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2036:, presented a female ruler in Constantinople as a vacancy in the imperial title which justified Leo's coronation of Charlemagne. Pirenne disagrees, saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople." Leo's main motivations may have been the desire to increase his standing after his political difficulties, placing himself as a power broker and securing Charlemagne as a powerful ally and protector. The Byzantine Empire's lack of ability to influence events in Italy and support the papacy were also important to Leo's position. According to the
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and representation of, events. Einhard writes that
Charlemagne would not have entered the church if he knew about the pope's plan; modern historians have regarded his report as truthful or rejected it as a literary device demonstrating Charlemagne's humility. Collins says that the actions surrounding the coronation indicate that it was planned by Charlemagne as early as his meeting with Leo in 799, and Fried writes that Charlemagne planned to adopt the title of emperor by 798 "at the latest." During the years before the coronation, Charlemagne's courtier
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2105:. He never returned to the city. Continuing trends and a ruling style established in the 790s, Charlemagne's reign from 801 onward is a "distinct phase" characterised by more sedentary rule from Aachen. Although conflict continued until the end of his reign, the relative peace of the imperial period allowed for attention on internal governance. The Franks continued to wage war, though these wars were defending and securing the empire's frontiers, and Charlemagne rarely led armies personally. A significant expansion of the
13946:
478:
2072:, which could be seen as a rejection or usurpation of the Byzantine emperors' claim to be the universal, preeminent rulers of Christendom. Historian James Muldoon writes that Charlemagne may have had a more limited view of his role, seeing the title as representing dominion over lands he already ruled. However, the title of emperor gave Charlemagne enhanced prestige and ideological authority. He immediately incorporated his new title into documents he issued, adopting the formula "Charles, most serene
2506:
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2415:) says that Charlemagne viewed the deaths of his family members, his fall from a horse, astronomical phenomena, and the collapse of part of the palace in his last years as signs of his impending death. Charlemagne continued to govern with energy during his final year, ordering bishops to assemble in five ecclesiastical councils. These culminated in a large assembly at Aachen, where Charlemagne crowned Louis as his co-emperor and Bernard as king in a ceremony on 11 September 813.
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1844:, Charlemagne's first cousin, who had been installed by Pepin the Short in 748. Tassilo's sons were also grandsons of Desiderius, and a potential threat to Charlemagne's rule in Lombardy. The neighbouring rulers had a growing rivalry throughout their reigns, but had sworn oaths of peace to each other in 781. In 784, Rotpert (Charlemagne's viceroy in Italy) accused Tassilo of conspiring with Widukind in Saxony and unsuccessfully attacked the Bavarian city of
2352:
again attempted diplomatic overtures in 809, but no peace was apparently made. Danish pirates raided Frisia in 810, although it is uncertain if they were connected to
Gudfred. Charlemagne sent an army to secure Frisia while he led a force against Gudfred, who had reportedly challenged the emperor to face him in battle. The battle never took place, since Gudfred was murdered by two of his own men before Charlemagne's arrival. Gudfred's nephew and successor
11912:
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1926:, but Offa insisted that Charlemagne's daughter Bertha also be given as a bride for his son. Charlemagne refused the arrangement, and the marriage did not take place. Charlemagne and Offa entered into a formal peace in 796, protecting trade and securing the rights of English pilgrims to pass through Francia on their way to Rome. Charlemagne was also the host and protector of several deposed English rulers who were later restored:
971:, respectively. Charlemagne's profound influence on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the "Father of Europe" by many historians. He is seen as a founding figure by multiple European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and after the medieval period and is
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1713:, to make a journey first requested by Adrian in 775. Adrian baptised Carloman and renamed him Pepin, a name he shared with his half-brother. Louis and the newly renamed Pepin were then anointed and crowned. Pepin was appointed king of the Lombards, and Louis king of Aquitaine. This act was not nominal, since the young kings were sent to live in their kingdoms under the care of regents and advisers. A delegation from the
2659:
medieval liberal arts. From their education, it was expected that even rural priests could provide their parishioners with basic instruction in religious matters and (possibly) the literacy required for worship. Latin was standardised and its use brought into territories well beyond the former Roman Empire, forming a second language community of speakers and writers and sustaining Latin creativity in the Middle Ages.
14079:
1413:, with no mention made of which brother received Neustria. The immediate concern of the brothers was the ongoing uprising in Aquitaine. They marched into Aquitaine together, but Carloman returned to Francia for unknown reasons and Charlemagne completed the campaign on his own. Charlemagne's capture of Duke Hunald marked the end of ten years of war that had been waged in the attempt to bring Aquitaine into line.
1673:, governor of Barcelona and Girona, who wanted to become part of the Frankish kingdom and receive Charlemagne's protection rather than remain under the rule of Córdoba. Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity to strengthen the security of the kingdom's southern frontier and extend his influence, agreed to intervene. Crossing the Pyrenees, his army found little resistance until an ambush by
2629:. Although the beginnings of this revival can be seen under his predecessors, Charles Martel and Pepin, Charlemagne took an active and direct role in shaping intellectual life which led to the revival's zenith. Charlemagne promoted learning as a matter of policy and direct patronage, with the aim of creating a more effective clergy. The
1889:. The council confirmed Regensburg's positions on adoptionism and Nicea, recognised the deposition of Tassilo, set grain prices, reformed Frankish coinage, forbade abbesses from blessing men, and endorsed prayer in vernacular languages. Soon after the council, Fastrada fell ill and died; Charlemagne married the Alamannian noblewoman
1549:) was born in 772, and Charlemagne brought the child and his wife to the camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth to a daughter named Adelhaid. The baby was sent back to Francia, but died on the way. Charlemagne left Bernard to maintain the siege at Pavia while he took a force to capture Verona, where Desiderius's son
1530:
appeal and the dynastic threat of
Carloman's sons in the Lombard court, gathered his forces to intervene. He first sought a diplomatic solution, offering gold to Desiderius in exchange for the return of the papal territories and his nephews. This overture was rejected, and Charlemagne's army (commanded by himself and his uncle,
1998:
2147:, Charlemagne also ruled parts of the empire with his sons as sub-kings. Although Pepin and Louis had some authority as kings in Italy and Aquitaine, Charlemagne had the ultimate authority and directly intervened. Charles, their elder brother, had been given lands in Neustria in 789 or 790 and made a king in 800.
1848:. Charlemagne gathered his forces to prepare for an invasion of Bavaria in 787. Dividing the army, the Franks launched a three-pronged attack. Quickly realizing his poor position, Tassilo agreed to surrender and recognise Charlemagne as his overlord. The following year, Tassilo was accused of plotting with the
3397:), in contrast with the bearded Merovingian kings; future Carolingian monarchs would adopt this style. Paul Dutton notes the ubiquitous crown in portraits of Charlemagne and other Carolingian rulers, replacing the earlier Merovingian long hair. A ninth-century statuette depicts Charlemagne or his grandson,
2164:, and parts of Alemannia. The two younger sons were confirmed in their kingdoms and gained additional territories; most of Bavaria and Alemmannia was given to Pepin, and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy were given to Louis. Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title. The
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According to historian
Jennifer Davis, Charlemagne "invented medieval rulership" and his influence can be seen at least into the nineteenth century. Charlemagne is often known as "the father of Europe" because of the influence of his reign and the legacy he left across the large area of the continent
2029:
The
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire remained a significant contemporary power in European politics for Leo and Charlemagne, especially in Italy. The Byzantines continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with their borders not far south of Rome. Empress Irene had seized the throne from her son
1867:
in
Neustria in 789, leaving Pepin the Hunchback his only son without lands. His relationship with Himiltrude was now apparently seen as illegitimate at his court, and Pepin was sidelined from the succession. In 792, as his father and brothers were gathered in Regensburg, Pepin conspired with Bavarian
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after learning of the defeat, but
Widukind fled before his arrival. Charlemagne summoned the Saxon magnates to an assembly and compelled them to turn prisoners over to him, since he regarded their previous acts as treachery. The annals record that Charlemagne had 4,500 Saxon prisoners beheaded in the
1348:
considers it likely that
Charlemagne would have been able to read, but the medievalist Paul Dutton writes that "the evidence for his ability to read is circumstantial and inferential at best" and concludes that it is likely that he never properly mastered the skill. Einhard makes no direct mention of
1206:. The mayors of the palace had gained influence as the Merovingian kings' power waned due to divisions of the kingdom and several succession crises. Pepin was eventually succeeded by his son Charles, later known as Charles Martel. Charles did not support a Merovingian successor upon the death of King
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Charlemagne had at least twenty children with his wives and other partners. After the death of his wife
Luitgard in 800, he did not remarry but had children with unmarried partners. He was determined that all his children, including his daughters, should receive an education in the liberal arts. His
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After
Charlemagne left Italy, Arechis sent envoys to Irene to offer an alliance; he suggested that she send a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove the Franks from power in Lombardy. Before his plans could be finalised, Aldechis and his elder son Romuald died of illness
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Carloman's refusal to participate in the war against Aquitaine led to a rift between the kings. It is uncertain why Carloman abandoned the campaign; the brothers may have disagreed about control of the territory, or Carloman was focused on securing his rule in the north of Francia. Regardless of the
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imprecisely gives his age at death as about 71, and his original epitaph called him a septuagenarian. Einhard said that he did not know much about Charlemagne's early life; some modern scholars believe that, not knowing the emperor's true age, he still sought to present an exact date in keeping with
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during his reign. His synods were called to address specific issues at particular times, but generally dealt with church administration and organization, education of the clergy, and the proper forms of liturgy and worship. Charlemagne used the Christian faith as a unifying factor in the realm and,
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Harun's death lead to a succession crisis and, under his successors, churches and synagogues were destroyed in the caliphate. Unable to intervene directly, Charlemagne sent specially-minted coins and arms to the eastern Christians to defend and restore their churches and monasteries. The coins with
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attributes the easy conquest to the Lombard elite's "presupposition that rightful authority was in the hands of the one powerful enough to seize it". Charlemagne soon returned to Francia with the Lombard royal treasury and with Desiderius and his family, who would be confined to a monastery for the
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He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a
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also made substantial contributions. Aside from the intellectual activity at the palace, Charlemagne promoted ecclesiastical schools and publicly funded schools for the children of the elite and future clergy. Students learned basic Latin literacy and grammar, arithmetic, and other subjects of the
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The northern frontier was quiet until 808, when Gudfred and some allied Slavic tribes led an incursion into the Obotrite lands and extracted tribute from over half the territory. Charles the Younger led an army across the Elbe in response, but only attacked some of Gudfred's Slavic allies. Gudfred
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of the Romans." Leo acclaimed Charlemagne as "emperor of the Romans" during the coronation, but Charlemagne never used this title. The avoidance of the specific claim of being a "Roman emperor", as opposed to the more-neutral "emperor governing the Roman empire", may have been to improve relations
2009:
Historians differ about the intentions of the imperial coronation, the extent to which Charlemagne was aware of it or participated in its planning, and the significance of the events for those present and for Charlemagne's reign. Contemporary Frankish and papal sources differ in their emphasis on,
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outlining the papal lands and rights Pepin had agreed to protect and restore. It is unclear which lands and rights the agreement involved, which remained a point of dispute for centuries. Charlemagne placed a copy of the agreement in the chapel above St. Peter's tomb as a symbol of his commitment,
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commemorated Charlemagne's date of birth as 2 April from the mid-ninth century, and this date is likely to be genuine. Matthias Becher built on Werner's work and showed that 2 April in the year recorded would have actually been in 748, since the annalists recorded the start of the year from Easter
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Louis and Pepin of Italy married and had children during their father's lifetime, and Charlemagne brought Pepin's daughters into his household after Pepin's death. Rotrude had been betrothed to Emperor Constantine VI, but the betrothal was ended. None of Charlemagne's daughters married, although
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Charlemagne, as a figure of myth and emulation, grew over the centuries; Matthias Becher writes that over 1,000 legends are recorded about him, far outstripping subsequent emperors and kings. Later medieval writers depicted Charlemagne as a crusader and Christian warrior. Charlemagne is the main
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became pope in 795, he faced political opposition. His enemies accused him of a number of crimes and physically attacked him in April 799, attempting to remove his eyes and tongue. Leo escaped and fled north to seek Charlemagne's help. Charlemagne continued his campaign against the Saxons before
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describes both Carloman and Charlemagne "by will and decision...joined in lawful marriage... wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves." Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius. By 784, at
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succeeded Stephen III in 772, and sought the return of papal control of cities that had been captured by Desiderius. Unsuccessful in dealing with the Lombard king directly, Adrian sent emissaries to Charlemagne to gain his support for recovering papal territory. Charlemagne, in response to this
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in encouraging their study by his children and others, although it is unknown whether his study was as a child or at court during his later life. The question of Charlemagne's literacy is debated, with little direct evidence from contemporary sources. He normally had texts read aloud to him and
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Historian Johannes Fried writes that "Comparisons with other images allow us to interpret it as a sketch of an ancient emperor or king, or even of Charlemagne himself. However sketchy and unaccomplished the drawing is, its message and its moral could not be clearer: the ruler appears here as a
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Rosamond McKitterick writes that Charlemagne exercised "a remarkable degree of patriarchal control ... over his progeny," noting that only a handful of his children and grandchildren were raised outside his court. Pepin of Italy and Louis reigned as kings from childhood and lived at their
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in September. Hearing evidence from the pope and his enemies, he sent Leo back to Rome with royal legates who were instructed to reinstate the pope and conduct a further investigation. In August of the following year, Charlemagne made plans to go to Rome after an extensive tour of his lands in
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continued operations in the west. At each stage of the campaigns, the Frankish armies seized wealth and carried Saxon captives into slavery. Unusually, Charlemagne campaigned through the winter instead of resting his army. By 785, he had suppressed the Saxon resistance and completely commanded
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Collins also writes that becoming emperor gave Charlemagne "the right to try to impose his rule over the whole of ", considering this a motivation for the coronation. He notes the "element of political and military risk" inherent in the affair due to the opposition of the Byzantine Empire and
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that "since Saxony had not been in the Roman empire it is hard to see on what basis an emperor would have been any more welcomed." These authors write that the decision to take the title of emperor was aimed at furthering Charlemagne's influence in Italy, as an appeal to traditional authority
936:, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the
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Charlemagne gathered an army after the council of Frankfurt as Saxon resistance continued, beginning a series of annual campaigns which lasted through 799. The campaigns of the 790s were even more destructive than those of earlier decades, with the annal writers frequently noting Charlemagne
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through the marriages of his daughters to their dukes, and an alliance with Charlemagne would add to his influence. Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada, went on his behalf to Lombardy in 770 and brokered a marriage alliance before returning to Francia with his new bride. Desiderius's daughter is
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and Lothair, who were born while he was in Spain; Lothair died in infancy. Again, Saxons had seized on the king's absence to raid. Charlemagne sent an army to Saxony in 779 while he held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine in Francia. Hildegard gave birth to another daughter,
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and seizing their gold and silver. The success of the war helped secure Charlemagne's reputation among his brother's former supporters and funded further military action. The campaign was the beginning of over thirty years of nearly-continuous warfare against the Saxons by Charlemagne.
1732:, during this trip to Italy. After the royal family's return to Francia, she had her final pregnancy and died from its complications on 30 April 783. The child, named after her, died shortly thereafter. Charlemagne commissioned epitaphs for his wife and daughter, and arranged for a
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their inscriptions were also an important tool of imperial propaganda. Johannes Fried writes that deteriorating relations with Baghdad after Harun's death may have been the impetus for renewed negotiations with Constantinople which led to Charlemagne's peace with Michael in 811.
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rebelled against him. He quickly crushed the rebellion, distributing Hrodgaud's lands to the Franks to consolidate his rule in Lombardy. Charlemagne wintered in Italy, consolidating his power by issuing charters and legislation and taking Lombard hostages. Amid the 775 Saxon and
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in Jerusalem and other gifts. According to Einhard, Charlemagne "zealously strove to make friendships with kings beyond the seas" in order "that he might get some help and relief to the Christians living under their rule." A surviving administrative document, the
2581:. The Ottonians and Capetians, direct successors of the Carolingans, drew on the legacy of Charlemagne to bolster their legitimacy and prestige; the Ottonians and their successors held their German coronations in Aachen through the Middle Ages. The marriage of
1902:"burning", "ravaging", "devastating", and "laying waste" the Saxon lands. Charlemagne forcibly removed a large number of Saxons to Francia, installing Frankish elites and soldiers in their place. His extended wars in Saxony led to his establishing his court in
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Disease struck the Lombards shortly after his return to Pavia, and they surrendered the city by June 774. Charlemagne deposed Desiderius and took the title of King of the Lombards. The takeover of one kingdom by another was "extraordinary", and the authors of
3743:, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear. Roger Collins, Johannes Fried, and Janet Nelson all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity. Fried also dates the beginning of their relationship to 763 or even earlier.
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Janet Nelson considers it a depiction of Charlemagne; Paul Dutton says that it was "long thought to depict Charlemagne and now attributed by most to Charles the Bald," and Johannes Fried presents both as possibilities but considers it "highly
1621:
The Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence in Italy to raid the Frankish borderlands, leading to a Frankish counter-raid in the autumn of 774 and a reprisal campaign the following year. Charlemagne was soon drawn back to Italy as Duke
2207:) several times during Nikephoros' reign. Charlemagne sent envoys to Constantinople in 810 to make peace, giving up his claims to Veneto. Nikephoros died in battle before the envoys could leave Constantinople but his son-in-law and successor
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potential opposition from the Frankish elite, as the imperial title could draw him further into Mediterranean politics. Collins sees several of Charlemagne's actions as attempts to ensure that his new title had a distinctly-Frankish context.
2720:, uses facts (apparently from Einhard) and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after their civil wars later in the ninth century as the bases of a visionary tale about Charles meeting a prophetic spectre in a dream.
2211:
confirmed the peace, sending his own envoys to Aachen to recognise Charlemagne as emperor. Charlemagne soon issued the first Frankish coins bearing his imperial title, although papal coins minted in Rome had used the title as early as 800.
2397:, his daughter Rotrude, and his sons Pepin the Hunchback, Pepin of Italy, and Charles the Younger died. The deaths of Charles and Pepin of Italy left Charlemagne's earlier plans for succession in disarray. He declared Pepin of Italy's son
2920:
Noble writes that the efforts of Charlemagne and his successors to standardise Christian doctrine and practices and harmonise Frankish practices were essential steps in the development of Christianity in Europe, and the Roman Catholic or
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to conform with Frankish practices. Carolingian policies promoting unity did not eliminate the diverse practices throughout the empire, but created a shared ecclesiastical identity—according to Rosamond McKitterick, "unison, not unity."
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with the Byzantines. This formulation (with the continuation of his earlier royal titles) may also represent a view of his role as emperor as being the ruler of the people of the city of Rome, as he was of the Franks and the Lombards.
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Historian Henry Mayr-Harting claims that the assumption of the imperial title by Charlemagne was an effort to incorporate the Saxons into the Frankish realm, since they did not have a native tradition of kingship. However, Costambeys
2030:
Constantine VI in 797, deposing and blinding him. Irene, the first Byzantine empress, faced opposition in Constantinople because of her gender and her means of accession. One of the earliest narrative sources for the coronation, the
924:. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the
2076:, crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the Roman empire, and who is by the mercy of God king of the Franks and the Lombards" instead of the earlier form "Charles, by the grace of God king of the Franks and Lombards and
1427:
before being restored to Rome. Stephen's papacy experienced continuing factional struggles, so he sought support from the Frankish kings. Both brothers sent troops to Rome, each hoping to exert his own influence. The Lombard king
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Charlemagne's tomb was opened in 1861 by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and measured it at 1.92 metres (6 ft 4 in) in length, roughly equivalent to Einhard's seven feet. A 2010 estimate of his height from an
1565:. Fried suggests that the boys were forced into a monastery (a common solution of dynastic issues), or "an act of murder smooth Charlemagne's ascent to power." Adalgis was not captured by Charlemagne, and fled to Constantinople.
2186:
After his coronation, Charlemagne sought recognition of his imperial title from Constantinople. Several delegations were exchanged between Charlemagne and Irene in 802 and 803. According to the contemporary Byzantine chronicler
2138:, officials who would now be assigned in pairs (a cleric and a lay aristocrat) to administer justice and oversee governance in defined territories. The emperor also ordered the revision of the Lombard and Frankish legal codes.
1579:
Charlemagne left the siege in April 774 to celebrate Easter in Rome. Pope Adrian arranged a formal welcome for the Frankish king, and they swore oaths to each other over the relics of St. Peter. Adrian presented a copy of the
1445:, although she may have been named Gerperga. Anxious about the prospect of a Frankish–Lombard alliance, Pope Stephen sent a letter to both Frankish kings decrying the marriage and separately sought closer ties with Carloman.
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reached a settlement with the Danes in 811. The Danes did not pose a threat for the remainder of Charlemagne's reign, but the effects of this war and their earlier expansion in Saxony helped set the stage for the intense
2597:, cited the influence of Charlemagne and associated themselves with him. In fact, both German and French monarchs considered themselves as successors of Charlemagne, enumerating him as "Charles I" in their regnal lists.
