, which might explain why this type of ship has become almost synonymous with the concept of Vikings. 1090: 897:) may originally have been a long-distance sea journey characterised by the shifting of rowers, and a 20802: 20535: 19693: 19028: 18760: 18737: 18438: 18336: 18251: 18246: 17644: 16979: 16924: 16587: 15959: 15633: 14109: 11796: 7065: 6226: 3009:, then the Danish capital, from a seaborne assault. The remains of these ships are on display at the 2893: 1603:

men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, the

835: 703: 581: 494: 17604: 16808: 14916: 14750: 13010: 11197:

Clover, Carol J. (April 1993). "Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe".

10611: 5137:

have undertaken experimental activities such as iron smelting and forging using Norse techniques at

4569:, in 1514. The pace of publication increased during the 17th century with Latin translations of the 4145:

in Denmark, Scandinavia was unfamiliar with the use of coinage. Therefore, its economy was based on

3620:, while others were cultivated in herb gardens or harvested in the wild. Home grown spices included 3546:

were also popular. Hens were kept for both their meat and eggs, and the bones of game birds such as

3363:, and as merchants and medicine women. There may also have been female entrepreneurs, who worked in 943: 20141: 19376: 19284: 18732: 18640: 18621: 18571: 18485: 18067: 17209: 16432: 15984: 15954: 15949: 15669: 15281: 13761:

Helgason, A.; Hickey, E.; Goodacre, S.; Bosnes, V.; Stefánsson, K. R.; Ward, R.; Sykes, B. (2001).

11544: 9743: 8257: 5906: 5406:. This was similar to the percentage of Norse inheritance found among males in the Orkney Islands. 5203:"ship islands") would have made horned helmets cumbersome and hazardous to the warrior's own side. 5103: 5079: 5031: 4959: 4942: 4788: 3041: 3005:. The ships were scuttled there in the 11th century to block a navigation channel and thus protect 2809: 1959: 1064: 358: 26: 19805: 19581: 18591: 16517: 15799: 13712: 12646:

Howard D. Fabing. "On Going Berserk: A Neurochemical Inquiry." Scientific Monthly. 83 p. 232

12505:

The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

10821:"Archaeologists expected a routine dig in Sweden, but they uncovered two rare Viking burial boats" 9811: 7492: 4127:

The scales and weights of a Viking trader, used for measuring silver and sometimes gold (From the

57: 20420: 19764: 19309: 19294: 19191: 18648: 18581: 18331: 18306: 18266: 18163: 17869: 17194: 16652: 16597: 16327: 16054: 15904: 15859: 15819: 15183: 14873: 13309: 13131: 12269: 11684: 8366: 8093: 6026: 6014: 5982: 5867: 5485: 5480: 5138: 5040:, which is set in 873 AD, and recounts an alternative history of the Viking invasion of Britain. 5034:

video game heavily inspired by Viking culture. Vikings are the lead focus of the 2020 video game

4893:, was a Viking prince before being turned into a vampire. Vikings appear in several books by the 4857: 4837: 2943: 2156:

sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established

1955: 1406: 1104: 204: 19817: 19685: 19594: 17714: 17459: 16783: 16627: 16277: 11557: 9359: 5091: 3180:). They were wealthy and owned large estates with huge longhouses, horses and many thralls. The 19984: 19972: 19444: 19071: 19014: 18611: 18548: 18376: 18321: 18276: 18271: 18241: 18052: 16733: 16302: 16039: 15844: 15834: 15729: 15564: 12744: 12699: 11509:"Viking Age garden plants from southern Scandinavia – diversity, taphonomy and cultural aspect" 10317: 8211: 5134: 5060: 4968: 4964: 4842: 4593: 4283:

coastline. It was worked into beads and ornamental objects, before being traded. (See also the

3411: 2618: 2136:

The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European

2037: 1898: 1521: 1439: 1341: 834:, f. 'sea mile', originally meaning 'the distance between two shifts of rowers', from the root 573: 297: 292: 141: 16823: 16622: 15704: 14178: 14076: 13092: 12503: 12464: 10895: 9712: 9258:

Dictionnaire d'histoire de France, Perrin, Alain Decaux and André Castelot, 1981, pp. 184–85.

9159: 8738: 8287: 7403: 7169: 6502: 6216: 6181: 6146: 4462: 4373:

Many of these goods were also traded within the Viking world itself, as well as goods such as

3025: 2430:

The Norse of the Viking Age could read and write and used a non-standardised alphabet, called

20698: 19862: 19417: 19164: 19154: 19049: 18788: 18454: 18366: 18351: 18092: 17844: 17804: 17774: 17719: 17709: 17519: 17479: 17292: 17112: 17082: 17057: 16955: 16778: 16677: 16462: 16282: 15664: 15623: 15584: 15516: 15486: 15204: 14653: 13884:"A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles, Capelli, Current Biology, Vol. 13, May 27, 2003" 12881: 12718: 12576: 12129: 11991: 11447: 10281: 9476: 9157: 6490: 6265: 5628: 5120: 4474: 4317:. The Vikings were skilled spinners and weavers and exported woollen cloth of a high quality. 4046:

The warfare and violence of the Vikings were often motivated and fuelled by their beliefs in

3641: 3531: 1985: 1972: 1879: 1713: 1701: 1681: 1545: 608: 585: 383: 186: 20551: 19842: 16863: 16342: 16257: 16207: 14696: 14396:

Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse

14150: 12951: 11968: 10674: 8370: 7955: 7613: 7293:

Runinskrifter i Sverige, Sven B F Jansson, sid. 97, Almqvist & Wiksell Förlag AB, 1983,

6693: 5264: 4930:, which they based on the Norse god of the same name. The character is featured in the 2011 4709:. Other political organisations of the same ilk, such as the former Norwegian fascist party 2879: 1115:

and completed in the 1080s, the term generally referred to Scandinavian pirates or raiders.

1071:). There is little indication of any negative connotation in the term before the end of the 1046: 1034: 20782: 20718: 19813: 19772: 19702: 19589: 19438: 19042: 18701: 18493: 18462: 18409: 18316: 18236: 18135: 17619: 17449: 17444: 17282: 17129: 17040: 17035: 16992: 16888: 16803: 16667: 16562: 16542: 16166: 16064: 16024: 16019: 15999: 15964: 15899: 15809: 15774: 15734: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15579: 15491: 14040: 12437: 11914: 10428: 10420: 9082: 8927: 8708:"'Viking' was a job description, not a matter of heredity, massive ancient DNA study shows" 8648: 8546: 7207: 6551: 5685: 5620: 5567: 5475: 5433: 5232: 5130: 5107: 4927: 4653: 4641: 4453: 3906: 3431:). Finger rings were seldom used and earrings were not used at all, as they were seen as a 3254: 3034: 2918:

The Vikings built many unique types of watercraft, often used for more peaceful tasks. The

2719: 2157: 2018: 1883: 1553: 1030: 871: 754: 487: 418: 219: 171: 72: 17729: 17599: 16828: 16317: 15789: 13336: 10717: 6338: 3837:

were the principal winter sports, and also provided transport on snow and ice for adults.

1512:, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of 8: 20787: 19369: 19103: 18948: 18858: 18706: 18480: 18381: 18191: 17464: 17352: 17251: 17050: 16833: 16728: 16647: 16412: 16267: 15994: 15944: 15924: 15864: 15824: 15749: 15601: 15458: 13636: 13467:

The Vikings are coming! A modern Icelandic self-image in the light of the economic crisis

13199: 13187: 11705:

O'Conner, Terry. 1999? "The Home – Food and Meat." Viking Age York. Jorvik Viking Centre.

10520:

The Hemlanden cemetery located here is the largest Viking Period cemetery in Scandinavia

8289:

Guests in the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 AD

5221: 5020: 4118: 3173: 2761: 2399: 1794: 1753: 616: 19599: 17439: 17357: 17327: 16843: 16437: 15814: 15366: 15172:

Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan

12441: 11506: 9086: 8931: 8550: 8362: 7996: 7898:

Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35". The History Press Ltd, 2005,

7800: 6770: 6555: 5689: 4633:, which became widely popular in the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, and Germany. 4370:

were sometimes provided from Norway to the European aristocracy, from the 10th century.

2480:, the latter referring to a Viking expedition to the Middle East. They were engraved in 2454: 151: 20128: 20027: 20002: 19898: 19866: 19723: 19676: 19628: 19412: 19263: 19253: 19220: 18965: 18873: 18828: 18818: 18711: 18675: 18666: 18596: 18533: 18467: 18346: 18296: 18286: 17814: 17799: 17664: 17649: 17569: 17509: 17474: 16818: 16813: 16758: 16377: 16322: 16212: 16099: 16004: 15929: 15919: 15849: 15804: 15779: 15769: 15739: 15699: 15679: 15361: 15341: 15022:

Before They Were Vikings: Scandinavia and the Franks up to the death of Louis the Pious

14591: 14497: 13860: 13835: 13787: 13762: 11742:"Hunting, fishing and animal husbandry at The Farm Beneath The Sand, Western Greenland" 11282: 11230: 11222: 11174: 11149: 10585: 10493:

Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopaedia (Pamela Crabtree, ed., 2001), "Vikings," p. 510.

10358: 9095: 9070: 9051: 9000: 8939: 8881: 8688: 8045: 8033: 7365: 7150: 6736: 6593: 6260: 5818: 5727: 5658: 5293:, found in Norway. This helmet is made of iron and has been dated to the 10th century. 4867: 4608: 4538: 4478: 4430:

In England the Viking Age began dramatically on 8 June 793 when Norsemen destroyed the

4226:

was imported from France and Germany as a drink of the wealthy, augmenting the regular

4043:) were armed with two-handed axes that could split shields or metal helmets with ease. 2798: 2465: 2357: 2345: 2153: 1921: 1610: 1605: 1410: 1378: 1310: 1231: 1188: 1079:

came to be perceived as a positive concept meaning "hero" in the Russian borrowed form

812: 695: 332: 258: 176: 166: 156: 20638: 19822: 19689: 19681: 19672: 19640: 17884: 16507: 13513: 12271:

Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge

11379:

Ashby, SP; Tomlinson, L; Presslee, S; Hendy, J; Bliss, A; Minter, F; Brock, D (2023).

10639: 9275:"the Vikings" R. Boyer history, myths, dictionary, Robert Laffont several 2008, p. 96 7133:

Sauer, Hans (2008). "How Anglo-Saxon Glossators Adapted Latin words and their world".

4206:

in Scania and the old market town of Ribe were major centres of glass bead production.

3406:

Reconstructed Vikings costume on display at Archaeological Museum in Stavanger, Norway

3080: 2594:

stopped using runes as late as the 1920s. Usage of runes therefore survived longer in

1768: 20400: 20114: 20032: 20012: 19997: 19834: 19776: 19736: 19664: 19604: 19459: 19449: 19406: 19198: 19133: 18993: 18933: 18928: 18823: 18778: 18683: 18576: 18563: 18520: 18361: 18184: 18009: 18004: 17984: 17824: 17764: 17679: 17614: 17434: 16903: 16838: 16798: 16788: 16763: 16672: 16657: 16572: 16497: 16442: 16367: 16297: 16252: 16139: 16009: 15979: 15974: 15939: 15909: 15889: 15874: 15794: 15674: 15628: 15574: 15496: 15401: 15129: 15126:

The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth Century Britain

15110: 15091: 15060: 14993: 14846: 14816: 14770: 14700: 14689: 14661: 14634: 14628: 14601: 14577: 14570: 14554: 14535: 14462: 14439: 14420: 14399: 14380: 14349: 14316: 14283: 14260: 14241: 14219: 14212: 14184: 14163: 14140: 14082: 14061: 14056:

Brink, Stefan (2008). "Who were the Vikings?". In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.).

14017: 13975: 13865: 13792: 13605: 13533: 13375: 13160: 13153: 13100: 13075: 13018: 12854: 12669: 12582: 12509: 12470: 12368: 12275: 12174: 12135: 12108: 12071: 12004: 11913:

Hall, A. R. 1999 "The Home: Food – Fruit, Grain and Vegetable." Viking Age York. The

11844: 11753: 11453: 11286: 11274: 11234: 11214: 11179: 11095: 11054: 10903: 10867: 10763: 10750: 10589: 10529: 10289: 10050: 9785: 9688: 9505: 9480: 9447: 9304: 9276: 9259: 9219: 9209: 9165: 9110: 9043: 9035: 8992: 8953: 8873: 8819: 8744: 8692: 8680: 8676: 8592: 8564: 8501: 8374: 8293: 8037: 7939: 7899: 7725: 7666:, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7). 7619: 7552: 7409: 7357: 7294: 7278: 7175: 7107: 7071: 7019: 6992: 6747: 6701: 6597: 6585: 6577: 6506: 6495: 6469: 6249: 6080: 6030: 5986: 5910: 5871: 5828: 5802: 5775: 5731: 5719: 5711: 5616: 5340: 5330:, but was mistranslated in the 17th century as referring to the skulls of the slain. 5290: 5275: 5254: 5236: 5220:

The Vikings were often depicted with winged helmets and in other clothing taken from

5075: 5053: 4687:, disciplines that have made valuable contributions toward understanding the period. 4673: 4506: 4469: 4114: 3926: 3727: 3543: 3367:

production. Women may also have been active within military offices: the tales about

2603: 2477: 2473: 2458: 2229: 2208: 2200: 2033: 1757: 1633: 1478: 1414: 1283: 1026: 1006: 878: 823:); the masculine is more easily derived from the feminine than the other way around. 628: 570: 534: 337: 214: 191: 181: 16262: 15884: 13011:"Rural Economy: Ecology, Hunting, Pastoralism, Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects" 9055: 8885: 8535:"What did the Viking discoverers of America know of the North Atlantic Environment?" 8049: 6539: 5673: 5289:-age helmets from central Sweden. The only original Viking helmet discovered is the 3188:

carried out administration, politics, hunting, and sports – they also visited other

1009:

avers that it is a mistranslation made at the insistence of the publisher. The word

20777: 20738: 20468: 20063: 20017: 19992: 19838: 19801: 19789: 19760: 19748: 19656: 19648: 19636: 19609: 19454: 19314: 19113: 19035: 19021: 18908: 18888: 18783: 18626: 18586: 18404: 18386: 18341: 18198: 18170: 18128: 17974: 17959: 17924: 17909: 17889: 17874: 17809: 17779: 17739: 17624: 17589: 17574: 17159: 17067: 16948: 16868: 16793: 16773: 16753: 16687: 16632: 16617: 16602: 16547: 16387: 16372: 15914: 15894: 15879: 15869: 15784: 15764: 15754: 15744: 15684: 15549: 15481: 15197: 14891: 14881: 14812: 13890: 13855: 13847: 13782: 13774: 12891:. An inquiry into the glass beads of the Vikings. Sourced information and pictures. 12658:"Did Vikings Really Go Berserk? An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis of Berserks" 12554: 12541:

Bill, Jan; Jacobson, David; Nagel, Susanne; Strand, Lisa Mariann (September 2024).

12445: 12364: 12238: 11836: 11388: 11266: 11206: 11169: 11161: 10577: 10042: 9777: 9100: 9090: 9027: 8943: 8935: 8865: 8831: 8672: 8588:

Dark Age Naval Power: A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity

8554: 8029: 7717: 7349: 7142: 6567: 6559: 5771: 5701: 5693: 5437: 5399: 5279: 5270: 5126: 5111: 5044: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4873: 4862: 4710: 4581: 4566: 4518: 4494: 4378: 4338: 4093: 4084: 4040: 3817: 3813: 3523: 3242: 2791: 2614: 2523: 2446:

has the highest concentration with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone, whereas

2361: 2353: 2341: 2204: 1989: 1843: 1806: 1733: 1588: 1505: 1482: 1357: 1330: 1302: 1279: 1067:

was raised in memory of Assur who is said to have protected the land from Vikings (

851: 368: 226: 209: 20693: 20597: 20300: 19826: 16332: 16217: 13255:. Edited by Tom Birkett and Kirsty March-Lyons. Boydell and Brewer (2017), p. 200. 12067:

The 1912 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary

8358:

Historien om alla Sveriges drottningar: från myt och helgon till drottning i tiden

4624: 2765: 2675: 2249:

settled and what specific places meant to them. Examples include place names like

20678: 20668: 20375: 20252: 20133: 20071: 20037: 19809: 19793: 19718: 19350: 19304: 19268: 19243: 19066: 18986: 18979: 18898: 18893: 18863: 18848: 18813: 18660: 18656: 18652: 18644: 18149: 17989: 17944: 17939: 17919: 17794: 17769: 17744: 17424: 17419: 17372: 17342: 17169: 17087: 17045: 17030: 16878: 16637: 16552: 16512: 16492: 16477: 16457: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16362: 16186: 16154: 16049: 15839: 15759: 15694: 15689: 15659: 15326: 15274: 15161: 15054: 15047: 14987: 14956: 14840: 14764: 14757: 14724: 14649: 14595: 14454: 14414: 14343: 14310: 14233: 13969: 13921: 13816: 13719: 13643: 13559: 13473: 13138: 12960: 12921: 12907: 12888: 12808: 12706: 12634: 12614: 12449: 11146: 11024: 10759: 10724: 10646: 10237: 10215: 10097: 10031: 10009: 9979: 9957: 9862: 9658: 9639: 9620: 9600: 9382: 8180: 8100: 8003: 7984: 7962: 7922: 7882: 7850: 7843: 7773: 7662: 7655: 7249: 7226: 7013: 6777: 6759: 6744: 6732: 6675: 6418: 6399: 6302: 6070: 5941: 5898: 5860: 5822: 5798: 5792: 5652: 5558: 5429: 5403: 5209: 5175: 5167: 4954: 4894: 4879: 4784: 4620: 4449: 4399: 3822: 3712: 3616:

Food was often salted and enhanced with spices, some of which were imported like

3535: 3519: 3439:

expressed similar tastes and hygiene, but in a more relaxed and inexpensive way.

3415: 3087:—who created the three classes. Archaeology has confirmed this social structure. 2824: 2652: 2555: 2485: 2349: 2161: 2144: 2114: 1936: 1685: 1486: 1334: 656: 20275: 17684: 16692: 16612: 13810:

Roger Highfield, "Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage"

13601:

International Scandinavian and Medieval Studies in Memory of Gerd Wolfgang Weber

13576: 12850:

Barbarians come to Market: The Emporia of Western Eurasia from 500 BC to AD 1000

12308: 8820:"Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia" 8414: 5371:

migrated in the fifth to sixth centuries AD from Jutland and northern Germany".

4607:

The word "viking" was first popularised at the beginning of the 19th century by

2668: 2464:

Other runestones mention men who died on Viking expeditions. Among them are the

2447: 2004: 20628: 20081: 20007: 19870: 18883: 18472: 18097: 17979: 17904: 17879: 17839: 17554: 17514: 17469: 17414: 17409: 17092: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16919: 16532: 16502: 16119: 15533: 13489:

Katla Kjartansdóttir, 'The new Viking wave: Cultural heritage and capitalism',

13367: 10528:(Illustrated ed.). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 238–39. 9439: 7064:

Hødnebø, Finn (1987). "Who Were the First Vikings?". In Knirk, James E. (ed.).

6211: 6116: 5552: 5450: 5383: 5374:

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined the skeletal remains of 42 individuals from the

5348: 5344: 5068: 4931: 4847: 4832: 4728: 4724: 4706: 4697: 4649: 4498: 4443: 4253: 4088: 4047: 3937: 3875: 3826: 3808: 3566: 2998: 2856: 2567: 2535: 2511: 2415: 2366: 2313: 2045: 1863: 1859: 1828: 1820: 1790: 1764: 1661: 1600: 1577: 1569: 1490: 1353: 1227: 1112: 1014: 723: 664: 652: 589: 446: 432: 404: 273: 253: 20390: 20320: 20310: 20237: 18878: 13466: 13315: 12558: 11840: 11270: 8869: 7310: 6563: 5697: 5632: 4743:

acknowledged its Viking history by incorporating a Viking ship into its logo.

3455:

tell about the diet and cuisine of the Vikings, but first-hand evidence, like

3342:, until she married, by which her rights were transferred to her new husband. 3310:) to the bride's family, and the bride brought assets into the marriage, as a 2805: 2742: 1552:, circa 1000. The Greenland settlement was established around 980, during the 20771: 20592: 20365: 20345: 20270: 20242: 19830: 19339: 19123: 18843: 18838: 18798: 18107: 18062: 18042: 18014: 17899: 17849: 17829: 17749: 17594: 17549: 17504: 17399: 17322: 17287: 17139: 16873: 16707: 16287: 16176: 15331: 15316: 15269: 13379: 12673: 11218: 9114: 9039: 8996: 8957: 8877: 8684: 8568: 7461: 7361: 6581: 6191: 6156: 5855: 5715: 5327: 5319: 4921: 4898: 4884: 4665: 4589: 4522: 4012: 4004: 3965: 3720: 3653: 3551: 3432: 3386: 3075: 2738: 2715: 2684:

Examples of Viking burial mounds and stone set graves, collectively known as

2659: 2638: 2370: 2317: 2242: 2063: 1782: 1761: 1622: 1561: 1533: 1459: 1386: 1382: 1240: 1136: 874: 800: 727: 604: 562: 474: 460: 20688: 20335: 20193: 15020: 13851: 13253:

Translating Early Medieval Poetry: Transformation, Reception, Interpretation

12627: 12543:"Violence as a lens to Viking societies: A comparison of Norway and Denmark" 10581: 9427:

Worlds Together Worlds Apart Volume One: Beginnings Through the 15th Century

9223: 9158:

Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018).

8333: 6111: 5761: 21:

For the North Germanic ethnic group from which most Vikings originated, see

20743: 20556: 20500: 20448: 20260: 19956: 19203: 19128: 18918: 18868: 18808: 18803: 18793: 18399: 18326: 18205: 18156: 18142: 18057: 18019: 17994: 17949: 17934: 17914: 17834: 17734: 17724: 17674: 17669: 17659: 17639: 17629: 17544: 17404: 17312: 17204: 17119: 17072: 16607: 16472: 16292: 16149: 15463: 15453: 15346: 14434:

Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald, eds. (2001).

13869: 13796: 13273:

Clare Downham, "The Viking Slave Trade: Entrepreneurs or Heathen Slavers?"

