Francia - Knowledge

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the construction of monastic cities, built to showcase a revival of the architecture of ancient Rome. Administration was conducted by bishops. The old Gallo-Roman aristocrats had survived in prestige and as an institution by taking up the episcopal offices, and they were now put in charge of fields such as justice, infrastructure, education and social services. Kings were legitimized by their links with the religious institutions. Episcopal elections became supervised by the kings, and royal confirmation helped to strengthen the bishops' authority as well. There were improvements in agriculture, notably the adoption of a new heavy

2961: 2016: 3331: 9782: 43: 2456:(c. 560) were incorporated into the Frankish kingdom. The outlying trans-Rhenish tribes were loosely attached to Frankish sovereignty, and though they could be forced to contribute to Frankish military efforts, in times of weak kings they were uncontrollable and liable to attempt independence. The Romanised Burgundian kingdom, however, was preserved in its territoriality by the Franks and converted into one of their primary divisions, incorporating the central Gallic heartland of Chlodomer's realm with its capital at Orléans. 2213: 136: 9794: 2684:, but they then fell foul of each other and the remainder of their time on the thrones was spent in infighting, often incited by their grandmother Brunhilda, who, angered over her expulsion from Theudebert's court, convinced Theuderic to unseat him and kill him. In 612 he did and the whole realm of his father Childebert was once again ruled by one man. This was short-lived, however, as he died on the eve of preparing an expedition against Chlothar in 613, leaving a young son named 1308: 2766: 2624: 2527: 2397: 2381:—was conceived of as a single realm ruled collectively by several kings and the turn of events could result in the reunification of the whole realm under a single king. The Merovingian kings ruled by divine right and their kingship was symbolised daily by their long hair and initially by their acclamation, which was carried out by raising the king on a shield in accordance with the ancient Germanic practice of electing a war-leader at an assembly of the warriors. 8532: 6425: 8522: 2806: 3347: 9770: 1769: 9758: 1223: 8542: 1783: 1238: 2753:(614), which has generally been viewed as a concession to the nobility, though this view has come under recent criticism. The Edict primarily sought to guarantee justice and end corruption in government, but it also entrenched the regional differences between the three kingdoms of Francia and probably granted the nobles more control over judicial appointments. 2857:; the duchy of Vasconia was also part of his allotment. Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again (632). At the same time the Bretons rose up against Frankish suzerainty. In 635 an army sent by Dagobert subdued the Basques, while threats of military action induced the Breton leader 2741:, to give the kingdom over to Chlothar in order to remove Brunhilda, the young king's regent, from power. Warnachar was himself already the mayor of the palace of Austrasia, while Rado and Pepin were to find themselves rewarded with mayoral offices after Chlothar's coup succeeded and Brunhilda and the ten-year-old king were killed. 3541:, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. In the hierarchy of the church, bishops and abbots looked to the patronage of the king's palace, where the sources of patronage and security lay. Charles had fully emerged as the leader of Western 3301:

alongside the Merovingian kings, conflict immediately erupted between Pepin and Carloman on one side and Grifo their younger brother on the other. Though Carloman captured and imprisoned Grifo, it may have been enmity between the elder brothers that caused Pepin to release Grifo while Carloman was on

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The king lost the support of many magnates while on campaign and the weakness of the monarchic institutions by that time are evident in his inability to effectively make war without the support of the magnates; in fact, he could not even provide his own bodyguard without the loyal aid of Grimoald and

2171:, reputed to be relatives of Chlodio, arose from within the Gallo-Roman military, with Childeric and his son Clovis being called "King of the Franks" in the Gallo-Roman military, even before having any Frankish territorial kingdom. Once Clovis defeated his Roman competitor for power in northern Gaul, 4109:

entrenching the rights of the nobility, but in actuality it sought to remove corruption from the judiciary and protect local and regional interests. Even after the last Merovingian capitulary, kings of the dynasty continued to independently exercise some legal powers. Childebert III even found cases

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Immediately after the fall of Rome and through the Merovingian dynasty, trading towns were re-established in the ruins of ancient cities. These specialised in exchange of goods, craft and agriculture, and were mostly independent of aristocratic control. Carolingian Francia saw royal sponsorship for