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into the city. Charlemagne presided over an assembly to hear the charges, but believed that no one could sit in judgement of the pope. Leo swore an oath on 23 December, declaring his innocence of all charges. At mass in
882:, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the sole ruler three years later. Charlemagne continued his father's policy of protecting the papacy and became its chief defender, removing the
2513:
The stability and peace of Charlemagne's reign did not long outlive him. Louis' reign was marked by strife, including a number of rebellions by his sons. After Louis' death, the empire was divided among his sons into
1921:
Charlemagne also worked to expand his influence through diplomatic means during the 790s wars, focusing on the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. Charles the Younger proposed a marriage pact with the daughter of King
1389:, was constantly in rebellion during Pepin's reign. Pepin fell ill on campaign there and died on 24 September 768, and Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded their father. They had separate coronations, Charlemagne at
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powerful protector, guarding the Church with his weapons and—as the following text emphasises—restoring it according to the dictates of the faith and the Church Fathers in preparation for the impending end time."
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nobles to assassinate them and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne before it could proceed; Pepin was sent to a monastery, and many of his co-conspirators were executed.
2624:
Contacts with the wider Mediterranean world through Spain and Italy, the influx of foreign scholars at court, and the relative stability and length of Charlemagne's reign led to a cultural revival known as the
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noted that "romancers represent him as often weak and passionate, the victim of treacherous counsellors, and at the mercy of turbulent barons, on whose prowess he depends for the maintenance of his throne."
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and modern typefaces. Scholar John J. Contreni considers the educational and learning revival under Charlemagne and his successors "one of the most durable and resilient elements of the Carolingian legacy".
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during his father's lifetime. By 751 or 752, Pepin had deposed Childeric and replaced him as king. Early Carolingian-influenced sources claim that Pepin's seizure of the throne was sanctioned beforehand by
3735:
Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or
2833:
endorsed a portrait of Charlemagne as a great unifier of disparate German tribes into a common nation, allowing Hitler to co-opt Charlemagne's legacy as an ideological model for his expansionist policies.
1815:, but did not inform Charlemagne or invite any Frankish bishops. Charlemagne, probably in reaction to the perceived slight of the exclusion, broke the betrothal of his daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI.
3299:
issued by Charlemagne in 806 provided that his legitimate daughters be allowed to marry or become nuns after his death. Theodrada entered a convent, but the decisions of his other daughters are unknown.
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as an overarching community of Western Christians, rather than a collection of local traditions, is the result of Carolingian policies and ideology. Charlemagne's doctrinal policies promoting the use of
2227:, which arrived at Aachen in 802. Harun also sought to undermine Charlemagne's relations with the Byzantines, with whom he was at war. As part of his outreach, Harun gave Charlemagne nominal rule of the
2018:("Christian Empire") in which "just as the inhabitants of the Roman Empire had been united by a common Roman citizenship", the new empire would be united by a common Christian faith. This is the view of
1474:), or married after Pepin was born. Pope Stephen's letter described the relationship as a legitimate marriage, but he had a vested interest in preventing Charlemagne from marrying Desiderius's daughter.
2837:
Historiography after World War II focused on Charlemagne as "the father of Europe" rather than a nationalistic figure, a view first advanced during the nineteenth century by German romantic philosopher
2546:, and was crowned emperor in 962. By this time, the eastern and western parts of Charlemagne's former empire had already developed distinct languages and cultures. Otto founded (or re-established) the
1748:
In summer 782, Widukind returned from Denmark to attack the Frankish positions in Saxony. He defeated a Frankish army, possibly due to rivalry among the Frankish counts leading it. Charlemagne came to
2821:—became especially pronounced during the nineteenth century with Napoleon's use of Charlemagne's legacy and the rise of German nationalism. German historiography and popular perception focused on the
2530:. Middle Francia was divided several more times over the course of subsequent generations. Carolingians would rule – with some interruptions – in East Francia (later the
1366:, but modern historians dispute this. It is possible that papal approval came only when Stephen travelled to Francia in 754 (apparently to request Pepin's aid against the Lombards), and on this trip
1328:", he was probably functionally bilingual in Germanic and Romance dialects at an early age. Charlemagne also spoke Latin and, according to Einhard, could understand and (perhaps) speak some Greek.
2223:
during the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs. As an early sign of friendship, Charlemagne requested an elephant as a gift from Harun. Harun later provided an elephant named
1638:
Returning north, Charlemagne waged another brief, destructive campaign against the Saxons in 776. This led to the submission of many Saxons, who turned over captives and lands and submitted to
1417:
strife between the kings, they maintained a joint rule for practical reasons. Charlemagne and Carloman worked to obtain the support of the clergy and local elites to solidify their positions.
1238:
Charlemagne's year of birth is uncertain, although it was most likely in 748. An older tradition based on three sources, however, gives a birth year of 742. The ninth-century biographer
2277:
form. The Frankish monks appealed the dispute to Rome, where Pope Leo affirmed the text of the creed omitting the phrase and passed the report on to Charlemagne. Charlemagne summoned a
2817:. As early as the sixteenth century, debate between German and French writers began about Charlemagne's "nationality". These contrasting portraits—a French Charlemagne versus a German
1938:. Nelson writes that Charlemagne treated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms "like satellite states," establishing direct relations with English bishops. Charlemagne also forged an alliance with
902:, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the
3265:
children were taught in accordance with their aristocratic status, which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.
1477:
Carloman died suddenly on 4 December 771, leaving Charlemagne sole king of the Franks. He moved immediately to secure his hold on his brother's territory, forcing Carloman's widow
9902:
Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments
11322:
2348:, uneasy at the extension of Frankish power, offered to meet with Charlemagne to arrange peace and (possibly) hand over Saxons who had fled to him; the talks were unsuccessful.
3416:
uniquely says that his hair was brown. Later art and iconography of Charlemagne followed suit, generally depicting him in a later medieval style as bearded with longer hair.
2829:
initially portrayed Charlemagne as an enemy of Germany, a French ruler who worked to take away the freedom and native religion of the German people. This quickly shifted as
1787:
Westphalia. That summer, he met Widukind and persuaded him to end his resistance. Widukind agreed to be baptised with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of the
2689:, according to Johannes Fired, "can be said to have revived the defunct literary genre of the secular biography." Einhard drew on classical sources, such as Suetonius'
2271:
into the creed. The difference did not cause significant conflict until 807, when Frankish monks in Bethlehem were denounced as heretics by a Greek monk for using the
1871:
The early 790s saw a marked focus on ecclesiastical affairs by Charlemagne. He summoned a council in Regensburg in 792 to address the theological controversy over the
1553:
had taken Carloman's sons. Charlemagne captured the city; no further record exists of his nephews or of Carloman's wife, and their fate is unknown. Recent biographer,
11211:
1593:
call it "without parallel". Charlemagne secured the support of the Lombard nobles and Italian urban elites to seize power in a mainly-peaceful annexation. Historian
2562:
he ruled. The political structures he established remained in place through his Carolingian successors, and continued to exert influence into the eleventh century.
10308:
3598:
Karolus serenissimus augustus a deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium, qui et per misercordiam dei rex francorum atque langobardorum
1799:
Charlemagne travelled to Italy in 786, arriving by Christmas. Aiming to extend his influence further into southern Italy, he marched into the Duchy of Benevento.
2160:) set the terms of Charlemagne's succession. Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance: rule of Francia, Saxony,
1767:, probably in the immediate aftermath of (or as a precursor of) the massacre. With a harsh set of laws which included the death penalty for pagan practices, the
2593:, and the French kings' association with Charlemagne's legacy was stressed until the monarchy's end. German and French rulers, such as Frederick Barbarossa and
1852:
to attack Charlemagne. He was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Charlemagne absorbed Bavaria into his kingdom. Charlemagne spent the next few years based in
1397:, on 9 October. The brothers maintained separate palaces and spheres of influence, although they were considered joint rulers of a single Frankish kingdom. The
11518:
11513:
1335:, although the extent of Charlemagne's formal education is unknown. He almost certainly was trained in military matters as a youth in Pepin's court, which was
1226:, a member of an influential Austrasian noble family, in 744. In 747, Carloman abdicated and entered a monastery in Rome. He had at least two sons; the elder,
3390:
of height for his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres (5 ft 7 in). The width of the bone suggested that he was slim.
2893:
The condition of all his subjects as a "Christian people" was an important concern. Charlemagne's policies encouraged preaching to the laity, particularly in
2538:) until 987. After 887, the imperial title was held sporadically by a series of non-dynastic Italian rulers before it lapsed in 924. The East Frankish king
3393:
Charlemagne wore his hair short, abandoning the Merovingian tradition of long-haired monarchs. He had a moustache (possibly imitating the Ostrogothic king
1918:(Carloman) engaged in further wars against the Avars in the south, which led to the collapse of their kingdom and the eastward expansion of Frankish rule.
1273:
rather than 1 January. Presently, most scholars accept April 748 for Charlemagne's birth. Charlemagne's place of birth is unknown. The Frankish palaces in
859:
approximately three centuries earlier. Charlemagne's reign was marked by political and social changes that had lasting influence on Europe throughout the
2925:"as a historical phenomenon, not as a theological or ecclesiological one, is a Carolingian construction." He says that the medieval European concept of
10862:
10342:
1489:, a powerful magnate in Carloman's kingdom. This was a reaction to Desiderius's sheltering of Carloman's family and a move to secure Gerold's support.
11237:
2405:
detailing the disposal of his property at his death, with bequests to the church, his children, and his grandchildren. Einhard (possibly relying on
1466:
that Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but does not say whether Charles and Himiltrude ever married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage (
11874:
11312:
2825:, emphasized with Charlemagne as the "butcher" of the Germanic Saxons or downplayed as an unfortunate part of the legacy of a great German ruler.
1833:
within weeks of each other. Charlemagne sent Grimoald back to Benevento to serve as duke and return it to Frankish suzerainty. The Byzantine army
3319:
2287:, and sent the decision to Rome. Leo said that the Franks could maintain their tradition, but asserted that the canonical creed did not include
2178:
2170:
also provided that if any of the brothers predeceased Charlemagne, their sons would inherit their share; peace was urged among his descendants.
14743:
1736:
to be said daily at Hildegard's tomb. Charlemagne's mother Bertrada died shortly after Hildegard, on 12 July 783. Charlemagne was remarried to
891:
1717:, the remnant of the Roman Empire in the East, met Charlemagne during his stay in Rome; Charlemagne agreed to betroth his daughter Rotrude to
13809:
11583:
10622:
10349:
2666:
in monasteries and cathedrals focused on copying new and old works, producing an estimated 90,000 manuscripts during the ninth century. The
12656:
10301:
3476:
3455:
3071:
Adalhaid (773/4–774), born while her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons
10895:
10388:
2846:. Modern historians increasingly place Charlemagne in the context of the wider Mediterranean world, following the work of Henri Pirenne.
1774:
Charlemagne's focus for the next several years would be on his attempt to complete the subjugation of the Saxons. Concentrating first in
2604:
der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to those who promote European unity. Recipients of the prize include
2122:
was an expansive piece of legislation, with provisions governing the conduct of royal officials and requiring that all free men take an
1860:
the Avars. Successful campaigns against them were launched from Bavaria and Italy in 788, and Charlemagne led campaigns in 791 and 792.
13311:
11277:
10576:
10069:(freely available database of prosopographical and socio-economic data from legal documents dating to Charlemagne's reign, produced by
9102:
Charlemagne's Survey of the Holy Land: Wealth, Personnel, and Buildings of a Mediterranean Church between Antiquity and the Middle Ages
2989:
condemnation of the worship of images and relics and conflicts by Charlemagne and his successors with the temporal power of the popes.
2048:). This account presents Leo not as Charlemagne's superior, but as the agent of the Roman people who acclaimed Charlemagne as emperor.
1834:
1706:. Charlemagne returned to Saxony in 780, holding assemblies at which he received hostages from Saxon nobles and oversaw their baptism.
2955:
to elevate Charlemagne to sainthood. Since Paschal's acts were not considered valid, Charlemagne was not recognised as a saint by the
2332:
had been brought into contact with the Frankish world through Charlemagne's wars with the Saxons. Raids on Charlemagne's lands by the
14693:
9705:. Translated by McKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
14748:
14703:
14678:
11030:
2077:
1481:
to flee to Desiderius's court in Lombardy with their children. Charlemagne ended his marriage to Desiderius's daughter and married
12680:
10294:
2793:, a fixture in medieval literature and art as an exemplar of a Christian king. Despite his central role in these legends, author
2478:
2243:
As emperor, Charlemagne became involved in a religious dispute between Eastern and Western Christians over the recitation of the
10112:
10724:
10666:
1432:
also had interests in Roman affairs, and Charlemagne attempted to enlist him as an ally. Desiderius already had alliances with
739:
9267:. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde – Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 62. Berlin, New York: DeGruyter. pp. 575–586.
2438:
by his daughters and palace officials that day. Louis arrived at Aachen thirty days after his father's death, making a formal
14673:
14668:
14658:
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9997:
9975:
9956:
9937:
9909:
9890:
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9817:
9798:
9779:
9748:
9729:
9710:
9691:
9672:
9653:
9612:
9586:
9567:
9500:
9481:
9443:
9403:
9353:
9302:
9280:
9222:
9190:
9152:
9021:
8954:
8933:
8914:
8791:
8759:
8740:
8719:
8700:
8671:
8642:
8623:
8586:
8567:
8537:
8512:
8493:
8474:
6144:
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Charlemagne's coronation led to a centuries-long ideological conflict between his successors and Constantinople known as the
1875:
doctrine in the Spanish church and formulate a response to the Second Council of Nicea. The council condemned adoptionism as
14496:
1370:
Pepin as king; this legitimised his rule. Charlemagne was sent to greet and escort the Pope, and he and his younger brother
12436:
11867:
10534:
10430:
2551:
2543:
3369:
short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life.
2765:, centre on characterizations of the emperor as a leader of Christian knights in wars against Muslims. The cycle includes
2044:
himself before Charlemagne after crowning him (an act of submission standard in Roman coronation rituals from the time of
14683:
14663:
11396:
11294:
11181:
8614:
Contreni, John J. (1995). "The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.).
3536:, meaning "commander", used to denote successful generals in ancient Rome, but eventually came to denote the position of
3343:
1374:
were anointed with their father. Pepin sidelined Drogo around the same time, sending him and his brother to a monastery.
13214:
2963:
was observed in Aachen, Reims, Frankfurt, Zurich and Regensburg, and he has been venerated in France since the reign of
2430:, a biographer of Louis, records the emperor's last words as "Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit" (quoting from
2101:
Charlemagne left Italy in the summer of 801 after adjudicating several ecclesiastical disputes in Rome and experiencing
1771:"constituted a program for the forced conversion of the Saxons" and was "aimed ... at suppressing Saxon identity".
11434:
10736:
10487:
2401:
ruler of Italy and made his own only surviving son, Louis, heir to the rest of the empire. Charlemagne also made a new
1377:
Charlemagne began issuing charters in his own name in 760. The following year, he joined his father's campaign against
10103:
3404:
By the twelfth century, Charlemagne was described as bearded rather than moustachioed in literary sources such as the
1709:
He and Hildegard traveled with their four younger children to Rome in the spring of 781, leaving Pepin and Charles at
14456:
13802:
12612:
11783:
11763:
11743:
11576:
10566:
9634:
9548:
9424:
9171:
8605:
8146:
2191:, Charlemagne made an offer of marriage to Irene which she was close to accepting. Irene was deposed and replaced by
1807:
before offering Charlemagne his fealty. Charlemagne accepted his submission and hostages, who included Arechis's son
820:
7263:
14408:
12649:
12572:
11778:
11748:
11718:
11337:
10817:
10707:
9629:. Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures. Translated by Dutton, Paul. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press.
8802:
8769:
Freeman, Elizabeth (2017). ""Charles the Great, or Just Plain Charles: Was Charlemagne a Great Medieval Leader?"".
8529:
2451:
1763:
1658:
1514:, who had been engaging in border raids on the Frankish kingdom when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan
1176:
practised by the Franks. The late seventh century saw a period of war and instability following the murder of King
1157:
856:
9262:
3435:
Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see
3269:
courts. Careers in the church were arranged for his illegitimate sons. His daughters were resident at court or at
2336:
began around 800. Charlemagne engaged in his final campaign in Saxony in 804, seizing Saxon territory east of the
14698:
14601:
14564:
13247:
12532:
12183:
11860:
11803:
11758:
11698:
10832:
10756:
10376:
10354:
3115:
3109:
3035:
2662:
Carolingian authors produced extensive works, including legal treatises, histories, poetry, and religious texts.
2248:
1729:
1703:
1510:
Charlemagne's first campaigning season as sole king of the Franks was spent on the eastern frontier in his first
1164:, grew to encompass nearly all of present-day France and Switzerland, along with parts of modern Germany and the
13726:
14179:
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12103:
11823:
11818:
11798:
11733:
11071:
10690:
10337:
10329:
10317:
2605:
2118:
1840:
As affairs were being settled in Italy, Charlemagne turned his attention to Bavaria. Bavaria was ruled by Duke
1531:
1332:
1211:
610:
3273:(where Charlemagne's sister was abbess), and those at court may have fulfilled the duties of queen after 800.
14134:
14059:
12620:
12604:
12580:
12500:
12492:
11813:
11808:
11788:
11768:
11753:
11738:
11723:
11683:
11678:
11366:
10945:
10920:
10529:
3194:
1757:. Fried writes, "Although this figure may be exaggerated, the basic truth of the event is not in doubt", and
836:
681:
477:
14728:
14718:
14688:
14610:
14591:
13795:
12588:
12556:
12508:
12484:
12468:
11841:
11793:
11773:
11728:
11708:
11688:
11673:
11668:
11569:
11406:
10925:
10915:
10371:
9348:. Middle Ages Series. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3286:
2642:
Intellectual life at court was dominated by Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Visigothic and Italian scholars, including
2373:
2228:
1841:
1535:
1478:
1058:('great') may have been associated with him during his lifetime, but this is not certain. The contemporary
55:
1344:
dictated responses and decrees, but this was not unusual even for a literate ruler at the time. Historian
34:
12642:
12564:
12524:
12460:
11713:
11693:
11663:
11371:
10741:
10514:
2944:
2446:
and taking charge of the palace and the empire. Charlemagne's remains were exhumed by Holy Roman Emperor
2418:
Charlemagne became ill in the autumn of 813 and spent his last months praying, fasting, and studying the
2247:, the fundamental statement of orthodox Christian belief. The original text of the creed, adopted at the
1979:
1227:
247:
13844:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
8141:(in French). Vol. 481–987, première partie: Mérovingiens, Carolingiens et Robertiens. p. 211.
2683:
Charlemagne was a frequent subject of, and inspiration for, medieval writers after his death. Einhard's
2195:, who was unwilling to recognise Charlemagne as emperor. The two empires conflicted over control of the
14733:
14723:
14713:
14708:
14243:
14068:
11380:
10405:
3309:
2826:
2814:
2161:
1442:
1340:
732:
327:
9970:. Middle Ages Series. Translated by McNamara, Jo Ann. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
9529:
The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne: A Translation, with an Introduction, the Latin Text, and Notes
14738:
13297:
11439:
11141:
10452:
10079:, a collection of primary sources of Charlemagne's reign edited by Paul Halsall of Fordham University
8548:
3691:
3234:
3146:
2960:
2394:
1890:
1864:
1808:
1081:. That name, and its derivatives, are unattested before their use by Charles Martel and Charlemagne.
464:
368:
30:
9855:
2109:
was achieved with a series of campaigns by Louis against the Emirate of Cordoba, culminating in the
13929:
13221:
11272:
10847:
10364:
10070:
9743:. Translated by Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3290:
2402:
2188:
2110:
1931:
1812:
1811:. In Italy, Charlemagne also met with envoys from Constantinople. Empress Irene had called the 787
1678:
3401:
and shows the subject as moustachioed with short hair; this also appears on contemporary coinage.
2431:
2259:. A tradition developed in Western Europe that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father "and the
1986:) and crowned him. Charlemagne was the first reigning emperor in the west since the deposition of
1828:
from Benevento, with Grimoald's effigy and Charlemagne's name (DOMS CAR RX, the Lord King Charles)
14615:
12690:
11997:
10890:
10746:
10473:
10200:
2982:
and other Protestant thinkers viewed him as a forerunner of the Reformation, however, noting the
2905:, and made efforts to ensure that the clergy taught them and other basics of Christian morality.
2859:
2626:
2435:
2393:
The Carolingian dynasty experienced a number of losses in 810 and 811, when Charlemagne's sister
2300:
2102:
2069:
1973:
at the twelfth milestone outside Rome, the traditional location where Roman emperors began their
1946:
in 798, Alfonso sent Charlemagne trophies of his victory, including armour, mules and prisoners.
1935:
1800:
1424:
937:
887:
9261:
Nonn, Ulrich (2008). "Karl Martell – Name und Beiname". In Ludwig, Uwe; Schlipp, Thomas (eds.).
13867:
13747:
13057:
12685:
12371:
11361:
11247:
10960:
3650:
2741:
2589:(a direct descendant of Charlemagne) was seen as a sign of increased legitimacy for their son,
2469:
2032:
1939:
932:. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of
832:
526:
13693:
9471:
9414:
8523:
7414:
6132:
3473:
3452:
2647:
1262:
challenged the acceptance of 742 as the Frankish king's birth year, citing an addition to the
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13047:
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11257:
11242:
10955:
10812:
10719:
10519:
10502:
10415:
10359:
9363:
Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust".