13017:. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress. pp. 131–37. 11629: 11380: 11278: 11183: 9670:

See information on the "Slavonic and Norse names of the Dnieper rapids" on

8835: 8041: 7522: 7353: 6771:

Principles of English Etymology By Walter W. Skeat; Clarendon press; p. 479

6650: 6635:, Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002. 6589: 6121: 5723: 5387: 5239:

some 2,000 years earlier. Horned helmets from the Bronze Age were shown in

5163: 5082:

are so-named owing to the large Scandinavian population in the US state of

5049: 5014:

series—Erik the Swift, Baleog the Fierce, and Olaf the Stout—appeared as a

4973: 4913: 4701: 4661: 4554: 4351: 4320: 4189: 4080: 4076: 3987: 3779: 3625: 3617: 3547: 3469: 3368: 2889: 2869: 2711: 2515: 2514:

date from between 960 and 985. The older, smaller stone was raised by King

2495: 2067: 1997: 1940: 1875: 1871: 1549: 1212: 1128: 994: 964: 719: 554: 538: 363: 326: 248: 20285: 17864: 14726:

Norden och kontinenten i gammal tid: studier i forngermansk kulturhistoria

9047: 9031: 8651:; this ancient structure has an almost mythical role in Denmark's history. 7862:

Lund, Niels "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", in Sawyer,

7721: 6853: 5417:, who drove the Vikings out of western Scotland and was the progenitor of 5314:

of vanquished enemies. This was a misconception based on a passage in the

2734: 2438:

survived into the 15th century, used in parallel with the Latin alphabet.

2195: 1878:, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day 739:

been much debated by academics, with many origin theories being proposed.

20633: 20582: 20443: 20405: 20290: 20215: 20188: 20096: 19967: 19660: 19577: 19118: 19093: 19081: 18943: 17929: 17859: 17654: 17634: 17584: 17499: 17489: 17266: 16662: 16592: 16447: 16181: 16144: 16129: 15989: 15320: 15254: 15239: 14896: 12977:. Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, NUI Cork, Ireland. 9201: 9161:

Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

7277:

100 Svenska Runinskrifter, Åke Ohlmarks, sid 65, Bokförlaget Plus, 1978,

5937: 5757: 5418: 5375: 5364: 4935: 4902: 4720: 4684: 4616: 4439: 4435: 4291: 4185: 4128: 3995: 3891:

tusk and ivory from foreign sources. The Vikings played several types of

3834: 3669: 3629: 3492: 3391: 3360: 3317: 3303: 3272: 3232:

in both the civil and the military spheres, to which its members (called

2987: 2845: 2780: 2699: 2642: 2137: 2090: 2089:), that existed between the 960s and 1043. Its inhabitants were known as 2014: 1913: 1709: 1693: 1583:

As early as 839, when Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited

1513: 956: 926: 882: 766: 750: 715: 648: 542: 518: 80: 20561: 16487: 14501: 9004: 7369: 7337: 7154: 5624: 5386:. Inhabitants of lands farther away show most Norse descent in the male 5244: 4636: 4493:, patriarch of Constantinople, regarding the first Viking attack on the 4390: 3936:

Beer and mead were served on festive occasions, where music was played,

3610: 3518:

Certain livestock were typical and unique to the Vikings, including the

2622: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2575: 2294: 1935:, a federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the 826:

Another etymology that gained support in the early 21st century derives

20587: 20493: 20325: 20315: 20022: 19908: 19614: 19215: 19149: 18913: 18773: 18693: 18636: 18356: 18037: 17999: 17964: 17759: 17579: 17559: 17529: 17524: 17484: 17429: 17367: 17347: 17332: 17144: 17102: 16237: 16202: 15396: 15391: 14766:

Viking kings of Britain and Ireland: the dynasty of ́Ívarr to A.D. 1014

11226: 11165: 10461: 8983:

Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age".

8410: 8329: 7146: 6918: 6845: 6572: 6076: 5945: 5882:

The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group

5706: 5490: 5360: 5240: 4989: 4917: 4889: 4482: 4458: 4331:

on the steep slopes and cliffs was dangerous work and was often lethal.

4290:

Fur was also exported as it provided warmth. This included the furs of

4284: 4280: 4032: 3911: 3846: 3767: 3704: 3700: 3684: 3657: 3601: 3527: 3464: 3428: 3276: 3127:, or were captured abroad by the Vikings on their raids in Europe. The 3103:

were servants and workers on the farms and in larger households of the

3070: 2983: 2813: 2769: 2503: 2078: 1950:

Because of the expansion of the Vikings across Europe, a comparison of

1917: 1894: 1816: 1463: 1425: 1345: 1298: 1072: 1059: 707: 672: 660: 640: 620: 566: 302: 231: 53: 20658: 20280: 20173: 19756: 15306: 13971:

Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe

13299:, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Jan. 1986), pp. 35–49. University of Illinois Press. 13049:

English Historical Documents, c. 500–1042 by Dorothy Whitelock; p. 776

11628:

for specific information. In southern Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark), the

11393: 5645: 4257: 4149:; that is, the purity and weight of precious metals used in exchange. 2838: 2506:, mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor. 48: 20607: 20566: 20530: 20483: 20473: 20438: 20380: 20305: 20265: 20205: 19392: 19098: 18177: 17789: 17694: 17564: 17534: 17107: 17062: 16682: 16557: 16527: 16312: 16094: 15416: 15336: 15291: 15259: 14886: 14014:

The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe

9105: 8948: 5539: 5470: 5460: 5394: 5311: 5214: 5083: 5006: 4924: 4657: 4486: 4394: 4374: 4276: 4213: 4071: 3999: 3897: 3796: 3775: 3692: 3688: 3637: 3375:

may indicate that at least some women in military authority existed.

3164: 3096: 3084: 3030: 2911:, the Scandinavian defence fleets. The longship allowed the Norse to 2726: 2626: 2599: 2583: 2571: 2547: 2539: 2481: 2408: 2382: 2290: 2186: 2174: 2086: 1932: 1902: 1847: 1777: 1721: 1592: 1584: 1556:, and its demise by the mid-15th century may have been partly due to 1541: 1256: 1234:

around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as

742: 687: 546: 307: 88: 20178: 20158: 20054: 13251:

Gareth Lloyd Evans, "Michael Hirst's Vikings and Old Norse Poetry",

12425: 11210: 10563:"A Viking-Age Valley in Iceland: The Mosfell Archaeological Project" 8559: 8534: 4985:, within recent years. However, the conclusions remain contentious. 3870: 3338:, and she exercised all the rights afforded to the head of a family 2783:– The largest and earliest Viking ship burial ground ever uncovered. 2108: 2077:

was a semi-legendary Viking stronghold at the southern coast of the

1793:, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of 1640:

with their trade goods: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant, and

905:

when he is relieved by the rested rower. This implies that the word

20728: 20703: 20673: 20653: 20515: 20510: 20478: 20430: 20330: 20230: 19076: 18923: 18903: 18768: 17754: 17704: 17609: 17494: 17077: 16467: 16427: 16159: 16134: 15606: 15528: 15448: 15386: 15381: 15311: 15301: 15296: 15244: 14160:

A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland

13778: 13151:

Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Professor of Medieval History Peter (1997).

13060:

A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland

12352: 10392:[Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?]. 6950: 6883: 5465: 5414: 4978: 4909: 4740: 4585: 4424: 4367: 4275:—the fossilised resin of the pine tree—was frequently found on the 4217: 4193: 3961: 3782:

often used in the Viking Age left tiny stone fragments (often from

3719:

were an important part of the diet in general and large amounts of

3716: 3696: 3570: 3334: 3280: 3046: 3006: 2991: 2904: 2852: 2551: 2543: 2499: 2392: 2286: 2274: 2258: 2074: 1980: 1697: 1665: 1525: 1435: 1394: 1235: 1220: 1172: 761:

One theory suggests that the word's origin is from the Old English

711: 596: 236: 22: 20463: 20410: 20385: 20360: 20183: 13437:"Answers To Our Biggest Questions About Assassin's Creed Valhalla" 10251:"Isolated people in Sweden only stopped using runes 100 years ago" 8663:

Näsman, Ulf (1 November 2000). "Raids, Migrations, and Kingdoms".

7123:

Gretsch. The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. p. 278

6106: 3053:

Viking society was divided into the three socio-economic classes:

2746: 2113:

By the late 11th century, royal dynasties were legitimised by the

1811: 1496:

Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern

1175:

is located along the coast of the northern tip of the area marked

20723: 20683: 20648: 20623: 20295: 20168: 20076: 19903: 18212: 17819: 17134: 16482: 16407: 16382: 16352: 16347: 16232: 15559: 15521: 15426: 15411: 15376: 15264: 15186:– BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011) 13646:, The Straight Dope, 7 December 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 13097:

Small Things – Wide Horizons: Studies in honour of Birgitta Hårdh

13095:. In Larsson, Lars; Ekengren, Fredrik; Helgesson, Bertil (eds.). 12975:"Irish Viking Age silks and their place in Hiberno-Norse society" 12900: 12501: 11507:

Pernille Rohde Sloth, Ulla Lund Hansen & Sabine Karg (2013).

9842: 7253: 7230: 7067:

Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress: Larkollen, Norway, 1985

7012:

Price, Neil (25 August 2020). "Content found in 'Introduction'".

6679: 5356: 4648:

Fascination with the Vikings reached a peak during the so-called

4627:, a member of the Geatish Society, who wrote a modern version of 4490: 4403: 4386: 4382: 4328: 4246: 4177: 4146: 4123: 3771: 3645: 3621: 3594: 3565:

were hunted for food in Norway and the northwestern parts of the

3456: 3364: 3132: 2979: 2975: 2926: 2908: 2757: 2750: 2607: 2579: 2443: 2325: 2306: 2282: 2250: 2029: 1725: 1653: 1629: 1537: 1509: 1497: 1470: 1390: 1132: 1082: 1075:. In eastern Europe, of which parts were ruled by a Norse elite, 969: 680: 644: 636: 632: 550: 522: 116: 109: 103: 61: 20355: 20146: 15234: 11993:

From Flax To Linen – experiments with flax at Ribe Viking Centre

10933: 10931: 10752:

To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails

9408: 9406: 9319: 9317: 4533: 4517:

by our own people, pay tribute to the Danish king." In 991, the

4402:. Artisans and craftsmen in the larger towns were supplied with 4203: 3982: 3683:

Vikings collected and ate fruits, berries and nuts. Apple (wild

2997:

Well-preserved remains of five Viking ships were excavated from

2491: 947:

which dates to around 700. The glossary's Latin translation for

675:. They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly 20663: 20458: 20210: 20200: 20163: 19925: 19698: 19210: 19108: 18087: 17969: 17454: 17149: 17124: 16971: 16697: 16417: 16227: 16124: 16104: 15596: 15589: 15569: 15371: 14110:"The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?" 13015:

The Scandinavians – from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century

6141: 5352: 5286: 4716: 4334: 4307: 4265: 4150: 4142: 4008: 3957: 3888: 3851: 3830: 3804: 3783: 3739: 3661: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3562: 3460: 3424: 3055: 2951: 2831: 2773: 2695: 2685: 2298: 2160:; the kings of Denmark and Sweden participated actively in the 2041: 1925: 1906: 1890: 1717: 1657: 1649: 1641: 1529: 1517: 1501: 1474: 1372: 1054: 902: 796: 599:, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the 558: 530: 526: 127: 122: 20220: 18228: 15249: 15177:

Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London

14176: 13736:

Runar seu Danica Litteratura antiquissima, vulgo Gothica dicta

8174:"Dešiniajame Savo Krante Svebų Jūra Skalauja Aisčių Gentis..." 8020:

Langmoen IA (4 April 2012). "The Norse discovery of America".

7747:"Among the Norse Tribes: The Remarkable Account of Ibn Fadlan" 7467: 6951:"Taking Turns: linguistic economy and the name of the Vikings" 4619:

in the Old North had contemporary political implications. The

3557:

Seafood was important, in some places even more so than meat.

3345:

Women had religious authority and were active as priestesses (

3266:: ornamented silver brooches, coloured glass-beads and amulets 2598:

than anywhere else in the world. The last known record of the

1049:

has an inscription in memory of a Björn, who was killed when "

866: 20733: 20708: 20643: 20505: 20488: 20453: 20415: 20395: 20225: 20151: 19361: 18938: 17954: 17894: 17337: 17164: 16577: 16567: 16522: 15443: 15356: 15286: 14989:

Goodbye to the Vikings: Re-Reading Early Medieval Archaeology

13552: 10928: 10356: 9403: 9314: 8740:

Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200

7695: 7693: 6919:"What Did The Vikings Do Before They Began to Play Football?" 5533: 5506: 5455: 5315: 5248: 5178: 4940:

and its sequels. The character also appears in the 2012 film

4732: 4431: 4324: 4303: 4272: 4261: 4199: 4181: 4173: 4023: 3884: 3800: 3766:—but with the seeds of cornfield weeds included. Corncockle ( 3756: 3747: 3708: 3649: 3558: 3539: 3480: 3355: 3311: 3158: 2920: 2730: 2519: 2502:. The runes on the lion tell of Viking warriors, most likely 2266: 2238: 2221: 2216: 2082: 2025: 1944: 1824: 1744: 1705: 1645: 1637: 1565: 1361: 1200: 1167: 982: 730:, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century. 718:

and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as

691: 13760: 12423: 12274:. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–15. 10863:"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves" 10521: 10423:[Elfdalian – Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)] 9651: 9504:

The Northern Crusades: Second Edition by Eric Christiansen;

9129:"Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves" 8450:"Los vikingos en Al-Andalus (abstract available in English)" 7712:

Montgomery, J.E. (2008). Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.).

6393:

Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings' presence in Belarus

5428:

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined an elite warrior burial from

1912:

The Vikings witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by

1797:, possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. 1587:, Scandinavians served as mercenaries in the service of the 20713: 20602: 20520: 20370: 19732: 17539: 16702: 16272: 16109: 15351: 15179:

History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images

14508: 12725:, Frances Lincoln Ltd, London (2013). Maps of trade routes. 11723:

Nedkvitne, Arnved. "Fishing, Whaling and Seal Hunting." in

11378: 10361:[Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect]. 6536: 6412:

Ancient Ukraine: Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus?

5545: 5410: 5251:

helmets). They were probably used for ceremonial purposes.

4736: 4656:. In Britain this was called Septentrionalism, in Germany " 4570: 4359: 4343: 4314: 4299: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4209: 4154: 4139: 4055: 4051: 4036: 4027: 3945: 3941: 3933:, and one saga suggests that dice games involved gambling. 3858: 3752: 3731: 3633: 3606: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3452: 3371:

are unconfirmed, but some archaeological finds such as the

3339: 3136: 3065: 2885: 2329: 2321: 2302: 2234: 2190: 2130: 2094: 1882:, Newfoundland, Canada. This expansion occurred during the 1772: 1669: 1573: 1489:

claiming the English throne in 1013 until 1014 and his son

780:"village, habitation". Another less popular theory is that 15189: 14455:"Early Political Organisation: (a) An Introductory Survey" 13832: 13277:, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May–June 2009), pp. 15–17. Wordwell Ltd. 8818:

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (January 2017).

8811: 7690: 5440:

and had both Scandinavian ancestry and Russian admixture.

4509:), accumulated by piracy. These pirates, which are called 4087:, as speculated by Karsten Fatur or by consumption of the 3410:

Scandinavian Vikings were similar in appearance to modern

3200:

and buried next to him, as many excavations have revealed.

3196:

died and was buried, his household thralls were sometimes

3001:

in the late 1960s, representing both the longship and the

2518:, the last pagan king of Denmark, as a memorial honouring 2457:

that tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the

772:

that are almost 300 years older, and probably derive from

16940: 14926:"Víking – 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution" 14162:. London and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 13722: 13493:, ed. Sumarliði R. Ísleifsson (Québec, 2011), pp. 461–80. 12972: 10560: 8907: 6877: 6875: 4363: 4355: 4295: 3763: 3743: 3735: 3665: 3586: 3479:

Pot of soapstone, partly reconstructed, Viking Age (From

3314:. A married woman could divorce her husband and remarry. 1951: 854:

of northwestern Europe, because the Old Frisian spelling

14459:

The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520

14433: 12737:"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Viking Money" 12395:"Scans of Viking Swords Reveal a Slice of Norse Culture" 11829:"Chapter 7. Nordic/Scandinavian Fermented Milk Products" 11256: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10421:"Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)" 10390:"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?" 9069:

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017).

8914:

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017).

8789:"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves" 8242: 8230: 7678: 7259: 6656: 4525:

in Essex was commemorated with a poem of the same name.

3294:

After the age of 20, an unmarried woman, referred to as

2028:

invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier, from

755:

Runestone raised in memory of Gunnarr by Tóki the Viking

14957:"Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand" 14842:

The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture

13511: 12540: 11826: 10459: 9202:"The Emergence of the Viking Age: Reasons and Triggers" 6884:"Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand" 6262:

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus

2561: 1045:), referring to the stone's dedicatees as Vikings. The 12846: 12309:"Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess" 11298: 11296: 10778:

Ian Heath, The Vikings, p. 4, Osprey Publishing, 1985.

7473: 6872: 6631:

Johnni Langer, "The origins of the imaginary viking",

6176: 5181:), was sailed from Greenland to Newfoundland in 1998. 5059:

Since the 1960s, there has been rising enthusiasm for

1931:

The southern coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the

1628:

There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached

1043:

These valiant men were widely renowned on viking raids

595:

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic

14532:

The Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings

14180:

Irish-English/English-Irish Easy Reference Dictionary

11752:. the Greenland National Museum, Dansk Polar Center. 11129: 11127: 11125: 11000: 10993:

Magnúsdóttir, Auður. "Women and sexual politics", in

10943: 8497:

Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100

7311:""витязь". "Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary" online" 7015:

The Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings

6886:. Centre of Medieval Studies (University of Bergen). 6433:"Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople" 3715:

and various wild berries, specific to the locations.

3687:), plums and cherries were part of the diet, as were 2360:. Old Norse did not exert any great influence on the 2332:'s Isle) or some of the place names in Normandy like 1477:

overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the

1473:

were descendants of those Vikings who had been given

10672: 10511:

Roesdahl p. 70 (in Women, gender roles and children)

9068: 8913: 8817: 6638: 6488: 6370: 6368: 6059: 5305: 4153:

was the precious metal most commonly used, although

3228:

Other social structures included the communities of

2199:

One of the few surviving manuscript leaves from the

1644:. Important trading ports during the period include 1321:"confidence, vow of fealty", related to Old English 13915:

James Randerson, "Proof of Liverpool's Viking past"