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to them as a subking in 633. This act was precipitated largely by the Austrasians' desire to be self-governing at a time when Neustrians dominated at the royal court. Chlothar had been the king at Paris for decades before becoming the king at Metz as well and the Merovingian monarchy was ever after

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Pepin reigned as an elected king. Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men. These men reserved the right to choose a new "kingworthy" leader out of the ruling clan if they felt that the old one could

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After 718 Charles Martel embarked on a series of wars intended to strengthen the Franks' hegemony in western Europe. In 718 he defeated the rebellious Saxons, in 719 he overran Western Frisia, in 723 he suppressed the Saxons again, and in 724 he defeated Ragenfrid and the rebellious Neustrians,

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was to prove the end of the Merovingian dynasty's power. Theuderic III succeeded his brother Chlothar III in Neustria in 673, but Childeric II of Austrasia displaced him soon thereafter—until he died in 675, and Theuderic III retook his throne. When Dagobert II died in 679, Theuderic received

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The fraternal kings showed only intermittent signs of friendship and were often in rivalry. On the early death of Chlodomer, his brother Chlothar had his young sons murdered in order to take a share of his kingdom, which was, in accordance with custom, divided between the surviving brothers.

1951:, generally subdivided into several smaller kingdoms ruled by different members of the ruling dynasties. Whilst these kingdoms coordinated, they also regularly came into conflict with one another. The old Frankish lands, for example, were initially contained within the kingdom of 2600:, incited her husband to war and the conflict between the two queens continued to plague relations until the next century. Guntram sought to keep the peace, though he also attempted twice (585 and 589) to conquer Septimania from the Goths, but was defeated both times. 2756:

By 623 the Austrasians had begun to clamour for a king of their own, since Chlothar was so often absent from the kingdom and, because of his upbringing and previous rule in the Seine basin, was more or less an outsider there. Chlothar thus granted that his son

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All the surviving brothers benefited at the death of Charibert, but Chilperic was also able to extend his authority during the period of war by bringing the Bretons to heel again. After his death, Guntram had to again force the Bretons to submit. In 587, the

3171:, Charles definitively defeated his rivals and forced them into hiding, eventually accepting the king back on the condition that he receive his father's positions (718). There were no more active Merovingian kings after that point and Charles and his 4132:

were selected from outside their respective regions in order to prevent conflicts of interest. A capitulary of 802 gives insight into their duties. They were to execute justice, enforce respect for the royal rights, control the administration of the

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to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. This campaign expanded the practice of non-Roman Christian rulers undertaking the conversion of their neighbours by armed force; Frankish Catholic missionaries, along with others from Ireland and

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inherited Burgundy and Guntram's Aquitaine. United, the brothers sought to remove their father's cousin Chlothar II from power and they did succeed in conquering most of his kingdom, reducing him to only a few cities, but they failed to capture him.

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too defined itself in opposition to Neustria at about this time. However, it was the Austrasians, who had been seen as a distinct people within the realm since the time of Gregory of Tours, who were to make the most strident moves for independence.

2366:, who wrote around the year 590. His chronology for the reigns of the early kings is almost certainly fabricated, often contradicting itself and other sources. Clovis' baptism, traditionally dated to 496, is now believed to have taken place in 508. 2876:

Indeed, it is in the 640s that "Neustria" first appears in writing, its late appearance relative to "Austrasia" probably due to the fact that Neustrians (who formed the bulk of the authors of the time) called their region simply "Francia".

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for the ducal succession upon the Bavarians and forced the Alemanni to assist him in his campaigns in Bavaria (725 and 726), where laws were promulgated in Theuderic's name. In 730 Alemannia had to be subjugated by the sword and its duke,

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would be their king and he was duly acclaimed by the Austrasian warriors in the traditional fashion. Nonetheless, though Dagobert exercised true authority in his realm, Chlothar maintained ultimate control over the whole Frankish kingdom.