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3175:
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2781:
2667:
2094:
1259:
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1060:
725:
13289:
11307:
8944:
8598:
Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages
1662:
1597:
suggests that the elective nature of the Lombard monarchy eased Charlemagne's takeover, and
987:
Several languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries as
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14643:
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14324:
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13667:
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13008:
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12548:
12415:
11703:
11489:
11484:
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11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11416:
11343:
11186:
11146:
10965:
10867:
10842:
10781:
10586:
10561:
10497:
10248:
9724:. Documents of Medieval History. Translated by Lyon, H.R.; Percival, John. London: Arnold.
9600:
9138:
9079:
Mayr-Harting, Henry (1996). "Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800".
8818:
Geary, Patrick J. (1987). "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The
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2937:
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in monasteries throughout the empire, and promoted a standardised liturgy adapted from the
2882:
2843:
2745:
2721:
2586:
2447:
1943:
1886:
1594:
1558:
1486:
1173:
658:
571:
170:
9701:
McKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard, eds. (2021).
2703:
to frame his work's structure and style. The Carolingian period also saw a revival of the
1927:
1349:
Charlemagne reading, and recorded that he only attempted to learn to write later in life.
8:
14653:
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13111:
13087:
13067:
13037:
13027:
12988:
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12963:
12943:
12874:
12869:
12825:
12701:
12401:
12366:
12335:
12300:
12284:
12228:
11928:
11920:
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11643:
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3058:
3020:
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criticising his apparent subjugation to the papacy by accepting his coronation from Leo.
2964:
2704:
2631:
2582:
2574:
2441:
1991:
1974:
1783:
1749:
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with Frankish and Saxon men; many more Saxons came under his rule, but the Saxon magnate
1546:
1453:
1402:
1285:
in 748, but it cannot be proved that it took place in April or if Bertrada was with him.
1210:
in 737, leaving the throne vacant. He made plans to divide the kingdom between his sons,
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1169:
867:
640:
634:
597:
489:
434:
409:
404:
162:
13886:
13754:
13232:
8596:
Contreni, John J. (1984), "The Carolingian Renaissance", in Treadgold, Warren T. (ed.),
2801:
Attention to Charlemagne became more scholarly in the early modern period as Eindhard's
2737:
14544:
14516:
14507:
14448:
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14210:
13954:
13917:
13863:
13761:
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13258:
13168:
13131:
13098:
13072:
13003:
12978:
12958:
12953:
12909:
12899:
12894:
12516:
12349:
11633:
11592:
11550:
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10807:
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in turn, worked to impose unity on the church. He implemented an edited version of the
2839:
2822:
2709:
2531:
2411:
2406:
2353:
2278:
1987:
1758:
1754:
1623:
1437:
1318:
968:
933:
903:
844:
840:
577:
520:
227:
223:
103:
11852:
11116:
2728:, written for Charlemagne's great-grandson Charles the Fat, presents moral anecdotes (
2089:
1669:
in 756, who sought Charlemagne's support for al-Fihri's restoration. Also present was
1194:, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his 687 victory at the
14586:
14577:
14553:
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14394:
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12914:
12904:
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11121:
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9993:
9971:
9952:
9933:
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9841:
9836:
Fouracre, Paul (2005). "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians". In Joanna Story (ed.).
9813:
9794:
9775:
9744:
9725:
9706:
9687:
9668:
9649:
9630:
9608:
9582:
9563:
9544:
9496:
9477:
9439:
9420:
9399:
9380:
9349:
9298:
9276:
9253:
9218:
9196:
9186:
9167:
9148:
9130:
9017:
8997:
8950:
8929:
8910:
8884:
8863:'s 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession".
8851:
8839:
8787:
8755:
8736:
8715:
8696:
8681:
8667:
8638:
8619:
8601:
8582:
8563:
8560:
A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics)
8533:
8508:
8489:
8470:
8142:
6140:
3730:
The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is uncertain. A 770 letter by
3100:
3049:
2685:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2547:
2535:
2293:. He commissioned two silver shields with the creed in Latin and Greek (omitting the
2216:
2208:
1689:
1670:
1581:
1562:
1482:
1264:
964:
911:
388:
343:
72:
2866:
Charlemagne gave much attention to religious and ecclesiastical affairs, holding 23
2805:
and other sources began to be published. Political philosophers debated his legacy;
951:, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving legitimate son,
14423:
14357:
14239:
13905:
13894:
13708:
13485:
13415:
13359:
13325:
13241:
13194:
13122:
12998:
12864:
12357:
12276:
12252:
11638:
11623:
11386:
11191:
11171:
11091:
11076:
10975:
10877:
10751:
10591:
10549:
10544:
10524:
10507:
10420:
10278:
10267:
10107:
10016:
9767:
9703:
Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the popes to the Frankish rulers, 739–791
9372:
9324:
9268:
9241:
9118:
9088:
9052:
8977:
8872:
8831:
8659:
7258:
3731:
3679:
3398:
3355:
2898:
2897:
languages they would understand. He believed it essential to be able to recite the
2768:
2758:
2643:
2570:
2566:
2527:
2398:
2133:
2073:
1911:
1907:
1714:
1615:
1433:
1420:
1274:
1223:
1195:
1183:
1137:
1086:
944:
925:
875:
758:
704:
692:
673:
565:
559:
514:
454:
312:
205:
9473:
Families, Friends and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England
9183:
Courts, elites, and gendered power in the early Middle Ages Charlemagne and others
3364:
Einhard gives a first-hand description of Charlemagne's appearance later in life:
2426:, and was bedridden for seven days before dying on the morning of 28 January 814.
2026:
as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church".
14412:
14404:
14381:
14376:
14310:
14268:
14121:
13987:
13945:
13859:
13768:
13566:
13460:
13018:
12884:
12859:
12843:
12476:
12385:
12308:
12292:
11648:
11628:
11608:
11444:
11411:
11355:
11349:
11206:
11111:
11015:
10827:
10321:
10286:
10228:
10186:
10149:
9393:
9212:
9027:
8860:
8730:
8690:
8152:
3714:
3699:
3675:
3577:
3480:
3459:
3293:; and Hiltrude had a son named Richbod, possibly with a count named Richwin. The
3258:
3096:
2794:
2699:
2555:
2427:
2305:
2220:
1885:, a detailed argument against Nicea's canons. In 794, Charlemagne called another
1849:
1718:
1698:
1457:
1363:
1336:
1314:
1215:
1203:
1110:
1102:
1094:
994:
976:
952:
914:
871:
652:
616:
444:
419:
258:
147:
137:
9722:
The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration
9272:
6180:
3253:
1818:
1761:
calls it "perhaps the greatest stain on his reputation." Charlemagne issued the
1610:
1568:
1281:
are among the places suggested by scholars. Pepin the Short held an assembly in
1218:, who succeeded him after his death in 741. The brothers placed the Merovingian
14400:
14283:
14230:
14188:
14116:
13973:
13890:
13698:
13515:
12929:
12790:
12452:
12244:
11658:
11507:
11332:
11126:
11101:
11065:
11005:
10998:
10993:
10983:
10837:
10822:
10761:
10637:
10627:
10383:
10257:
10207:
9312:
9109:
McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church".
9092:
3654:
3608:
3593:
3547:
3518:
3205:
3189:
3087:
2775:
2754:
2578:
2539:
2523:
2386:
2357:
2310:
2256:
1923:
1915:
1881:
1824:
1733:
1722:
1710:
1681:. The Franks, defeated in the battle, withdrew with most of their army intact.
1653:
Also at the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from
1345:
1199:
1078:
1024:
1004:
929:
852:
848:
686:
646:
604:
547:
414:
215:
10700:
10076:
9376:
9245:
9200:
9122:
9056:
8876:
8835:
2236:, shows the work done by his agents in Palestine in furtherance of this goal.
955:. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into
14637:
14535:
14129:
14013:
13992:
13606:
12889:
12815:
12780:
12745:
12393:
11883:
11391:
11317:
11283:
11267:
11227:
10910:
10885:
10661:
10571:
10556:
10478:
9531:. Translated by Howell, Wilbur Samuel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9290:
8843:
3564:. For a discussion of Charlemagne's title and Constantinople's reaction, see
3270:
3228:
3185:
3091:
2975:
2809:
viewed him as the first constitutional monarch and protector of freemen, but
2790:
2651:
2565:
Charlemagne was an ancestor of several European ruling houses, including the
2333:
2106:
2019:
1666:
1598:
1572:
1526:
1219:
1165:
1008:
972:
899:
175:
9454:
9041:"Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris"
9031:
8156:
14485:
13495:
13267:
12810:
12800:
12795:
12775:
12770:
12715:
11501:
11376:
11232:
11196:
10935:
10857:
10701:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10425:
9384:
9208:
7307:
3521:) was also born in 776, based on the four-year-old's 780 baptism in Pavia.
2948:
2922:
2830:
2813:
saw him as a despotic ruler and representative of the medieval period as a
2519:
2515:
2485:
2244:
2196:
2192:
2123:
1960:
1554:
1325:
1269:
1207:
1177:
960:
956:
921:
710:
698:
471:
13672:
13611:
10084:
9861:
The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History
9791:
Civilization of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition
8981:
7203:
7167:
6701:
6498:
6474:
6192:
2061:
recognised by Italian elites within and (especially) outside his control.
1982:
on Christmas Day 800, Leo proclaimed Charlemagne "emperor of the Romans" (
1172:. Francia was often divided under different Merovingian kings, due to the
14443:
14024:
13445:
13430:
13203:
13183:
12879:
12805:
12760:
12750:
12735:
12725:
12330:
11302:
11131:
11106:
11081:
11054:
11041:
10950:
10539:
8663:
8488:. Translated by Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press.
8057:
8055:
8053:
7430:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6087:
6085:
2979:
2971:
2926:
2806:
2671:
2663:
2356:
immediately sued for peace, and a commission led by Charlemagne's cousin
2329:
2260:
2252:
2041:
1872:
1070:("Charles the great king"). That epithet is attested in the works of the
890:
in 774. His reign saw a period of expansion that led to the conquests of
860:
847:
from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814. He united most of
14259:
9395:
Orbis Romanus: Byzantium and the Legacy of Rome in the Carolingian World
9064:
9040:
8989:
8965:
3717:. The House of Ivrea later came to rule Spain and intermarried with the
3613:
Carolus gratia dei rex francorum et langobardorum ac patricius Romanorum
2600:
The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (the
2505:
1448:
Charlemagne had already had a relationship with the Frankish noblewoman
1251:
which he used as a model. All three sources may have been influenced by
1242:
reports Charlemagne as being 72 years old at the time of his death; the
1148:; this was due in considerable measure to the conversion of their king,
497:
14498:
14386:
14320:
14147:
13652:
13621:
13581:
13535:
13440:
13435:
13420:
13157:
13136:
12938:
12848:
12830:
12755:
12740:
12720:
12215:
12191:
12167:
11086:
10671:
10241:
10165:
9581:. Translated by Davis, Raymond. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
9336:
8786:. Translated by Lewis, Peter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4944:
4942:
4780:
4778:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4436:
4434:
4089:
4087:
4002:
3918:
3738:
3658:
3554:
3387:
3136:
3039:
3014:
2894:
2886:
2854:
2842:. This view has led to Charlemagne's adoption as a political symbol of
2590:
2233:
2224:
2127:
2045:
1853:
1788:
1775:
1654:
1511:
1469:
1449:
1429:
1371:
1071:
895:
879:
622:
540:
195:
157:
120:
11561:
10066:
9667:. Translated by Goodman, Peter. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
8050:
7179:
7008:
6522:
6406:
6300:
6082:
6031:
3330:
2670:
script was developed and popularised in medieval copying, influencing
1740:, daughter of the East Frankish count Radolf, by the end of the year.
1506:
Political map of Europe in 771, showing the Franks and their neighbors
14293:
14087:
13963:
13901:
13877:
13850:
13818:
13616:
13601:
13591:
13576:
13525:
13470:
13151:
13141:
13062:
12785:
12765:
12634:
12410:
12260:
12159:
12119:
12095:
12079:
11944:
11936:
11911:
11613:
9741:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
8803:"The Impact of Charlemagne on the Institutions of the Frankish Realm"
8655:
Beards and Texts: Images of masculinity in medieval German literature
8507:. Translated by Bachrach, David S. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6168:
3718:
3532:
3375:
3354:, an idealised portrayal and reliquary said to contain Charlemagne's
3282:
3161:
3132:
2878:
2655:
2341:
1965:
1857:
1779:
1643:
1410:
1378:
1367:
1248:
1191:
1037:, as the emperor is normally known in English, comes from the French
855:, and was the first recognised emperor to rule in the west after the
583:
553:
507:
10007:
Sarti, Laury (2016). "Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire".
9455:"The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence"
9328:
7700:
4939:
4775:
4548:
4494:
4470:
4431:
4419:
4084:
4053:
3930:
3906:
3882:
1357:
There are only occasional references to Charlemagne in the Frankish
1293:
988:
14315:
14078:
13775:
13662:
13647:
13596:
13586:
13465:
13425:
13395:
13177:
13146:
13052:
12834:
12710:
12380:
12344:
12175:
12151:
12143:
12127:
12111:
12087:
12047:
11545:
10900:
10654:
10642:
10020:
9951:. Vol. II: c. 700–900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9562:. Translated by Bachrach, Bernard S. Lawrence, KS: Coronodo Press.
8900:]. Translated by Giuseppe Albertoni. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
8103:
5887:
3560:
3537:
3277:
several had children with unmarried partners. Bertha had two sons,
3126:
3043:
2956:
2810:
2762:
2594:
2423:
2382:
2266:
1737:
1647:
1519:
1515:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1313:("native tongue"). Most scholars have identified this as a form of
1252:
1180:, which led to factional struggles among the Frankish aristocrats.
1149:
883:
352:
78:
10040:
Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800
8295:
7859:
2509:
Partition of the Carolingian Empire after the 843 Treaty of Verdun
2462:
1282:
13657:
13642:
13571:
13550:
13520:
13500:
13490:
13455:
13405:
13390:
13385:
13374:
13349:
12730:
12207:
12199:
12071:
12063:
12055:
12039:
12031:
11960:
11952:
11898:
11157:
10771:
10393:
9990:
Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare
9864:. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
9700:
9622:
9596:
8732:
Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age
3671:
3640:, and thus his realm as the early stage of the Holy Roman Empire.
3386:
was 1.84 metres (6 ft 0 in); this puts him in the 99th
3379:
3278:
3074:
2730:
2694:
2362:
2345:
1970:
1845:
1804:
1674:
1639:
1632:
1550:
1502:
1386:
1321:
1278:
1239:
1161:
1109:) through Charlemagne's influence or that of his great-grandson,
1050:
429:
281:
8040:
8038:
8036:
5971:
1942:, although Einhard calls Alfonso his "dependent". Following his
1697:
Charlemagne returned to Francia to greet his newborn twin sons,
1198:. Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of Austrasia:
910:. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the
13688:
13637:
13540:
13510:
13354:
13344:
12135:
12005:
11976:
11968:
11323:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
10766:
10676:
10581:
9536:
9524:
8926:
Empires and Barbarians:The Fall of Rome and the birth of Europe
7449:
7319:
6740:
6423:
5839:
5767:
5755:
5575:
5250:
3542:
2970:
Charlemagne also drew attention from figures of the Protestant
2936:
and opposing the Second Council of Nicea were key steps in the
2419:
2378:
2204:
2200:
2011:
1903:
1876:
1628:
1358:
1141:
1074:
around 900, and it had become commonly applied to him by 1000.
998:
948:
907:
300:
8966:"Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture"
8525:
Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia
7967:
7712:
6060:
6058:
2472:
in which Charlemagne is thought to have been originally buried
1126:
917:
in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.
13841:
13319:
12013:
8355:
8223:
8211:
8033:
7608:
7533:
7073:
7071:
3383:
3103:
since 781, crowned co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814
2867:
2321:
1539:
1390:
1331:
Charlemagne's father Pepin had been educated at the abbey of
127:
9543:. Translated by Alcott, Stephen. York: Sessions Book Trust.
7688:
7545:
7355:
4741:
4739:
4673:
4588:
4586:
4538:
4536:
4458:
4407:
4260:
4019:
4017:
3954:
3776:
3774:
2340:, removing its Saxon population, and giving the land to his
1997:
794:
767:
11984:
8752:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
8633:
Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; MacLean, Simon (2011).
7485:
7032:
6626:
6435:
6370:
6055:
5923:
5262:
5103:
4236:
3978:
2337:
1896:
1856:, largely focused on consolidating his rule of Bavaria and
1401:
report that Charlemagne ruled Austrasia and Carloman ruled
1153:
809:
800:
779:
773:
13817:
9921:
Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants
9919:
Lewers Langston, Aileen; Buck, J. Orton Jr., eds. (1974).
8235:
8199:
8187:
7895:
7871:
7775:
7724:
7644:
7586:
7584:
7509:
7497:
7343:
7271:
7239:
7143:
7131:
7083:
7068:
7056:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6865:
6853:
6788:
6728:
6718:
6716:
6689:
6655:
6653:
6638:
6578:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6486:
6348:
6346:
6158:
6156:
6102:
6100:
5935:
5899:
5875:
5863:
5815:
5791:
5779:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5659:
5635:
5623:
5539:
5515:
5479:
5443:
5431:
5395:
5368:
5329:
5305:
5293:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5163:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5050:
5038:
5014:
5002:
4915:
4272:
3894:
1906:, which had easy access to the frontier. He built a large
1152:, to Catholicism. The Franks had established a kingdom in
1085:
was adapted by Slavic languages as their word for "king" (
791:
764:
11212:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
9516:
9315:(1985). "Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire".
8616:
The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume II: c. 700–900
8418:
8331:
8011:
8009:
7979:
7955:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7883:
7835:
7799:
7787:
7741:
7739:
7661:
7659:
7632:
7620:
7379:
6957:
6889:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6812:
6614:
6602:
6566:
6539:
6537:
6452:
6450:
6394:
6331:
5551:
5385:
5383:
5346:
5344:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5062:
4927:
4886:
4874:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4763:
4751:
4736:
4709:
4646:
4634:
4610:
4598:
4583:
4571:
4533:
4506:
4482:
4446:
4395:
4171:
4014:
3990:
3771:
3540:
and his successors. In German, the title was rendered as
2215:
He sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the
1794:
14501:
from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.
9459:
Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
8442:
8406:
8372:
8370:
8343:
8319:
8307:
7996:
7994:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7569:
7521:
7461:
7396:
7394:
7331:
6998:
6996:
6947:
6945:
6764:
6288:
5192:
5190:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4663:
4661:
4248:
4159:
3942:
3106:
Lothair (778–779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy
1837:, but were repulsed by the Frankish and Lombard forces.
1657:(Muslim Spain). They included the son and son-in-law of
1255:: "The days of our years are threescore years and ten".
1043:('Charles the Great'). In modern German, he is known as
11882:
9900:
James, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Muḥammad b ʻUmar (2009).
9739:
Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara, eds. (1970).
8558:
Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014).
8283:
8271:
8091:
7581:
7557:
7473:
7437:
7227:
7044:
7020:
6981:
6930:
6913:
6713:
6650:
6549:
6358:
6343:
6240:
6228:
6204:
6153:
6097:
6070:
6043:
5959:
4523:
4521:
4335:
4313:
4311:
4296:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4147:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4029:
2938:
growing divide between Western and Eastern Christianity
2173:
9831:. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub.
9541:
Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804: His life and letters
8632:
8467:
Medieval Germany , 500–1300 A Political Interpretation
8259:
8247:
8175:
8163:
8079:
8067:
8061:
8006:
7811:
7763:
7751:
7736:
7656:
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7295:
7209:
7185:
7173:
7119:
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6504:
6480:
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6417:
6382:
6319:
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6198:
6186:
6174:
6112:
6091:
6037:
6007:
5995:
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5827:
5803:
5743:
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5611:
5587:
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5527:
5503:
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5467:
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5407:
5380:
5356:
5341:
5317:
5274:
5238:
5175:
5151:
5091:
5074:
4948:
4784:
4726:
4724:
4565:
4500:
4476:
4440:
4425:
4383:
4323:
4207:
4093:
4059:
4008:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3846:
3786:
2488:, in which Frederick II reinterred Charlemagne in 1215
2005:, volume 1, France, second quarter of the 14th century
1492:
11243:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
9930:
The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987
9362:
8430:
8394:
8382:
8367:
8301:
8021:
7991:
7943:
7847:
7823:
7671:
7596:
7391:
7367:
7283:
7215:
7191:
7155:
7107:
6993:
6942:
6901:
6824:
6800:
6776:
6752:
6677:
6216:
6019:
5983:
5851:
5731:
5647:
5599:
5455:
5187:
5026:
4990:
4978:
4954:
4898:
4862:
4838:
4685:
4658:
4195:
4123:
4111:
3822:
3443:, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner,
2849:
2534:) until 911, and in West Francia (which would become
2434:). Charlemagne's body was prepared and buried in the
1339:. Charlemagne also asserted his own education in the
821:
812:
788:
782:
9416:
The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis
9232:
Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion".