12822:"Herbs, spices and vegetables in the Viking period" 11739: 11293: 9425:Tignor; Adelman; Brown; Elman; Liu; Pittman; Shaw. 9424: 9151: 7956:"History of Northumbria: Viking era 866 AD–1066 AD" 6065: 5750: 4988:Vikings have served as an inspiration for numerous 1057:there is a locality known since the Middle Ages as 1025:The form occurs as a personal name on some Swedish 14688: 14569: 14436:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 14211: 14177:Educational Company of Ireland (10 October 2000). 13152: 12495: 12070:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 3. 12057: 11961:"From grains to bread – coarse, heavy and filling" 11135:Forntida kvinnor: jägare, vikingahustru, prästinna 11122: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11067: 10650:, Árbók hins íslenzka fornleifafélags (1966), 1–32 10359:"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt" 8202: 8200: 8198: 8196: 6953:. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). 6494: 5887: 5859: 4557:(1555), and the first edition of the 13th-century 4327:. Down was used for bedding and quilted clothing. 3511:(a strong fruit wine) and, for the rich, imported 3123:were supplied by either the sons and daughters of 2534:Runestones attest to voyages to locations such as 14966:. Vol. 123. C.W.K. Gleerup. pp. 23–28. 14935:. Vol. 120. C.W.K. Gleerup. pp. 41–54. 14280:The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature 14210:Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (2000). 12910:Regia Anglorum. Sourced information and pictures. 12170:The Vikings: Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings 12121: 11724: 8407:"Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway" 7434: 6800:– 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution" 6365: 4652:in the late 18th and 19th centuries as a form of 4580:In Scandinavia, the 17th-century Danish scholars 2424:Two types of Norse runestones from the Viking Age 2373:, but this can hardly be seen from modern names. 2109:Emergence of nation-states and monetary economies 1572:-dominated areas of Eastern Europe; they annexed 20769: 19400:Western route and unspecified expeditions abroad 14798:"Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview" 13368:"Review: Boundless Skyrim Will Become Your Life" 12979:Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings 12353:"Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview" 11783: 11781: 11502: 11500: 11498: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10898:. In Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.). 10350: 9909:(Ög81A, Ög81B, Sö85, Sö165, Vg178, U201, U518), 9702: 9700: 9399:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50. 8769: 7329: 6987:Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sloerd Michiel (2000). 6916: 5282:have perpetuated the myth of the horned helmet. 4901:, while British explorer, historian, and writer 2120: 1329:"faithfulness"). Scandinavian bodyguards of the 15107:Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age 14553:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Publisher. 14461:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–67. 14278:. In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). 13939:"DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots" 13637:Did Vikings really wear horns on their helmets? 13295:Carol Clover, "Maiden Warriors and Other Sons" 11874: 11872: 11585: 11583: 11150:"A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics" 11064: 10848: 10846: 9446:, Courier Dover Publications, 2004, pp. 179ff, 9429:(Fourth ed.). London: Norton. p. 352. 9349: 8399: 8318: 8193: 8065:"Climate change froze Vikings out of Greenland" 6986: 6012: 4827:Viking reenactment training (Jomsvikings group) 4062:complex than the clan-based Norwegian society. 3672:were also used and cultivated in herb gardens. 2461:, which tells of a war band in Eastern Europe. 1954:and archeology undertaken by scientists at the 1348:referred to the Vikings as Magians (Arabic: al- 1244:). According to the prevalent theory, the name 795:may be derived from the name of the historical 14871: 13132:The Viking Revival By Professor Andrew Wawn at 13009:Jørgensen, Lise Bender; Jesch, Judith (2002). 13008: 12922:"Norwegian Vikings purchased silk from Persia" 12578:The Myths and Realities of the Viking Berserkr 12236: 12212:"Games and entertainment in the Viking period" 11909: 11907: 11729:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. 11647:"The animals on the farm – Genetic connection" 11335:"Appearance – What did the Vikings look like?" 11114: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 9522:"Written sources shed light on Viking travels" 8736: 8580: 8578: 8248: 7669: 6337:Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. 5326:(branches of skulls). This was a reference to 5144:On 1 July 2007, the reconstructed Viking ship 4521:between Viking raiders and the inhabitants of 4497:. Other chroniclers of Viking history include 3807:, and stone lifting. In areas with mountains, 3554:, wild ducks, and geese have also been found. 2602:Runes is from 1929; they are a variant of the 2570:were an isolated group of people known as the 2297:(Thor's Harbour), and the religious centre of 1901:constructed the huge defence fortification of 1325:"agreement, treaty, promise", Old High German 1297:The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them 807:", but people from the Viken area were called 19941: 19377: 16956: 15205: 15109:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 37–72. 14630:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 14345:Viking Age Archaeology in Britain and Ireland 14218:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 13928:, 3 December 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008 13687:"The Gjermundbu Find – The Chieftain Warrior" 13406:"How historically accurate is Skyrim? Part 2" 13297:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 13155:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 13084: 12728: 12462: 12063: 11955: 11953: 11827:Fondén, R; Leporanta, K; Svensson, U (2007). 11778: 11495: 10982: 10522:Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf, eds. (1993). 9697: 9672:Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 9195: 9193: 8144:"Vikings' Barbaric Bad Rap Beginning to Fade" 8129: 8127: 7932: 7844:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1 7457:. University College London. pp. 101–17. 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 4855:), and historical fantasies such as the film 4668:to grapple with the primary Icelandic sagas. 4212:was a very important commodity obtained from 4111:Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 3632:as evidenced from the Oseberg ship burial or 2606:, runic inscriptions that were also found in 1739: 1493:being king of England between 1016 and 1035. 1271:, as it was known in earlier times. The name 1088: 1080: 495: 38:Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from 19001:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 14209: 13150: 13099:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 290. 12811:, Teachers' notes 5. Royal Museums Greenwich 12797: 12795: 12793: 12765: 12649: 12613:Robert Wernick. The Vikings. Alexandria VA: 12570: 12568: 12502:Dennis Howard Green; Frank Siegmund (2003). 12456: 12300: 12261: 12230: 12160: 12127: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12035: 11869: 11580: 10843: 10325:Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics 10273: 9683:Else Roesdahl (prof. in Arch. & Hist.): 9397:The Vikings : a very short introduction 9239: 8842: 7927:The official Website of The British Monarchy 7887:The official Website of The British Monarchy 7395: 7335: 7161: 7070:. Universitetets oldsaksamling. p. 46. 6948: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6336: 5979:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 4746: 4660:" pathos, and in the Scandinavian countries 4528: 3613:were produced as well as butter and cheese. 3593:were popular fish. In the southern regions, 3472:practices of the Vikings and their cuisine. 2265:meaning Orms Church or Church of the Worm), 1781:(concubine). They had a son and a daughter: 1195:( "dark and fair foreigners") by the Irish, 743:Original meaning and derivation of the word 694:. For most of the period, they followed the 14132: 13538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 11904: 11439: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11105: 11034: 10961: 10887: 10796:. the Archaeological Institute of America. 10703:Longships are sometimes erroneously called 10681:. the Archaeological Institute of America. 10455: 10453: 10282:"The National Minority Languages in Sweden" 9590:for further explanations on specific words. 8575: 8279: 8208:"Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic" 8019: 7684: 7605: 7057: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6881: 6793: 6254:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6213:Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition 5393:A specialised genetic and surname study in 5235:blended the Viking Age with aspects of the 5098: 4690: 3887:, and antler, along with materials such as 3271:elsewhere, as illustrated in the Icelandic 2982:in Norway and the excavated ship burial at 20095: 19948: 19934: 19711:Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147 19384: 19370: 16963: 16949: 15212: 15198: 14992:. Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited. 13823:, 7 April 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2008 12919: 12430:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12206: 12204: 12202: 11989: 11950: 10896:"The Identity of the Slave in Scandinavia" 10049:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. pp. 23–58. 9762: 9204:. In Simek, Rudolf; Engel, Ulrike (eds.). 9190: 8124: 7711: 7653:Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in 7452: 6982: 6980: 6519: 5243:and appeared in archaeological finds (see 4598:Linguarum vett. septentrionalium thesaurus 4083:properties, such as the solanaceous plant 4022:(freeman) was more likely to fight with a 3865: 3079:, which also explains that it was the god 2538:, Greece (how the Vikings referred to the 2522:. The larger stone was raised by his son, 2180: 1504:and Sweden), as well as territories under 502: 488: 19909:Runic inscriptions online interactive map 18632:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 14895: 14885: 14747:Journal of Transnational American Studies 14452: 14276:"Literacy and the uses of the vernacular" 14232: 13931: 13859: 13786: 13311:Top 10 Glorious Viking Themed Video Games 12790: 12692: 12628:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151 12565: 12032: 11392: 11173: 11154:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 11081:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020. pp.98–100. 10937: 10673:Dale Mackenzie Brown (28 February 2000). 9727: 9588:List of English words of Old Norse origin 9412: 9245:"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, 9104: 9094: 8947: 8730: 8558: 8354: 8348: 7774:"Risala: Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus" 7618:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 7388:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum 6854:"The Tribe that Gave Vikings Their Name?" 6782: 6694:"Who Were the Vikings: The Word 'Viking'" 6685: 6571: 6540:"Population genomics of the Viking world" 6330: 5705: 5674:"Population genomics of the Viking world" 5671: 5586:Learn how and when to remove this message 4503:Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum 4501:, who wrote, in the fourth volume of his 4381:. Soapstone was traded with the Norse on 3353:). They were active within art as poets ( 3156:or simply free men. Similar classes were 1251:, like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden ( 1199:("people from the land of lakes") by the 19259:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 15059:. Almqvist & Wiksell International. 15052: 14722: 14647: 14567: 14254: 13751:(2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx. 13365: 13337:"The Lost Vikings – Heroes of the Storm" 13090: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12734: 11789:"A Viking Feast – an abundance of foods" 11322:Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History 11309: 10450: 10309: 9394: 8617: 7929:, 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015 7889:, 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015 7798: 7408:. Oxford University Press. p. 119. 7401: 7167: 6937: 6696:. In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). 6295: 5893: 5253: 5193: 5184: 5170:have been built and tested as well. The 4815: 4635: 4602:Dictionary of the Old Northern Languages 4532: 4418: 4252: 4240: 4122: 3981: 3951: 3869: 3674: 3474: 3401: 3253: 3184:did most of the daily chores, while the 3119:were despised and looked down upon. New 3040: 3024: 2490: 2414:Runic inscriptions of the larger of the 2194: 2100: 2062: 2003: 1834: 1810: 1429: 1230:originated in what is currently coastal 1166: 865: 749: 47: 33: 19916:Runic transliteration and transcription 15018: 14872:Heen-Pettersen, Aina Margrethe (2014). 14795: 14762: 14633:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 14487: 14273: 14116:(8 November 2016 ed.). Future US. 14074: 14039:. Archaeology in Europe. Archived from 14011: 13573:"Beyond Lands' End: Viking Voyage 1000" 12655: 12350: 12306: 12267: 12199: 12166: 11079:Valkyrie: The Women of the Viking World 10315: 9744:"Runestones: Words from the Viking Age" 9479:and Gareth Williams, pp. 177–214; 9208:. Vienna: Fassbaender. pp. 24–25. 8848: 8591:. Anglo-Saxon Books. pp. 170–171. 8584: 8482:Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings 8455:. Jesús Riosalido. 1997. Archived from 8285: 8236: 8094:Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers) 7916:The Royal Household, "Canute The Great" 7699: 7611: 7583:"Swedish Vikings and the Eastern World" 7479: 7063: 6977: 6023:The Oxford Companion to British History 5817: 5637: 5274:, and sports kits such as those of the 4414: 3534:. The Vikings in York mostly ate beef, 3258:Typical jewellery worn by women of the 2340:evident in the modern-day languages of 1278:would then have the same origin as the 20770: 15157:Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings 15104: 15085: 15029:from the original on 20 September 2022 14982: 14904:from the original on 20 September 2022 14838: 14695:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14660:. Left Coast Press. pp. 177–214. 14626: 14590: 14548: 13967: 13767:The American Journal of Human Genetics 13591: 12547:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12346: 12344: 12102: 12020:from the original on 24 September 2015 11449:The Viking Age: A Time with Many Faces 11445: 11196: 10949: 10893: 10818: 10279: 9709:"Ein minnestein for å hedre seg sjølv" 9706: 8982: 8662: 8493: 7892: 7649: 7647: 7405:The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction 7303: 7174:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. 7054:Wiley/Blackwell Publisher, chapter 13. 6625: 6431:Klein, Christopher (19 October 2018). 6350:from the original on 30 September 2018 5854: 5790: 4547:Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus 4138:Other than in such trading centres as 3971: 3726:The invention and introduction of the 3446: 3192:or went abroad on expeditions. When a 1775:, a Slavic woman, and took her as his 1576:in 882 to serve as the capital of the 1109:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontifi 1039:Þeʀ drængaʀ waʀu wiða unesiʀ i wikingu 517:were seafaring people originally from 16:Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders 20757:WikiProject Norse history and culture 19929: 19365: 18418:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 16944: 15193: 14954: 14923: 14529: 14412: 14393: 14374: 14157: 14055: 14030: 13693:from the original on 15 February 2014 13597: 13386:from the original on 14 December 2019 13224:from the original on 7 September 2018 13113:from the original on 11 February 2023 12997: 12985:from the original on 28 February 2014 12778:from the original on 27 February 2014 12735:Williams, Gareth (17 February 2011). 12329:from the original on 12 February 2023 12288:from the original on 12 February 2023 12249:from the original on 20 February 2014 12187:from the original on 11 February 2023 12148:from the original on 11 February 2023 12134:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. 12084:from the original on 11 February 2023 11727:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia 11568:from the original on 7 September 2015 11466:from the original on 11 February 2023 10916:from the original on 11 February 2023 10800:from the original on 28 February 2014 10787: 10525:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia 10476:from the original on 27 February 2014 10438:from the original on 17 February 2020 9199: 9017: 8964:from the original on 12 February 2023 8895:from the original on 13 February 2023 8705: 8624:Kold, Lotte Flugt (3 November 2014). 8605:from the original on 12 February 2023 8532: 8306:from the original on 12 February 2023 7422:from the original on 16 February 2023 7265: 7188:from the original on 12 February 2023 7132: 7052:A companion to the Early Middle Ages. 7011: 6691: 6644: 6461: 6430: 6402:. Lepel Regional Executive Committee. 6128:from the original on 12 December 2019 5936: 5756: 5162:Other vessels, often replicas of the 4831:Led by the operas of German composer 4366:. As one of the more exotic exports, 1238:in Sweden (with the older name being 788:, meaning "creek, inlet, small bay". 19160:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 16075:Cnut the Great's invasion of England 15153:– View videos at The History Channel 15123: 15073:from the original on 2 February 2023 15006:from the original on 2 February 2023 14970:from the original on 2 February 2023 14859:from the original on 2 February 2023 14783:from the original on 2 February 2023 14733:from the original on 2 February 2023 14686: 14674:from the original on 2 February 2023 14614:from the original on 2 February 2023 14509:Online Etymology Dictionary (2014). 14475:from the original on 2 February 2023 14362:from the original on 2 February 2023 14341: 14329:from the original on 2 February 2023 14308: 14197:from the original on 2 February 2023 14107: 14095:from the original on 2 February 2023 13968:Duczko, Wladyslaw (1 January 2004). 13366:Schreier, Jason (10 November 2011). 13211: 13125: 13031:from the original on 2 February 2023 12656:Kolberg, Are Skarstein (July 2018). 12595:from the original on 6 February 2023 12574: 12375:from the original on 20 October 2021 12307:Schulte, Michael (11 January 2018). 12064:Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (2002). 12051: 11892:from the original on 21 October 2012 11626:Northern European short-tailed sheep 10970:from the original on 11 October 2014 10964:"Double graves with headless slaves" 10707:, a corruption of "dragon" in Norse. 10685:from the original on 20 January 2014 10469:, University of Iceland, p. 4, 10418: 10400:from the original on 7 December 2017 10387: 10334:from the original on 6 February 2016 10248: 9358:. Hoover Institution. Archived from 8849:Barrett, James H. (September 2008). 8775: 8718:from the original on 15 October 2021 8623: 8267:from the original on 22 January 2021 8218:from the original on 17 January 2021 8062: 7856: 7440: 7376:from the original on 1 February 2023 7084:from the original on 1 February 2023 7032:from the original on 30 January 2023 6991:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 291, 454. 6965:from the original on 30 January 2023 6851: 6714:from the original on 30 January 2023 6443:from the original on 21 October 2022 5794:Historical Dictionary of the Vikings 5557:, as they are easily broken. Please 5517: 5497:Viking activity in the British Isles 4969:fornaldarsaga Ragnars saga loðbrókar 4908:In 1962, American comic book writer 4756: 4423:Exploration and expansion routes of 4026:and shield, and most also carried a 3878:, at the National Museum of Scotland 2562:Runic alphabet usage in modern times 1444:Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund 1344:in 844 CE the Muslim chroniclers of 1226:The scholarly consensus is that the 791:It has been suggested that the word 20833:Archaeological cultures in Scotland 16030:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias 14826:from the original on 13 August 2022 13725:.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 12522:from the original on 1 January 2016 12483:from the original on 1 January 2016 12341: 12237:Isak Ladegaard (19 November 2012). 11372: 11324:. Greenwood Publishing, 2006. p.389 10900:Critical Readings on Global Slavery 10369:from the original on 25 August 2012 9937:(U1016$ Q). Greece also appears as 9652:Department of Scandinavian Research 8781: 8706:Curry, Andrew (16 September 2020). 8008:Archaeological Institute of America 7744: 7644: 7468:Educational Company of Ireland 2000 6989:Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary 6898:from the original on 14 August 2021 6756:The Principles of English Etymology 6501:. New York: Facts on File. p. 6233:from the original on 7 October 2019 6198:from the original on 7 October 2019 6163:from the original on 7 October 2019 6143:COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary 5672:Margaryan, Ashot (September 2020). 3585:were eaten in large quantities and 3069:. This is described vividly in the 3020: 1442:illustration from the 12th-century 13: 20838:Archaeological cultures in Ireland 20828:Archaeological cultures in England 20823:Archaeological cultures in Estonia 20813:Archaeological cultures in Denmark 18227: 16894:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 16859:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 16854:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 16223:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) 15128:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. 14715: 14551:The New Cambridge Medieval History 14296:from the original on 14 April 2023 13988:from the original on 14 April 2023 13667:from the original on 13 April 2014 13657:"Did Vikings wear horned helmets?" 13618:from the original on 13 April 2014 13520:from the original on 28 April 2012 13416:from the original on 7 August 2020 13093:"Vikings and the Western Frontier" 12973:Elizabeth Wincott Heckett (2002). 12828:from the original on 18 March 2015 12680:from the original on 14 April 2023 12405:from the original on 14 April 2017 11938:from the original on 20 April 2015 11880:"The Seastallion from Glendalough" 11857:from the original on 14 April 2023 11657:from the original on 19 April 2015 11606:from the original on 28 April 2015 11306:. Rosen Publishing, 2018. pp.37–41 10875:from the original on 1 August 2018 10542:from the original on 14 April 2023 9528:from the original on 18 March 2015 9375:Meccan trade and the rise of Islam 9331:from the original on 18 March 2015 9178:from the original on 14 April 2023 9096:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013 8940:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013 8795:. 28 December 2015. Archived from 8757:from the original on 14 April 2023 8514:from the original on 14 April 2023 8075:from the original on 30 April 2013 8034:10.1227/01.neu.0000144825.92264.c4 8028:(6): 1076–87, discussion 1076–87. 7753:from the original on 17 April 2022 7632:from the original on 14 April 2023 7593:from the original on 28 March 2020 7563:from the original on 23 April 2020 7533:from the original on 14 April 2021 7317:from the original on 3 August 2021 6860:from the original on 14 March 2015 6604:from the original on 26 March 2021 6497:Cultural Atlas of the Viking World 6108:Random House Unabridged Dictionary 6093:from the original on 14 April 2023 5960:from the original on 14 April 2023 5923:from the original on 14 April 2023 5841:from the original on 14 April 2023 5738:from the original on 26 March 2021 5409:Recent research suggests that the 5310:There is no evidence that Vikings 4787:by removing the content or adding 4753:Norse mythology in popular culture 4489:chronicles, and brief mentions by 3526:, a plethora of sheep breeds, the 3249: 1187:("ashmen") by the Germans for the 14: 20854: 20843:Archaeological cultures in France 20818:Archaeological cultures in Norway 20808:Archaeological cultures in Sweden 19050:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 15144: 14942:from the original on 14 July 2014 14729:. Almqvist & Wiksells boktr. 14120:from the original on 29 July 2019 13734:By Magnús Óláfsson, in Ole Worm, 13713:How do we know about the Vikings? 13553:Return of Dublin's Viking Warship 12581:. Routledge. pp. 72–75, 85. 12466:Encyclopedia of the Ancient World 11885:(in Danish). Vikingeskibsmuseet. 10675:"The Fate of Greenland's Vikings" 9824:from the original on 20 June 2013 9707:Olstad, Lisa (16 December 2002). 9311:pp. 15–16, 18, 24, 33–34, 38 9139:from the original on 27 July 2019 8636:from the original on 4 March 2016 8150:. 28 October 2010. Archived from 7807:from the original on 25 July 2020 7780:from the original on 31 July 2020 7104:Våre arveord: etymologisk ordbok. 