1971:. The exact borders and number of these subkingdoms varied over time, until a basic split between eastern and western domains became persistent. After various treaties and conflicts in the late-9th and early-10th centuries, 3306:, drawn from a monastery, in 743. Others have suggested that perhaps the position of the two brothers was weak or challenged, or perhaps there Carloman was merely acting for a loyalist or legitimist party in the kingdom. 2793:, and were defeated and reincorporated into the kingdom by the joint action of father and son. When Chlothar died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother 4121:

Among the legal reforms adopted by Charlemagne were the codifications of traditional law mentioned above. He also sought to place checks on the power of local and regional judiciaries by the method of appointing

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or Charles the Great, a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charlemagne restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.

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In 743 Pepin campaigned against Odilo and forced him to submit to Frankish suzerainty. Carloman also campaigned against the Saxons and the two together defeated a rebellion led by Hunoald at the head of the

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enlarged with some additional territories from Lothair's Middle Frankish Realm: much of these territories eventually evolved into modern Austria, Switzerland and Germany. For a list of successors, see the

2523:, was unable to retain them and on his death all of his vast kingdom passed to Chlothar, under whom, with the death of Childebert in 558, the entire Frankish realm was reunited under the rule of one king. 3031:

During the period of confusion in the 670s and 680s, attempts had been made to re-assert Frankish suzerainty over the Frisians, but to no avail. In 689, however, Pepin launched a campaign of conquest in

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in 631, made all the far eastern peoples subject to the court of Neustria and not of Austrasia. This, first and foremost, incited the Austrasians to request a king of their own from the royal household.

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of Alsatia probably died, either fighting for or against the brothers. In 746, however, the Frankish armies were still, as Carloman was preparing to retire from politics and enter the monastery of

2404:'s death (511). The kingdoms were not geographic unities because they were formed in an attempt to create equal-sized fiscs. The discrepancy in size reveals the concentration of Roman fiscal lands. 2979:

In 673, Chlothar III died and some Neustrian and Burgundian magnates invited Childeric to become king of the whole realm, but he soon upset some Neustrian magnates and he was assassinated (675).

2933:, dominated the kingdom for the next fifteen years of near-constant civil war. On his death (656), Sigbert's son was shipped off to Ireland, while Grimoald's son Childebert reigned in Austrasia. 3564:

presented as a surprise (Charlemagne did not wish to be indebted to the bishop of Rome), a further papal move in the series of symbolic gestures that had been defining the mutual roles of papal

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Though Charlemagne preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", the ceremony formally acknowledged the ruler of the Franks as the Roman Emperor, triggering disputes with the

3678:, followed his father as the ruler of a united empire. But sole inheritance remained a matter of chance, rather than intent. When Louis died in 840, the Carolingians adhered to the custom of 3520:(Tassilo's family), another leading family among the Franks and potential rivals. Until 796, Charles continued to expand the kingdom even farther southeast, into today's Austria and parts of 2789:

During the joint reign of Chlothar and Dagobert, who have been called "the last ruling Merovingians", the Saxons, who had been loosely attached to Francia since the late 550s, rebelled under

3430:, once again divided the kingdom between themselves. However, Carloman withdrew to a monastery and died shortly thereafter, leaving sole rule to his brother, who would later become known as 2160:

defeated a wedding party of his people (c. 431), this period marks the beginning of a situation that would endure for many centuries: the Germanic Franks ruled over an increasing number of

1940:—father, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-great-grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century, and is by this point referred to as the 3823:

was chosen to rule in the west, and was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of Neustria in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the

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On the opposite end of his realm, the Alemanni had defeated Theuderic in a rebellion and the Franks were losing their hold on the trans-Rhenish tribes. In 610 Theudebert had extorted the

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were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Under Charlemagne codifications were also made of

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from Theuderic, beginning a long period of conflict over which kingdom was to have the region of Alsace, Burgundy or Austrasia, which was only terminated in the late seventh century.