8946:
Ius hereditarium Encountered III: Ezzo's Chess Match
8115:
6590:
5947:
4966:
4850:
4697:
4622:
4518:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4308:
4219:
4183:
4135:
4065:
3966:
3412:, and other works in Latin, French, and German. The
2303:. Another product of the 809 Aachen council was the
1605:
1497:
1352:
1121:
1031:
is the modern English form of these names. The name
797:
770:
394:
9918:
9899:
4826:
4721:
4284:
4099:
4041:
3810:
3466:
Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen
2761:. Works in this cycle, which originated during the
2734:) to highlight the emperor's qualities as a ruler.
1910:there, including a chapel which is now part of the
920:In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by
806:
803:
776:
761:
10316:
10037:
6877:
3870:
3858:
3798:
2992:
9686:. Translated by King, P.D. Lancaster: P.D. King.
9144:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
9104:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
7416:Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia
3834:
2959:. Despite this lack of official recognition, his
2951:in 1000. In 1165, Frederick Barbarossa persuaded
14635:
11313:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
9885:. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
9607:. Translated by Thorpe, Lewis. London: Penguin.
9436:The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy
3090:(777–810, Baptized "Pepin" 15 April 781),
2365:raids across Europe later in the ninth century.
2022:, who says that "Charles was the Emperor of the
1743:
1650:fled to Denmark to prepare for a new rebellion.
1027:, the formal language of writing and diplomacy.
943:Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at
2881:acquired from Pope Adrian, required use of the
2385:(a four-horse chariot), it was manufactured in
1969:Neustria. Charlemagne met Leo in November near
1423:was elected in 768, but was briefly deposed by
1116:
8557:
4266:
2639:outlined his policies and aims for education.
1693:Adrian crowning Louis, as Charlemagne looks on
13803:
13305:
12650:
11868:
11577:
10302:
9595:
9016:. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Harvard.
8907:The Legend of Charlemagne in Medieval England
3498:('and in that year, King Charles was born')."
3303:
2325:Europe at the death of the Charlemagne in 814
2182:15th-century woodcut of Charlemagne and Irene
1994:, was anointed king by Leo at the same time.
1863:Charlemagne gave Charles the Younger rule of
1077:Charlemagne was named after his grandfather,
733:
9738:
9719:
9627:Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard
9490:
9346:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe
9317:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
9164:Empire and Order:Concepts of Empire 800-1800
9078:
8904:
7694:
6337:
3984:
3888:
3736:
3558:and used alongside the traditional title of
2766:
2678:
1467:
1044:
1038:
1032:
51:King of the Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor
10113:An interactive map of Charlemagne's travels
9984:
9946:
9927:
9840:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
9772:Early Carolingian Warfare Prelude to Empire
9217:. Oakland: University of California Press.
9214:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne
9137:
9108:
8229:
8217:
8205:
8193:
7901:
7877:
7650:
7614:
6746:
6429:
6064:
5109:
4808:
4757:
4745:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4577:
4542:
4512:
4488:
4464:
4452:
4413:
4401:
4278:
4023:
3996:
3780:
3493:
3346:depicting Charlemagne or Charles the Bald.
3294:
2931:
2862:, built by Charlemagne at the Aachen palace
2450:in 1165, and reinterred in a new casket by
2439:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2264:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2131:
1461:
1308:
1065:
1053:
1018:
1012:
15:
14050:
13810:
13796:
13312:
13298:
12657:
12643:
11875:
11861:
11584:
11570:
11328:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
11278:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
10309:
10295:
9433:
8905:Hardman, Philipa; Ailes, Marianne (2017).
8898:Karl der Grosse: Herrscher des Abendlandes
7985:
6130:
2789:. Charlemagne was depicted as one of the
2619:
1728:Hildegard gave birth to her eighth child,
1642:. In 777, Charlemagne held an assembly at
1268:which records Charlemagne's birth in 747.
740:
726:
16:
9720:Lyon, H.R.; Percival, John, eds. (1975).
9147:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9099:
9011:
8891:
8749:
8714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8637:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8618:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8133:
7539:
4242:
4165:
3960:
3948:
3624:
3281:and Hartnid, with Charlemagne's courtier
1914:. Einhard joined the court at that time.
1288:
9835:
9766:
9557:
9491:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
8613:
8595:
8581:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
8546:
8521:
7718:
7590:
7575:
7563:
7551:
7527:
7515:
7503:
7491:
7479:
7467:
7455:
7443:
7412:
7361:
3439:. For full treatment of the debate, see
3252:
2853:
2736:
2608:(founder of the pan-European movement),
2504:
2372:
2368:
2320:
2177:
2088:
2001:Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne. From
1996:
1897:Continued wars with the Saxons and Avars
1817:
1688:
1609:
1567:
1501:
1292:
1125:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
14221:
11591:
9878:
9854:
9826:
9807:
9662:
9621:
9289:
9161:
8942:
8923:
8858:
8800:
8768:
8600:, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
8576:
8483:
8289:
8277:
8085:
7419:. Vol. 3. Arundel. pp. 446–7.
7337:
7301:
7233:
7050:
7026:
6987:
6936:
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6722:
6659:
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5497:
5473:
5085:
5068:
4730:
4389:
4201:
4177:
4129:
4117:
3900:
3828:
3636:Some consider Charlemagne as the first
3431:
3429:
2084:
1684:
1582:agreement between Pepin and Stephen III
1324:. Due to the prevalence in Francia of "
14:
14636:
12664:
10035:
9968:Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne
9788:
9648:. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press.
9643:
9535:
9523:
9517:Primary sources in English translation
9469:
9412:
9311:
9207:
9180:
8963:
8909:. Cambridge: DS Brewer. pp. 1–9.
8894:Carlo Magno: Il signore dell'Occidente
8728:
8688:
8502:
8464:
8448:
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8376:
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4078:
4035:
3972:
3852:
3804:
3792:
3440:
2316:
2003:Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis
1795:Benevento, Bavaria, and Pepin's revolt
14744:Medieval history of the Low Countries
14497:West Francia was in the hands of the
13791:
13293:
12638:
11856:
11565:
10290:
10006:
9965:
9665:Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance
9579:The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes
9576:
9452:
9391:
9343:
9231:
9038:
8949:. Editions Enlaplage. pp. 9–12.
8928:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8817:
8781:
8709:
8651:
8436:
8424:
8400:
8388:
8121:
8097:
8027:
8000:
7973:
7961:
7949:
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7638:
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7325:
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6468:
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5989:
5965:
5953:
5857:
5737:
5653:
5605:
5557:
5461:
5196:
5032:
4996:
4972:
4856:
4832:
4353:
4329:
4290:
4254:
4213:
4105:
4047:
3876:
3840:
3816:
3565:
3495:'Et ipso anno fuit natus Karolus rex'
1585:and left Rome to continue the siege.
1545:Charlemagne's second son (also named
1297:Sketch thought to be of Charlemagne,
13278:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
9774:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
9681:
9260:
8062:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
7314:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
7210:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
7186:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
7174:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
7015:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6708:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6529:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6505:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6481:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6418:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6314:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6199:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6187:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6175:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6092:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
6038:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4949:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4785:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4566:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4501:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4477:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4441:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4426:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4094:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4060:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
4009:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
3937:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
3925:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
3913:Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011
3864:
3713:was a great-great-great grandson of
3426:
3003:
2707:genre. The author of the Latin poem
2174:Conflict and diplomacy with the east
1222:on the throne in 743. Pepin married
870:, Charlemagne was the eldest son of
831:; 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was
11182:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
10082:
9947:McKitterick, Rosamond, ed. (1995).
9434:Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010).
8302:Ruhli, Blumich & Henneberg 2010
3721:and the royal families of Portugal.
2500:
1949:
1575:receiving Charlemagne at Rome, 1493
1493:King of the Franks and the Lombards
48:
10737:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
10067:The Making of Charlemagne's Europe
9949:The New Cambridge Medieval History
9923:. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co.
9904:. London and New York: Routledge.
9759:
9646:Carolingian Civilization: A Reader
9558:Bachrach, Bernard S., ed. (1973).
9511:
8486:Charlemagne: Father of a Continent
7259:"Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor"
3227:Richbod (805–844), Abbot of
2850:Religious influence and veneration
1452:, and they had a son in 769 named
1247:the Roman imperial biographies of
1136:By the sixth century, the western
49:
14760:
10060:
3445:Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen
3257:Charlemagne instructing his son,
2377:A portion of Charlemagne's death
1879:and led to the production of the
1606:Frontier wars in Saxony and Spain
1498:Annexation of the Lombard Kingdom
1353:Accession and reign with Carloman
1122:Political background and ancestry
14694:Characters in The Song of Roland
14534:
14258:
14077:
13944:
11910:
11837:
11836:
11544:
11532:
10863:Fourth Council of Constantinople
10818:Second Council of Constantinople
10044:. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins.
9812:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
9493:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
9453:Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988).
9166:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
9014:Latin: story of a World Language
8712:Charlemagne's Practice of Empire
8530:University of Pennsylvania Press
8127:
7423:
7406:
7251:
6124:
3746:
3724:
3704:
3684:
3664:
3643:
3630:
3623:For more on the Basel roll, see
3617:
3602:
3587:
3571:
3524:
3511:
3492:"At 747 the scribe had written:
3329:
3318:
2477:
2461:
2130:reformed the institution of the
1803:fled to a fortified position at
1764:Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae
1659:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
1307:Einhard refers to Charlemagne's
1158:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
857:fall of the Western Roman Empire
757:
496:
476:
237:25 December 800 – 28 January 814
71:
14749:People of ancient Roman descent
14704:Deaths from respiratory disease
14679:9th-century Holy Roman Emperors
10833:Third Council of Constantinople
10757:First Council of Constantinople
9992:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9838:Charlemagne: Empire and Society
9810:Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
9684:Charlemagne: Translated Sources
9539:(1974). Alcott, Stephen (ed.).
8754:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
3698:and great-great-grandfather of
3674:, great-great granddaughter of
3653:, great-great granddaughter of
3552:. In Greek, it was rendered as
3501:
3486:
3358:, produced in the 14th century.
3141:Hiltrude (b. 787, d. after 808)
3052:(m. 771–783) daughter of
2993:Wives, concubines, and children
2245:Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
1614:Charlemagne's additions to the
11072:Dissolution of the monasteries
10338:History of the Catholic Church
9928:McKitterick, Rosamond (1983).
9419:. Cambridge University Press.
8553:. Boston, J. E. Tilton and Co.
8457:
7264:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2947:attempted to have Charlemagne
2693:, the orations of Cicero, and
2606:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
13:
1:
10946:Fourth Council of the Lateran
10921:Second Council of the Lateran
10530:Apostles in the New Testament
10104:Works by or about Charlemagne
9081:The English Historical Review
8801:Ganshof, François L. (1965).
7709:, pp. 513, 547–548 fn24.
3760:
3198:
3174:Ruodhaid (d. 852), Abbess of
3156:Concubines and their children
3078:
3062:
3024:
2714:
2654:; Franks such as Einhard and
2637:Epistola de litteris colendis
2550:, which would last until its
2313:and astronomical compendium.
1954:
1744:Saxon resistance and reprisal
1298:
682:Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor
373:
357:
332:
82:
14674:9th-century dukes of Bavaria
14669:8th-century Lombard monarchs
14659:8th-century dukes of Bavaria
13727:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
11060:Catholic Counter-Reformation
10926:Third Council of the Lateran
10916:First Council of the Lateran
10372:Catholic ecumenical councils
10077:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
9879:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005).
9663:Goodman, Peter, ed. (1985).
9625:(1998). Dutton, Paul (ed.).
9577:Davis, Raymond, ed. (1992).
8824:Frühmittelalterliche Studien
8522:Bouchard, Constance (2010).
8484:Barbero, Alessandro (2004).
8139:La préhistoire des Capétiens
8112:, pp. 91, 107, 285–286.
7868:, pp. 289–290, 295–296.
5896:, pp. 325–326, 329–331.
3765:
3233:Bernard (fl. 843), Abbot of
2263:", inserting the Latin term
2229:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
2119:Capitulare missorum generale
2014:referred to his realm as an
1964:breaking off to meet Leo at
1463:Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium
1117:Early life and rise to power
843:of what is now known as the
56:Charlemagne (disambiguation)
7:
10122:Emperor Charles I the Great
9495:. New York: Facts on File.
9438:. Oxford University Press.
9398:. Oxford University Press.
9365:Economics and Human Biology
9273:10.1515/9783110210477.3.575
9100:McCormick, Michael (2011).
9087:(444 November): 1113–1133.
9012:Leonhardt, Jürgen (2016) .
8943:Jackman, Donald C. (2010).
8892:Hägermann, Dieter (2011) .
8750:Frassetto, Michael (2003).
8710:Davis, Jennifer R. (2015).
8695:. Oxford University Press.
6137:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2779:and chronicles such as the
10:
14765:
14684:9th-century kings of Italy
14664:8th-century Frankish kings
14244:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
10406:History of the Roman Curia
9789:Cantor, Norman F. (2015).
9644:Dutton, Paul, ed. (2004).
8813:(1): 49 – via JSTOR.
6131:Hornblower, Simon (2012).
4267:Chambers & Wilkie 2014
3436:
3310:Iconography of Charlemagne
3307:
3304:Appearance and iconography
3285:; Rotrude had a son named
3068:–811), Duke of Maine
2996:
2827:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
2281:which defended the use of
1381:. Aquitaine, led by Dukes
95:Karolus Imperator Augustus
53:
14600:
14576:
14543:
14532:
14506:
14495:
14484:
14422:
14356:
14337:
14292:
14279:
14267:
14256:
14229:
14220:
14209:
14178:
14163:
14146:
14096:
14086:
14075:
14058:
14049:
14038:
14012:
13972:
13953:
13942:
13916:
13885:
13876:
13849:
13829:
13707:
13681:
13630:
13559:
13373:
13332:
13276:
13257:
13231:
13193:
13167:
13121:
13096:
13017:
12928:
12824:
12700:
12670:
12435:
12320:
12227:
11996:
11919:
11908:
11891:
11832:
11599:
11527:
11427:
11293:
11220:
11155:
11142:European wars of religion
11039:
10974:
10876:
10798:
10689:
10612:
10472:
10461:
10453:Eastern Catholic Churches
10328:
10275:
10246:
10238:
10217:
10193:
10183:
10154:
10146:
10141:
10120:
9829:Visigothic Spain, 409–711
9560:Liber Historiae Francorum
9377:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005
9246:10.1017/S0009640715000104
9181:Nelson, Janet L. (2007).
9123:10.1017/S0424208400015333
9111:Studies in Church History
9057:10.1017/S0362152900009119
9039:Lewis, Andrew W. (1977).
8877:10.1017/S0362152900004049
8859:Goffart, Walter (1986). "
8836:10.1515/9783110242195.274
8652:Coxon, Sebastian (2021).
8547:Bulfinch, Thomas (1864).
8503:Becher, Matthias (2005).
8465:Arnold, Benjamin (1997).
7328:, pp. 246–247, n 94.
6189:, pp. 161, 163, 165.
5980:, pp. 352, 400, 460.
3692:Albert II, Count of Namur
3517:Charlemagne's third son (
3235:Moutiers-Saint-Jean Abbey
3121:Hildegard (782–783)
2887:rites of the Roman Church
2787:(Pseudo-)Turpin Chronicle
2773:(epic poems) such as the
2744:depicted as Charlemagne (
2679:Memory and historiography
2495:
2249:Council of Constantinople
1661:, the former governor of
1090:
866:A member of the Frankish
470:
465:Chalcedonian Christianity
460:
450:
440:
428:
387:
319:
307:
287:
268:
264:
254:
241:
233:
222:
211:
201:
191:
187:June 774 – 28 January 814
183:
169:
153:
143:
133:
119:
109:
102:
89:
70:
65:
13834:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
13631:Swords and other objects
13560:Horses and other animals
12323:(title disputed 887–933)
11273:Mary of the Divine Heart
10896:Clash against the empire
10848:Second Council of Nicaea
10742:Old St. Peter's Basilica
9682:King, P.D., ed. (1997).
9605:Two Lives of Charlemagne
9470:Tanner, Heather (2004).
9295:Mohammed and Charlemagne
9093:10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1113
8964:Kuskin, William (1999).
8782:Fried, Johannes (2016).
7976:, pp. 292, 306–307.
7695:Hardman & Ailes 2017
5848:, pp. 340, 377–379.
5776:, pp. 285–287, 438.
5764:, pp. 270, 274–275.
5584:, pp. 225–226, 230.
5259:, pp. 167–170, 173.
3985:Waldman & Mason 2006
3891:, pp. 270, 274–275.
3889:Waldman & Mason 2006
3584:, "two-emperors problem"
3479:17 November 2013 at the
3458:17 November 2013 at the
3419:
3009:Wives and their children
2344:allies. The Danish king
2279:council at Aachen in 809
2111:801 capture of Barcelona
2103:an earthquake in Spoleto
1932:Ecgberht, King of Wessex
1813:Second Council of Nicaea
1679:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1631:campaigns, his daughter
1233:
248:Old St. Peter's Basilica
31:latest accepted revision
12691:List of French monarchs
11539:Vatican City portal
10891:Investiture Controversy
10747:First Council of Nicaea
10201:Problem of two emperors
9827:Collins, Roger (2004).
9808:Collins, Roger (1999).
9162:Muldoon, James (1999).
8924:Heather, Peter (2009).
8689:Davies, Norman (1996).
8577:Collins, Roger (1998).
7413:Williams, J.D. (1885).
3472:19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (
3410:Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle
2753:figure of the medieval
2627:Carolingian Renaissance
2620:Carolingian Renaissance
2070:problem of two emperors
1936:Eardwulf of Northumbria
1778:in 783, he pushed into
1538:the Lombard capital of
1441:traditionally known as
1425:Antipope Constantine II
999:
989:
982:
938:Carolingian Renaissance
14699:Christian royal saints
14052:Sons of Charles Martel
13868:Childebert the Adopted
13748:The Four Sons of Aymon
13197:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
12686:List of Frankish kings
12681:Simplified family tree
11551:Catholicism portal
11362:Second Vatican Council
11248:Our Lady of La Salette
11055:Protestant Reformation
11042:Protestant Reformation
10961:Second Council of Lyon
10350:Ecclesiastical history
9966:Riché, Pierre (1978).
9882:A History of Byzantium
9344:Riché, Pierre (1993).
9297:. Mineola, NY: Dover.
8735:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8550:Legends of Charlemagne
8469:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8364:, pp. xxxvi, 495.
8047:, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
7458:, pp. 59, 61, 64.
4682:, pp. 84–85, 101.
3737:
3651:Beatrice of Vermandois
3612:
3597:
3581:
3494:
3451:1, 1973, pp. 115–157 (
3371:
3295:
3289:, possibly with Count
3261:
2932:
2863:
2767:
2749:
2742:Manfred III of Saluzzo
2510:
2470:Proserpina sarcophagus
2440:
2390:
2326:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2265:
2183:
2166:
2152:
2143:
2132:
2098:
2006:
1940:Alfonso II of Asturias
1829:
1694:
1618:
1576:
1534:) crossed the Alps to
1512:war against the Saxons
1507:
1468:
1462:
1309:
1304:
1289:Language and education
1168:under the rule of the
1133:
1106:
1098:
1066:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1013:
527:Childebert the Adopted
13819:Pippinids, Arnulfings
11258:First Vatican Council
10956:First Council of Lyon
10720:Constantine the Great
10416:Christian monasticism
10071:King's College London
10036:Sypeck, Jeff (2006).
9392:Sarti, Laury (2024).
9139:McKitterick, Rosamond
8982:10.1353/elh.1999.0027
8729:Dutton, Paul (2016).
8658:. London: UCL Press.
8635:The Carolingian World
8562:. London: Routledge.
7721:, pp. xxii–xxiv.
3366:
3308:Further information:
3256:
2997:Further information:
2857:
2782:Historia Caroli Magni
2740:
2668:Carolingian minuscule
2508:
2376:
2369:Final years and death
2324:
2251:, professed that the
2181:
2158:Division of the Realm
2092:
2058:The Carolingian World
2038:Royal Frankish Annals
2000:
1821:
1692:
1677:forces in 778 at the
1635:was born in Francia.
1613:
1602:rest of their lives.
1591:The Carolingian World
1571:
1557:compares them to the
1505:
1399:Royal Frankish Annals
1296:
1260:Karl Ferdinand Werner
1244:Royal Frankish Annals
1129:
1061:Royal Frankish Annals
963:, which later became
88:with the inscription
81:of Charlemagne dated
14249:Counts of Vermandois
13734:Chanson de Guillaume
13481:Girart de Roussillon
12676:Detailed family tree
12533:Lothair III (or II)
11886:between 476 and 1556
11435:Sexual abuse scandal
11344:Mit brennender Sorge
11187:Age of Enlightenment
10966:Bernard of Clairvaux
10843:Byzantine Iconoclasm
10782:Council of Chalcedon
10562:Council of Jerusalem
10431:Role in civilization
10411:Religious institutes
10343:By country or region
10249:King of the Lombards
9986:Santosuosso, Antonio
9768:Bachrach, Bernard S.