6925:from the original on 4 March 2016 6917:Anatoly Liberman (15 July 2009). 6072:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 5623:. Depicted is a Viking attack on 5425:, a member of haplogroup R-M420. 5333: 5322:speaking of heroes drinking from 5306:Use of skulls as drinking vessels 5189: 4468:The 200-year Viking influence on 4245:The Rus' trading slaves with the 3083:—father of mankind also known as 3029:A large reconstructed chieftains 2566:The last known people to use the 1819:, the Arctic, and North America. 916: 885:, and on the bottom a Viking ship 20053: 19955: 19346: 19345: 19333: 19186:A General History of the Pyrates 19008:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 18529:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 15425: 14915: 14817:10.1111/J.1478-0542.2011.00820.X 14658:Silver Economy in the Viking Age 13961: 13949:from the original on 5 June 2011 13908: 13876: 13826: 13803: 13754: 13741: 13728: 13705: 13679: 13649: 13630: 13565: 13546: 13505: 13496: 13483: 13459: 13434: 13428: 13398: 13359: 13347:from the original on 7 June 2017 13329: 13314:, 11 August 2017, archived from 13302: 13289: 13280: 13267: 13258: 13245: 13236: 13205: 13193: 13180: 13144: 13065: 13052: 13043: 12966: 12944: 12932:from the original on 27 May 2014 12913: 12894: 12874: 12840: 12814: 12759: 12712: 12640: 12620: 12607: 12534: 12508:. Boydell Press. pp. 306–. 12417: 12387: 12369:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00820.x 12096: 11990:Bo Ejstrud; et al. (2011). 11983: 11920: 11820: 11811: 11733: 11717: 11708: 11699: 11669: 11639: 11618: 11592: 11550: 11537: 11478: 11430: 11420: 11410: 11401: 11362: 11353: 11327: 11250: 11241: 11190: 11140: 11084: 10955: 10855: 10831:from the original on 9 July 2019 10812: 10781: 10772: 10743: 10740:Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2002. 10730: 10710: 10697: 10666: 10653: 10631: 10618: 10610: 10599:from the original on 23 May 2020 10554: 10514: 10505: 10496: 10487: 10460:Jasmine Idun Tova Lyman (2007), 10412: 10381: 10261:from the original on 23 May 2020 10242: 10220: 10102: 10060: 10036: 10014: 9984: 9962: 9867: 9848: 9836: 9804: 9795: 9771: 9750:from the original on 23 May 2020 9736: 9677: 9664: 9645: 9626: 9606: 9593: 9580: 9571: 9562: 9553: 9540: 9514: 9498: 9489: 9473:Silver Economy in the Viking Age 9465: 9456: 9433: 9418: 9388: 9366: 9343: 9297: 9285: 9269: 9252: 9230: 9121: 9062: 9011: 8976: 8677:10.1034/j.1600-0390.2000.d01-1.x 8632:(in Danish). Aarhus University. 8387:from the original on 2 June 2021 8249:Radziwillowicz, Natalia (2007). 7853:(Knut Helle, ed., 2003), p. 105. 7771: 7336:Heebøll-Holm, Thomas K. (2012). 6043:from the original on 23 May 2020 5999:from the original on 23 May 2020 5522: 4761: 4731:composition was Slavic and that 4350:Other exports included weapons, 3844:Icelandic sources often mention 2950: 2936: 2878: 2788:Port an Eilean Mhòir ship burial 2698:, sometimes including so-called 2667: 2651: 2574:, that lived in the locality of 2407: 2391: 2164:of the 12th and 13th centuries. 2133:, Scania, then part of Denmark. 1943:—destroyed the Obotrite city of 1636:. The Norse regularly plied the 1098: 1013:does not occur in any preserved 989:, the Danes are referred to as 981:(Danes) being used for that. In 881:, under what may be the rite of 830:from the same root as Old Norse 639:, where they were also known as 468: 454: 440: 426: 412: 398: 87: 14845:. Manchester University Press. 14796:Downham, Clare (January 2012). 14490:The Numismatic Chronicle(1966-) 14004: 13840:Molecular Biology and Evolution 13575:. Dougcabot.com. Archived from 13491:Iceland and images of the North 12847:Heidi Michelle Sherman (2008). 12218:from the original on 2 May 2015 12173:. St. James Press. p. 76. 12107:. BBC Educational. p. 12. 11341:from the original on 2 May 2015 10962:Mari Kildah (5 December 2013). 10762:, Naval Institute Press, 2002, 10316:Kroonen, Guus (8 August 2007). 9784:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. 8824:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 8699: 8656: 8526: 8487: 8474: 8442: 8429: 8186:(in Lithuanian). 2003, p. 136. 8166: 8136: 8115: 8106: 8087: 8056: 8013: 7997:The Fate of Greenland's Vikings 7990: 7968: 7949: 7909: 7869: 7832: 7819: 7792: 7765: 7738: 7705: 7575: 7545: 7515: 7503:from the original on 4 May 2020 7485: 7455:Saga-book of the Viking Society 7446: 7342:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 7287: 7271: 7236: 7213: 7200: 7126: 7117: 7096: 7044: 7005: 6910: 6840:Principles of English Etymology 6832: 6726: 6662: 6616: 6482: 6455: 6424: 6405: 6386: 6377: 6314:from the original on 5 May 2019 6280:from the original on 6 May 2019 5502:Viking raid warfare and tactics 5198:Magnus Barelegs Viking Festival 5010:(2017). All three Vikings from 3929:shows two men possibly playing 3679:Everyday life in the Viking Age 3573:were hunted nearly everywhere. 3045:Reconstructed town houses from 2632: 2008:Viking-era towns of Scandinavia 1564:took control of territories in 1118: 1069:Saʀ vaʀ vikinga vorðr með Gæiti 941:in English sources is from the 19391: 18544:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 18539:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 18292:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 16045:Sack of Santiago de Compostela 15090:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz. 12920:Yngve Vogt (1 November 2013). 12824:. National Museum of Denmark. 12214:. National Museum of Denmark. 12001:University of Southern Denmark 11602:. National Museum of Denmark. 11337:. National Museum of Denmark. 11133:Ingelman-Sundberg, Catharina, 10819:Sherry, Sophie (5 July 2019). 10788:Curry, Andrew (10 June 2013). 10727:(05.09.00) NOVA science media. 10288:. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. 10089:- (U785), skalat- (U439), see 10047:Särkland och dess källmaterial 9782:Ingvarståget och dess monument 9711:. forskning.no. Archived from 9524:. National Museum of Denmark. 9327:. National Museum of Denmark. 9325:"Viking expeditions and raids" 8533:Haine, Thomas (1 March 2008). 8103:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 5950:The Cambridge Medieval History 5665: 5605: 4851:(which was also released as a 4644:in 845, 19th century portrayal 4551:History of the northern people 4505:, "here is much gold here (in 3091:The lowest ranking class were 3011:Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde 1548:, a short-lived settlement in 1162: 1020: 1: 18400:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 16930:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde) 16884:Uppland Runic Inscription 158 16060:Siege of Constantinople (860) 14549:Reuter, Timothy, ed. (1995). 14398:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 14309:Hall, Richard Andrew (2007). 13562:. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 13512:Darrell Markewitz 1998–2010. 13176:– via Internet Archive. 12882:Glass Beads of the Viking Age 11516:Danish Journal of Archaeology 10388:Dahl, Östen (December 2008). 9385:. First Georgias Press. 2004. 9352:"Books: Eurasian Exploration" 8851:"What caused the Viking Age?" 8063:Ross, Valerie (31 May 2011). 7799:Zaimeche, Salah (June 2002). 7714:Arabic Sources On The Vikings 7135:The Journal of Medieval Latin 6762:, published in 1892, defined 6344:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6308:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5598: 5571:), or an abbreviated title. 5141:in Newfoundland for example. 5095:(roughly 'raiding Vikings'). 4058:, the gods of war and death. 3862:and traps were used as well. 3397: 2582:. They spoke the language of 2376: 2121:Assimilation into Christendom 1615: 1466:for sea routes to the south. 1419: 1105:archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen 39: 19707:Hargs bro runic inscriptions 18973:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 18223:Pirate battles and incidents 16849:Småland Runic Inscription 48 16749:Danish Runic Inscription 380 16744:Danish Runic Inscription 154 14419:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 14060:. Routledge. pp. 4–10. 14016:. Cornell University Press. 13749:An Introduction to Old Norse 13604:. Ed. Parnaso. p. 487. 13465:Ann-Sofie Nielsen Gremaud, ' 12469:. Routledge. pp. 121–. 12450:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.02.014 11740:Inge Bødker Enghoff (2013). 10463:Viking Age graves in Iceland 10327:. University of Copenhagen. 10284:. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). 10231:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 10209:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 10091:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 10025:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 10003:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 10001:(U136G216, U605, U136), see 9973:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 9951:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 9856:Nordiskt runnamnslexikon PDF 9614:Nordic place names in Europe 9350:Macauley Richardson, Lloyd. 9075:Evolution and Human Behavior 8920:Evolution and Human Behavior 7977:The Scandinavians in history 7876:The Royal Household, "Sweyn" 7402:Richards, Julian D. (2005). 5296: 3217:, show mobility between the 2741:; Hulterstad gravfält, near 2729:gravfält; the cemeteries of 2613:Traditionally regarded as a 2550:, Italy (as Langobardland), 1800: 1352:مجوس), conflating them with 1259:term for "the men who row" ( 1031:stone of Tóki víking (Sm 10) 733: 702:. The Vikings had their own 7: 20798:Iron Age cultures of Europe 20087:Exploration of the Americas 18372:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 17855:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 16739:Danish Runic Inscription 66 16243:Birka female Viking warrior 15935:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu 15219: 15056:Decolonizing the Viking Age 14656:; Williams, Gareth (eds.). 14627:Sawyer, Peter, ed. (1997). 14274:Gretsch, Mechthild (2013). 14136:The Varangian Guard 988–453 14078:Chambers concise dictionary 13159:. Oxford University Press. 12926:Apollon – research magazine 12774:. Smithsonian Institution. 12662:Journal of Military History 12128:Christiansen, Eric (2008). 11967:(in Danish). Archived from 11259:Economics and Human Biology 10997:. Routledge, 2008. pp.40–45 10902:. BRILL. pp. 729–735. 10852:Roesdahl, pp. 38–48, 61–71. 10159:(ÖgFv1950;341, Sm5C, Vs9), 9929:(Sö82). In the accusative: 9623:Viking Ship Museum Roskilde 8256:. Nottingham, England, UK: 8006:, by Dale Mackenzie Brown, 7965:www.englandnortheast.co.uk. 7801:"The Travels of Ibn Fadlan" 7615:The Varangians of Byzantium 7453:Smyth, Alfred (1970–1973). 7206:Samnordisk runtextdatabas: 7168:Frantzen, Allen J. (2012). 5443: 5027:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim 4983:Birka female Viking warrior 4129:Sigtuna box found in Sweden 4107:Trade during the Viking Age 3373:Birka female Viking warrior 2578:in the Swedish province of 2207:c. 1230. The leaf tells of 2126:Christianity had taken root 2058: 1438:depicted invading England. 1360:encountered Vikings on the 1081: 10: 20859: 19423:Gunnar's bridge runestones 19249:Pirate films and TV series 18689:African Slave Trade Patrol 18257:Action of 11 November 2008 17046:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 16970: 16769:Gunnar's bridge runestones 16115:Viking Age arms and armour 15970:Battle of Strangford Lough 15710:Battle of Brentford (1016) 15167:Borg Viking museum, Norway 15053:Svanberg, Fredrik (2003). 14964:Arkiv för nordisk filologi 14933:Arkiv för nordisk filologi 14769:. Dunedin Academic Press. 14453:Lindqvist, Thomas (2003). 14255:Frantzen, Allen J (2012). 14133:D'Amato, Raffaele (2010). 12766:Andrew Curry (July 2008). 12131:Norsemen in the Viking Age 11831:. In Tamime, Adnan (ed.). 11725:Pulsiano, Phillip (1993). 11681:Danish Agricultural Museum 11484:Sk. V. Gudjonsson (1941): 11029:National Museum of Denmark 10894:Karras, Ruth Mazo (2017). 10249:Brix, Lise (21 May 2015). 9893:(SöFv1954;20, U73, U140), 8355:Lindqvist, Herman (2006). 7527:World History Encyclopedia 6955:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 6888:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 6807:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 6274:Cambridge University Press 6178:Collins English Dictionary 5954:Cambridge University Press 5791:Holman, Catherine (2003). 5768:Cambridge University Press 5343:(95 samples), followed by 5043:Modern reconstructions of 4750: 4630:Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna 4260:, hammer of Thor, made of 4104: 4035:, the elite guard of King 3978:Viking Age arms and armour 3975: 2990:on the Estonian island of 2867: 2636: 2380: 2184: 2167: 1965: 1804: 1740:Intermixing with the Slavs 1621:and London 1018–1066 (the 1458:in 1066. Vikings used the 1456:Norman conquest of England 1423: 1404: 1400: 1183:The Vikings were known as 937:The earliest reference to 932: 667:. Vikings also voyaged to 631:across modern-day Russia, 20: 20752: 20616: 20575: 20544: 20429: 20344: 20251: 20127: 20062: 20051: 19983: 19963: 19891: 19879: 19855: 19717: 19694:Snottsta and Vreta stones 19623: 19576: 19468: 19431: 19399: 19327: 19277: 19236: 19229: 19177: 19142: 19059: 18957: 18759: 18746: 18738:Trans-Saharan slave trade 18674: 18605: 18337:Battle off Minicoy Island 18312:Battle of Cape Fear River 18282:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 18252:Action of 28 October 2007 18247:Action of 9 November 1822 18222: 18120: 18028: 17392: 17385: 17311: 17275: 17232: 17185: 17178: 17023: 16978: 16925:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) 16912: 16899:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone 16721: 16588:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson 16423:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson 16195: 16083: 15960:Battle of Stamford Bridge 15647: 15542: 15472: 15434: 15423: 15227: 14691:Daily Life of the Vikings 14648:Williams, Gareth (2007). 12559:10.1016/j.jaa.2024.101605 12268:Lapidge, Michael (2005). 12239:"How Vikings killed time" 11841:10.1002/9780470995501.ch7 11446:Arcini, Caroline (2018). 11271:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.007 11137:, Prisma, Stockholm, 2004 11077:Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna. 11018:"Women in the Viking Age" 10723:12 September 2017 at the 10365:(in Swedish). Stockholm. 9877:(G216). In the genitive: 9612:Henriksen, Louise Kæmpe: 9164:. Springer. p. 349. 8870:10.1017/S0003598X00097301 7102:Bjorvand, Harald (2000). 7018:. Penguin Books Limited. 6564:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 6462:Logan, Donald F. (1992). 6339:"Denmark: The Viking Era" 6227:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 6222:Collins Online Dictionary 6187:Collins Online Dictionary 6152:Collins Online Dictionary 5698:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 5166:(full- or half-scale) or 5037:Assassin's Creed Valhalla 4783:Please help Knowledge to 4747:In modern popular culture 4529:Post-medieval perceptions 4513:by their own people, and 4409: 3850:, a ball game similar to 3789: 2733:, a World Heritage Site; 2694:graves in the ground, to 2674:Funerary stone settings ( 2586:, the language unique to 2285:(Land of Wine or Land of 2257:meaning Eigil's Island), 2070:– obverse, Jomsborg, 980s 1364:, he referred to them as 1306: 1089: 1035:Gårdstånga Stone (DR 330) 803:, meaning "a person from 690:and made inscriptions in 18733:Indian Ocean slave trade 18622:International piracy law 18559:Pirate attacks in Borneo 18431:Capture of the schooner 18423:Capture of the schooner 18357:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 18083:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 16433:Ingvar the Far-Travelled 16338:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir 16172:Raid Warfare and Tactics 16015:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt 15985:Battle of Tara (Ireland) 15955:Battle of Stamford (918) 15950:Battle of Stamford (894) 15855:Battle of Lüneburg Heath 15670:Battle of Anglesey Sound 15019:Melleno, Daniel (2014). 14723:Askeberg, Fritz (1944). 14457:. In Helle, Knut (ed.). 14312:The World of the Vikings 14108:Choi, Charles Q (2016). 14012:Barford, Paul M (2001). 13642:11 December 2004 at the 12807:28 February 2014 at the 12705:10 February 2014 at the 12167:Pörtner, Rudolf (1975). 11545:lactic acid fermentation 11023:3 September 2021 at the 9933:(Sö170). Uncertain case 9687:, Penguin Books (1999), 9661:University of Copenhagen 9619:22 February 2014 at the 9444:A History of the Vikings 9292:François-Xavier Dillmann 8793:National Geographic News 8258:University of Nottingham 7921:29 November 2014 at the 7881:29 November 2014 at the 7612:Blöndal, Sigfús (1978). 7553:"The Vikings (780–1100)" 6700:. Routledge. p. 6. 6633:Viking Heritage Magazine 5907:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5903:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5513: 5104:Experimental archaeology 5099:Experimental archaeology 5080:National Football League 4691:In 20th-century politics 4160: 4100: 2967:Two typical viking ships 2944:A reconstructed longship 2863: 2542:territories generally), 2301:, meaning a place where 1960:University of Copenhagen 1317: 'sworn men', from 819:) and not the feminine ( 677:settling in Newfoundland 27:Vikings (disambiguation) 20421:Death in Norse paganism 19192:Captain Charles Johnson 18616:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 18327:Battle of Mandab Strait 18307:Battle of Boca Teacapan 18302:Balanguingui Expedition 18267:Action of 23 March 2010 16653:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson 16598:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye 16328:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 16055:Siege of Chartres (911) 15905:Battle of Reading (871) 15860:Battle of Lyrskov Heath 15850:Battle of London Bridge 15820:Battle of Hingston Down 15162:BBC: History of Vikings 15046:16 October 2022 at the 14763:Downham, Clare (2007). 14756:5 December 2021 at the 14568:Roesdahl, Else (1998). 14416:Women in the Viking Age 14315:. Thames & Hudson. 13920:24 January 2017 at the 13598:Frank, Roberta (2000). 13558:18 October 2008 at the 13218:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 13137:7 November 2017 at the 13074:by Alan Palmer; p. 21; 12575:Dale, Roderick (2021). 12351:Downham, Clare (2012). 11634:Lüneburger Heidschnucke 11624:See the article on the 11102:(inb.). Libris 8707902. 11061:(inb.). Libris 8707902. 10718:Secrets of Viking Ships 10582:10.1179/007660905x54080 10419:Zach, Kristine (2013). 9885:(U104). In the dative: 9818:Encyclopædia Britannica 9657:8 February 2014 at the 9638:3 February 2007 at the 9395:Richards, J.D. (2005). 8737:David R. Wyatt (2009). 8367:University of Wisconsin 8071:. Kalmback Publishing. 8002:11 January 2011 at the 7849:22 October 2015 at the 6842:Clarendon press, p. 479 6813:: 41–54. Archived from 6733:The Syntax of Old Norse 6027:Oxford University Press 5983:Oxford University Press 5868:Oxford University Press 5827:. Batsford. p. 9. 5651:27 January 2020 at the 5561:by replacing them with 5553:Knowledge's style guide 5493:, Novgorod's privateers 5486:Swedes (Germanic tribe) 5481:Scandinavian prehistory 5434:Sviatopolk the Accursed 5312:drank out of the skulls 5258:Modern "Viking" helmets 5233:national romantic ideas 5110:in the United Kingdom, 5018:in the crossover title 4887:, in the HBO TV series 4877:), and the comedy film 4838:Der Ring des Nibelungen 4680:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 4573:(notably Peder Resen's 3866:Games and entertainment 3648:at Coppergate in York. 2776:chamber tomb and hoard. 2181:Literature and language 1956:University of Cambridge 1866:, and the Middle East. 1448:Pierpont Morgan Library 1407:Scandinavian prehistory 1047:Västra Strö 1 Runestone 987:The Life of King Alfred 889:The Old Norse feminine 784:came from the feminine 776:, related to the Latin 623:, as well as along the 20793:History of Scandinavia 20110:Varangian Trade Routes 19445:Baltic area runestones 18549:Operation Ocean Shield 18377:Battle of Tonkin River 18322:Battle of Doro Passage 18277:Action of 5 April 2010 18272:Action of 1 April 2010 18262:Action of 9 April 2009 18242:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 18232: 18068:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 18053:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 17200:British Virgin Islands 16809:Norra Härene Runestone 16734:Baltic area runestones 16248:Bjørn (floruit 856–58) 16035:Raids in the Rhineland 15845:Battle of Leuven (891) 15835:Battle of Islandbridge 15830:Battle of Hjörungavágr 15730:Battle of Cathair Cuan 14687:Wolf, Kirsten (2004). 14654:Graham-Campbell, James 14600:. Palgrave Macmillan. 14413:Jesch, Judith (1991). 14394:Jesch, Judith (2001). 14375:Jesch, Judith (2015). 14342:Hall, Richard (1990). 14240:. London: Bloomsbury. 13718:16 August 2006 at the 13480:20 (2010), pp. 87–106. 13212:Ohloblyn, Oleksander. 13091:Wienberg, Jes (2015). 12928:. University of Oslo. 12880:HL Renart of Berwick: 12719:Graham-Campbell, James 12463:Shona Grimbly (2013). 12103:Chrisp, Peter (1995). 10966:. University of Oslo. 10758:1 January 2016 at the 9381:1 January 2016 at the 9247:History of the Vikings 9200:Simek, Rudolf (2004). 8836:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355 8743:. Brill. p. 124. 8585:Haywood, John (2006). 8494:Sawyer, P. H. (2013). 8437:History of the Vikings 8292:. BRILL. p. 469. 8286:Roslund, Mats (2007). 7983:1 January 2016 at the 7974:Toyne, Stanley Mease. 7864:History of the Vikings 7827:History of the Vikings 7354:10.1484/J.VMS.1.103196 6743:1 January 2016 at the 6692:Brink, Stefan (2008). 6491:Graham-Campbell, James 6465:The Vikings in History 5259: 5199: 5133:in Norway. Viking-age 5061:historical reenactment 4871:(movie version called 4843:Frans Gunnar Bengtsson 4828: 4645: 4542: 4427: 4268: 4250: 4132: 3991: 3909:) and the less common 3879: 3816:was a popular sport – 3680: 3484: 3407: 3267: 3050: 3038: 2619:mutual intelligibility 2532: 2507: 2212: 2071: 2009: 1977:History of The Normans 1975:in his semi-imaginary 1851: 1832: 1785:, King of Sweden, and 1508:dominance, mainly the 1451: 1342:Viking raid on Seville 1255:), is derived from an 1180: 1103:In the history of the 944:Épinal-Erfurt glossary 886: 758: 574:history of Scandinavia 65: 45: 25:. For other uses, see 19863:Jarlabanke Runestones 19582:Battle of Fýrisvellir 19418:Hakon Jarl runestones 19165:Pirates versus Ninjas 18592:Slave raid of Suðuroy 18554:Persian Gulf Campaign 18439:Capture of the sloop 18367:Battle of the Leotung 18352:Battle of New Orleans 18231: 18093:Richard Avery Hornsby 17845:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 17805:Moses Cohen Henriques 17775:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 17520:Christina Anna Skytte 17058:Brethren of the Coast 17041:Baltic Slavic pirates 16988:Ancient Mediterranean 16779:Hakon Jarl runestones 16678:Tryggvi the Pretender 16583:Snæfrithr Svásadottir 16518:Ohthere of Hålogaland 16463:Ketil Trout (Iceland) 16283:Eohric of East Anglia 16182:Svinfylking Formation 15990:Battle of Tarbat Ness 15800:Battle of Fýrisvellir 15665:First Battle of Alton 15086:Wamers, Egon (1985). 14955:Heide, Eldar (2008). 14924:Heide, Eldar (2005). 14839:Hadley, Dawn (2006). 14438:. London: Blackwell. 14379:. Oxford: Routledge. 14139:. Osprey Publishing. 14081:. Allied Publishers. 14075:Brookes, Ian (2004). 14031:Beard, David (2012). 13852:10.1093/molbev/msm255 13815:18 April 2018 at the 12887:10 March 2014 at the 12768:"Raiders or Traders?" 12743:. BBC. Archived from 12633:14 April 2023 at the 10645:14 April 2023 at the 10280:Ekberg, Lena (2010). 9577:Lindqvist, pp. 160–61 9477:James Graham-Campbell 9032:10.1002/ana.410360810 8179:6 August 2023 at the 8099:27 March 2015 at the 7722:10.4324/9780203412770 7661:14 April 2023 at the 7493:"The Vikings at home" 7248:3 August 2021 at the 7050:Stafford, P. (2009). 6949:Bernard Mees (2012). 6776:20 April 2016 at the 5257: 5213:, founded in 1811 in 5197: 5185:Common misconceptions 4826: 4639: 4536: 4461:Snorri Sturluson and 4438:. The devastation of 4422: 4256: 4244: 4126: 3985: 3952:Cultural assimilation 3873: 3678: 3478: 3405: 3257: 3044: 3028: 2818:Austur-Húnavatnssýsla 2812:; the boat burial in 2528: 2494: 2273:meaning Sand Dunes), 2241:poetry attributed to 2198: 2101:End of the Viking Age 2066: 2007: 1986:male-male competition 1973:Dudo of Saint-Quentin 1939:. The Vikings—led by 1916:, in the thirty-year 1838: 1814: 1767:. Likewise, his son, 1433: 1340:During and after the 1191:wood of their boats, 1170: 869: 753: 384:Scandinavian Airlines 199:Chronological history 58:Tjängvide image stone 51: 37: 19703:Broby bro Runestones 19686:Färentuna Runestones 19595:Hällestad Runestones 19439:Varangian runestones 19087:skull and crossbones 19043:Mistress of the Seas 18725:Capture of the brig 18702:Atlantic slave trade 18463:Falklands Expedition 18317:Battle of Cape Lopez 18237:1582 Cagayan battles 18164:Queen Anne's Revenge 17715:José Joaquim Almeida 17700:John Newland Maffitt 17620:Hayreddin Barbarossa 17460:Bartolomeu Português 17450:Artemisia I of Caria 17445:Alexandre Exquemelin 17283:Baltic Slavic piracy 17036:Anglo-Turkish piracy 16889:Varangian runestones 16804:Lingsberg Runestones 16784:Hällestad Runestones 16668:Thorolf Kveldulfsson 16628:Styrbjörn the Strong 16563:Rognvald Eysteinsson 16543:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 16308:Freydís Eiríksdóttir 16278:Egill Skallagrímsson 16025:Burning of Luimneach 16000:Battle of Tettenhall 15965:Battle of Stiklestad 15900:Battle of Rastarkalv 15810:Battle of Hafrsfjord 15775:Battle of Englefield 15735:Battle of Chippenham 15725:Battle of Buttington 15720:Battle of Brunanburh 15715:Battle of Brissarthe 14878:Internet Archaeology 14530:Price, Neil (2020). 14282:. CUP. p. 278. 14257:Anglo-Saxon Keywords 14183:. Roberts Rinehart. 14158:Derry, T.K. (2012). 13711:Williams, G. (2001) 13190:and Ward, pp. 362–64 12959:7 March 2014 at the 12953:Silk for The Vikings 12772:Smithsonian Magazine 11915:Jorvik Viking Centre 11817:Roesdahl, pp. 110–11 11636:was raised and kept. 11385:Internet Archaeology 10640:Bátkumlið í Vatnsdal 10570:Medieval Archaeology 10429:University of Vienna 10236:12 July 2015 at the 10214:12 July 2015 at the 10096:12 July 2015 at the 10030:12 July 2015 at the 10008:12 July 2015 at the 9978:12 July 2015 at the 9956:12 July 2015 at the 9861:12 July 2015 at the 9801:Thunberg 2010:18–51. 9559:Roesdahl, pp. 16–22. 9462:Roesdahl, pp. 295–97 9362:on 16 December 2009. 8985:Scandinavian Studies 8649:Second Schleswig War 8630:danmarkshistorien.dk 8184:Lietuva iki Mindaugo 7961:30 July 2013 at the 7840:The Viking Expansion 7587:Sweden History Tours 7171:Anglo-Saxon Keywords 6882:Eldar Heide (2008). 6794:Eldar Heide (2005). 6417:15 July 2018 at the 6398:15 July 2018 at the 6270:Cambridge Dictionary 5862:The Isles: A History 5621:Abbey of Saint-Aubin 5611:Illustration from a 5559:improve this article 5476:Proto-Norse language 5131:Lofotr Viking Museum 5108:Jorvik Viking Centre 4963:(2013), directed by 4785:improve this section 4654:Romantic nationalism 4596:, who published his 4415:Medieval perceptions 4337:. The Muslim writer 3597:was also important. 3198:sacrificially killed 3035:Lofotr Viking Museum 2558:on the Isle of Man. 2450:is second with 391. 2309:on the Isle of Man. 2158:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2019:Western Roman Empire 1884:Medieval Warm Period 1840:Guests from Overseas 1771:, fell in love with 1632:, the centre of the 1554:Medieval Warm Period 1193:Dubgail and Finngail 993:(pagans); historian 20105:Viking Trade Routes 19856:Runestone monuments 19104:No purchase, no pay 19072:Davy Jones's locker 19015:The Angel's Command 18859:Guybrush Threepwood 18707:Barbary slave trade 18684:African slave trade 18481:Jiajing wokou raids 18382:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 17605:François l'Olonnais 17465:Bartholomew Roberts 17353:Republic of Pirates 16834:Sigtrygg Runestones 16824:Runestones of Högby 16729:Ballstorp Runestone 16713:Unn the Deep-Minded 16648:Thorfinn the Mighty 16643:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva 16623:Steinunn Refsdóttir 16413:Hemming Halfdansson 16268:Bjorn the Easterner 15995:Battle of Tempsford 15945:Battle of Stainmore 15925:Battle of Rochester 15865:Battle of Mag Femen 15825:Battle of the Holme 15750:Battle of Corbridge 15705:Battle of Brávellir 15655:Tactics and warfare 15459:Viking ship replica 15124:Wawn, M.A. (2000). 14592:Sawyer, Peter Hayes 14517:on 7 September 2014 14377:The Viking Diaspora 14033:"The Term "Viking"" 13896:on 1 September 2012 13516:. Warehamforge.ca. 13412:. 5 December 2014. 12906:4 June 2014 at the 12853:. pp. 250–55. 12747:on 26 December 2022 12442:2017JArSR..12..425F 11714:Roesdahl pp. 102–17 11320:Sherrow, Victoria. 10940:, pp. 117–121. 10790:"The First Vikings" 10023:(SöFv1954;22), see 9873:In the nominative: 9854:baþum (Sm101), see 9642:The British Library 9415:, pp. 117–118. 9087:2017EHumB..38..315R 9020:Annals of Neurology 8932:2017EHumB..38..315R 8551:2008Wthr...63...60H 8148:National Geographic 7702:, pp. 295–335. 7268:, pp. 180–181. 7225:14 May 2021 at the 6674:14 May 2021 at the 6657:Lapidge et al. 2001 6556:2020Natur.585..390M 6489:Batey, Colleen E.; 6374:Roesdahl, pp. 9–22. 6067:Oxford Dictionaries 6013:Crowcroft, Robert; 5819:Simpson, Jacqueline 5690:2020Natur.585..390M 5531:Constructs such as 5421:, may have been of 5222:Classical antiquity 5032:action role-playing 5021:Heroes of the Storm 4946:and its associated 4797:independent sources 4479:Novgorod chronicles 4119:Bukhara slave trade 3972:Weapons and warfare 3447:Farming and cuisine 2762:World Heritage Site 2400:Lingsberg Runestone 2040:settled there. The 1795:Mieszko I of Poland 1789:, Queen of Norway. 921:In the Middle Ages 56:depiction from the 20028:Old Norse religion 20003:Pre-Roman Iron Age 19899:List of runestones 19867:Hunnestad Monument 19724:Old Norse religion 19413:England runestones 19264:Timeline of piracy 19221:Piracy kidnappings 18874:Jacquotte Delahaye 18829:Charlotte de Berry 18819:Captain Sabertooth 18712:Blockade of Africa 18667:Piracy Law of 1820 18597:Turkish Abductions 18534:Operation Atalanta 18468:Great Lakes Patrol 18347:Battle of Nam Quan 18297:Attack on Veracruz 18233: 17815:Nicholas van Hoorn 17800:Michel de Grammont 17665:Jacquotte Delahaye 17650:Hippolyte Bouchard 17570:Elise Eskilsdotter 17510:Charlotte de Berry 17475:Benjamin Hornigold 16864:Sparlösa Runestone 16819:Runestones at Aspa 16814:Orkesta Runestones 16759:England runestones 16378:Halfdan Ragnarsson 16358:Hakon Rognvaldsson 16343:Gunnar Hámundarson 16323:Godfrid Haraldsson 16258:Bjarni Herjólfsson 16208:Amlaíb Cenncairech 16196:Historical figures 16100:Great Heathen Army 16088:and fortifications 16005:Battle of Thetford 15930:Battle of Sasireti 15920:Battle of Ringmere 15805:Battle of Glenmama 15780:Battle of Epiphany 15770:Battle of Edington 15740:Battle of Clontarf 15700:Battle of Benfleet 15680:Battle of Assandun 15517:L'Anse aux Meadows 15342:Old Norse religion 15184:The Viking Revival 14597:Age of the Vikings 14153:on 1 January 2016. 13738:(Copenhagen 1636). 13472:8 May 2018 at the 13318:on 27 October 2021 13214:"Normanist Theory" 13186:Hall, pp. 220–21; 12950:Marianne Vedeler: 12802:Vikings as traders 12054:, pp. 142–143 11965:Ribe Vikingecenter 11932:Ribe Vikingecenter 11793:Ribe Vikingecenter 11651:Ribe Vikingecenter 11562:Ribe Vikingecenter 11543:This will cause a 11166:10.1002/ajpa.23308 9546:Hall, 2010, pp. 8 8665:Acta Archaeologica 8417:on 17 January 2021 8336:on 17 January 2021 8172:Butrimas, Adomas. 8010:, 28 February 2000 7147:10.1484/J.JML.3.26 6737:Jan Terje Faarlund 6659:, p. 460-461. 5895:Campbell, Alistair 5659:Nordisk familjebok 5376:Salme ship burials 5324:ór bjúgviðum hausa 5265:Hägar the Horrible 5260: 5200: 5116:Ribe Viking Center 4868:Eaters of the Dead 4829: 4646: 4640:Viking long ships 4609:Erik Gustaf Geijer 4563:Deeds of the Danes 4543: 4541:of a Viking battle 4539:modern reenactment 4428: 4269: 4251: 4133: 3992: 3880: 3681: 3485: 3408: 3275:and the Norwegian 3268: 3051: 3039: 2508: 2498:drawing of curved 2466:England runestones 2293:(Market Harbour), 2213: 2201:Heimskringla Sagas 2154:Sigurd I of Norway 2072: 2010: 1922:Carolingian Empire 1880:L'Anse aux Meadows 1852: 1833: 1546:L'Anse aux Meadows 1452: 1411:Battle Axe culture 1379:Anglo-Scandinavian 1356:from Persia. When 1333:were known as the 1331:Byzantine emperors 1286:names for Sweden: 1181: 1177:"Swedes and Goths" 929:pirate or raider. 893:(as in the phrase 887: 813:grammatical gender 759: 714:that emerges from 696:Old Norse religion 686:The Vikings spoke 629:Volga trade routes 147:History by country 66: 46: 20765: 20764: 20123: 20122: 20115:Volga Trade Route 20033:Germanic paganism 20013:Germanic Iron Age 19998:Nordic Bronze Age 19923: 19922: 19605:Karlevi Runestone 19460:Ingvar runestones 19450:Greece runestones 19407:Viking runestones 19359: 19358: 19340:Piracy portal 19323: 19322: 19300:Fictional pirates 19199:Truce of Ratisbon 19173: 19172: 19134:Walking the plank 18994:On Stranger Tides 18934:Tony Tony Chopper 18824:Captain Stingaree 18761:Fictional pirates 18577:Sack of Baltimore 18572:Raid on Cartagena 18514:Moscow University 18393:Beluga Nomination 18362:Battle of Pianosa 18287:Antelope incident 18178:Marquis of Havana 18116: 18115: 17825:Olivier Levasseur 17765:Louis-Michel Aury 17730:Klaus Störtebeker 17680:Jeanne de Clisson 17600:François Le Clerc 17435:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 17381: 17380: 17298:South China Coast 17262:Strait of Malacca 16938: 16937: 16904:Viking runestones 16839:Simris Runestones 16829:Sædinge Runestone 16799:Karlevi Runestone 16789:Ingvar runestones 16764:Greece runestones 16673:Thorstein the Red 16658:Thorkell the Tall 16538:Ragnar Ragnarsson 16443:Ivar the Boneless 16368:Haakon Sigurdsson 16318:Garðar Svavarsson 16303:Eiríkr Hákonarson 16298:Eric I of Denmark 16253:Bjorn Asbrandsson 16140:Gjermundbu helmet 16010:Battle of Thimeon 15980:Battle of Sulcoit 15975:Battle of Svolder 15940:Battle of Skyhill 15910:Battle of Renfrew 15890:Battle of Norditi 15875:Battle of Meretun 15795:Battle of Fulford 15790:Battle of Florvåg 15675:Battle of Ashdown 15402:Viking runestones 14706:978-0-313-32269-3 14640:978-0-19-820526-5 14576:. Penguin Books. 14541:978-0-241-28398-1 14426:978-0-85115-360-5 14386:978-1-138-02079-5 14266:978-1-118-25560-5 14247:978-1-4088-3997-3 14190:978-1-4616-6031-6 14169:978-0-81663-799-7 14146:978-1-84908-179-5 14023:978-0-8014-3977-3 13981:978-90-04-13874-2 13945:. 26 April 2005. 13611:978-88-86474-28-3 13447:on 14 August 2021 13264:Ibid, pp. 201202. 13106:978-1-78491-132-4 12698:Gareth Williams: 12588:978-0-429-65036-9 12515:978-1-84383-026-9 12476:978-1-136-78688-4 12281:978-0-8020-8919-9 12180:978-0-900997-33-4 12141:978-0-470-69276-9 12077:978-0-7864-1047-7 12010:978-87-992214-6-2 11746:Man & Society 11547:process to occur. 11459:978-1-78570-941-8 11394:10.11141/ia.61.11 10909:978-90-04-34661-1 10871:. 15 April 2016. 10716:Hadingham, Evan: 10535:978-0-8240-4787-0 10255:sciencenordic.com 10055:978-91-981859-3-5 10043:Thunberg, Carl L. 9790:978-91-981859-2-8 9778:Thunberg, Carl L. 9715:on 29 August 2005 9485:978-1-59874-222-0 9452:978-0-486-43396-7 9372:Crone, Patricia. 9281:978-2-221-10631-0 9215:978-3-900538-83-5 9171:978-3-319-78828-9 9135:. 13 April 2016. 9026:(S2): S231–S243. 8750:978-90-04-17533-4 8598:978-1-898281-43-6 8299:978-90-474-2185-6 8239:, pp. 89–90. 7745:Gabriel, Judith. 7415:978-0-19-157807-6 7181:978-1-118-25560-5 7077:978-82-7181-062-7 7025:978-0-241-28399-8 6852:Kvilhaug, Maria. 6838:Walter W. Skeat: 6707:978-1-134-31826-1 6550:(7825): 390–396. 6421:Business Ukraine. 5814:contemporaries... 5684:(7825): 390–396. 5617:Albinus of Angers 5596: 5595: 5588: 5347:(84 samples) and 5291:Gjermundbu helmet 5276:Minnesota Vikings 5237:Nordic Bronze Age 5210:Götiska Förbundet 5076:Minnesota Vikings 5054:heavy metal music 4824: 4814: 4813: 4674:Primary Chronicle 4434:on the island of 4115:Volga trade route 3927:Ockelbo Runestone 3907:nine men's morris 3809:mountain climbing 3728:mouldboard plough 3435:phenomenon. Most 2604:Dalecarlian runes 2478:Ingvar Runestones 2474:Greece Runestones 2459:Turinge Runestone 2230:Christian culture 2034:Age of Migrations 1756:, was married to 1479:Duchy of Normandy 1415:Nordic Bronze Age 1065:Bro Stone (U 617) 1037:uses the phrase " 1007:Eric Christiansen 700:became Christians 512: 511: 20850: 20803:Medieval pirates 20093: 20092: 20057: 20045:Christianization 20018:Migration Period 19993:Nordic Stone Age 19950: 19943: 19936: 19927: 19926: 19847:Thorwald's Cross 19624:Viking Age women 19610:Egtved Runestone 19600:Sjörup Runestone 19455:Italy runestones 19386: 19379: 19372: 19363: 19362: 19349: 19348: 19338: 19337: 19336: 19234: 19233: 19036:Pirate Latitudes 19029:Long John Silver 19022:Voyage of Slaves 18889:Long John Silver 18784:Captain Birdseye 18757: 18756: 18627:Letter of marque 18587:Salvador Pirates 18582:Sack of Campeche 18405:Chepo Expedition 18387:Battle of Tysami 18342:Battle off Mukah 18332:Battle of Manila 18171:Quedagh Merchant 18129:Adventure Galley 17975:Victual Brothers 17960:Thomas Cavendish 17925:Sayyida al Hurra 17910:Samuel Hall Lord 17890:Roche Braziliano 17875:Robert Culliford 17810:Nathaniel Gordon 17780:Martin Frobisher 17740:Laurens de Graaf 17710:Jørgen Jørgensen 17645:Henry Strangways 17625:Hendrick Lucifer 17575:Eustace the Monk 17440:António de Faria 17390: 17389: 17358:Republic of Salé 17328:Île Sainte-Marie 17183: 17182: 17160:Victual Brothers 17068:Cilician pirates 16965: 16958: 16951: 16942: 16941: 16869:Stangeland stone 16844:Sjörup Runestone 16794:Italy runestones 16774:Hagby Runestones 16754:Egtved Runestone 16688:Valtoke Gormsson 16633:Sweyn Asleifsson 16618:Snorri Sturluson 16603:Sigurd the Stout 16548:Ragnall ua Imair 16438:Ingólfr Arnarson 16388:Harald Bluetooth 16373:Halfdan Long-Leg 15915:Battle of Remich 15895:Battle of Pinhoe 15880:Battle of Nesjar 15870:Battle of Maldon 15815:Battle of Helgeå 15785:Battle of Fitjar 15765:Battle of Dollar 15755:Battle of Cynwit 15745:Battle of Confey 15685:Battle of Basing 15550:Viking expansion 15482:North Sea Empire 15429: 15407:Viking Age trade 15282:Germanic deities 15214: 15207: 15200: 15191: 15190: 15139: 15120: 15101: 15082: 15080: 15078: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15015: 15013: 15011: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14961: 14951: 14949: 14947: 14941: 14930: 14920: 14919: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14899: 14889: 14887:10.11141/ia.38.2 14868: 14866: 14864: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14825: 14802: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14742: 14740: 14738: 14710: 14694: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14644: 14623: 14621: 14619: 14587: 14575: 14564: 14545: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14513:. Archived from 14505: 14484: 14482: 14480: 14449: 14430: 14409: 14390: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14270: 14251: 14234:Frankopan, Peter 14229: 14217: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14173: 14154: 14149:. Archived from 14129: 14127: 14125: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14071: 14058:The Viking World 14052: 14050: 14048: 14027: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13993: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13935: 13929: 13912: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13901: 13895: 13889:. Archived from 13888: 13880: 13874: 13873: 13863: 13830: 13824: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13790: 13758: 13752: 13745: 13739: 13732: 13726: 13709: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13698: 13683: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13653: 13647: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13579:on 30 March 2012 13569: 13563: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13537: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13494: 13487: 13481: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13443:. Archived from 13432: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13333: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13306: 13300: 13293: 13287: 13284: 13278: 13271: 13265: 13262: 13256: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13209: 13203: 13202:and Ward, p. 363 13197: 13191: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13158: 13148: 13142: 13129: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13088: 13082: 13069: 13063: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13006: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12970: 12964: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12917: 12911: 12898: 12892: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12818: 12812: 12799: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12732: 12726: 12723:The Viking World 12716: 12710: 12696: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12653: 12647: 12644: 12638: 12624: 12618: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12572: 12563: 12562: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12460: 12454: 12453: 12421: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12348: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12328: 12313: 12304: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12265: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12234: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12208: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12125: 12119: 12118: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12019: 11998: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11957: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11928:"The farm crops" 11924: 11918: 11911: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11891: 11884: 11876: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11824: 11818: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11795:. Archived from 11785: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11766:on 21 April 2016 11762:. Archived from 11737: 11731: 11730: 11721: 11715: 11712: 11706: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11687:on 19 April 2015 11683:. Archived from 11673: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11643: 11637: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11596: 11590: 11587: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11554: 11548: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11524: 11518:. Archived from 11513: 11504: 11493: 11491: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11443: 11437: 11434: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11360: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11331: 11325: 11318: 11307: 11300: 11291: 11290: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11177: 11144: 11138: 11131: 11120: 11116: 11103: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11062: 11052: 11047: 11032: 11015: 10998: 10995:The Viking World 10991: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10785: 10779: 10776: 10770: 10747: 10741: 10734: 10728: 10714: 10708: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10670: 10664: 10657: 10651: 10635: 10629: 10626:Jon M. Erlandson 10622: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10567: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10518: 10512: 10509: 10503: 10502:Roesdahl, p. 20. 10500: 10494: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10475: 10468: 10457: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10437: 10426: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10322: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10246: 10240: 10229:(DR337$ B), see 10224: 10218: 10106: 10100: 10064: 10058: 10040: 10034: 10018: 10012: 9988: 9982: 9966: 9960: 9925:... (Sö345$ A), 9917:(Sm46†, U446†), 9871: 9865: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9793: 9775: 9769: 9768:Jansson 1980:34. 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9746:. 4 April 2013. 9740: 9734: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9704: 9695: 9681: 9675: 9668: 9662: 9649: 9643: 9630: 9624: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9578: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9518: 9512: 9502: 9496: 9495:Roesdahl, p. 296 9493: 9487: 9469: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9401: 9400: 9392: 9386: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9321: 9312: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9273: 9267: 9256: 9250: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9108: 9098: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8951: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8894: 8864:(317): 680–681. 8855: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8799:on 2 August 2019 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8491: 8485: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8413:. Archived from 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8332:. Archived from 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8255: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8204: 8191: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8140: 8134: 8133:Pritsak 1981:386 8131: 8122: 8119: 8113: 8110: 8104: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8017: 8011: 7994: 7988: 7972: 7966: 7953: 7947: 7936: 7930: 7913: 7907: 7896: 7890: 7873: 7867: 7860: 7854: 7836: 7830: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7772:Ward, Christie. 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7667: 7656:The Viking World 7651: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7383: 7381: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7307: 7301: 7291: 7285: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7240: 7234: 7217: 7211: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6946: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6879: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6804: 6791: 6780: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6698:The Viking World 6689: 6683: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6575: 6534: 6517: 6516: 6500: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6428: 6422: 6409: 6403: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6259: 6253: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6079:. p. 1612. 6063: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5905:. Vol. 23. 5891: 5885: 5884: 5865: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5824:The Viking World 5816: 5789: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5709: 5669: 5663: 5641: 5635: 5619:produced at the 5609: 5591: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5563:named references 5526: 5525: 5518: 5280:Canberra Raiders 5271:Vicky the Viking 5127:Foteviken Museum 5124: 5112:Sagnlandet Lejre 5052:, a subgenre of 5045:Viking mythology 5012:The Lost Vikings 5001:Age of Mythology 4995:The Lost Vikings 4916:, together with 4912:and his brother 4874:The 13th Warrior 4863:Michael Crichton 4825: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4711:Nasjonal Samling 4705:construction of 4582:Thomas Bartholin 4567:Saxo Grammaticus 4519:Battle of Maldon 4495:Byzantine Empire 4470:European history 4339:Ahmad ibn Rustah 4094:Amanita muscaria 4085:Hyoscyamus niger 3818:Snorri Sturluson 3524:Icelandic cattle 3049:(now in Germany) 3021:Social structure 2954: 2940: 2882: 2792:Scar boat burial 2671: 2655: 2524:Harald Bluetooth 2470:Englandsstenarna 2411: 2395: 2362:Slavic languages 2205:Snorri Sturluson 1990:Annals of Ulster 1844:Nicholas Roerich 1807:Viking expansion 1734:Christianisation 1620: 1617: 1595:Guard. The word 1589:Byzantine Empire 1483:Harold Godwinson 1358:Ahmad ibn Fadlan 1308: 1276: 1250: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1051:on a viking raid 852:Germanic peoples 504: 497: 490: 477: 473: 472: 471: 463: 459: 458: 457: 449: 445: 444: 443: 435: 431: 430: 429: 421: 417: 416: 415: 407: 403: 402: 401: 369:Nordic countries 242:Christianization 227:Migration Period 91: 68: 67: 44: 41: 20858: 20857: 20853: 20852: 20851: 20849: 20848: 20847: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20761: 20748: 20639:Bardy-Świelubie 20612: 20571: 20540: 20425: 20376:Walpurgis Night 20347: 20340: 20247: 20131: 20119: 20091: 20058: 20049: 20038:Norse mythology 19979: 19959: 19954: 19924: 19919: 19911: 19887: 19875: 19851: 19820: 19788:Cursed stones: 19787: 19755: 19722: 19719:Norse mythology 19713: 19696: 19690:Hillersjö stone 19682:Gerlög and Inga 19679: 19619: 19590:Högby Runestone 19572: 19464: 19427: 19395: 19390: 19360: 19355: 19334: 19332: 19319: 19285:Barbary pirates 19273: 19269:Women in piracy 19225: 19169: 19138: 19067:Buried treasure 19055: 18987:Facing the Flag 18980:Treasure Island 18953: 18899:Vaas Montenegro 18894:Monkey D. Luffy 18864:Hector Barbossa 18849:Elizabeth Swann 18814:Captain Pugwash 18751: 18749: 18742: 18719:Veloz Passagera 18717:Capture of the 18670: 18601: 18410:Capture of the 18218: 18150:Flying Dutchman 18112: 18078:Miguel Enríquez 18030: 18024: 17990:William Dampier 17945:Simon Mascarino 17940:Shirahama Kenki 17920:Samuel Pallache 17885:Roberto Cofresí 17795:Mary Wolverston 17770:Mansel Alcantra 17745:Lawrence Prince 17425:Albert W. Hicks 17377: 17315: 17307: 17271: 17228: 17174: 17170:Women in piracy 17135:Sindhi corsairs 17088:French corsairs 17078:Cossack pirates 17031:Albanian piracy 17024:Types of pirate 17019: 16974: 16969: 16939: 16934: 16908: 16879:Runestone U 582 16717: 16638:Sweyn Forkbeard 16553:Raud the Strong 16513:Orm Storolfsson 16508:Olof Skötkonung 16498:Olav Haraldsson 16493:Olaf Tryggvason 16478:Magnus Barefoot 16458:Ketill Flatnose 16403:Harald Wartooth 16398:Harald Hardrada 16393:Harald Fairhair 16363:Haakon the Good 16191: 16187:Varangian Guard 16087: 16079: 16050:Siege of Asselt 16040:Raid on Seville 15840:Battle of Largs 15760:Battle of Derby 15695:Battle of Bauds 15690:Battle of Barry 15660:Battle of Aclea 15643: 15538: 15474: 15468: 15436: 15430: 15421: 15327:Norse mythology 15275:Younger Futhark 15223: 15218: 15147: 15142: 15136: 15117: 15098: 15076: 15074: 15067: 15048:Wayback Machine 15032: 15030: 15025:. UC Berkeley. 