9413:Scales, Len (2012).
9264:Nomen et Fraternitas
8664:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc
8135:Settipani, Christian
7316:, pp. 407, 432.
7041:, pp. 440, 453.
6635:, pp. 409, 411.
6444:, pp. 382, 385.
5932:, pp. 326, 333.
5271:, pp. 168, 172.
4924:, pp. 133, 134.
3711:Berengar II of Italy
3694:, great-grandson of
3437:Birth and early life
3344:equestrian statuette
3135:(b. 785), Abbess of
3054:Gerold of Anglachgau
2953:Antipope Paschal III
2883:Rule of St. Benedict
2844:European integration
2785:, also known as the
2746:Castello della Manta
2587:Isabella of Hainault
2554:in 1806, during the
2448:Frederick Barbarossa
2301:St. Peter's Basilica
2299:), which he hung in
2126:to Charlemagne. The
2085:Governing the empire
2016:Imperium Christianum
1980:St. Peter's Basilica
1893:shortly afterwards.
1887:council in Frankfurt
1685:Building the dynasty
1595:Rosamond McKitterick
1559:Princes in the Tower
1485:, daughter of count
1174:partible inheritance
926:Eastern Roman Empire
878:. With his brother,
837:King of the Lombards
659:Pepin I of Aquitaine
171:King of the Lombards
54:For other uses, see
14729:German bibliophiles
14719:French bibliophiles
14689:Carolingian dynasty
14602:Charles of Lorraine
14565:Charles of Lorraine
14435:Louis the Stammerer
14223:Sons of Charlemagne
14112:Charles the Younger
14107:Pepin the Hunchback
13741:Gormond et Isembart
13694:La Brèche de Roland
13365:Renaud de Montauban
13112:Henry VI of England
11593:Holy Roman emperors
11263:Papal infallibility
11253:Our Lady of Lourdes
11202:Shimabara Rebellion
11046:Counter-Reformation
10176:Charles the Younger
10127:Carolingian dynasty
8427:, pp. 31, 196.
8244:, pp. 225–226.
7964:, pp. 306–307.
7940:, pp. 301–302.
7916:, pp. 287–288.
7892:, pp. 269–297.
7844:, pp. 549–551.
7808:, pp. 542–546.
7784:, pp. 146–148.
7641:, pp. 275–283.
7629:, pp. 518–519.
7554:, pp. 748–756.
7542:, pp. 160–162.
7388:, pp. 527–528.
7364:, pp. 129–131.
7352:, pp. 263–265.
7280:, pp. 316–317.
7248:, pp. 155–182.
7212:, pp. 424–427.
7176:, pp. 379–381.
7152:, pp. 483–484.
7140:, pp. 482–483.
7092:, pp. 478–480.
7080:, pp. 480–481.
7065:, pp. 468–470.
6966:, pp. 462–463.
6898:, pp. 488–490.
6874:, pp. 452–453.
6862:, pp. 449–450.
6821:, pp. 442–446.
6797:, pp. 449–452.
6749:, pp. 116–117.
6737:, pp. 458–459.
6710:, pp. 167–168.
6698:, pp. 432–435.
6647:, pp. 410–415.
6623:, pp. 448–449.
6611:, pp. 450–451.
6587:, pp. 495–496.
6507:, pp. 173–174.
6495:, pp. 387–389.
6483:, pp. 168–169.
6432:, pp. 115–116.
6379:, pp. 150–151.
6201:, pp. 165–166.
5944:, pp. 270–271.
5908:, pp. 356–359.
5884:, pp. 323–324.
5872:, pp. 319–321.
5824:, pp. 306–314.
5800:, pp. 289–292.
5788:, pp. 283–284.
5704:, pp. 251–254.
5692:, pp. 243–244.
5680:, pp. 213–214.
5668:, pp. 188–190.
5644:, pp. 186–187.
5632:, pp. 240–241.
5560:, pp. 139–140.
5548:, pp. 208–209.
5524:, pp. 200–202.
5488:, pp. 196–197.
5452:, pp. 195–196.
5440:, pp. 193–195.
5404:, pp. 204–205.
5377:, pp. 182–183.
5338:, pp. 182–186.
5314:, pp. 175–179.
5302:, pp. 172–173.
5235:, pp. 164–166.
5223:, pp. 164–165.
5211:, pp. 162–163.
5172:, pp. 159–161.
5148:, pp. 157–159.
5136:, pp. 154–156.
5124:, pp. 147–148.
5059:, pp. 142–144.
5047:, pp. 139–141.
5023:, pp. 139–140.
5011:, pp. 135–138.
4936:, pp. 134–135.
4895:, pp. 131–132.
4883:, pp. 117–118.
4823:, pp. 110–111.
4799:, pp. 109–110.
4772:, pp. 108–109.
4718:, pp. 104–106.
4655:, pp. 100–101.
4643:, pp. 99, 101.
4257:, pp. 262–263.
3963:, pp. 292–293.
3903:, pp. 305–306.
3657:and grandmother of
3395:Theoderic the Great
3352:Bust of Charlemagne
3129:(m. 783–794)
3112:(779/780–826)
3059:Charles the Younger
3021:Pepin the Hunchback
2999:Carolingian dynasty
2705:mirrors for princes
2648:Theodulf of Orléans
2632:Admonitio generalis
2583:Philip II of France
2575:House of Luxembourg
2317:Wars with the Danes
2141:In addition to the
2097:in Aachen Cathedral
1992:Charles the Younger
1984:Imperator Romanorum
1784:Charles the Younger
1188:mayor of the palace
1170:Merovingian dynasty
1156:in the wake of the
1064:routinely call him
1011:) speakers; and as
934:Holy Roman Emperors
868:Carolingian dynasty
641:Charles the Younger
635:Pepin the Hunchback
490:Carolingian dynasty
410:Charles the Younger
405:Pepin the Hunchback
21:Page version status
14508:Charles the Simple
14449:Charles the Simple
13762:Orlando Innamorato
13720:The Song of Roland
13546:William of Gellone
13259:House of Bonaparte
13169:House of Bonaparte
13099:House of Lancaster
12665:Monarchs of France
11308:Our Lady of Fátima
11097:Ignatius of Loyola
11021:Catherine of Siena
10989:Pope Boniface VIII
10808:Benedict of Nursia
10777:Council of Ephesus
10614:Ante-Nicene period
10567:Split with Judaism
10401:Crusading movement
10220:Holy Roman Emperor
10157:King of the Franks
9932:. London: Logman.
8820:Visio Karoli Magni
8340:, pp. 24, 26.
7928:, p. 294–295.
7796:, p. 541–542.
7733:, p. 142–144.
7494:, pp. 61, 68.
3696:Louis IV of France
3638:Holy Roman Emperor
3342:: Carolingian-era
3262:
3224:Hroudhaid (b. 784)
3216:Theodoric (b. 807)
3149:(m. 794–800)
3046:(m. 770–771)
2864:
2840:Friedrich Schlegel
2823:Massacre of Verden
2750:
2726:Gesta Karoli Magni
2710:Visio Karoli Magni
2691:The Twelve Caesars
2646:, Alcuin of York,
2532:Kingdom of Germany
2511:
2412:The Twelve Caesars
2391:
2327:
2184:
2099:
2007:
1988:Romulus Augustulus
1830:
1782:in 784 as his son
1759:Alessandro Barbero
1755:massacre of Verden
1695:
1624:Hrodgaud of Friuli
1619:
1577:
1508:
1319:Rhenish Franconian
1305:
1230:, took his place.
1134:
1067:Carolus magnus rex
904:Massacre of Verden
845:Carolingian Empire
833:King of the Franks
825:-lə-mayn, -
578:Drogo of Champagne
228:Carolingian Empire
104:King of the Franks
27:
14734:German Christians
14724:French Christians
14714:Frankish warriors
14709:Founding monarchs
14631:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14453:Charles the Child
14395:Louis the Younger
14303:Louis II of Italy
14205:
14204:
14174:
14173:
14034:
14033:
13930:Hugh of Champagne
13785:
13784:
13709:Chansons de geste
13476:Garin de Monglane
13287:
13286:
13248:Louis Philippe II
13171:(1804–1814; 1815)
12632:
12631:
12443:Holy Roman Empire
11850:
11849:
11559:
11558:
11519:COVID-19 pandemic
11497:Pope Benedict XVI
11402:Pope John Paul II
11177:Pope Benedict XIV
11163:French Revolution
11147:Thirty Years' War
11137:Robert Bellarmine
11122:John of the Cross
11026:Pope Alexander VI
11011:Council of Vienne
10941:Francis of Assisi
10931:Pope Innocent III
10800:Early Middle Ages
10794:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10732:Arian controversy
10685:
10684:
10633:Apostolic Fathers
10285:
10284:
10276:Succeeded by
10214:
10212:Byzantine emperor
10184:Succeeded by
10097:The Latin Library
10087:Vita Karoli Magni
10051:978-0-0607-9706-5
9999:978-0-8133-9153-3
9977:978-0-8122-1342-3
9958:978-1-1390-5571-0
9939:978-0-5824-9005-5
9911:978-0-4154-7552-5
9892:978-0-6312-3513-2
9871:978-0-8014-0635-5
9847:978-0-7190-7089-1
9819:978-0-3336-5808-6
9800:978-0-0624-4460-8
9793:. HarperCollins.
9781:978-0-8122-2144-2
9750:978-0-4720-8790-7
9731:978-0-7131-5813-7
9712:978-1-8003-4871-4
9693:978-0-9511-5030-6
9674:978-0-8061-1939-7
9655:978-1-5511-1492-7
9614:978-0-1404-4213-7
9588:978-0-8532-3018-2
9569:978-0-8729-1058-4
9502:978-0-8160-4964-6
9483:978-9-0474-0255-8
9445:978-0-1953-7204-5
9405:978-0-19-774654-7
9355:978-0-8122-1096-5
9304:978-0-4861-2225-0
9282:978-3-1102-0238-0
9224:978-0-5203-1420-7
9192:978-0-7546-5933-4
9154:978-1-1394-7285-2
9023:978-0-6746-5996-4
8956:978-1-9364-6654-2
8935:978-0-1998-9226-6
8916:978-1-8438-4472-3
8793:978-0-6747-3739-6
8761:978-1-5760-7263-9
8742:978-1-1370-6228-4
8721:978-1-1070-7699-0
8702:978-0-1982-0171-7
8692:Europe: A History
8673:978-1-7873-5221-6
8644:978-0-5215-6366-6
8625:978-1-1390-5571-0
8588:978-0-3336-5055-4
8569:978-1-3179-1852-3
8539:978-0-8122-0140-6
8514:978-0-3000-9796-2
8495:978-0-5202-3943-2
8476:978-0-3336-1091-6
8451:, pp. 27–30.
8415:, pp. 24–25.
8352:, pp. 22–23.
8328:, pp. 24–26.
8316:, pp. 21–22.
8232:, pp. 91–93.
8220:, pp. 94–95.
8100:, pp. 50–51.
7617:, pp. 15–20.
7518:, pp. 66–67.
7506:, pp. 65–66.
6773:, pp. 60–61.
6575:, pp. 74–75.
6403:, pp. 25–26.
6338:Mayr-Harting 1996
6146:978-0-1995-4556-8
5968:, pp. 84–85.
5071:, pp. 61–63.
4467:, pp. 72–73.
4416:, pp. 71–72.
4344:, pp. 75–80.
4332:, pp. 14–15.
4305:, pp. 71–72.
4245:, p. xxxiii.
4216:, pp. 15–16.
4180:, p. 350 n7.
4156:, pp. 28–28.
4038:, pp. 61–65.
4011:, pp. 51–52.
3927:, pp. 35–37.
3855:, pp. 42–43.
3795:, pp. 2, 68.
3582:Zweikaiserproblem
3464:Matthias Becher:
3250:
3249:
3239:Chrothais (d 814)
3221:Unknown partners
3188:(801–855),
3101:King of Aquitaine
3099:(778–840),
2874:Dionysio-Hadriana
2769:chansons de geste
2686:Vita Karoli Magni
2614:Winston Churchill
2610:Alcide De Gasperi
2548:Holy Roman Empire
2409:from Suetonius's
2381:. Illustrating a
2309:, an illustrated
1990:in 476. His son,
1671:Sulayman al-Arabi
1665:ousted by Caliph
1563:Wars of the Roses
1460:wrote in his 784
1409:, Aquitaine, and
1265:Annales Petaviani
750:
749:
484:
483:
39:20 September 2024
18:
14756:
14739:Matter of France
14538:
14493:
14492:
14460:Lothair the Lame
14424:Charles the Bald
14358:Louis the German
14277:
14276:
14262:
14218:
14217:
14094:
14093:
14081:
14047:
14046:
13948:
13895:Chlodulf of Metz
13883:
13882:
13837:* ≡ "brother of"
13812:
13805:
13798:
13789:
13788:
13755:Karlamagnús saga
13486:Huon of Bordeaux
13379:other characters
13326:Matter of France
13314:
13307:
13300:
13291:
13290:
13242:Louis Philippe I
13233:House of Orléans
13195:House of Bourbon
13123:House of Bourbon
12659:
12652:
12645:
12636:
12635:
12624:
12616:
12608:
12600:
12592:
12584:
12576:
12568:
12560:
12552:
12544:
12536:
12528:
12520:
12512:
12504:
12496:
12488:
12480:
12472:
12464:
12456:
12437:Kingdom of Italy
12427:
12419:
12405:
12397:
12389:
12375:
12361:
12353:
12339:
12312:
12304:
12296:
12288:
12280:
12272:
12264:
12256:
12248:
12240:
12219:
12211:
12203:
12195:
12187:
12179:
12171:
12163:
12155:
12147:
12139:
12131:
12123:
12115:
12107:
12099:
12091:
12083:
12075:
12067:
12059:
12051:
12043:
12035:
12027:
12017:
12009:
11988:
11980:
11972:
11964:
11956:
11948:
11940:
11932:
11914:
11902:
11877:
11870:
11863:
11854:
11853:
11840:
11839:
11586:
11579:
11572:
11563:
11562:
11549:
11548:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11514:Patriarch Kirill
11387:Pope John Paul I
11192:Anti-clericalism
11172:Pope Innocent XI
11092:Society of Jesus
11077:Council of Trent
11031:Age of Discovery
10976:Late Middle Ages
10878:High Middle Ages
10868:East–West Schism
10752:Pope Sylvester I
10698:
10697:
10687:
10686:
10597:General epistles
10592:Pauline epistles
10525:John the Baptist
10508:Great Commission
10470:
10469:
10421:Catholic culture
10311:
10304:
10297:
10288:
10287:
10279:Bernard of Italy
10268:Bernard of Italy
10239:Preceded by
10205:
10147:Preceded by
10137:
10118:
10117:
10108:Internet Archive
10100:
10055:
10043:
10032:
10003:
9981:
9962:
9943:
9924:
9915:
9896:
9875:
9851:
9832:
9823:
9804:
9785:
9754:
9735:
9716:
9697:
9678:
9659:
9640:
9618:
9592:
9573:
9554:
9532:
9506:
9487:
9466:
9449:
9430:
9409:
9388:
9359:
9340:
9319:. Fifth Series.
9308:
9286:
9257:
9228:
9209:Nelson, Janet L.
9204:
9177:
9158:
9134:
9105:
9096:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9035:
9008:
9006:
9004:
8960:
8939:
8920:
8901:
8888:
8855:
8814:
8797:
8778:
8765:
8746:
8725:
8706:
8685:
8648:
8629:
8610:
8592:
8573:
8554:
8543:
8518:
8499:
8480:
8452:
8446:
8440:
8434:
8428:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8230:McKitterick 2008
8227:
8221:
8218:McKitterick 2008
8215:
8209:
8206:McKitterick 2008
8203:
8197:
8194:McKitterick 2008
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8048:
8042:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8004:
7998:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7902:McKitterick 1996
7899:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7878:McKitterick 1996
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7669:
7663:
7654:
7651:McKitterick 2008
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7615:McKitterick 2008
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7340:, pp. 9–12.
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6747:McKitterick 2008
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6547:
6541:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6471:, pp. 7–39.
6466:
6460:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6430:McKitterick 2008
6427:
6421:
6415:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6065:McKitterick 2008
6062:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5110:McKitterick 2008
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4809:McKitterick 2008
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4758:McKitterick 2008
4755:
4749:
4746:McKitterick 2008
4743:
4734:
4728:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4617:McKitterick 2008
4614:
4608:
4605:McKitterick 2008
4602:
4596:
4593:McKitterick 2008
4590:
4581:
4578:McKitterick 2008
4575:
4569:
4563:
4546:
4543:McKitterick 2008
4540:
4531:
4525:
4516:
4513:McKitterick 2008
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4489:McKitterick 2008
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4465:McKitterick 2008
4462:
4456:
4453:McKitterick 2008
4450:
4444:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4414:McKitterick 2008
4411:
4405:
4402:McKitterick 2008
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4279:McKitterick 2008
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4024:McKitterick 2008
4021:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3997:McKitterick 2008
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3781:McKitterick 2008
3778:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3732:Pope Stephen III
3728:
3722:
3708:
3702:
3688:
3682:
3680:Henry the Fowler
3668:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3591:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3568:, pp. 7–39.
3530:The Latin title
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3433:
3399:Charles the Bald
3333:
3322:
3298:
3296:Divisio Regnorum
3203:
3200:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3064:
3029:
3026:
3004:
2988:
2935:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2772:
2759:Matter of France
2719:
2716:
2644:Dungal of Bobbio
2571:Ottonian dynasty
2567:Capetian dynasty
2528:Treaty of Verdun
2501:Political legacy
2481:
2465:
2445:
2436:chapel at Aachen
2298:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2169:
2155:
2153:Divisio Regnorum
2150:The 806 charter
2146:
2137:
2033:Annals of Lorsch
1950:Reign as emperor
1928:Eadbehrt of Kent
1912:Aachen Cathedral
1721:'s son, Emperor
1715:Byzantine Empire
1616:Frankish Kingdom
1473:
1465:
1421:Pope Stephen III
1393:and Carloman at
1312:
1303:
1300:
1275:Vaires-sur-Marne
1196:Battle of Tertry
1184:Pepin of Herstal
1160:. This kingdom,
1092:
1069:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1040:Charles-le-magne
1036:
1022:
1016:
1005:Early Old French
1002:
992:
945:Aachen Cathedral
876:Bertrada of Laon
828:
824:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
742:
735:
728:
705:Louis the German
693:Charles the Bald
674:Treaty of Verdun
566:Pepin of Herstal
560:Chlodulf of Metz
515:Pippin the Elder
500:
486:
485:
480:
455:Bertrada of Laon
398:
378:
375:
362:
359:
347:(m. 771; d. 783)
337:
334:
313:Aachen Cathedral
297:
295:
278:
276:
179:
91:
87:
84:
75:
63:
62:
14764:
14763:
14759:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14753:
14634:
14633:
14632:
14623:
14596:
14572:
14539:
14530:
14502:
14487:
14472:
14459:
14455:
14451:
14427:
14418:
14411:
14405:Charles the Fat
14403:
14393:
14377:Louis the Child
14361:
14352:
14333:
14327:
14319:
14311:Louis the Blind
14288:
14272:
14269:Louis the Pious
14263:
14254:
14225:
14212:
14201:
14170:
14159:
14142:
14122:Louis the Pious
14082:
14073:
14054:
14040:
14030:
14008:
13968:
13949:
13940:
13912:
13872:
13845:
13840:
13825:
13816:
13786:
13781:
13769:Orlando Furioso
13712:and other works
13711:
13703:
13677:
13626:
13555:
13461:Doon de Mayence
13378:
13369:
13328:
13318:
13288:
13283:
13272:
13253:
13227:
13189:
13163:
13117:
13092:
13019:House of Valois
13013:
12924:
12885:Charles the Fat
12844:Pepin the Short
12829:
12820:
12696:
12695:
12666:
12663:
12633:
12628:
12622:
12614:
12606:
12598:
12590:
12582:
12574:
12566:
12558:
12550:
12542:
12534:
12526:
12518:
12510:
12502:
12494:
12486:
12478:
12470:
12462:
12454:
12445:
12440:
12431:
12425:
12417:
12403:
12395:
12387:
12373:
12359:
12351:
12337:
12322:
12316:
12310:
12302:
12294:
12286:
12278:
12270:
12262:
12254:
12246:
12238:
12223:
12217:
12209:
12201:
12193:
12185:
12177:
12169:
12161:
12153:
12145:
12137:
12129:
12121:
12113:
12105:
12097:
12089:
12081:
12073:
12065:
12057:
12049:
12041:
12033:
12025:
12015:
12007:
11992:
11986:
11978:
11970:
11962:
11954:
11946:
11938:
11930:
11915:
11906:
11900:
11887:
11881:
11851:
11846:
11828:
11595:
11590:
11560:
11555:
11543:
11533:
11531:
11523:
11445:World Youth Day
11423:
11412:World Youth Day
11356:Pacem in terris
11350:Pope John XXIII
11289:
11216:
11207:Edict of Nantes
11165:
11161:
11151:
11117:Teresa of Ávila
11112:Tridentine Mass
11048:
11044:
11035:
11016:Knights Templar
10970:
10872:
10828:Gregorian chant
10786:
10712:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10693:
10681:
10608:
10477:
10465:
10457:
10324:
10322:Catholic Church
10315:
10281:
10264:
10254:
10252:
10244:
10229:Louis the Pious
10225:
10223:
10215:
10211:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10187:Louis the Pious
10172:
10162:
10160:
10152:
10150:Pepin the Short
10131:
10130:
10123:
10063:
10058:
10052:
10000:
9978:
9959:
9940:
9912:
9893:
9872:
9848:
9820:
9801:
9782:
9762:
9760:Secondary works
9757:
9751:
9732:
9713:
9694:
9675:
9656:
9637:
9615:
9589:
9570:
9551:
9519:
9514:
9512:Further reading
9509:
9503:
9484:
9446:
9427:
9406:
9356:
9329:10.2307/3679177
9313:Reuter, Timothy
9305:
9283:
9225:
9193:
9174:
9155:
9069:
9067:
9024:
9002:
9000:
8957:
8936:
8917:
8861:Paul the Deacon
8794:
8762:
8743:
8722:
8703:
8674:
8645:
8626:
8608:
8589:
8570:
8540:
8515:
8496:
8477:
8460:
8455:
8447:
8443:
8435:
8431:
8423:
8419:
8411:
8407:
8399:
8395:
8387:
8383:
8375:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8284:
8276:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8240:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8204:
8200:
8192:
8188:
8180:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8149:
8132:
8128:
8120:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8096:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8051:
8043:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8007:
7999:
7992:
7986:Siecienski 2010
7984:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7900:
7896:
7888:
7884:
7876:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7828:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7744:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7701:
7697:, pp. 1–9.