15009: 15007: 15000: 14984:Hodges, Richard 14973: 14971: 14959: 14945: 14943: 14939: 14928: 14914: 14907: 14905: 14862: 14860: 14853: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14805:History Compass 14800: 14786: 14784: 14777: 14758:Wayback Machine 14736: 14734: 14718: 14716:Further reading 14713: 14707: 14677: 14675: 14668: 14641: 14617: 14615: 14608: 14584: 14561: 14542: 14520: 14518: 14478: 14476: 14469: 14446: 14427: 14406: 14387: 14365: 14363: 14356: 14332: 14330: 14323: 14299: 14297: 14290: 14267: 14248: 14226: 14200: 14198: 14191: 14170: 14147: 14123: 14121: 14098: 14096: 14089: 14068: 14046: 14044: 14043:on 7 April 2012 14024: 14007: 14002: 14001: 13991: 13989: 13982: 13966: 13962: 13952: 13950: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13922:Wayback Machine 13913: 13909: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13831: 13827: 13817:Wayback Machine 13808: 13804: 13759: 13755: 13746: 13742: 13733: 13729: 13720:Wayback Machine 13710: 13706: 13696: 13694: 13685: 13684: 13680: 13670: 13668: 13655: 13654: 13650: 13644:Wayback Machine 13635: 13631: 13621: 13619: 13612: 13596: 13592: 13582: 13580: 13571: 13570: 13566: 13560:Wayback Machine 13551: 13547: 13531: 13530: 13523: 13521: 13510: 13506: 13501: 13497: 13488: 13484: 13478:NORDEUROPAforum 13474:Wayback Machine 13464: 13460: 13450: 13448: 13433: 13429: 13419: 13417: 13404: 13403: 13399: 13389: 13387: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13335: 13334: 13330: 13321: 13319: 13308: 13307: 13303: 13294: 13290: 13285: 13281: 13275:History Ireland 13272: 13268: 13263: 13259: 13250: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13227: 13225: 13210: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13185: 13181: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13149: 13145: 13139:Wayback Machine 13130: 13126: 13116: 13114: 13107: 13089: 13085: 13072:Northern Shores 13070: 13066: 13057: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13034: 13032: 13025: 13007: 12998: 12988: 12986: 12971: 12967: 12961:Wayback Machine 12949: 12945: 12935: 12933: 12918: 12914: 12908:Wayback Machine 12901:Glass and Amber 12899: 12895: 12889:Wayback Machine 12879: 12875: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12845: 12841: 12831: 12829: 12820: 12819: 12815: 12809:Wayback Machine 12800: 12791: 12781: 12779: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12733: 12729: 12717: 12713: 12707:Wayback Machine 12697: 12693: 12683: 12681: 12668:(3): 905, 908. 12654: 12650: 12645: 12641: 12635:Wayback Machine 12625: 12621: 12615:Time-Life Books 12612: 12608: 12598: 12596: 12589: 12573: 12566: 12539: 12535: 12525: 12523: 12516: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12484: 12477: 12461: 12457: 12422: 12418: 12408: 12406: 12393: 12392: 12388: 12378: 12376: 12357:History Compass 12349: 12342: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12311: 12305: 12301: 12291: 12289: 12282: 12266: 12262: 12252: 12250: 12235: 12231: 12221: 12219: 12210: 12209: 12200: 12190: 12188: 12181: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12115: 12101: 12097: 12087: 12085: 12078: 12062: 12058: 12050: 12033: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12011: 11996: 11988: 11984: 11974: 11972: 11971:on 14 July 2014 11959: 11958: 11951: 11941: 11939: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11912: 11905: 11895: 11893: 11889: 11882: 11878: 11877: 11870: 11860: 11858: 11851: 11833:Fermented Milks 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11799:on 14 July 2014 11787: 11786: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11760: 11738: 11734: 11722: 11718: 11713: 11709: 11704: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11660: 11658: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11598: 11597: 11593: 11589:Roesdahl, p. 54 11588: 11581: 11571: 11569: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11525:on 25 July 2014 11522: 11511: 11505: 11496: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11460: 11452:. Oxbow Books. 11444: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11363: 11358: 11354: 11344: 11342: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11319: 11310: 11301: 11294: 11255: 11251: 11246: 11242: 11211:10.2307/2864557 11195: 11191: 11145: 11141: 11132: 11123: 11117: 11106: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11076: 11065: 11050: 11048: 11035: 11025:Wayback Machine 11016: 11001: 10992: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10960: 10956: 10948: 10944: 10936: 10929: 10919: 10917: 10910: 10892: 10888: 10878: 10876: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10851: 10844: 10834: 10832: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10786: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10760:Wayback Machine 10748: 10744: 10738:Viking Longship 10736:Durham, Keith: 10735: 10731: 10725:Wayback Machine 10715: 10711: 10702: 10698: 10688: 10686: 10671: 10667: 10658: 10654: 10647:Wayback Machine 10637:Þór Magnússon: 10636: 10632: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10565: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10536: 10519: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10458: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10424: 10417: 10413: 10403: 10401: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10355: 10351: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10247: 10243: 10238:Wayback Machine 10225: 10221: 10216:Wayback Machine 10107: 10103: 10098:Wayback Machine 10065: 10061: 10041: 10037: 10032:Wayback Machine 10019: 10015: 10010:Wayback Machine 9989: 9985: 9980:Wayback Machine 9967: 9963: 9958:Wayback Machine 9905:(Sö163, U431), 9895:ki(r)k(i)(u)(m) 9872: 9868: 9863:Wayback Machine 9853: 9849: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9742: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9716: 9705: 9698: 9682: 9678: 9669: 9665: 9659:Wayback Machine 9650: 9646: 9640:Wayback Machine 9631: 9627: 9621:Wayback Machine 9611: 9607: 9601:Norman toponymy 9598: 9594: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9545: 9541: 9531: 9529: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9438: 9434: 9423: 9419: 9411: 9404: 9393: 9389: 9383:Wayback Machine 9371: 9367: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9274: 9270: 9257: 9253: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9216: 9198: 9191: 9181: 9179: 9172: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9067: 9063: 9016: 9012: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8816: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8704: 8700: 8661: 8657: 8639: 8637: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8599: 8583: 8576: 8560:10.1002/wea.150 8531: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8462:on 18 July 2011 8459: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8434: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8381: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8206: 8205: 8194: 8188:ISBN 9986571898 8181:Wayback Machine 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8125: 8121:Jansson 1980:22 8120: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8101:Wayback Machine 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8061: 8057: 8018: 8014: 8004:Wayback Machine 7995: 7991: 7985:Wayback Machine 7973: 7969: 7963:Wayback Machine 7954: 7950: 7937: 7933: 7923:Wayback Machine 7914: 7910: 7897: 7893: 7883:Wayback Machine 7874: 7870: 7861: 7857: 7851:Wayback Machine 7837: 7833: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7663:Wayback Machine 7652: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7379: 7377: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7292: 7288: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7250:Wayback Machine 7241: 7237: 7227:Wayback Machine 7218: 7214: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7026: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6985: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6947: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6880: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6850: 6846: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6820:on 14 July 2014 6817: 6802: 6792: 6783: 6778:Wayback Machine 6760:Walter W. Skeat 6745:Wayback Machine 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6690: 6686: 6676:Wayback Machine 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647:, pp. 4–5. 6643: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6535: 6520: 6513: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6425: 6419:Wayback Machine 6410: 6406: 6400:Wayback Machine 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6353: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6317: 6315: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6283: 6281: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6201: 6199: 6166: 6164: 6131: 6129: 6096: 6094: 6087: 6064: 6060: 6046: 6044: 6037: 6017:, eds. (2015). 6002: 6000: 5993: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5956:. p. 309. 5952:. Vol. 3. 5926: 5924: 5917: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5844: 5842: 5835: 5809: 5799:Scarecrow Press 5782: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5670: 5666: 5653:Wayback Machine 5646:Tjängvidestenen 5642: 5638: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5551:discouraged by 5527: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5446: 5404:West Lancashire 5339:haplogroup was 5336: 5308: 5299: 5227:The latter-day 5192: 5187: 5118: 5101: 5092:útrásarvíkingar 4955:History Channel 4948:animated series 4895:Danish American 4880:Erik the Viking 4816: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4782: 4778:popular culture 4766: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4693: 4642:besieging Paris 4621:Geatish Society 4575:Edda Islandorum 4531: 4450:Norse Mythology 4417: 4412: 4192:, but imported 4163: 4121: 4103: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3954: 3868: 3823:Olaf Tryggvason 3792: 3697:wild strawberry 3520:Icelandic horse 3515:, were served. 3461:kitchen middens 3449: 3400: 3349:) and oracles ( 3252: 3250:Status of women 3144:Free peasants ( 3023: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2957:A model of the 2955: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2883: 2872: 2866: 2797:Faroe Islands: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2658:Burial mounds ( 2656: 2645: 2635: 2564: 2556:Manx runestones 2486:Younger Futhark 2455:Kjula runestone 2428: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2385: 2379: 2336:(Toki's farm). 2281:(Ravens Rock), 2235:Icelandic sagas 2193: 2183: 2170: 2162:Baltic Crusades 2145:chattel slavery 2123: 2115:Catholic Church 2111: 2103: 2061: 1968: 1937:Frankish empire 1809: 1803: 1742: 1708:, Ireland, the 1694:the Netherlands 1686:Norse Greenland 1619: 980–1060 1618: 1487:Sweyn Forkbeard 1428: 1422: 1417: 1403: 1335:Varangian Guard 1274: 1248: 1171:Europe in 814. 1165: 1153:Viking religion 1121: 1101: 1023: 985:'s Latin work, 977:(Northmen) and 963:appears in the 935: 919: 872:Stora Hammars I 748: 736: 508: 469: 467: 466: 455: 453: 452: 441: 439: 438: 427: 425: 424: 413: 411: 410: 399: 397: 396: 389: 388: 354: 346: 345: 344: 329: 322: 314: 313: 312: 288: 280: 279: 278: 269:Denmark–Iceland 196: 144: 134: 133: 132: 99: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20856: 20846: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20763: 20762: 20760: 20759: 20753: 20750: 20749: 20747: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20620: 20618: 20614: 20613: 20611: 20610: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20579: 20577: 20573: 20572: 20570: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20552:Æsir–Vanir War 20548: 20546: 20542: 20541: 20539: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20497: 20496: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20435: 20433: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20352: 20350: 20342: 20341: 20339: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20257: 20255: 20249: 20248: 20246: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20234: 20233: 20228: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20197: 20196: 20191: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20155: 20154: 20149: 20138: 20136: 20125: 20124: 20121: 20120: 20118: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20101: 20099: 20090: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20068: 20066: 20060: 20059: 20052: 20050: 20048: 20047: 20042: 20041: 20040: 20035: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20008:Roman Iron Age 20005: 20000: 19995: 19989: 19987: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19975: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19953: 19952: 19945: 19938: 19930: 19921: 19920: 19913: 19912: 19906: 19901: 19895: 19893: 19889: 19888: 19883: 19881: 19877: 19876: 19874: 19873: 19871:Jelling stones 19859: 19857: 19853: 19852: 19850: 19849: 19728: 19726: 19715: 19714: 19627: 19625: 19621: 19620: 19618: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19586: 19584: 19574: 19573: 19571: 19570: 19472: 19470: 19469:Other journeys 19466: 19465: 19463: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19435: 19433: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19403: 19401: 19397: 19396: 19389: 19388: 19381: 19374: 19366: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19353: 19343: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19321: 19320: 19318: 19317: 19312: 19310:Piracy by year 19307: 19302: 19297: 19295:Female pirates 19292: 19290:By nationality 19287: 19281: 19279: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19240: 19238: 19231: 19227: 19226: 19224: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19207: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19195: 19194: 19181: 19179: 19175: 19174: 19171: 19170: 19168: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19146: 19144: 19140: 19139: 19137: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19090: 19089: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19063: 19061: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19046: 19039: 19032: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19004: 18997: 18990: 18983: 18976: 18969: 18961: 18959: 18955: 18954: 18952: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18884:Joshamee Gibbs 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18765: 18763: 18754: 18744: 18743: 18741: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18722: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18691: 18686: 18680: 18678: 18672: 18671: 18669: 18664: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18609: 18607: 18603: 18602: 18600: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18518: 18509: 18500: 18491: 18487:Maersk Alabama 18483: 18478: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18452: 18444: 18436: 18428: 18420: 18415: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18226: 18224: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18181: 18174: 18167: 18160: 18153: 18146: 18139: 18132: 18124: 18122: 18118: 18117: 18114: 18113: 18111: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18098:Robert Maynard 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18034: 18032: 18026: 18025: 18023: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17980:Vincenzo Gambi 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17905:Samuel Bellamy 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17880:Robert Surcouf 17877: 17872: 17870:Richard Glover 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17840:Pierre Lafitte 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17615:Grace O'Malley 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17555:Edward England 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17515:Cheung Po Tsai 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17470:Benito de Soto 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17415:Abraham Samuel 17412: 17410:Adam Baldridge 17407: 17402: 17396: 17394: 17387: 17383: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17363:Saint Augustin 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17319: 17317: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17279: 17277: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17248: 17247: 17240:Horn of Africa 17236: 17234: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17226: 17224:Gulf of Guinea 17221: 17220: 17219: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17210:Lake Nicaragua 17202: 17191: 17189: 17187:Atlantic World 17180: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17116: 17115: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17093:Jewish pirates 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17027: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17015: 17010: 17005: 16995: 16990: 16984: 16982: 16976: 16975: 16968: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16945: 16936: 16935: 16933: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16920:Viking revival 16916: 16914: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16725: 16723: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16533:Ragnar Lodbrok 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16503:Olaf the White 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16263:Björn Ironside 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16091: 16089: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16077: 16072: 16070:Siege of Paris 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16020:Battle of York 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15885:Battle of Niså 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15651: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15552: 15546: 15544: 15540: 15539: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15497:Orkney Islands 15494: 15489: 15484: 15478: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15440: 15438: 15437:and navigation 15432: 15431: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15224: 15217: 15216: 15209: 15202: 15194: 15188: 15187: 15182:Wawm, Andrew, 15180: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15146: 15145:External links 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135:978-0859916448 15134: 15121: 15116:978-1851822355 15115: 15102: 15097:978-3529011566 15096: 15083: 15066:978-9122020066 15065: 15050: 15016: 14999:978-0715634295 14998: 14980: 14952: 14921: 14869: 14852:978-0719059827 14851: 14836: 14793: 14776:978-1903765890 14775: 14760: 14743: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14711: 14705: 14684: 14667:978-1598742220 14666: 14645: 14639: 14624: 14607:978-0312013653 14606: 14588: 14583:978-0140252828 14582: 14565: 14559: 14546: 14540: 14534:. Allen Lane. 14527: 14506: 14485: 14468:978-0521472999 14467: 14450: 14444: 14431: 14425: 14410: 14404: 14391: 14385: 14372: 14355:978-0747800637 14354: 14339: 14322:978-0500051443 14321: 14306: 14288: 14271: 14265: 14252: 14246: 14238:The Silk Roads 14230: 14225:978-1560989707 14224: 14207: 14189: 14174: 14168: 14155: 14145: 14130: 14105: 14088:978-8186062364 14087: 14072: 14067:978-0415692625 14066: 14053: 14037:archeurope.com 14028: 14022: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13980: 13960: 13930: 13907: 13875: 13825: 13802: 13779:10.1086/318785 13753: 13747:E. W. Gordon, 13740: 13727: 13704: 13678: 13648: 13629: 13610: 13590: 13564: 13545: 13504: 13495: 13482: 13458: 13427: 13397: 13358: 13328: 13301: 13288: 13279: 13266: 13257: 13244: 13235: 13204: 13192: 13179: 13166:978-0198205265 13165: 13143: 13124: 13105: 13083: 13064: 13058:Derry (2012). 13051: 13042: 13024:978-0851158679 13023: 12996: 12965: 12943: 12912: 12893: 12873: 12860:978-0549718161 12859: 12839: 12813: 12789: 12758: 12727: 12711: 12691: 12648: 12639: 12619: 12617:. 1979. p. 285 12606: 12587: 12564: 12533: 12514: 12494: 12475: 12455: 12416: 12386: 12340: 12299: 12280: 12260: 12229: 12198: 12179: 12159: 12140: 12120: 12113: 12095: 12076: 12056: 12031: 12009: 11982: 11949: 11919: 11903: 11868: 11850:978-0632064588 11849: 11819: 11810: 11777: 11759:978-8763512602 11758: 11732: 11716: 11707: 11698: 11668: 11638: 11617: 11591: 11579: 11549: 11536: 11494: 11477: 11458: 11438: 11436:Ibid, pp. 296. 11429: 11419: 11409: 11400: 11371: 11361: 11352: 11326: 11308: 11302:Hjardar, Kim. 11292: 11249: 11240: 11205:(2): 363–387. 11189: 11160:(4): 853–860. 11139: 11121: 11104: 11083: 11063: 11049:Borgström Eva 11033: 10999: 10981: 10954: 10942: 10938:Frankopan 2015 10927: 10908: 10886: 10854: 10842: 10811: 10780: 10771: 10742: 10729: 10709: 10696: 10665: 10661:Kuml og haugfé 10652: 10630: 10617: 10553: 10534: 10513: 10504: 10495: 10486: 10449: 10411: 10396:(in Swedish). 10394:Språktidningen 10380: 10349: 10308: 10294: 10272: 10241: 10219: 10155:(Sö46, Sm27), 10101: 10059: 10035: 10013: 9983: 9961: 9949:(U374$ ), see 9866: 9847: 9835: 9813:Jelling stones 9803: 9794: 9770: 9761: 9735: 9733:Zilmer 2005:38 9726: 9696: 9676: 9663: 9644: 9625: 9605: 9592: 9579: 9570: 9568:Hall, pp. 8–11 9561: 9552: 9539: 9513: 9497: 9488: 9464: 9455: 9440:T. D. Kendrick 9432: 9417: 9413:Frankopan 2015 9402: 9387: 9365: 9342: 9313: 9296: 9284: 9268: 9251: 9238: 9229: 9214: 9189: 9170: 9150: 9133:Science | AAAS 9120: 9061: 9010: 8991:(2): 141–162. 8975: 8906: 8841: 8830:(2): 176–177. 8810: 8780: 8768: 8749: 8729: 8712:Science | AAAS 8698: 8655: 8616: 8597: 8574: 8525: 8507:978-1134947775 8506: 8486: 8480:John Haywood: 8473: 8441: 8439:, pp. 110, 114 8428: 8398: 8379: 8347: 8317: 8298: 8278: 8241: 8229: 8192: 8165: 8154:on 14 May 2012 8135: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8086: 8055: 8012: 7989: 7967: 7948: 7931: 7908: 7904:978-0582059702 7891: 7868: 7855: 7838:Peter Sawyer, 7831: 7818: 7791: 7764: 7737: 7730: 7704: 7689: 7677: 7668: 7643: 7624: 7604: 7574: 7544: 7514: 7484: 7482:, p. 297. 7472: 7470:, p. 472. 7460: 7445: 7433: 7414: 7394: 7328: 7302: 7286: 7270: 7258: 7235: 7212: 7199: 7180: 7160: 7125: 7116: 7095: 7076: 7056: 7043: 7024: 7004: 6997: 6976: 6936: 6909: 6871: 6844: 6831: 6781: 6725: 6706: 6684: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6624: 6615: 6518: 6511: 6481: 6474: 6454: 6423: 6404: 6385: 6376: 6364: 6329: 6294: 6117:Dictionary.com 6086:978-0199601103 6085: 6058: 6035: 6025:(2 ed.). 5991: 5981:(2 ed.). 5915: 5909:. p. 11. 5886: 5876: 5856:Davies, Norman 5833: 5807: 5780: 5749: 5664: 5636: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Faroese people 5447: 5445: 5442: 5423:Viking descent 5384:Orkney islands 5335: 5334:Genetic legacy 5332: 5328:drinking horns 5307: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5262:Cartoons like 5191: 5190:Horned helmets 5188: 5186: 5183: 5100: 5097: 5069:Regia Anglorum 4932:Marvel Studios 4920:, created the 4883:. The vampire 4848:The Long Ships 4833:Richard Wagner 4812: 4811: 4776:references to 4769: 4767: 4760: 4751:Main article: 4748: 4745: 4707:Nazi mysticism 4698:Richard Wagner 4692: 4689: 4650:Viking revival 4588:and the Swede 4530: 4527: 4499:Adam of Bremen 4463:Sæmundur fróði 4444:Alcuin of York 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4348: 4347: 4332: 4318: 4311: 4288: 4236: 4235: 4221: 4207: 4197: 4162: 4159: 4102: 4099: 4089:hallucinogenic 4050:, focusing on 4048:Norse religion 4041:King Harold II 4039:(and later of 3986: 3976:Main article: 3973: 3970: 3953: 3950: 3876:Lewis chessmen 3867: 3864: 3827:knife juggling 3791: 3788: 3644:, as found in 3567:North Atlantic 3448: 3445: 3416:golden saffron 3399: 3396: 3387:anthropometric 3251: 3248: 3202: 3201: 3170: 3169: 3141: 3140: 3022: 3019: 2999:Roskilde Fjord 2966: 2965: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2884: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2868:Main article: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2857:Staraya Ladoga 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2810:Capital Region 2802: 2795: 2784: 2777: 2754: 2745:; Hulterstad, 2723: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2666: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2634: 2631: 2568:Runic alphabet 2563: 2560: 2512:Jelling stones 2423: 2422: 2416:Jelling Stones 2413: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381:Main article: 2378: 2375: 2314:Northern Isles 2182: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2122: 2119: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2060: 2057: 1967: 1964: 1924:. Fear of the 1905:in and around 1864:Constantinople 1860:Adam of Bremen 1846:, depicting a 1829:Upper Normandy 1821:Lower Normandy 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1791:Cnut the Great 1765:House of Piast 1741: 1738: 1662:Staraya Ladoga 1634:Islamic Empire 1558:climate change 1506:North Germanic 1491:Cnut the Great 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1402: 1399: 1232:eastern Sweden 1164: 1161: 1145:Viking culture 1120: 1117: 1113:Adam of Bremen 1100: 1097: 1022: 1019: 1015:Middle English 934: 931: 918: 917:Medieval usage 915: 877:, showing the 747: 741: 735: 732: 728:horned helmets 724:Viking revival 665:Constantinople 571:early medieval 510: 509: 507: 506: 499: 492: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 464: 450: 436: 422: 408: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 374:Monetary Union 371: 366: 361: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 343: 342: 341: 340: 335: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 277: 276: 274:Nordic Council 271: 266: 261: 259:Denmark–Norway 256: 251: 246: 245: 244: 239: 229: 224: 223: 222: 217: 212: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 145: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 120: 113: 106: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 84: 83: 77: 76: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20855: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20775: 20773: 20758: 20755: 20754: 20751: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20621: 20619: 20615: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20598:Völsung Cycle 20596: 20594: 20593:Tyrfing Cycle 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20580: 20578: 20574: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20549: 20547: 20543: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20495: 20492: 20491: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20436: 20434: 20432: 20428: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20366:Norse funeral 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20353: 20351: 20349: 20343: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20301:Múspellsheimr 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20258: 20256: 20254: 20250: 20244: 20243:Ask and Embla 20241: 20239: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20186: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20144: 20143: 20140: 20139: 20137: 20135: 20130: 20126: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20102: 20100: 20098: 20094: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20069: 20067: 20065: 20061: 20056: 20046: 20043: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20030: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19986: 19982: 19974: 19971: 19970: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19962: 19958: 19951: 19946: 19944: 19939: 19937: 19932: 19931: 19928: 19918: 19917: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19894: 19890: 19886: 19882: 19878: 19872: 19868: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19858: 19854: 19848: 19844: 19840: 19836: 19832: 19828: 19824: 19819: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19799: 19795: 19791: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19766: 19762: 19758: 19757:Thor's hammer 19754: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19730: 19729: 19727: 19725: 19720: 19716: 19712: 19708: 19704: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19691: 19687: 19683: 19678: 19674: 19670: 19666: 19662: 19658: 19654: 19650: 19646: 19642: 19638: 19634: 19630: 19626: 19622: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19583: 19579: 19575: 19569: 19565: 19561: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19537: 19533: 19529: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19513: 19509: 19505: 19501: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19440: 19437: 19436: 19434: 19432:Eastern route 19430: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19402: 19398: 19394: 19387: 19382: 19380: 19375: 19373: 19368: 19367: 19364: 19352: 19344: 19342: 19341: 19330: 19329: 19326: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19241: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19193: 19190: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19183: 19182: 19180: 19178:Miscellaneous 19176: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19147: 19145: 19143:Miscellaneous 19141: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19124:Pirate utopia 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19088: 19085: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19064: 19062: 19058: 19052: 19051: 19047: 19045: 19044: 19040: 19038: 19037: 19033: 19031: 19030: 19026: 19024: 19023: 19019: 19017: 19016: 19012: 19010: 19009: 19005: 19003: 19002: 18998: 18996: 18995: 18991: 18989: 18988: 18984: 18982: 18981: 18977: 18975: 18974: 18970: 18968: 18967: 18963: 18962: 18960: 18956: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18844:Elaine Marley 18842: 18840: 18839:Edward Kenway 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18799:Captain Flint 18797: 18795: 18794:Captain Crook 18792: 18790: 18789:Captain Blood 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18762: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18745: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18728: 18723: 18721: 18720: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18696: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18681: 18679: 18677: 18673: 18668: 18665: 18662: 18658: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18617: 18613: 18612:Acts of grace 18610: 18608: 18604: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18517: 18515: 18510: 18508: 18506: 18505:Orkim Harmony 18501: 18499: 18497: 18492: 18490: 18488: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18475: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18453: 18451: 18449: 18448:Carré d'As IV 18445: 18443: 18442: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18429: 18427: 18426: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18413: 18412:Ambrose Light 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18230: 18225: 18221: 18215: 18214: 18210: 18208: 18207: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18196: 18194: 18193: 18192:Royal Fortune 18189: 18187: 18186: 18182: 18180: 18179: 18175: 18173: 18172: 18168: 18166: 18165: 18161: 18159: 18158: 18154: 18152: 18151: 18147: 18145: 18144: 18140: 18138: 18137: 18136:Ambrose Light 18133: 18131: 18130: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18109: 18108:Woodes Rogers 18106: 18104: 18103:Thomas Warren 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18063:Julius Caesar 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18043:Chaloner Ogle 18041: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18027: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18015:Zheng Zhilong 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17900:Sadie Farrell 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17850:Princess Sela 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17830:Pedro Gilbert 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17750:Liang Daoming 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17595:Francis Drake 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17550:Dominique You 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17505:Charles Gibbs 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17400:Abduwali Muse 17398: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17388: 17386:Major figures 17384: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17323:Barataria Bay 17321: 17320: 17318: 17314: 17313:Pirate havens 17310: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17288:Barbary Coast 17286: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17274: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17246: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17231: 17225: 17222: 17218: 17215: 17211: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17196: 17193: 17192: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17140:Timber pirate 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17110: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17022: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16966: 16961: 16959: 16954: 16952: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16874:Stone of Eric 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16724: 16720: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16333:Grímur Kamban 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16288:Eric Bloodaxe 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16218:Amlaíb Conung 16216: 16214: 16213:Amlaíb Cuarán 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16194: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16177:Shield-maiden 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16167:Ring Fortress 16165: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16065:Sack of Paris 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15646: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15557: 15556: 15555:British Isles 15553: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15512:North America 15510: 15508: 15507:Faroe Islands 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15471: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15433: 15428: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15332:Norse rituals 15330: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15317:Norse funeral 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15270:Elder Futhark 15268: 15267: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15215: 15210: 15208: 15203: 15201: 15196: 15195: 15192: 15185: 15181: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15137: 15131: 15127: 15122: 15118: 15112: 15108: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15089: 15084: 15072: 15068: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15042: 15028: 15024: 15023: 15017: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14990: 14985: 14981: 14969: 14965: 14958: 14953: 14938: 14934: 14927: 14922: 14918: 14903: 14898: 14897:11250/2385823 14893: 14888: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14870: 14858: 14854: 14848: 14844: 14843: 14837: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14799: 14794: 14782: 14778: 14772: 14768: 14767: 14761: 14759: 14755: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14721: 14720: 14708: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14692: 14685: 14673: 14669: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14632: 14631: 14625: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14599: 14598: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14574: 14573: 14566: 14562: 14560:0-521-36447-7 14556: 14552: 14547: 14543: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14516: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14486: 14474: 14470: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14451: 14447: 14445:0-631-22492-0 14441: 14437: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14418: 14417: 14411: 14407: 14405:0-85115-826-9 14401: 14397: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14378: 14373: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14347: 14346: 14340: 14328: 14324: 14318: 14314: 14313: 14307: 14295: 14291: 14289:9780521193320 14285: 14281: 14277: 14272: 14268: 14262: 14258: 14253: 14249: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14221: 14216: 14215: 14208: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14161: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14142: 14138: 14137: 14131: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14106: 14094: 14090: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14073: 14069: 14063: 14059: 14054: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14015: 14010: 14009: 13987: 13983: 13977: 13973: 13972: 13964: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13911: 13892: 13885: 13879: 13871: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13846:(2): 301–09. 13845: 13841: 13837: 13829: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13806: 13798: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13773:(3): 723–37. 13772: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13750: 13744: 13737: 13731: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13708: 13692: 13688: 13682: 13666: 13662: 13661:The Economist 13658: 13652: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13633: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13603: 13602: 13594: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13561: 13557: 13554: 13549: 13541: 13535: 13519: 13515: 13508: 13499: 13492: 13486: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13462: 13446: 13442: 13441:Game Informer 13438: 13431: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13401: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13341:us.battle.net 13338: 13332: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13292: 13283: 13276: 13270: 13261: 13254: 13248: 13239: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13183: 13168: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13147: 13140: 13136: 13133: 13128: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13087: 13081: 13080:0-7195-6299-6 13077: 13073: 13068: 13061: 13055: 13046: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12969: 12963:, Oxbow 2014. 12962: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12947: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12897: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12877: 12862: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12843: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12746: 12742: 12741:www.bbc.co.uk 12738: 12731: 12724: 12720: 12715: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12695: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12652: 12643: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12623: 12616: 12610: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12580: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12498: 12482: 12478: 12472: 12468: 12467: 12459: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12420: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12347: 12345: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12316:Maal og Minne 12310: 12303: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12264: 12248: 12244: 12243:ScienceNordic 12240: 12233: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12163: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12133: 12132: 12124: 12116: 12114:9780563352594 12110: 12106: 12099: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12060: 12053: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12016: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11994: 11986: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11954: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11923: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11888: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11835:. Blackwell. 11834: 11830: 11823: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11728: 11720: 11711: 11702: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11600:"Viking Food" 11595: 11586: 11584: 11567: 11564:(in Danish). 11563: 11559: 11553: 11546: 11540: 11521: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11487: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11442: 11433: 11423: 11413: 11404: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11365: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11244: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11185: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11143: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11101: 11100:91-501-0191-9 11097: 11090:Borgström Eva 11087: 11080: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11060: 11059:91-501-0191-9 11056: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10952:, p. 91. 10951: 10946: 10939: 10934: 10932: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10849: 10847: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10784: 10775: 10769: 10768:1-55750-209-9 10765: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10733: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10713: 10706: 10700: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10656: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10613: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10557: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10527: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10499: 10490: 10472: 10465: 10464: 10456: 10454: 10434: 10430: 10427:(in German). 10422: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10312: 10297: 10295:9783631603659 10291: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10083:sirk*la(t)... 10080: 10076: 10073:... (Sö279), 10072: 10068: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10021:lakbarþilanti 10017: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9851: 9844: 9839: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9730: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9701: 9694: 9693:0-14-025282-7 9690: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9667: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9648: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9574: 9565: 9556: 9549: 9543: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9510:0-14-026653-4 9507: 9501: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9468: 9459: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9356:Policy Review 9353: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9310: 9309:2-07-073211-8 9306: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9265: 9264:2-7242-3080-9 9261: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9196: 9194: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9154: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9081:(3): 315–24. 9080: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8733: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8513: 8509: 8503: 8500:. Routledge. 8499: 8498: 8490: 8483: 8477: 8458: 8451: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8282: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8130: 8128: 8118: 8109: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8090: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7944:1-903025-00-1 7941: 7935: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7872: 7866:, pp. 167–81. 7865: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7731:9780203412770 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7681: 7672: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7650: 7648: 7631: 7627: 7625:9780521035521 7621: 7617: 7616: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7557:metmuseum.org 7554: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7299:91-20-07030-6 7296: 7290: 7284: 7283:91-7406-110-0 7280: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7008: 7000: 6998:90-04-14531-1 6994: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6876: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6835: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6752:0-19-927110-0 6749: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6512:9780816030040 6508: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6475:0-415-08396-6 6471: 6468:. Routledge. 6467: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6197: 6193: 6192:HarperCollins 6189: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6162: 6158: 6157:HarperCollins 6154: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6042: 6038: 6036:9780191757150 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6010: 5998: 5994: 5992:9780191727139 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942:"The Vikings" 5939: 5934: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5877:9780198030737 5873: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5801:. p. 1. 5800: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5590: 5587: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555:for footnotes 5554: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5129:in Sweden or 5128: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030:(2011) is an 5029: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5016:playable hero 5013: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4965:Michael Hirst 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922:Marvel Comics 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4899:Poul Anderson 4896: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4885:Eric Northman 4882: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4808: 4805:December 2019 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4770:This section 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4625:Esaias Tegnér 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611:in his poem, 4610: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:George Hickes 4591: 4590:Olaus Rudbeck 4587: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Gesta Danorum 4556: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4452:, sagas, and 4451: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4368:hunting birds 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4067:berserkergang 4063: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3988:Viking swords 3984: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3948:and fiddles. 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3872: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3805:fist fighting 3802: 3798: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780:rotary querns 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:juniper berry 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3552:golden plover 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3470:horticultural 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412:Scandinavians 3404: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3369:shieldmaidens 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 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2676:Lindholm Høje 2670: 2661: 2660:Gamla Uppsala 2654: 2644: 2640: 2639:Norse funeral 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2417: 2410: 2401: 2394: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2324:(Horse Bay), 2323: 2319: 2318:Norn language 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277:(Snow Fell), 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2203:, written by 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036:, before the 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893:who occupied 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:Emund the Old 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Faroe Islands 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1612: 1611:Västergötland 1608: 1607: 1606:Västgötalagen 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:Rurik dynasty 1560:. The Viking 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:Faroe Islands 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1460:Norwegian Sea 1457: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Hiberno-Norse 1384: 1383:British Isles 1380: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:Faroe Islands 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1111:, written by 1110: 1106: 1099:Other sources 1096: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:asserts that 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945: 940: 930: 928: 925:came to mean 924: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:fara í víking 892: 884: 880: 879:saga of Hildr 876: 873: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 764: 756: 752: 746: 740: 731: 729: 725: 721: 720:noble savages 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Faroe Islands 602: 601:British Isles 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578:British Isles 575: 572: 568: 564: 563:North America 560: 556: 553:(present-day 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 535:Mediterranean 532: 528: 524: 521:(present-day 520: 516: 505: 500: 498: 493: 491: 486: 485: 483: 482: 476: 465: 462: 451: 448: 437: 434: 423: 420: 419:Faroe Islands 409: 406: 395: 394: 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 379:Defence Union 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 350: 349: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 325: 324: 318: 317: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 284: 283: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 264:Sweden–Norway 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 228: 225: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 162:Faroe Islands 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 148: 143: 138: 137: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 118: 114: 112: 111: 107: 105: 102: 101: 95: 94: 90: 86: 85: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 63: 59: 55: 50: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 20557:Fimbulwinter 20525: 20501:Nithing pole 19957:Norse people 19914: 19680: 19331: 19204:Pirate Round 19184: 19155:Space pirate 19129:Treasure map 19048: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18985: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18919:Roronoa Zoro 18869:Jack Sparrow 18809:Captain Nemo 18804:Captain Hook 18726: 18718: 18694: 18564: 18521: 18513: 18504: 18495: 18486: 18473: 18456:Dai Hong Dan 18455: 18447: 18440: 18432: 18424: 18411: 18392: 18211: 18206:Whydah Gally 18204: 18197: 18190: 18183: 18176: 18169: 18162: 18157:Ganj-i-Sawai 18155: 18148: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18121:Pirate ships 18073:Luis Fajardo 18058:James Brooke 18048:David Porter 18020:Zheng Yi Sao 17995:William Kidd 17950:Stede Bonnet 17935:Shap-ng-tsai 17915:Samuel Mason 17835:Peter Easton 17785:Mary Lindsey 17735:Lai Choi San 17725:Joseph Barss 17720:Joseph Baker 17690:John Hawkins 17685:Johanna Hård 17675:Jean Lafitte 17670:Jan Janszoon 17660:Israel Hands 17640:Henry Morgan 17630:Henri Caesar 17545:Dirk Chivers 17480:Black Caesar 17405:Abshir Boyah 17276:Other waters 17257:Persian Gulf 17245:Somali Coast 17233:Indian Ocean 17205:Spanish Main 17154: 17120:River pirate 17098:Moro pirates 17073:Child pirate 16998:21st century 16693:Vagn Åkesson 16613:Skalla-Grímr 16608:Sitric Caech 16473:Leif Erikson 16453:Ketilsdóttir 16293:Erik the Red 16085:Arms, armour 15475:and colonies 15464:Visby lenses 15454:Viking ships 15347:Raven banner 15220: 15125: 15106: 15087: 15075:. Retrieved 15055: 15033:17 September 15031:. Retrieved 15021: 15008:. Retrieved 14988: 14972:. Retrieved 14963: 14944:. Retrieved 14932: 14908:17 September 14906:. Retrieved 14877: 14861:. Retrieved 14841: 14830:17 September 14828:. Retrieved 14808: 14804: 14785:. Retrieved 14765: 14749:7.1 (2016). 