7693:
7689:
7681:
7672:
7664:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7637:
7633:
7625:
7621:
7613:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7589:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7514:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7196:
7192:
7184:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7160:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7025:
7021:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6793:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6559:
6550:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6503:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6312:
6301:
6297:, p. 234n.
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6139:. p. 728.
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4549:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3729:
3725:
3715:Louis the Pious
3709:
3705:
3700:Henry the Blind
3689:
3685:
3676:Louis the Pious
3669:
3665:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3607:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3576:
3572:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3487:
3481:Wayback Machine
3463:
3460:Wayback Machine
3434:
3427:
3422:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3259:Louis the Pious
3251:
3201:
3081:
3077:(or Hruodrud) (
3065:
3030:/770–811)
3027:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:Apostles' Creed
2860:Palatine Chapel
2852:
2795:Thomas Bulfinch
2717:
2681:
2622:
2556:Napoleonic Wars
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2422:. He developed
2371:
2319:
2306:Handbook of 809
2255:proceeded from
2221:Harun al-Rashid
2176:
2124:oath of loyalty
2087:
1957:
1952:
1899:
1858:warring against
1797:
1746:
1687:
1608:
1500:
1495:
1458:Paul the Deacon
1364:Pope Stephen II
1355:
1315:Old High German
1301:
1291:
1236:
1216:Pepin the Short
1204:Pepin of Landen
1132:
1124:
1119:
1111:Charles the Fat
995:Old High German
985:
977:Catholic Church
953:Louis the Pious
915:Harun al-Rashid
872:Pepin the Short
826:
822:
787:
760:
756:
746:
717:
716:
708:
696:
684:
677:
665:
664:
653:Louis the Pious
617:Pepin the Short
600:
590:
589:
562:(d. 696 or 697)
556:(d. 662 or 679)
543:
533:
532:
510:
445:Pepin the Short
424:
420:Louis the Pious
392:
391:
383:
380:
376:
371:
364:
360:
355:
348:
346:
339:
338:; annulled 771)
335:
330:
315:
299:
293:
291:
280:
274:
272:
259:Louis the Pious
246:
245:25 December 800
173:
161:
148:Louis the Pious
138:Pepin the Short
126:
114:
113:9 October 768 –
98:
92:
90:KAROLVS IMP AVG
85:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
14762:
14752:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14629:
14628:
14625:
14624:
14622:
14621:
14618:
14613:
14607:
14605:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14594:
14589:
14583:
14581:
14574:
14573:
14571:
14570:
14567:
14562:
14559:
14556:
14550:
14548:
14541:
14540:
14533:
14531:
14529:
14528:
14525:
14522:
14519:
14513:
14511:
14504:
14503:
14490:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14467:
14464:
14461:
14446:
14441:
14431:
14429:
14420:
14419:
14417:
14416:
14398:
14390:
14384:
14379:
14365:
14363:
14354:
14353:
14351:
14350:
14344:
14342:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14331:
14299:
14297:
14290:
14289:
14287:
14286:
14284:Arnulf of Sens
14280:
14274:
14265:
14264:
14257:
14255:
14253:
14252:
14236:
14234:
14227:
14226:
14215:
14207:
14206:
14203:
14202:
14200:
14199:
14196:
14191:
14185:
14183:
14176:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14168:
14164:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14157:
14153:
14151:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14140:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14103:
14101:
14091:
14084:
14083:
14076:
14074:
14072:
14071:
14065:
14063:
14056:
14055:
14044:
14036:
14035:
14032:
14031:
14029:
14028:
14019:
14017:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14006:
14003:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13977:
13974:Charles Martel
13970:
13969:
13967:
13966:
13960:
13958:
13951:
13950:
13943:
13941:
13939:
13938:
13935:
13932:
13927:
13923:
13921:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13910:
13898:
13891:Arnulf of Metz
13880:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13870:
13855:
13853:
13847:
13846:
13839:
13838:
13835:
13831:
13830:
13827:
13826:
13815:
13814:
13807:
13800:
13792:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13779:
13772:
13765:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13737:
13730:
13723:
13715:
13713:
13705:
13704:
13702:
13701:
13699:Roncevaux Pass
13696:
13691:
13685:
13683:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13634:
13632:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13563:
13561:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13516:Ogier the Dane
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13382:
13380:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13336:
13334:
13330:
13329:
13317:
13316:
13309:
13302:
13294:
13285:
13284:
13277:
13274:
13273:
13271:
13270:
13264:
13262:
13255:
13254:
13252:
13251:
13244:
13238:
13236:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13225:
13218:
13211:
13206:
13200:
13198:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13187:
13180:
13174:
13172:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13161:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13128:
13126:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13107:
13105:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13024:
13022:
13015:
13014:
13012:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12935:
12933:
12930:House of Capet
12926:
12925:
12923:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12851:
12846:
12840:
12838:
12822:
12821:
12819:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12791:Childebert III
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12707:
12705:
12698:
12697:
12694:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12639:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12626:
12618:
12613:Frederick III
12610:
12602:
12594:
12586:
12578:
12570:
12562:
12554:
12546:
12538:
12530:
12522:
12514:
12506:
12498:
12490:
12482:
12474:
12466:
12458:
12449:
12447:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12421:
12407:
12399:
12391:
12377:
12363:
12355:
12341:
12326:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12314:
12306:
12298:
12290:
12282:
12274:
12266:
12258:
12250:
12242:
12233:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12213:
12205:
12197:
12189:
12181:
12173:
12165:
12157:
12149:
12141:
12133:
12125:
12117:
12109:
12101:
12093:
12085:
12077:
12069:
12061:
12053:
12045:
12037:
12029:
12019:
12011:
12002:
12000:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11990:
11982:
11974:
11966:
11958:
11950:
11942:
11934:
11925:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11895:
11893:
11889:
11888:
11884:Kings of Italy
11880:
11879:
11872:
11865:
11857:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11844:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11589:
11588:
11581:
11574:
11566:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11553:
11541:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11442:
11437:
11431:
11429:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11352:
11347:
11340:
11335:
11333:Lateran Treaty
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11224:
11222:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11168:
11166:
11158:Baroque period
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11127:Peter Canisius
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11102:Francis Xavier
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11066:Exsurge Domine
11062:
11057:
11051:
11049:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11006:Pope Clement V
11003:
11002:
11001:
10999:Avignon Papacy
10994:Western Schism
10991:
10986:
10984:Thomas Aquinas
10980:
10978:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10882:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10838:Saint Boniface
10835:
10830:
10825:
10823:Pope Gregory I
10820:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10788:
10787:
10785:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10762:Biblical canon
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10716:
10714:
10695:
10691:Late antiquity
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10638:Pope Clement I
10628:Church Fathers
10625:
10619:
10617:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10484:
10482:
10467:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10428:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10391:
10389:Biblical canon
10384:Catholic Bible
10381:
10380:
10379:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10334:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10314:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10291:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10274:
10258:Pepin of Italy
10245:
10240:
10236:
10235:
10216:
10208:Constantine VI
10198:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10182:
10153:
10148:
10144:
10143:
10142:Regnal titles
10139:
10138:
10136:28 January 814
10124:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10110:
10101:
10093:Medieval Latin
10080:
10074:
10062:
10061:External links
10059:
10057:
10056:
10050:
10033:
10021:10.1086/687993
10015:(4): 1040–58.
10004:
9998:
9982:
9976:
9963:
9957:
9944:
9938:
9925:
9916:
9910:
9897:
9891:
9876:
9870:
9856:Ganshof, F. L.
9852:
9846:
9833:
9824:
9818:
9805:
9799:
9786:
9780:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9749:
9736:
9730:
9717:
9711:
9698:
9692:
9679:
9673:
9660:
9654:
9641:
9635:
9619:
9613:
9593:
9587:
9574:
9568:
9555:
9549:
9533:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9501:
9488:
9482:
9467:
9450:
9444:
9431:
9425:
9410:
9404:
9389:
9371:(2): 289–290.
9360:
9354:
9341:
9309:
9303:
9291:Pirenne, Henri
9287:
9281:
9258:
9240:(2): 287–307.
9234:Church History
9229:
9223:
9205:
9191:
9178:
9172:
9159:
9153:
9135:
9106:
9097:
9076:
9051:(1): 225–252.
9036:
9022:
9009:
8976:(3): 511–551.
8961:
8955:
8940:
8934:
8921:
8915:
8902:
8889:
8856:
8815:
8798:
8792:
8779:
8766:
8760:
8747:
8741:
8726:
8720:
8707:
8701:
8686:
8672:
8649:
8643:
8630:
8624:
8611:
8606:
8593:
8587:
8574:
8568:
8555:
8544:
8538:
8519:
8513:
8500:
8494:
8481:
8475:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8441:
8439:, p. 196.
8429:
8417:
8405:
8403:, p. 516.
8393:
8391:, p. 216.
8381:
8366:
8354:
8342:
8330:
8318:
8306:
8294:
8292:, p. 118.
8282:
8280:, p. 116.
8270:
8268:, p. 435.
8258:
8256:, p. 441.
8246:
8234:
8222:
8210:
8198:
8186:
8184:, p. 443.
8174:
8172:, p. 440.
8162:
8147:
8126:
8114:
8102:
8090:
8078:
8076:, p. 105.
8066:
8064:, p. xxi.
8049:
8032:
8030:, p. 538.
8020:
8018:, p. 143.
8005:
8003:, p. 537.
7990:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7952:, p. 287.
7942:
7930:
7918:
7906:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7856:, p. 294.
7846:
7834:
7832:, p. 548.
7822:
7820:, p. 148.
7810:
7798:
7786:
7774:
7772:, p. 146.
7762:
7760:, p. 142.
7750:
7748:, p. 144.
7735:
7723:
7711:
7699:
7687:
7685:, p. 539.
7670:
7668:, p. 138.
7655:
7643:
7631:
7619:
7607:
7605:, p. 277.
7595:
7580:
7578:, p. 711.
7568:
7566:, pp. 70.
7556:
7544:
7540:Leonhardt 2016
7532:
7530:, p. 715.
7520:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7472:
7470:, p. 709.
7460:
7448:
7436:
7422:
7405:
7403:, p. 433.
7390:
7378:
7376:, p. 528.
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7292:, p. 434.
7282:
7270:
7250:
7238:
7236:, p. 369.
7226:
7214:
7202:
7200:, p. 278.
7190:
7188:, p. 394.
7178:
7166:
7164:, p. 520.
7154:
7142:
7130:
7128:, p. 481.
7118:
7116:, p. 514.
7106:
7104:, p. 476.
7094:
7082:
7067:
7055:
7053:, p. 158.
7043:
7031:
7029:, p. 170.
7019:
7017:, p. 171.
7007:
7005:, p. 463.
6992:
6990:, p. 168.
6980:
6978:, p. 459.
6968:
6956:
6954:, p. 462.
6941:
6939:, p. 163.
6929:
6927:, p. 167.
6912:
6910:, p. 461.
6900:
6888:
6876:
6864:
6852:
6850:, p. 449.
6835:
6833:, p. 444.
6823:
6811:
6809:, p. 442.
6799:
6787:
6785:, p. 441.
6775:
6763:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6725:, p. 153.
6712:
6700:
6688:
6686:, p. 477.
6676:
6674:, p. 429.
6664:
6662:, p. 157.
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6563:, p. 169.
6548:
6546:, p. 462.
6533:
6531:, p. 170.
6521:
6519:, p. 472.
6509:
6497:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6446:
6434:
6422:
6420:, p. 168.
6405:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6367:, p. 149.
6357:
6355:, p. 148.
6342:
6330:
6318:
6316:, p. 167.
6299:
6287:
6285:, p. 384.
6275:
6273:, p. 370.
6263:
6261:, p. 361.
6251:
6249:, p. 233.
6239:
6237:, p. 151.
6227:
6225:, p. 408.
6215:
6213:, p. 147.
6203:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6165:, p. 368.
6152:
6145:
6123:
6121:, p. 381.
6111:
6109:, p. 145.
6096:
6094:, p. 161.
6081:
6079:, p. 143.
6069:
6067:, p. 115.
6054:
6052:, p. 152.
6042:
6040:, p. 160.
6030:
6018:
6006:
6004:, p. 353.
5994:
5992:, p. 466.
5982:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5920:, p. 340.
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5860:, p. 135.
5850:
5838:
5836:, p. 304.
5826:
5814:
5812:, p. 302.
5802:
5790:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5752:, p. 270.
5742:
5740:, p. 157.
5730:
5728:, p. 257.
5718:
5716:, p. 294.
5706:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5658:
5656:, p. 152.
5646:
5634:
5622:
5620:, p. 240.
5610:
5608:, p. 142.
5598:
5596:, p. 234.
5586:
5574:
5572:, p. 228.
5562:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5512:, p. 197.
5502:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5464:, p. 126.
5454:
5442:
5430:
5428:, p. 193.
5418:
5416:, p. 205.
5406:
5394:
5392:, p. 203.
5379:
5367:
5365:, p. 191.
5355:
5353:, p. 186.
5340:
5328:
5326:, p. 173.
5316:
5304:
5292:
5290:, p. 181.
5273:
5261:
5249:
5247:, p. 166.
5237:
5225:
5213:
5201:
5199:, p. 136.
5186:
5184:, p. 157.
5174:
5162:
5160:, p. 159.
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5112:, p. 109.
5102:
5100:, p. 147.
5090:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5035:, p. 112.
5025:
5013:
5001:
4999:, p. 101.
4989:
4987:, p. 146.
4977:
4975:, p. 100.
4965:
4963:, p. 130.
4953:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4912:, p. 133.
4897:
4885:
4873:
4871:, p. 117.
4861:
4859:, p. 122.
4849:
4847:, p. 116.
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4735:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4694:, p. 106.
4684:
4672:
4670:, p. 101.
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4582:
4570:
4547:
4532:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4392:, p. 120.
4382:
4370:
4358:
4356:, p. 271.
4346:
4334:
4322:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4281:, p. 318.
4271:
4259:
4247:
4243:Hägermann 2011
4235:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4168:, p. xxx.
4166:Hägermann 2011
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4083:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3987:, p. 271.
3977:
3965:
3961:Frassetto 2003
3953:
3951:, p. 292.
3949:Frassetto 2003
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3867:, p. 575.
3857:
3845:
3833:
3831:, p. 413.
3821:
3819:, p. 529.
3809:
3797:
3785:
3783:, p. 116.
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3723:
3703:
3683:
3678:and mother of
3663:
3655:Pepin of Italy
3642:
3629:
3625:McCormick 2011
3616:
3601:
3586:
3570:
3523:
3510:
3500:
3485:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3406:Song of Roland
3338:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:archchancellor
3192:
3190:Bishop of Metz
3180:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3094:
3085:
3072:
3069:
3066: 772/773
3047:
3042:, king of the
3038:, daughter of
3033:
3032:
3031:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2984:Libri Carolini
2851:
2848:
2819:Karl der Große
2776:Song of Roland
2755:literary cycle
2680:
2677:
2621:
2618:
2579:House of Ivrea
2540:Otto the Great
2524:Middle Francia
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2387:Constantinople
2370:
2367:
2318:
2315:
2175:
2172:
2134:missi dominici
2093:Charlemagne's
2086:
2083:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:sack of Lisbon
1924:Offa of Mercia
1916:Pepin of Italy
1898:
1895:
1882:Libri Carolini
1796:
1793:
1745:
1742:
1723:Constantine VI
1686:
1683:
1607:
1604:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1354:
1351:
1346:Johannes Fried
1290:
1287:
1235:
1232:
1200:Arnulf of Metz
1131:Francia in 714
1130:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1079:Charles Martel
1046:Karl der Große
1025:Medieval Latin
984:
981:
930:Constantinople
912:Abbasid caliph
900:northern Spain
888:northern Italy
886:from power in
853:Central Europe
839:from 774, and
748:
747:
745:
744:
737:
730:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
702:
690:
687:Middle Francia
678:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
656:
650:
647:Pepin of Italy
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
605:Charles Martel
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
548:Arnulf of Metz
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
524:
518:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
493:
492:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
437:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
415:Pepin of Italy
412:
407:
401:
399:
385:
384:
382:
381:
367:
365:
351:
349:
342:
340:
326:
323:
321:
317:
316:
311:
309:
305:
304:
298:28 January 814
289:
285:
284:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
220:
219:
216:Pepin of Italy
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
115:28 January 814
111:
107:
106:
100:
99:
86: 812–814
76:
68:
67:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14761:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14641:
14639:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14599:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14575:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14542:
14537:
14526:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14505:
14500:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14483:
14468:
14465:
14462:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14433:
14432:
14430:
14425:
14421:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14399:
14396:
14391:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14364:
14359:
14355:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14336:
14330:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14317:
14312:
14308:
14304:
14301:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14291:
14285:
14282:
14281:
14278:
14275:
14270:
14266:
14261:
14251:
14250:
14245:
14241:
14238:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14228:
14224:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14208:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14177:
14166:
14165:
14162:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14145:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14095:
14092:
14089:
14085:
14080:
14070:
14067:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14057:
14053:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14037:
14027:
14026:
14022:Nibelung I →
14021:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14014:Childebrand I
14011:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13952:
13947:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13915:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13897:
13896:
13892:
13888:
13887:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13875:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13848:
13843:
13836:
13833:
13832:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13813:
13808:
13806:
13801:
13799:
13794:
13793:
13790:
13778:
13777:
13773:
13771:
13770:
13766:
13764:
13763:
13759:
13757:
13756:
13752:
13750:
13749:
13745:
13743:
13742:
13738:
13736:
13735:
13731:
13729:
13728:
13724:
13722:
13721:
13717:
13716:
13714:
13710:
13706:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13686:
13684:
13680:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13558:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13376:
13372:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13315:
13310:
13308:
13303:
13301:
13296:
13295:
13292:
13281:
13275:
13269:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13230:
13224:
13223:
13219:
13217:
13216:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13120:
13114:
13113:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13095:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13016:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12927:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12832:
12827:
12823:
12817:
12816:Childeric III
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12781:Theuderic III
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12746:Childebert II
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12699:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12669:
12660:
12655:
12653:
12648:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12637:
12625:
12619:
12617:
12611:
12609:
12603:
12601:
12595:
12593:
12587:
12585:
12579:
12577:
12573:Frederick II
12571:
12569:
12563:
12561:
12555:
12553:
12547:
12545:
12539:
12537:
12531:
12529:
12523:
12521:
12515:
12513:
12507:
12505:
12499:
12497:
12491:
12489:
12483:
12481:
12475:
12473:
12467:
12465:
12459:
12457:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12444:
12438:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12420:
12413:
12412:
12408:
12406:
12400:
12398:
12392:
12390:
12383:
12382:
12378:
12376:
12369:
12368:
12364:
12362:
12356:
12354:
12347:
12346:
12342:
12340:
12333:
12332:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12319:
12313:
12307:
12305:
12299:
12297:
12291:
12289:
12283:
12281:
12275:
12273:
12267:
12265:
12259:
12257:
12251:
12249:
12243:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12226:
12220:
12214:
12212:
12206:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12190:
12188:
12182:
12180:
12174:
12172:
12166:
12164:
12158:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12142:
12140:
12134:
12132:
12126:
12124:
12118:
12116:
12110:
12108:
12102:
12100:
12094:
12092:
12086:
12084:
12078:
12076:
12070:
12068:
12062:
12060:
12054:
12052:
12046:
12044:
12038:
12036:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12018:
12012:
12010:
12004:
12003:
12001:
11999:
11995:
11989:
11983:
11981:
11975:
11973:
11967:
11965:
11959:
11957:
11951:
11949:
11943:
11941:
11935:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11913:
11903:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11890:
11885:
11878:
11873:
11871:
11866:
11864:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11843:
11835:
11834:
11831:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11784:Ferdinand III
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11764:Maximilian II
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11744:Frederick III
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11594:
11587:
11582:
11580:
11575:
11573:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11540:
11530:
11529:
11526:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11426:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11392:Mother Teresa
11390:
11388:
11385:
11382:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11357:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11318:Pope Pius XII
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11284:Rerum novarum
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11268:Pope Leo XIII
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11238:United States
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11228:Pope Pius VII
11226:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11043:
11038:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10911:Scholasticism
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10886:Pope Urban II
10884:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10797:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10662:Justin Martyr
10660:
10656:
10653:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10611:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10572:New Testament
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10535:Commissioning
10533:
10532:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:Apostolic Age
10475:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10366:
10365:Papal primacy
10363:
10362:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10307:
10305:
10300:
10298:
10293:
10292:
10289:
10280:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10251:
10250:
10243:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10222:
10221:
10213:
10210:as undisputed
10209:
10203:
10202:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10159:
10158:
10151:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10119:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10090:
10088:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10053:
10047:
10042:
10041:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10001:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9950:
9945:
9941:
9935:
9931:
9926:
9922:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9884:
9883:
9877:
9873:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9839:
9834:
9830:
9825:
9821:
9815:
9811:
9806:
9802:
9796:
9792:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9764:
9752:
9746:
9742:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9723:
9718:
9714:
9708:
9704:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9680:
9676:
9670:
9666:
9661:
9657:
9651:
9647:
9642:
9638:
9636:1-5511-1134-9
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9552:
9550:0-9006-5721-9
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9504:
9498:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9475:
9474:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9426:9780521573337
9422:
9418:
9417:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9357:
9351:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9173:0-3122-2226-2
9169:
9165:
9160:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9107:
9103:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9019:
9015:
9010:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8757:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8727:
8723:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8609:
8607:0-8047-1198-4
8603:
8599:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8463:
8462:
8450:
8445:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8421:
8414:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8390:
8385:
8379:, p. 35.