14746: 14735:. Retrieved 14725: 14690: 14676:. Retrieved 14657: 14629: 14616:. Retrieved 14596: 14571: 14550: 14531: 14521:11 September 14519:. Retrieved 14515:the original 14493: 14489: 14477:. Retrieved 14458: 14435: 14415: 14395: 14376: 14364:. Retrieved 14344: 14331:. Retrieved 14311: 14300:11 September 14298:. Retrieved 14279: 14256: 14237: 14213: 14199:. Retrieved 14179: 14159: 14151:the original 14135: 14122:. Retrieved 14114:Live Science 14113: 14097:. Retrieved 14077: 14057: 14045:. Retrieved 14041:the original 14036: 14013: 14005:Bibliography 13990:. Retrieved 13970: 13963: 13951:. Retrieved 13943:The Scotsman 13942: 13933: 13926:The Guardian 13925: 13910: 13898:. 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Retrieved 12745:the original 12740: 12730: 12722: 12714: 12700:Viking Money 12694: 12682:. Retrieved 12665: 12661: 12651: 12642: 12622: 12609: 12597:. Retrieved 12577: 12550: 12546: 12536: 12524:. Retrieved 12504: 12497: 12485:. Retrieved 12465: 12458: 12433: 12429: 12419: 12407:. Retrieved 12399:Live Science 12398: 12389: 12377:. Retrieved 12360: 12356: 12331:. Retrieved 12319: 12315: 12302: 12290:. Retrieved 12270: 12263: 12251:. Retrieved 12242: 12232: 12220:. Retrieved 12189:. Retrieved 12169: 12162: 12150:. Retrieved 12130: 12123: 12104: 12098: 12086:. Retrieved 12066: 12059: 12022:. Retrieved 11992: 11985: 11973:. Retrieved 11969:the original 11964: 11940:. Retrieved 11931: 11922: 11894:. Retrieved 11859:. Retrieved 11832: 11822: 11813: 11801:. Retrieved 11797:the original 11792: 11768:. Retrieved 11764:the original 11749: 11745: 11735: 11726: 11719: 11710: 11701: 11689:. Retrieved 11685:the original 11680: 11671: 11659:. Retrieved 11650: 11641: 11633: 11620: 11608:. 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Retrieved 10254: 10244: 10226: 10222: 10207:(N184), see 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10143:- (U616$ ), 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10046: 10038: 10020: 10016: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9968: 9964: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9869: 9850: 9838: 9826:. Retrieved 9812: 9806: 9797: 9781: 9773: 9764: 9752:. Retrieved 9738: 9729: 9717:. Retrieved 9713:the original 9684: 9679: 9666: 9647: 9633:Viking Words 9628: 9608: 9595: 9582: 9573: 9564: 9555: 9547: 9542: 9530:. Retrieved 9516: 9500: 9491: 9472: 9467: 9458: 9443: 9435: 9426: 9420: 9396: 9390: 9374: 9368: 9360:the original 9355: 9345: 9333:. Retrieved 9299: 9287: 9271: 9254: 9246: 9241: 9232: 9205: 9180:. Retrieved 9160: 9153: 9141:. Retrieved 9132: 9123: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9023: 9019: 9013: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8966:. Retrieved 8923: 8919: 8909: 8897:. Retrieved 8861: 8857: 8844: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8801:. Retrieved 8797:the original 8792: 8783: 8771: 8759:. Retrieved 8739: 8732: 8722:16 September 8720:. Retrieved 8711: 8701: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8645: 8638:. Retrieved 8629: 8626:"Dannevirke" 8619: 8607:. Retrieved 8587: 8545:(3): 60–65. 8542: 8538: 8528: 8516:. Retrieved 8496: 8489: 8481: 8476: 8464:. Retrieved 8457:the original 8444: 8436: 8431: 8419:. Retrieved 8415:the original 8401: 8389:. Retrieved 8357: 8350: 8338:. Retrieved 8334:the original 8320: 8308:. Retrieved 8288: 8281: 8269:. Retrieved 8244: 8237:Barford 2001 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8183: 8168: 8156:. Retrieved 8152:the original 8147: 8138: 8117: 8108: 8089: 8077:. Retrieved 8068: 8058: 8025: 8022:Neurosurgery 8021: 8015: 8007: 7992: 7987:Pg.27. 1970. 7976: 7970: 7951: 7934: 7926: 7911: 7894: 7886: 7871: 7863: 7858: 7839: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7809:. Retrieved 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7767: 7755:. Retrieved 7740: 7713: 7707: 7700:Metcalf 1997 7687:, p. 3. 7685:D'Amato 2010 7680: 7671: 7654: 7634:. Retrieved 7614: 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7586: 7577: 7565:. Retrieved 7556: 7547: 7535:. Retrieved 7526: 7523:"Kievan Rus" 7517: 7505:. Retrieved 7497:HistoryExtra 7496: 7487: 7480:Brookes 2004 7475: 7463: 7454: 7448: 7443:, p. 2. 7436: 7424:. Retrieved 7404: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7378:. Retrieved 7345: 7341: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7305: 7289: 7273: 7261: 7243:Entry DR 334 7238: 7220:Entry DR 330 7215: 7202: 7190:. Retrieved 7170: 7163: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7103: 7098: 7086:. Retrieved 7066: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7034:. Retrieved 7014: 7007: 6988: 6967:. Retrieved 6958: 6954: 6927:. Retrieved 6912: 6900:. Retrieved 6891: 6887: 6862:. Retrieved 6847: 6839: 6834: 6822:. Retrieved 6815:the original 6810: 6806: 6797: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6728: 6716:. Retrieved 6697: 6687: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6632: 6627: 6618: 6606:. 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Retrieved 5681: 5677: 5667: 5657: 5644: 5643:The article 5639: 5612: 5607: 5582: 5576:October 2020 5573: 5566: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5427: 5408: 5392: 5388:Y-chromosome 5381: 5373: 5369: 5363:buried near 5337: 5323: 5309: 5300: 5284: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5171: 5164:Gokstad ship 5161: 5156:Sea Stallion 5155: 5151:Sea Stallion 5149: 5145: 5143: 5125:in Denmark, 5102: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5058: 5050:Viking metal 5042: 5035: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5005: 5004:(2002), and 4999: 4993: 4987: 4972: 4958: 4952: 4943:The Avengers 4941: 4936: 4914:Larry Lieber 4907: 4888: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4856: 4846: 4836: 4830: 4802: 4772:may contain 4771: 4719:and earlier 4715: 4702:Nazi Germany 4694: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4662:Scandinavism 4647: 4628: 4612: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4579: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4555:Olaus Magnus 4550: 4546: 4544: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4485:chronicles, 4477:chronicles, 4467: 4448: 4429: 4372: 4352:walrus ivory 4349: 4292:pine martens 4237: 4216:(modern day 4166: 4164: 4137: 4134: 4092: 4081:psychoactive 4077:shock troops 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4045: 4019: 4017: 3993: 3955: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3881: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3793: 3761: 3734:, grains of 3725: 3682: 3618:black pepper 3615: 3599: 3569:region, and 3556: 3548:black grouse 3532:Danish goose 3517: 3486: 3450: 3441: 3436: 3421: 3409: 3384: 3382:childbirth. 3380: 3377: 3361:rune masters 3354: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3074: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3015: 3002: 2996: 2972: 2958: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2901: 2890:Oseberg ship 2870:Viking ships 2720:Borrehaugene 2704: 2700:ship burials 2692: 2633:Burial sites 2612: 2565: 2533: 2529: 2516:Gorm the Old 2509: 2496:Piraeus Lion 2469: 2463: 2452: 2448:Södermanland 2440: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2338: 2311: 2270: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2226: 2214: 2171: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2124: 2112: 2104: 2073: 2068:Curmsun Disc 2053: 2050: 2023: 2015:trade routes 2011: 1998:Rudolf Simek 1994: 1976: 1969: 1949: 1941:King Gudfred 1930: 1911: 1888: 1876:Erik the Red 1872:Leif Erikson 1868: 1855: 1853: 1839: 1827:in 911, but 1776: 1750: 1743: 1730: 1690:Newfoundland 1674: 1627: 1604: 1596: 1582: 1550:Newfoundland 1495: 1468: 1453: 1443: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1354:Zoroastrians 1349: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1245: 1239: 1225: 1216: 1213:Anglo-Saxons 1208: 1204: 1197:Lochlannaich 1196: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1129:noble savage 1124: 1122: 1119:Modern usage 1108: 1102: 1076: 1068: 1058: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1024: 1010: 1002: 998: 995:Janet Nelson 990: 986: 978: 974: 968: 960: 952: 948: 942: 938: 936: 927:Scandinavian 922: 920: 910: 906: 898: 894: 890: 888: 859: 855: 847: 843: 839: 831: 827: 825: 820: 816: 808: 804: 799:district of 792: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 762: 760: 744: 737: 698:, but later 685: 621:Baltic coast 594: 555:Newfoundland 539:North Africa 514: 513: 364:Scandinavism 327:Nordic model 249:Kalmar Union 198: 197: 146: 115: 108: 31: 18: 20783:Middle Ages 20617:Settlements 20583:Poetic Edda 20406:Runic magic 20348:and worship 20321:Urðarbrunnr 20311:Mímisbrunnr 20291:Ginnungagap 20238:Jörmungandr 20216:Hel (being) 20189:Light elves 20097:Trade route 20072:Norse–Gaels 19968:Scandinavia 19578:Jomsvikings 19119:Pirate code 19094:Keelhauling 19082:Jolly Roger 18944:Will Turner 18879:José Gaspar 18779:Barbe Rouge 18676:Slave trade 17930:Sister Ping 17860:Rachel Wall 17655:Huang Bamei 17635:Henry Every 17590:Fūma Kotarō 17585:Flying Gang 17500:Calico Jack 17490:Bully Hayes 17293:Falcon Lake 17267:Nosy Boraha 17125:Sea Beggars 17113:Confederate 17083:Filibusters 16663:Thorir Hund 16593:Sigurd Ring 16448:Jomsvikings 16145:Yarm helmet 15580:Isle of Man 15534:Kievan Rus' 15367:Skíðblaðnir 15321:ship burial 15240:Brisingamen 14811:(1): 1–12. 14572:The Vikings 14496:: 295–335. 13435:Juba, Joe. 13420:14 December 13410:Destructoid 13390:14 December 13351:14 December 13322:14 December 13228:7 September 13117:11 February 13035:13 December 12989:28 February 12936:24 February 12866:24 February 12782:24 February 12751:12 February 12709:BBC History 12363:(1): 1–12. 12333:12 February 12292:12 February 12191:11 February 12152:11 February 12088:11 February 11630:heath sheep 11490:(in Danish) 11488:København. 11470:11 February 11265:: 181–193. 10950:Reuter 1995 10920:11 February 10804:22 February 10794:Archaeology 10689:22 February 10679:Archaeology 10603:21 February 10576:: 195–218. 10480:23 February 10363:Aftonbladet 10079:sirk:lan:ti 9971:(Vs1), see 9685:The Vikings 8968:12 February 8899:13 February 8640:20 December 8609:12 February 8371:24; 35; 536 8310:12 February 8212:Smithsonian 8112:Hall, p. 98 7426:16 February 7141:: 437–468. 6669:Entry Sm 10 6573:10852/83989 6284:12 December 6237:12 December 6202:12 December 6167:12 December 6132:12 December 5946:Bury, J. B. 5763:The Vikings 5707:10852/83989 5568:quick guide 5419:Clan Donald 5365:lake Ladoga 5241:petroglyphs 5231:created by 5176:Skuldelev I 5146:Skuldelev 2 5119: [ 5065:The Vikings 4990:video games 4903:Tim Severin 4858:The Vikings 4725:Kievan Rus' 4685:numismatics 4617:Romanticism 4440:Northumbria 4436:Lindisfarne 4186:horseradish 3996:Norse sagas 3960:culture in 3835:ice skating 3685:crab apples 3670:peppercress 3642:wild celery 3630:horseradish 3392:Middle Ages 3318:Concubinage 3304:bride-price 3174:Aristocracy 2988:Salme ships 2846:Black Grave 2823:Greenland: 2806:Mosfellsbær 2781:Salme ships 2643:Ship burial 2520:Queen Thyre 2476:and the 26 2334:Tocqueville 2263:Ormr kirkja 2243:court poets 2209:King Ólafur 2138:Christendom 2091:Jomsvikings 2032:during the 1914:Charlemagne 1710:Isle of Man 1704:, England, 1696:, Germany, 1578:Kievan Rus' 1522:East Anglia 1516:, parts of 1514:Northumbria 1440:Illuminated 1434:Sea-faring 1309:, from 1228:Rus' people 1163:Other names 1159:and so on. 1157:Viking ship 1021:Scandinavia 965:Anglo-Saxon 959:, the word 957:Old English 883:blood eagle 875:image stone 767:Old Frisian 716:archaeology 653:Rus' people 649:Norse-Gaels 590:Kievan Rus' 543:Middle East 519:Scandinavia 81:Scandinavia 43: 1100 20788:Viking Age 20772:Categories 20689:Köpingsvik 20608:Runestones 20588:Prose Edda 20531:Berserkers 20494:Runemaster 20336:Jötunheimr 20326:Yggdrasill 20316:Hvergelmir 20194:Dark elves 20023:Viking Age 19615:Aars stone 19393:Runestones 19278:Categories 19254:Privateers 19216:Matelotage 19150:Air pirate 19114:Pet parrot 18966:The Pirate 18914:Nico Robin 18834:Davy Jones 18774:Tom Ayrton 18748:Pirates in 18637:Piracy Act 18606:Piracy law 18522:North Star 18185:My Revenge 18038:Angelo Emo 18000:Zheng Jing 17965:Thomas Tew 17760:Lo Hon-cho 17580:Flora Burn 17560:Edward Low 17530:Dan Seavey 17525:Chui A-poo 17485:Blackbeard 17430:Anne Bonny 17368:Saint-Malo 17348:Port Royal 17333:Libertatia 17145:Ushkuyniks 17108:Privateers 17103:Narentines 17063:Buccaneers 16993:Golden Age 16722:Runestones 16238:Berle-Kari 16203:Airdeconut 15397:Viking art 15392:Viking Age 15077:17 October 15010:17 October 14974:17 October 14863:17 October 14787:17 October 14737:17 October 14678:17 October 14618:17 October 14479:17 October 14366:17 October 14333:17 October 14201:17 October 14099:17 October 13992:22 January 13451:10 October 13172:17 October 12684:6 February 12599:6 February 12526:17 October 12487:17 October 12436:: 425–36. 11861:29 October 10825:CNN Travel 10546:29 October 10338:27 January 10203:(Sm29$ ), 10111:(Vs18$ ), 9897:(Ög94$ ), 9889:(U1087†), 9881:(U922$ ), 8926:(3): 315. 8671:(1): 1–7. 8518:29 October 8421:17 January 8411:Britannica 8391:17 January 8380:9113015249 8369:. p. 8340:17 January 8330:Britannica 8271:17 January 8222:17 January 7636:2 February 7380:1 February 7266:Jesch 2001 7192:9 February 7112:8270993190 7088:1 February 6929:13 January 6718:30 January 6645:Jesch 2015 6608:21 January 6447:20 October 6383:Brink 2008 6077:OUP Oxford 5916:0852291736 5834:0713407778 5808:0810865890 5781:095173394X 5770:. p. 5742:21 January 5599:References 5491:Ushkuiniks 5361:Varangians 5148:, renamed 5135:reenactors 4992:, such as 4957:'s series 4918:Jack Kirby 4890:True Blood 4835:, such as 4774:irrelevant 4721:Slavophile 4666:Victorians 4613:The Viking 4577:of 1665). 4483:Ibn Fadlan 4459:Icelanders 4454:literature 4313:Cloth and 4285:Amber Road 4264:(Found in 4105:See also: 4018:A typical 4000:Norse laws 3912:kvatrutafl 3883:of glass, 3768:Agrostemma 3705:elderberry 3701:blackberry 3658:sweet gale 3602:buttermilk 3528:Danish hen 3465:Coppergate 3429:Viking art 3398:Appearance 3351:sejdkvinna 3330:odalkvinna 3277:Frostating 3071:Eddic poem 2892:, at Oslo 2825:Brattahlíð 2814:Vatnsdalur 2786:Scotland: 2770:Ladby ship 2637:See also: 2572:Elfdalians 2504:Varangians 2468:(Swedish: 2418:in Denmark 2377:Runestones 2185:See also: 2175:runestones 2081:(medieval 2079:Baltic Sea 1981:polygynous 1918:Saxon Wars 1895:Old Saxony 1874:, heir to 1842:(1901) by 1817:Asia Minor 1464:Baltic Sea 1426:Viking Age 1420:Viking Age 1405:See also: 1346:al-Andalus 1299:Varangians 1149:Viking art 1141:Viking age 1073:Viking Age 1060:Vikingstad 1027:runestones 661:Icelanders 641:Varangians 619:, and the 567:Viking Age 303:Baltic Sea 232:Viking Age 215:Bronze Age 205:Prehistory 54:Viking Age 20567:Wild Hunt 20511:Longships 20484:Old Norse 20474:Mead hall 20381:Midsummer 20306:Niflheimr 20286:Fólkvangr 20266:Vanaheimr 20253:Cosmology 20231:Valkyries 20206:Einherjar 20134:mythology 20082:Garðaríki 20064:Expansion 19892:Resources 19735:hallow": 19099:Marooning 18727:Brillante 18516:hijacking 18507:hijacking 18498:hijacking 18489:hijacking 17790:Mary Read 17695:John Hoar 17565:Eli Boggs 17535:Diabolito 17316:and bases 17252:Indonesia 17217:Venezuela 17195:Caribbean 16683:Turgesius 16558:Reginheri 16528:Palnatoke 16313:Freygeirr 16095:Berserker 15619:Pomerania 15614:Rhineland 15543:Expansion 15492:Greenland 15473:Homelands 15417:Yggdrasil 15337:Old Norse 15292:Hnefatafl 15260:Einherjar 14348:. Shire. 14259:. Wiley. 13974:. BRILL. 13953:19 August 13821:Telegraph 13380:1059-1028 12674:0899-3718 12052:Wolf 2004 11677:"Poultry" 11287:190513459 11247:Jesch, 13 11235:165868233 11219:0038-7134 10624:See also 10590:162307212 10199:(U344), - 10191:(Sö160), 10187:(Vg187), 10183:(Sm104), 10167:(Sm101), 10139:(Sö166), 10135:(Ög104), 10131:(U539C), 10127:(Sö207), 10115:(Sö83†), 10085:(Sö281), 10081:(Sö179), 10077:(Sö131), 10075:sirklanti 9997:(U605†), 9991:iaursaliR 9947:kriklontr 9941:(U112B), 9939:griklanti 9182:11 August 9115:1090-5138 9106:2164/8759 9040:1531-8249 8997:0036-5637 8958:1090-5138 8949:2164/8759 8878:0003-598X 8858:Antiquity 8776:Choi 2016 8761:11 August 8693:162638243 8685:1600-0390 8569:1477-8696 7441:Wolf 2004 7362:1782-7183 7321:3 January 7036:3 October 6894:: 23–28. 6856:. Freya. 6622:Wawn 2000 6598:221769227 6582:1476-4687 6112:"Vikings" 6047:3 January 6003:3 January 5732:221769227 5716:0028-0836 5540:loc. cit. 5471:Oeselians 5461:Gotlander 5395:Liverpool 5297:Barbarity 5215:Stockholm 5168:Skuldelev 5084:Minnesota 5007:For Honor 4925:superhero 4853:1963 film 4789:citations 4658:Wagnerian 4515:Ascomanni 4487:Ibn Rusta 4400:Iron Ages 4395:parchment 4379:whetstone 4375:soapstone 4277:North Sea 4214:Byzantium 4091:mushroom 4072:berserker 3931:hnefatafl 3923:hnefatafl 3919:Hnefatafl 3898:hnefatafl 3847:knattleik 3829:as well. 3797:wrestling 3776:brassicas 3717:Hazelnuts 3693:raspberry 3689:rose hips 3638:coriander 3600:Milk and 3483:, Sweden) 3289:húsfreyja 3279:laws and 3097:Old Norse 3085:Heimdallr 3031:longhouse 2961:ship type 2913:go Viking 2830:Germany: 2804:Iceland: 2794:, Orkney. 2779:Estonia: 2756:Denmark: 2735:Valsgärde 2727:Gettlinge 2627:Elfdalian 2600:Elfdalian 2584:Elfdalian 2548:Jerusalem 2540:Byzantium 2484:with the 2482:Old Norse 2402:in Sweden 2383:Runestone 2358:Icelandic 2346:Norwegian 2291:Kaupanger 2279:Ravenscar 2255:Eigils ey 2187:Old Norse 2097:estuary. 2087:Pomerania 2085:, modern 1933:Obotrites 1903:Danevirke 1848:Varangian 1801:Expansion 1760:, of the 1722:Lithuania 1700:, Italy, 1597:Varangian 1593:Varangian 1585:Byzantium 1542:Greenland 1315:Væringjar 1311:Old Norse 1257:Old Norse 1217:Northmonn 1211:) by the 1185:Ascomanni 1123:The word 953:piraticum 797:Norwegian 734:Etymology 688:Old Norse 613:Greenland 597:longships 547:Greenland 359:Languages 308:North Sea 298:Peninsula 293:Mountains 287:Geography 210:Stone Age 172:Greenland 98:Countries 20729:Timerevo 20719:Sarskoye 20704:Ralswiek 20694:Lindholm 20674:Jomsborg 20669:Holmgard 20654:Gnezdovo 20629:Aldeigja 20562:Ragnarök 20536:Emporium 20479:Holmgang 20401:Calendar 20331:Valhalla 20271:Miðgarðr 20129:Paganism 19580:and the 19351:Category 19077:Eyepatch 18949:Zanzibar 18924:Sandokan 18904:Mr. Smee 18769:Askeladd 18697:Incident 18567:incident 18476:incident 18458:incident 18450:incident 18395:incident 18010:Zheng Yi 18005:Zheng Qi 17985:Wang Zhi 17865:Redbeard 17755:Limahong 17705:John Pro 17610:Gan Ning 17495:Cai Qian 17303:Sulu Sea 17130:Sea Dogs 16708:Uí Ímair 16488:Náttfari 16468:Lagertha 16428:Hvitserk 16160:Ingelrii 16155:Ulfberht 16135:Dane axe 15607:Normandy 15602:Brittany 15585:Scotland 15529:Jomsborg 15502:Shetland 15449:Longship 15387:Valkyrie 15382:Valhalla 15312:Norsemen 15302:Leysingi 15297:Holmgang 15245:Danegeld 15071:Archived 15044:Archived 15027:Archived 15004:Archived 14986:(2006). 14968:Archived 14937:Archived 14902:Archived 14857:Archived 14821:Archived 14781:Archived 14754:Archived 14731:Archived 14672:Archived 14612:Archived 14594:(1972). 14511:"Viking" 14502:42668776 14473:Archived 14360:Archived 14327:Archived 14294:Archived 14236:(2015). 14195:Archived 14118:Archived 14093:Archived 14047:23 April 13986:Archived 13947:Archived 13918:Archived 13870:18032405 13813:Archived 13797:11179019 13716:Archived 13697:10 April 13691:Archived 13671:10 April 13665:Archived 13640:Archived 13616:Archived 13556:Archived 13534:cite web 13518:Archived 13470:Archived 13414:Archived 13384:Archived 13345:Archived 13222:Archived 13200:Fitzhugh 13188:Fitzhugh 13135:Archived 13111:Archived 13062:, p. 16. 13029:Archived 12983:Archived 12957:Archived 12930:Archived 12904:Archived 12885:Archived 12832:20 April 12826:Archived 12805:Archived 12776:Archived 12703:Archived 12678:Archived 12631:Archived 12593:Archived 12520:Archived 12481:Archived 12409:15 April 12403:Archived 12373:Archived 12324:Archived 12286:Archived 12247:Archived 12222:20 April 12216:Archived 12185:Archived 12146:Archived 12082:Archived 12024:19 April 12015:Archived 11942:19 April 11936:Archived 11887:Archived 11855:Archived 11691:19 April 11661:19 April 11655:Archived 11610:20 April 11604:Archived 11572:20 April 11566:Archived 11464:Archived 11345:20 April 11339:Archived 11279:31208936 11199:Speculum 11184:28884802 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9005:40919117 8962:Archived 8890:Archived 8886:59363335 8803:2 August 8755:Archived 8716:Archived 8634:Archived 8603:Archived 8512:Archived 8435:Sawyer, 8385:Archived 8363:Norstedt 8304:Archived 8262:Archived 8216:Archived 8177:Archived 8097:Archived 8073:Archived 8069:Discover 8050:37361794 8042:16331154 8000:Archived 7981:Archived 7959:Archived 7919:Archived 7879:Archived 7847:Archived 7825:Sawyer, 7805:Archived 7778:Archived 7751:Archived 7659:Archived 7630:Archived 7597:15 April 7591:Archived 7567:15 April 7561:Archived 7537:15 April 7531:Archived 7507:15 April 7501:Archived 7420:Archived 7374:Archived 7370:45020184 7315:Archived 7246:Archived 7223:Archived 7186:Archived 7155:45020116 7082:Archived 7030:Archived 6969:20 April 6963:Archived 6961:: 5–12. 6923:Archived 6902:20 April 6896:Archived 6864:17 March 6858:Archived 6824:20 April 6774:Archived 6741:Archived 6739:; p. 25 6712:Archived 6672:Archived 6602:Archived 6590:32939067 6493:(1994). 6441:Archived 6415:Archived 6396:Archived 6348:Archived 6312:Archived 6303:"Viking" 6278:Archived 6266:"Viking" 6250:cite web 6231:Archived 6217:"Viking" 6215:(2010). 6196:Archived 6182:"Viking" 6161:Archived 6147:"Viking" 6126:Archived 6110:(2019). 6091:Archived 6069:(2011). 6041:Archived 6019:"Viking" 5997:Archived 5985:. 2009. 5975:"Viking" 5958:Archived 5940:(1922). 5921:Archived 5899:"Viking" 5897:(1973). 5858:(1999). 5839:Archived 5821:(1980). 5760:(1913). 5736:Archived 5724:32939067 5649:Archived 5629:ProQuest 5625:Guérande 5466:Gutasaga 5444:See also 5415:Somerled 5413:warrior 5320:Krákumál 5245:Bohuslän 5139:Norstead 5024:(2015). 4998:(1993), 4979:Lagertha 4910:Stan Lee 4793:reliable 4741:Novgorod 4586:Ole Worm 4511:wichingi 4425:Norsemen 4218:Istanbul 4194:cinnamon 4033:Húscarls 3962:Normandy 3958:Frankish 3814:Swimming 3713:hawthorn 3646:cesspits 3611:surmjölk 3544:trotters 3530:and the 3457:cesspits 3425:brooches 3335:Baugrygr 3281:Gulating 3221:and the 3215:landmand 3165:huskarls 3113:Rígsþula 3076:Rígsþula 3047:Haithabu 3037:, Norway 3007:Roskilde 2992:Saaremaa 2905:longship 2853:Gnezdovo 2851:Russia: 2837:Latvia: 2725:Sweden: 2710:Norway: 2623:Älvdalen 2596:Älvdalen 2592:Älvdalen 2588:Älvdalen 2576:Älvdalen 2552:Serkland 2544:Khwaresm 2500:lindworm 2295:Tórshavn 2287:Winberry 2275:Snaefell 2259:Ormskirk 2083:Wendland 2075:Jomsborg 2059:Jomsborg 2044:and the 1702:Scotland 1698:Normandy 1666:Novgorod 1623:Þingalið 1526:Shetland 1436:Norsemen 1395:Scotland 1284:Estonian 1236:Roslagen 1221:Frisians 1173:Roslagen 1135:and the 1005:, while 975:Norþmenn 809:víkverir 765:and the 712:Norsemen 617:Normandy 237:Norsemen 220:Iron Age 187:Scotland 73:a series 71:Part of 23:Norsemen 20778:Vikings 20724:Sigtuna 20699:Menzlin 20684:Kaupang 20649:Dierkow 20624:Alaborg 20576:Sources 20526:Vikings 20431:Society 20346:Rituals 20296:Helheim 20281:Bifröst 20276:Vígríðr 20261:Ásgarðr 20174:Völundr 20169:Sigmund 20077:Normans 19985:History 19973:History 19904:Rundata 19821:Other: 19315:Pirates 19244:Pirates 18752:culture 18750:popular 18695:Amistad 18496:Zafirah 18199:Saladin 18031:hunters 17820:Ng Akew 17420:Alfhild 17393:Pirates 17373:Tortuga 17155:Vikings 17051:Algiers 16980:Periods 16913:Related 16483:Naddodd 16408:Hastein 16383:Hagrold 16353:Guthrum 16348:Guthred 16233:Bagsecg 16130:Skeggöx 16120:Halberd 15648:Battles 15624:Estonia 15560:Danelaw 15522:Vinland 15487:Iceland 15412:Wergeld 15377:Tyrfing 15362:Seeress 15307:Mjölnir 15265:Futhark 15228:Culture 15221:Vikings 15151:Vikings 14946:16 June 14124:21 July 13861:2628767 13788:1274484 12438:Bibcode 12379:15 June 12253:1 March 12105:Vikings 11975:19 June 11896:19 June 11803:19 June 11770:23 June 11529:19 June 11427:(2018). 11417:(2017). 11304:Vikings 11227:2864557 11175:5724682 10974:23 June 10868:Science 10705:drakkar 10373:7 March 10345:Swedish 10301:6 March 10197:onklati 10181:i...-ti 10179:(Gs8), 10177:ikla-ti 10169:iklanti 10165:haklati 10153:eklanti 10149:eg×loti 10129:iklanþs 10121:enklans 10119:(Vs5), 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