8378:
8373:
8371:
8363:
8358:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8334:
8327:
8322:
8315:
8310:
8303:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8279:
8274:
8267:
8262:
8255:
8250:
8243:
8238:
8231:
8226:
8219:
8214:
8208:, p. 91.
8207:
8202:
8196:, p. 93.
8195:
8190:
8183:
8178:
8171:
8166:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8148:2-9501-5093-4
8144:
8140:
8136:
8130:
8124:, p. 50.
8123:
8118:
8111:
8106:
8099:
8094:
8088:, p. 40.
8087:
8082:
8075:
8070:
8063:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8046:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8029:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8002:
7997:
7995:
7988:, p. 87.
7987:
7982:
7975:
7970:
7963:
7958:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7934:
7927:
7922:
7915:
7910:
7904:, p. 82.
7903:
7898:
7891:
7886:
7880:, p. 61.
7879:
7874:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7843:
7838:
7831:
7826:
7819:
7814:
7807:
7802:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7740:
7732:
7727:
7720:
7719:Bulfinch 1864
7715:
7708:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7653:, p. 20.
7652:
7647:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7616:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7593:, p. 73.
7592:
7591:Contreni 1984
7587:
7585:
7577:
7576:Contreni 1995
7572:
7565:
7564:Contreni 1984
7560:
7553:
7552:Contreni 1995
7548:
7541:
7536:
7529:
7528:Contreni 1995
7524:
7517:
7516:Contreni 1984
7512:
7505:
7504:Contreni 1984
7500:
7493:
7492:Contreni 1984
7488:
7482:, p. 64.
7481:
7480:Contreni 1984
7476:
7469:
7468:Contreni 1995
7464:
7457:
7456:Contreni 1984
7452:
7446:, p. 60.
7445:
7444:Contreni 1984
7440:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7362:Bouchard 2010
7358:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7310:
7304:, p. 19.
7303:
7298:
7291:
7286:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7247:
7242:
7235:
7230:
7224:, p. 83.
7223:
7218:
7211:
7206:
7199:
7194:
7187:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7163:
7158:
7151:
7146:
7139:
7134:
7127:
7122:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7079:
7074:
7072:
7064:
7059:
7052:
7047:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6953:
6948:
6946:
6938:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6861:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6832:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6761:, p. 60.
6760:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6736:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6709:
6704:
6697:
6692:
6685:
6680:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6525:
6518:
6513:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6470:
6465:
6459:, p. 26.
6458:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6431:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6397:
6391:, p. 21.
6390:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6339:
6334:
6328:, p. 24.
6327:
6322:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6177:, p. 96.
6176:
6171:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6028:, p. 85.
6027:
6022:
6016:, p. 74.
6015:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5979:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5956:, p. 83.
5955:
5950:
5943:
5938:
5931:
5926:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5650:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5536:, p. 55.
5535:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5500:, p. 47.
5499:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5476:, p. 46.
5475:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5088:, p. 62.
5087:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4951:, p. 67.
4950:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4835:, p. 99.
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4811:, p. 89.
4810:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4787:, p. 66.
4786:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4766:
4760:, p. 87.
4759:
4754:
4748:, p. 84.
4747:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4706:, p. 31.
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4631:, p. 99.
4630:
4625:
4619:, p. 82.
4618:
4613:
4607:, p. 81.
4606:
4601:
4595:, p. 80.
4594:
4589:
4587:
4580:, p. 79.
4579:
4574:
4568:, p. 65.
4567:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4545:, p. 77.
4544:
4539:
4537:
4530:, p. 91.
4529:
4524:
4522:
4515:, p. 75.
4514:
4509:
4503:, p. 64.
4502:
4497:
4491:, p. 74.
4490:
4485:
4479:, p. 62.
4478:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4455:, p. 72.
4454:
4449:
4443:, p. 34.
4442:
4437:
4435:
4428:, p. 32.
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4404:, p. 73.
4403:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4380:, p. 91.
4379:
4374:
4368:, p. 75.
4367:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4320:, p. 72.
4319:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4299:
4293:, p. 24.
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4269:, p. 33.
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4233:, p. 68.
4232:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4204:, p. 12.
4203:
4198:
4192:, p. 28.
4191:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4144:, p. 41.
4143:
4138:
4132:, p. 11.
4131:
4126:
4120:, p. 32.
4119:
4114:
4108:, p. 15.
4107:
4102:
4096:, p. 56.
4095:
4090:
4088:
4081:, p. 29.
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4062:, p. 55.
4061:
4056:
4050:, p. 17.
4049:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4026:, p. 71.
4025:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3999:, p. 65.
3998:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3975:, p. 16.
3974:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3939:, p. 38.
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3915:, p. 35.
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3753:contentious."
3749:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3504:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3414:Pseudo-Turpin
3411:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3271:Chelles Abbey
3266:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:Saint-Riquier
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3208:of the Empire
3207:
3204:–844),
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:King of Italy
3089:
3086:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:Martin Luther
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:Lord's Prayer
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2791:Nine Worthies
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2757:known as the
2756:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:Peter of Pisa
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:Spanish March
2104:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:Henri Pirenne
2017:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:Empress Irene
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Abd al-Rahman
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1599:Roger Collins
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:in late 773.
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1527:Pope Adrian I
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:, probably a
1316:
1311:
1310:patrius sermo
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Childeric III
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Low Countries
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Clovis I
1147:
1146:Christianised
1143:
1140:tribe of the
1139:
1128:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:Proto-Romance
1006:
1001:
997:he spoke; as
996:
991:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
817:
754:
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
724:
723:
721:
720:
712:
706:
703:
700:
694:
691:
688:
683:
680:
679:
675:
669:
668:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
594:
593:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
542:
537:
536:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
504:
503:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
487:
479:
475:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
439:
436:
433:
431:
427:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
400:
397:
396:
390:
386:
370:
366:
354:
350:
345:
341:
329:
325:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
290:
286:
283:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:9 October 768
124:
122:
118:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
80:
74:
69:
64:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
14314:
14247:
14222:
14097:
14051:
14042:Carolingians
14023:
13900:
13889:
13823:Carolingians
13774:
13767:
13760:
13753:
13746:
13739:
13732:
13725:
13718:
13339:
13321:
13279:
13268:Napoleon III
13246:
13220:
13213:
13182:
13156:
13110:
13102:
13097:
13058:Charles VIII
12853:
12826:Carolingians
12811:Theuderic IV
12801:Chilperic II
12796:Dagobert III
12776:Childeric II
12771:Chlothar III
12716:Childebert I
12702:Merovingians
12549:Frederick I
12416:Berengar II
12409:
12379:
12365:
12343:
12329:
12321:Non-dynastic
12293:Charles III
12237:Charlemagne
12236:
12229:Carolingians
12022:
11892:Non-dynastic
11779:Ferdinand II
11749:Maximilian I
11719:Frederick II
11603:
11506:
11502:Pope Francis
11428:21st century
11377:Pope Paul VI
11354:
11342:
11295:20th century
11282:
11233:Pope Pius IX
11221:19th century
11197:Pope Pius VI
11064:
10936:Latin Empire
10906:Universities
10858:Pope Leo III
10852:
10725:Christianity
10710:state church
10702:Great Church
10503:Resurrection
10466:(30–325/476)
10463:Early Church
10448:Latin Church
10443:Papal States
10438:Vatican City
10271:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10247:
10232:
10226:
10218:
10206:
10199:
10195:New creation
10194:
10179:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10155:
10133:
10125:
10095:(in Latin).
10092:
10086:
10039:
10012:
10008:
9989:
9967:
9948:
9929:
9920:
9901:
9881:
9860:
9837:
9828:
9809:
9790:
9771:
9740:
9721:
9702:
9683:
9664:
9645:
9626:
9604:
9578:
9559:
9540:
9528:
9492:
9472:
9462:
9458:
9435:
9415:
9394:
9368:
9364:
9345:
9320:
9316:
9294:
9263:
9237:
9233:
9213:
9182:
9163:
9143:
9114:
9110:
9101:
9084:
9080:
9068:. Retrieved
9048:
9044:
9013:
9001:. Retrieved
8973:
8969:
8945:
8925:
8906:
8897:
8893:
8868:
8864:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8810:
8806:
8783:
8774:
8770:
8751:
8731:
8711:
8691:
8654:
8634:
8615:
8597:
8578:
8559:
8549:
8524:
8504:
8485:
8466:
8444:
8432:
8420:
8408:
8396:
8384:
8357:
8345:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8297:
8290:Barbero 2004
8285:
8278:Barbero 2004
8273:
8261:
8249:
8237:
8225:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8165:
8138:
8129:
8117:
8105:
8093:
8086:Collins 1998
8081:
8069:
8023:
7981:
7969:
7957:
7945:
7933:
7921:
7909:
7897:
7885:
7873:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7753:
7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7646:
7634:
7622:
7610:
7598:
7571:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7511:
7499:
7487:
7475:
7463:
7451:
7439:
7425:
7415:
7408:
7381:
7369:
7357:
7345:
7338:Jackman 2010
7333:
7321:
7309:
7302:Freeman 2017
7297:
7285:
7273:
7262:
7253:
7241:
7234:Heather 2009
7229:
7217:
7205:
7193:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7145:
7133:
7121:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7058:
7051:Collins 1998
7046:
7034:
7027:Collins 1998
7022:
7010:
6988:Collins 1998
6983:
6971:
6959:
6937:Collins 1998
6932:
6925:Collins 1998
6903:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6723:Collins 1998
6703:
6691:
6679:
6667:
6660:Collins 1998
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6597:Ganshof 1965
6592:
6580:
6573:Collins 1998
6568:
6561:Collins 1998
6524:
6512:
6500:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6457:Muldoon 1999
6437:
6425:
6401:Muldoon 1999
6396:
6389:Muldoon 1999
6384:
6377:Collins 1998
6372:
6365:Collins 1998
6360:
6353:Collins 1998
6333:
6326:Muldoon 1999
6321:
6295:Pirenne 2012
6290:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6247:Pirenne 2012
6242:
6235:Collins 1998
6230:
6218:
6211:Collins 1998
6206:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6163:Heather 2009
6136:
6126:
6114:
6107:Collins 1998
6077:Collins 1998
6072:
6050:Collins 1998
6045:
6033:
6021:
6014:Collins 1998
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5949:
5937:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5685:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5534:Collins 1998
5529:
5517:
5505:
5498:Barbero 2004
5493:
5481:
5474:Barbero 2004
5469:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5370:
5358:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5086:Collins 1998
5069:Collins 1998
5064:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4929:
4917:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4765:
4753:
4731:Goffart 1986
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4648:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4600:
4573:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4390:Collins 1998
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4209:
4202:Barbero 2004
4197:
4185:
4178:Barbero 2004
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
4130:Barbero 2004
4125:
4118:Collins 1998
4113:
4101:
4055:
4043:
4031:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3901:Heather 2009
3896:
3884:
3879:, p. 5.
3872:
3860:
3848:
3843:, p. 4.
3836:
3829:Barbero 2004
3824:
3812:
3807:, p. 2.
3800:
3788:
3748:
3726:
3706:
3686:
3666:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3604:
3589:
3573:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3513:
3503:
3488:
3469:
3465:
3448:
3444:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3347:
3339:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3244:
3176:Faremoutiers
3155:
3154:
3008:
3007:
2983:
2969:
2942:
2923:Latin Church
2907:
2892:
2872:
2865:
2836:
2831:Adolf Hitler
2818:
2802:
2800:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2751:
2729:
2725:
2708:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2661:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2512:
2486:Karlsschrein
2452:Frederick II
2417:
2410:
2392:
2350:
2328:
2304:
2242:
2238:
2214:
2199:(especially
2197:Adriatic Sea
2193:Nikephoros I
2185:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1983:
1975:formal entry
1958:
1920:
1900:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1801:Duke Arechis
1798:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1727:
1708:
1696:
1652:
1637:
1620:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1555:Janet Nelson
1544:
1525:
1509:
1476:
1447:
1419:
1415:
1398:
1376:
1356:
1341:liberal arts
1330:
1326:rustic Roman
1306:
1270:Lorsch Abbey
1263:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1208:Theuderic IV
1182:
1178:Childeric II
1135:
1082:
1076:
1059:
1049:. The Latin
1028:
986:
961:East Francia
942:
922:Pope Leo III
919:
906:against the
865:
752:
751:
711:East Francia
699:West Francia
628:
598:Carolingians
517:(c. 580–640)
472:Signum manus
395:Among others
393:
94:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
14649:740s births
14644:Charlemagne
14444:Carloman II
14211:Carolingian
14098:Charlemagne
14025:Nibelungids
13858:Carloman →
13446:Brandimarte
13431:Blancandrin
13340:Charlemagne
13322:Charlemagne
13261:(1852–1870)
13235:(1830–1848)
13204:Louis XVIII
13184:Napoleon II
13125:(1589–1792)
13103:(1422–1453)
13048:Charles VII
13021:(1328–1589)
12895:Charles III
12880:Carloman II
12856:(Charles I)
12854:Charlemagne
12806:Chlothar IV
12761:Sigebert II
12751:Chlothar II
12736:Chilperic I
12726:Charibert I
12623:(1530–1556)
12615:(1452–1493)
12607:(1431–1437)
12599:(1355–1378)
12597:Charles IV
12591:(1327–1347)
12583:(1311–1313)
12575:(1212–1250)
12567:(1209–1212)
12559:(1186–1197)
12551:(1154–1186)
12543:(1138–1152)
12541:Conrad III
12535:(1125–1137)
12527:(1106–1125)
12519:(1093–1101)
12511:(1056–1105)
12503:(1039–1056)
12495:(1026–1039)
12487:(1004–1024)
12479:(1002–1014)
12402:Lothair II
12336:Berengar I
12331:Unruochings
12277:Charles II
12216:Desiderius
12192:Hildeprand
12168:Aripert II
12023:Interregnum
11804:Charles VII
11759:Ferdinand I
11704:Frederick I
11699:Lothair III
11629:Charles III
11604:Charlemagne
11508:Laudato si'
11303:Pope Pius X
11132:Philip Neri
11107:Pope Pius V
11082:Thomas More
10951:Inquisition
10853:Charlemagne
10813:Monasticism
10623:Persecution
10515:Holy Spirit
10498:Crucifixion
10377:First seven
9185:. Ashgate.
8830:: 274–294.
8784:Charlemagne
8777:(1): 10–19.
8579:Charlemagne
8505:Charlemagne
8458:Works cited
8449:Dutton 2016
8413:Dutton 2016
8377:Dutton 2016
8362:Nelson 2019
8350:Dutton 2016
8338:Dutton 2016
8326:Dutton 2016
8314:Dutton 2016
8266:Nelson 2019
8254:Nelson 2019
8242:Nelson 2019
8182:Nelson 2019
8170:Nelson 2019
8110:Nelson 2019
8074:Nelson 2019
8045:Nelson 2019
8016:Becher 2005
7818:Becher 2005
7782:Becher 2005
7770:Becher 2005
7758:Becher 2005
7746:Becher 2005
7731:Becher 2005
7707:Kuskin 1999
7666:Becher 2005
7431:"Laureates"
7350:Tanner 2004
7278:Davies 1996
7246:Scales 2012
7222:Arnold 1997
7150:Nelson 2019
7138:Nelson 2019
7126:Nelson 2019
7102:Nelson 2019
7090:Nelson 2019
7078:Nelson 2019
7063:Nelson 2019
7039:Nelson 2019
6976:Nelson 2019
6872:Nelson 2019
6860:Nelson 2019
6848:Nelson 2019
6795:Nelson 2019
6771:Dutton 2016
6759:Dutton 2016
6735:Nelson 2019
6696:Nelson 2019
6672:Nelson 2019
6645:Nelson 2019
6633:Nelson 2019
6585:Nelson 2019
6544:Nelson 2019
6517:Nelson 2019
6493:Nelson 2019
6442:Nelson 2019
6283:Nelson 2019
6271:Nelson 2019
6259:Nelson 2019
6133:"Imperator"
6119:Nelson 2019
6026:Reuter 1985
6002:Nelson 2019
5978:Nelson 2019
5942:Nelson 2019
5930:Nelson 2019
5918:Nelson 2019
5906:Nelson 2019
5894:Nelson 2019
5882:Nelson 2019
5870:Nelson 2019
5846:Nelson 2019
5834:Nelson 2019
5822:Nelson 2019
5810:Nelson 2019
5798:Nelson 2019
5786:Nelson 2019
5774:Nelson 2019
5762:Nelson 2019
5750:Nelson 2019
5726:Nelson 2019
5714:Nelson 2019
5702:Nelson 2019
5690:Nelson 2019
5678:Nelson 2019
5666:Nelson 2019
5642:Nelson 2019
5630:Nelson 2019
5618:Nelson 2019
5594:Nelson 2019
5582:Nelson 2019
5570:Nelson 2019
5546:Nelson 2019
5522:Nelson 2019
5510:Nelson 2019
5486:Nelson 2019
5450:Nelson 2019
5438:Nelson 2019
5426:Nelson 2019
5414:Nelson 2019
5402:Nelson 2019
5390:Nelson 2019
5375:Nelson 2019
5363:Nelson 2019
5351:Nelson 2019
5336:Nelson 2019
5324:Nelson 2019
5312:Nelson 2019
5300:Nelson 2019
5288:Nelson 2019
5269:Nelson 2019
5257:Nelson 2019
5245:Nelson 2019
5233:Nelson 2019
5221:Nelson 2019
5209:Nelson 2019
5182:Nelson 2019
5170:Nelson 2019
5158:Nelson 2019
5146:Nelson 2019
5134:Nelson 2019
5122:Nelson 2019
5098:Nelson 2019
5057:Nelson 2019
5045:Nelson 2019
5021:Nelson 2019
5009:Nelson 2019
4985:Nelson 2019
4961:Nelson 2019
4934:Nelson 2019
4922:Nelson 2019
4910:Nelson 2019
4893:Nelson 2019
4881:Nelson 2019
4869:Nelson 2019
4845:Nelson 2019
4821:Nelson 2019
4797:Nelson 2019
4770:Nelson 2019
4716:Nelson 2019
4704:Nelson 2007
4692:Nelson 2019
4680:Nelson 2019
4668:Nelson 2019
4653:Nelson 2019
4641:Nelson 2019
4629:Nelson 2019
4528:Nelson 2019
4378:Dutton 2016
4366:Dutton 2016
4342:Dutton 2016
4318:Dutton 2016
4303:Dutton 2016
4231:Nelson 2019
4190:Nelson 2019
4154:Nelson 2019
4142:Becher 2005
4079:Nelson 2019
4036:Nelson 2019
3973:Nelson 2019
3853:Becher 2005
3805:Nelson 2019
3793:Nelson 2019
3441:Nelson 2019
3084:–810)
2980:John Calvin
2972:Reformation
2927:Christendom
2807:Montesquieu
2672:Renaissance
2552:dissolution
2330:Scandinavia
2311:calendrical
2253:Holy Spirit
1873:adoptionism
1769:Capitulatio
1573:Pope Adrian
1333:Saint-Denis
1034:Charlemagne
861:Middle Ages
753:Charlemagne
629:Charlemagne
572:Grimoald II
435:Carolingian
279:2 April 748
192:Predecessor
134:Predecessor
66:Charlemagne
14654:814 deaths
14638:Categories
14578:Lothair IV
14554:Lothair IV
14499:Robertians
14415:→ Adalbert
14387:Zwentibold
14321:Lothair II
13955:Grimoald I
13908:, his sons
13878:Arnulfings
13864:Grimoald I
13653:Hauteclere
13622:Veillantif
13582:Hippogriff
13536:Sacripante
13441:Bramimonde
13436:Bradamante
13333:Key people
13178:Napoleon I
13158:Louis XVII
13137:Louis XIII
13083:Charles IX
13078:Francis II
13043:Charles VI
13009:Charles IV
12984:Philip III
12974:Louis VIII
12939:Hugh Capet
12932:(987–1328)
12865:Charles II
12849:Carloman I
12831:Robertians
12756:Dagobert I
12741:Sigebert I
12721:Chlothar I
12621:Charles V
12605:Sigismund
12581:Henry VII
12517:Conrad II
12501:Henry III
12493:Conrad II
12471:(996–1002)
12446:(962–1556)
12261:Lothair I
12184:Liutprand
12160:Raginpert
12120:Perctarit
12096:Perctarit
12080:Aripert I
11945:Theodahad
11937:Athalaric
11929:Theodoric
11921:Ostrogoths
11824:Francis II
11819:Leopold II
11799:Charles VI
11769:Rudolph II
11734:Charles IV
11624:Charles II
11381:coronation
11087:Pope Leo X
10672:Tertullian
10602:Revelation
10577:Background
10242:Desiderius
10166:Carloman I
9201:1039829293
9003:2 December
8437:Coxon 2021
8425:Coxon 2021
8401:Fried 2016
8389:Fried 2016
8122:Fried 2016
8098:Fried 2016
8028:Fried 2016
8001:Fried 2016
7974:Noble 2015
7962:Noble 2015
7950:Noble 2015
7938:Noble 2015
7926:Noble 2015
7914:Noble 2015
7890:Noble 2015
7866:Noble 2015
7854:Noble 2015
7842:Fried 2016
7830:Fried 2016
7806:Fried 2016
7794:Fried 2016
7683:Fried 2016
7639:Geary 1987
7627:Fried 2016
7603:Fried 2016
7401:Davis 2015
7386:Fried 2016
7374:Fried 2016
7326:Lewis 1977
7290:Davis 2015
7198:Riché 1993
7162:Fried 2016
7114:Fried 2016
7003:Fried 2016
6964:Fried 2016
6952:Fried 2016
6908:Fried 2016
6896:Fried 2016
6884:Sterk 1988
6831:Fried 2016
6819:Fried 2016
6807:Fried 2016
6783:Fried 2016
6684:Fried 2016
6621:Fried 2016
6609:Fried 2016
6469:Sarti 2024
6223:Fried 2016
5990:Fried 2016
5966:Fried 2016
5954:Fried 2016
5858:Riché 1993
5738:Fried 2016
5654:Fried 2016
5606:Fried 2016
5558:Fried 2016
5462:Fried 2016
5197:Fried 2016
5033:Fried 2016
4997:Fried 2016
4973:Fried 2016
4857:Fried 2016
4833:Fried 2016
4354:Fried 2016
4330:Fried 2016
4291:Fried 2016
4255:Fried 2016
4214:Fried 2016
4106:Fried 2016
4048:Fried 2016
3877:Fried 2016
3841:Fried 2016
3817:Fried 2016
3761:References
3739:friedelehe
3659:Hugh Capet
3566:Sarti 2024
3555:autokrator
3388:percentile
3202: 802
3171:Madelgard
3137:Argenteuil
3082: 775
3040:Desiderius
3036:Desiderata
3028: 769
3017:(768–770)
3015:Himiltrude
2895:vernacular
2718: 865
2713:, written
2664:Scriptoria
2602:Karlspreis
2591:Louis VIII
2577:, and the
2542:conquered
2432:Luke 23:46
2257:the Father
2234:Basel roll
2225:Abul-Abbas
2128:capitulary
2046:Diocletian
2042:prostrated
1955:Coronation
1854:Regensburg
1789:Saxon Wars
1776:Westphalia
1655:al-Andalus
1470:friedelehe
1450:Himiltrude
1443:Desiderata
1430:Desiderius
1302: 800
1258:Historian
1072:Poeta Saxo
880:Carloman I
835:from 768,
685:(795–855;
672:After the
623:Carloman I
541:Arnulfings
377: 794
361: 783
336: 770
328:Desiderata
242:Coronation
196:Desiderius
158:Carloman I
121:Coronation
14439:Louis III
14389:→ Godfrey
14307:Ermengard
14294:Lothair I
14139:Theoderic
14088:Pepin III
13988:Pepin III
13964:Theudoald
13902:Ansegisel
13851:Pippinids
13673:Précieuse
13617:Tencendur
13612:Tachëbrun
13602:Sautperdu
13592:Passecerf
13577:Gramimond
13526:Rodomonte
13471:Fierabras
13215:Louis XIX
13209:Charles X
13152:Louis XVI
13142:Louis XIV
13088:Henry III
13068:Francis I
13063:Louis XII
13038:Charles V
13028:Philip VI
12989:Philip IV
12969:Philip II
12964:Louis VII
12944:Robert II
12875:Louis III
12837:(751–987)
12786:Clovis IV
12766:Clovis II
12704:(509–751)
12589:Louis IV
12557:Henry VI
12509:Henry IV
12485:Henry II
12477:Arduin I
12469:Otto III
12463:(980–983)
12455:(962–973)
12426:(950–963)
12424:Adalbert
12418:(950–963)
12411:Anscarids
12404:(945–950)
12396:(926–947)
12388:(900–905)
12386:Louis II
12374:(922–933)
12360:(891–897)
12352:(889–894)
12345:Guideschi
12338:(887–924)
12303:(896–899)
12295:(879–887)
12287:(877–879)
12285:Carloman
12279:(875–877)
12271:(855–875)
12263:(818–855)
12255:(810–818)
12247:(781–810)
12239:(774–814)
12218:(756–774)
12210:(749–756)
12202:(744–749)
12186:(712–744)
12176:Ansprand
12170:(702–712)
12154:(700–702)
12152:Liutpert
12146:(689–700)
12144:Cunipert
12130:(688–689)
12128:Cunipert
12122:(671–688)
12112:Garibald
12106:(662–671)
12104:Grimoald
12098:(661–662)
12090:(661–662)
12088:Godepert
12082:(653–661)
12074:(652–653)
12066:(636-652)
12058:(626–636)
12050:(616–626)
12048:Adaloald
12042:(590–616)
12034:(584–590)
12026:(574–584)
12016:(572–574)
12008:(568–572)
11987:(552–553)
11979:(541–552)
11963:(540–541)
11955:(536–540)
11947:(534–536)
11939:(526–534)
11931:(493–526)
11901:(476–493)
11814:Joseph II
11809:Francis I
11789:Leopold I
11754:Charles V
11739:Sigismund
11724:Henry VII
11684:Henry III
11679:Conrad II
11649:Louis III
11614:Lothair I
11397:Communism
11367:Ecumenism
10713:(380–451)
10705:(180–451)
10694:(313–476)
10616:(100–325)
10272:(810–814)
10262:(781–810)
10233:(813–814)
10180:(800–811)
10170:(768–771)
10083:Einhard.
10029:163283337
9476:. Brill.
9323:: 75–94.
9293:(2012) .
9254:231888268
9131:163254629
9117:: 59–82.
9032:35499574M
8998:162260451
8885:151941720
8871:: 59–93.
8852:165699647
8844:0071-9706
8682:239135035
8157:10014282W
3865:Nonn 2008
3766:Citations
3719:Habsburgs
3533:imperator
3356:skull cap
3283:Angilbert
3213:Adallind
3166:Adaltrude
3162:Gersuinda
3133:Theodrada
3050:Hildegard
2965:Charles V
2949:canonised
2879:canon law
2656:Angelbert
2454:in 1215.
2209:Michael I
2189:Thophanes
2078:patrician
1966:Paderborn
1780:Thuringia
1644:Paderborn
1483:Hildegard
1438:Benevento
1411:Alamannia
1379:Aquitaine
1337:itinerant
1249:Suetonius
1192:Austrasia
1144:had been
973:venerated
707:(804–876)
695:(823–877)
661:(797–838)
655:(778–840)
649:(773–810)
643:(772–811)
637:(768–811)
631:(742–814)
625:(751–771)
619:(714–768)
607:(686–741)
584:Theudoald
580:(670–708)
568:(635–714)
554:Ansegisel
550:(582–640)
523:(616–656)
508:Pippinids
379:; d. 800)
363:; d. 794)
344:Hildegard
303:, Francia
294:814-01-28
275:748-04-02
255:Successor
218:(781–810)
202:Successor
165:(800–811)
160:(768–771)
144:Successor
14545:Louis IV
14517:Louis IV
14457:Carloman
14397:→ Louis
14369:Carloman
14348:Pepin II
14316:Bosonids
14194:Adalhard
14148:Carloman
14060:Carloman
14005:Remigius
13983:Carloman
13906:Pepin II
13776:Morgante
13663:Murgleys
13648:Durendal
13597:Rabicano
13587:Marmorie
13531:Ruggiero
13466:Ferragut
13451:Brunello
13426:Baligant
13411:Atlantes
13401:Angelica
13396:Albracca
13375:Paladins
13324:and the
13147:Louis XV
13132:Henry IV
13073:Henry II
13053:Louis XI
13004:Philip V
12979:Louis IX
12959:Louis VI
12954:Philip I
12910:Louis IV
12900:Robert I
12870:Louis II
12835:Bosonids
12711:Clovis I
12565:Otto IV
12525:Henry V
12461:Otto II
12381:Bosonids
12372:Rudolph
12358:Lambert
12269:Louis I
12253:Bernard
12208:Aistulf
12200:Ratchis
12072:Rodoald
12064:Rothari
12056:Arioald
12040:Agilulf
12032:Authari
11998:Lombards
11961:Ildibad
11953:Vitiges
11899:Odoacer
11842:Category
11794:Joseph I
11774:Matthias
11729:Louis IV
11709:Henry VI
11689:Henry IV
11674:Henry II
11669:Otto III
11654:Berengar
11619:Louis II
11407:HIV/AIDS
10901:Crusades
10655:Irenaeus
10648:Ignatius
10643:Polycarp
10493:Ministry
10481:(30–100)
10355:Timeline
10009:Speculum
9988:(2004).
9858:(1971).
9770:(2011).
9603:(1969).
9527:(1941).
9465:: 62–79.
9385:20153271
9211:(2019).
9141:(2008).
9065:27831029
9045:Traditio
8990:30032085
8865:Traditio
8807:Speculum
8137:(1993).
3690:Through
3670:Through
3649:Through
3561:basileus
3546:, after
3538:Augustus
3519:Carloman
3477:Archived
3456:Archived
3147:Luitgard
3127:Fastrada
3118:(b. 782)
3088:Carloman
3044:Lombards
2957:Holy See
2943:Emperor
2933:filioque
2901:and the
2877:book of
2815:Dark Age
2811:Voltaire
2763:Crusades
2748:, 1420s)
2700:Agricola
2595:Napoleon
2442:adventus
2424:pleurisy
2383:quadriga
2342:Obotrite
2296:filioque
2290:filioque
2284:filioque
2274:filioque
2267:filioque
2116:The 802
2074:augustus
2056:note in
2024:ecclesia
1891:Luitgard
1809:Grimoald
1738:Fastrada
1648:Widukind
1629:Friulian
1520:Eresburg
1516:Irminsul
1479:Gerberga
1407:Provence
1403:Burgundy
1395:Soissons
1372:Carloman
1368:anointed
1253:Psalm 90
1224:Bertrada
1212:Carloman
1138:Germanic
884:Lombards
613:(d. 754)
611:Carloman
586:(d. 741)
574:(d. 714)
529:(d. 662)
521:Grimoald
461:Religion
369:Luitgard
353:Fastrada
212:Co-ruler
154:Co-ruler
79:denarius
35:reviewed
14620:Charles
14587:Louis V
14558:Charles
14488:Francia
14469:Charles
14409:Bernard
14339:Pepin I
14329:Charles
14240:Bernard
14198:Bernhar
14180:Bernard
14126:Lothair
13998:Bernard
13934:Godfrey
13860:Pepin I
13668:Olifant
13658:Joyeuse
13643:Curtana
13572:Gaignun
13551:Zerbino
13521:Pinabel
13506:Melissa
13501:Maugris
13496:Marsile
13491:Marfisa
13456:Charlot
13406:Astolfo
13391:Agrican
13386:Agolant
13350:Ganelon
13280:italics
13222:Henry V
13033:John II
12994:Louis X
12949:Henry I
12920:Louis V
12915:Lothair
12905:Rudolph
12860:Louis I
12731:Guntram
12453:Otto I
12439:within
12309:Ratold
12301:Arnulf
12136:Alahis
12006:Alboin
11977:Totila
11969:Eraric
11714:Otto IV
11694:Henry V
11664:Otto II
11639:Lambert
11609:Louis I
11372:Judaism
10772:Vulgate
10582:Gospels
10557:Stephen
10474:Origins
10394:Vulgate
10330:General
10320:of the
10318:History
10253:774–814
10224:800–814
10161:768–814
10106:at the
9623:Einhard
9597:Einhard
9337:3679177
9070:9 March
3672:Hedwiga
3470:Francia
3449:Francia
3382:of his
3380:CT scan
3279:Nithard
3182:Regina
3075:Rotrude
2974:, with
2945:Otto II
2731:exempla
2695:Tacitus
2526:by the
2420:gospels
2399:Bernard
2354:Hemming
2346:Gudfred
2219:caliph
2217:Abbasid
2167:Divisio
2162:Nordgau
1971:Mentana
1961:Leo III
1846:Bolzano
1842:Tassilo
1835:invaded
1825:solidus
1805:Salerno
1663:Córdoba
1640:baptism
1633:Rotrude
1561:in the
1551:Adalgis
1547:Charles
1536:besiege
1532:Bernard
1434:Bavaria
1387:Waiofar
1322:dialect
1279:Quierzy
1240:Einhard
1162:Francia
1087:Russian
1083:Karolus
1051:epithet
1029:Charles
1020:Karolus
1014:Carolus
993:in the
975:by the
969:Germany
892:Bavaria
849:Western
841:Emperor
430:Dynasty
320:Spouses
282:Francia
226:of the
224:Emperor
206:Bernard
163:Charles
14604:, sons
14592:Arnulf
14580:, sons
14547:, sons
14527:Rorico
14521:Arnulf
14510:, sons
14413:Ratold
14382:Ratold
14373:Arnulf
14296:, sons
14213:Empire
14182:, sons
14100:, sons
14090:, sons
14002:Jerome
13976:, sons
13926:Arnulf
13920:, sons
13689:Aachen
13682:Places
13638:Almace
13567:Bayard
13541:Turpin
13511:Oberon
13360:Oliver
13355:Naimon
13345:Roland
12999:John I
12245:Pepin
12014:Cleph
11659:Otto I
11644:Arnulf
11338:Nazism
11160:to the
10767:Jerome
10677:Origen
10360:Papacy
10132:
10048:
10027:
9996:
9974:
9955:
9936:
9908:
9889:
9868:
9844:
9816:
9797:
9778:
9747:
9728:
9709:
9690:
9671:
9652:
9633:
9611:
9601:Notker
9585:
9566:
9547:
9537:Alcuin
9525:Alcuin
9499:
9480:
9442:
9423:
9402:
9383:
9352:
9335:
9301:
9279:
9252:
9221:
9199:
9189:
9170:
9151:
9129:
9063:
9030:
9020:
8996:
8988:
8953:
8932:
8913:
8883:
8850:
8842:
8790:
8758:
8739:
8718:
8699:
8680:
8670:
8641:
8622:
8604:
8585:
8566:
8536:
8511:
8492:
8473:
8155:
8145:
6143:
3578:German
3549:Caesar
3543:kaiser
3474:online
3468:, in:
3453:online
3408:, the
3348:Bottom
3291:Rorgon
3245:
3116:Gisela
3110:Bertha
2987:'s
2918:
2914:
2910:
2908:Thomas
2868:synods
2722:Notker
2650:, and
2612:, and
2573:, the
2569:, the
2536:France
2522:, and
2496:Legacy
2428:Thegan
2407:tropes
2395:Gisela
2379:shroud
2363:Viking
2205:Veneto
2201:Istria
2095:throne
2054:et al.
2040:, Leo
2012:Alcuin
1959:After
1934:, and
1908:palace
1904:Aachen
1877:heresy
1750:Verden
1730:Gisela
1704:Bertha
1675:Basque
1487:Gerold
1383:Hunald
1359:annals
1142:Franks
1103:Slovak
1095:Polish
1091:korol'
1055:magnus
990:Karlus
965:France
949:Aachen
908:Saxons
896:Saxony
451:Mother
441:Father
308:Burial
301:Aachen
250:, Rome
14616:Louis
14569:Henry
14561:Louis
14524:Drogo
14466:Pepin
14463:Drogo
14341:, son
14233:, son
14231:Pepin
14167:Pepin
14156:Pepin
14150:, son
14130:Drogo
14117:Pepin
14069:Drogo
14062:, son
14039:Early
14016:, son
13993:Grifo
13957:, son
13937:Pepin
13918:Drogo
13842:Begga
13607:Sorel
13421:Aymon
13320:King
12394:Hugh
12367:Welfs
12311:(896)
12194:(744)
12178:(712)
12162:(701)
12138:(689)
12114:(671)
11985:Teia
11971:(541)
11440:Islam
10708:Roman
10667:Canon
10540:Peter
10488:Jesus
10266:with
10256:with
10227:with
10174:with
10164:with
10134:Died:
10025:S2CID
9333:JSTOR
9250:S2CID
9127:S2CID
9061:JSTOR
8994:S2CID
8986:JSTOR
8896:[
8881:S2CID
8848:S2CID
8771:Agora
8678:S2CID
3609:Latin
3594:Latin
3447:, in
3420:Notes
3384:tibia
3376:X-ray
3287:Louis
3186:Drogo
3097:Louis
2544:Italy
2334:Danes
2144:missi
1865:Maine
1850:Avars
1711:Worms
1699:Louis
1540:Pavia
1454:Pepin
1391:Noyon
1283:Düren
1234:Birth
1228:Drogo
1023:) in
1000:Karlo
676:(843)
389:Issue
234:Reign
184:Reign
176:Italy
128:Noyon
110:Reign
14611:Otto
14486:West
14428:sons
14401:Hugh
14392:Otto
14362:sons
14325:Hugh
14273:sons
14189:Wala
14135:Hugh
13821:and
13416:Aude
12833:and
12441:the
12350:Guy
11490:2023
11485:2019
11480:2016
11475:2013
11470:2011
11465:2008
11460:2005
11455:2002
11450:2000
11417:1995
10587:Acts
10550:Paul
10545:John
10520:Mary
10046:ISBN
9994:ISBN
9972:ISBN
9953:ISBN
9934:ISBN
9906:ISBN
9887:ISBN
9866:ISBN
9842:ISBN
9814:ISBN
9795:ISBN
9776:ISBN
9745:ISBN
9726:ISBN
9707:ISBN
9688:ISBN
9669:ISBN
9650:ISBN
9631:ISBN
9609:ISBN
9583:ISBN
9564:ISBN
9545:ISBN
9497:ISBN
9478:ISBN
9440:ISBN
9421:ISBN
9400:ISBN
9381:PMID
9350:ISBN
9299:ISBN
9277:ISBN
9219:ISBN
9197:OCLC
9187:ISBN
9168:ISBN
9149:ISBN
9072:2024
9018:ISBN
9005:2023
8951:ISBN
8930:ISBN
8911:ISBN
8840:ISSN
8788:ISBN
8756:ISBN
8737:ISBN
8716:ISBN
8697:ISBN
8668:ISBN
8639:ISBN
8620:ISBN
8602:ISBN
8583:ISBN
8564:ISBN
8534:ISBN
8509:ISBN
8490:ISBN
8471:ISBN
8143:ISBN
6141:ISBN
3378:and
3195:Hugh
2961:cult
2858:The
2803:Vita
2635:and
2520:East
2516:West
2484:The
2468:The
2403:will
2358:Wala
2338:Elbe
2203:and
1734:Mass
1436:and
1385:and
1277:and
1214:and
1202:and
1154:Gaul
1107:král
1101:and
1099:król
1017:(or
1007:(or
983:Name
967:and
959:and
957:West
898:and
874:and
851:and
827:MAYN
823:SHAR
372:(m.
356:(m.
331:(m.
288:Died
269:Born
13377:and
12890:Odo
11634:Guy
10476:and
10426:Art
10017:doi
9373:doi
9325:doi
9269:doi
9242:doi
9119:doi
9089:doi
9085:111
9053:doi
8978:doi
8970:ELH
8873:doi
8832:doi
8822:".
8660:doi
3340:Top
2724:'s
2585:to
2261:Son
1518:at
1190:of
1003:to
947:in
928:in
795:ɑːr
768:ɑːr
37:on
14640::
14437:→
14407:→
14375:→
14371:→
14323:→
14313:→
14309:→
14305:→
14246:→
14242:→
13904:→
13893:→
13866:→
13862:→
12414::
12384::
12370::
12348::
12334::
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