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were still only mayors of the palaces. The Carolingians had assumed the regal status and practice, though not the regal title, of the Merovingians. The division of the kingdom gave

3028:, the beginning of Pepin's "reign". Thereafter the Merovingian monarchs showed only sporadically, in our surviving records, any activities of a non-symbolic and self-willed nature. 2921:, Dagobert's successor in Neustria and Burgundy, which were thereafter attached yet ruled separately, was a minor for almost the whole of his reign. He was dominated by his mother 2076:. While all of them had a tradition of participating in the Roman military, the Salians were allowed to settle within the Roman Empire. In 358, having already been living in the 4317:

The denarius subsequently appeared in Italy issued in the name of Carolingian monarchs after 794, later by so-called "native" kings in the tenth century, and later still by the

2616:, who had succeeded the assassinated Sigebert (575). Together the territory of Guntram and Childebert was well over thrice as large as the small realm of Chilperic's successor, 2550:

In 561 Chlothar died and his realm was divided, in a replay of the events of fifty years prior, between his four sons, with the chief cities remaining the same. The eldest son,

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Kreiner, Jamie. “About the Bishop: The Episcopal Entourage and the Economy of Government in Post-Roman Gaul.”, vol. 86, no. 2, Medieval Academy of America, 2011, pp. 321–60,

3251:. But Charles's real interests lay in the northeast, primarily with the Saxons, from whom he had to extort the tribute which for centuries they had paid to the Merovingians. 2003:. Competing French and German nationalisms in later centuries would claim succession from Charlemagne and the original kingdom, but nowadays both have become seen by many as 3447:, had entered Saxon lands since the mid-8th century, resulting in increasing conflict with the Saxons, who resisted the missionary efforts and parallel military incursions. 2729:, which had for sometime been visible in the kingdoms of the Franks, came to the fore in its internal politics, with a faction of nobles coalescing around the persons of 9834: 550: 536: 522: 497: 483: 2620:. During this period Francia took on the tripartite character it was to have throughout the rest of its history, being composed of Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy. 2558:, inherited the old kingdom of the Burgundians, augmented by the lands of central France around the old capital of Orléans, which became his chief city, and most of 8756: 9829: 7985: 5124:

Laury Sarti, "Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400–700 A.D.)" (= Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages, 22), Leiden/Boston 2013,

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and thus included northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.

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Shortly before his death in October 741, Charles divided the realm as if he were king between his two sons by his first wife, marginalising his younger son

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by killing Grimoald and removing Childebert in 661. However, the Austrasians demanded a king of their own again and Chlothar installed his younger brother

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Saxon prisoners. After several more uprisings, the Saxons suffered definitive defeat in 804. This expanded the Frankish kingdom eastwards as far as the

3419:" which he laid on the tomb of St Peter. The papacy had good cause to expect that the remade Frankish monarchy would provide a deferential power base ( 4033:

It was also under Frankish hegemony that the other Germanic societies east of the Rhine began to codify their tribal law, in such compilations as the

4561: 3576:, which had maintained the title since the division of the Roman Empire into East and West. The pope's right to proclaim successors was based on the 2389:

At the death of Clovis, his kingdom was divided territorially by his four adult sons in such a way that each son was granted a comparable portion of

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on the ducal throne. This outside interference led to another war in 712 and the Alemanni were, for the time being, restored to the Frankish fold.

8578: 3512:(duke) of Bavaria rebelled against Charles. Crushing the rebellion incorporated Bavaria into Charles's kingdom. This not only added to the royal 3152:

as mayor of the palace in all the realms, but soon there was a third candidate for the mayoralty of Austrasia in Pepin's illegitimate adult son,

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assassinated and reunited the entire Frankish realm again (632), though he was forced by the strong Austrasian aristocracy to grant his own son

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in 507. He founded the Merovingian dynasty, which was eventually replaced by the Carolingian dynasty. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of

6812: 3258:, who did receive a small portion (it is unknown exactly what). Though there had been no king since Theuderic's death in 737, Charles's sons 3100:

However, in southern Gaul, which was not under Arnulfing influence, the regions were pulling away from the royal court under leaders such as

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When Guntram died in 592, Burgundy went to Childebert in its entirety, but he died in 595. His two sons divided the kingdom, with the elder

2119:(411). Jovinus was dead by 413, but the Romans found it increasingly difficult to manage the Franks within their borders. The Frankish king 8077: 5198: 9195: 4082:

as a tool for the promulgation and preservation of royal ordinances. Its usage was to continue under the Carolingians and even the later

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or West Francia. This area, most of today's southern and western France, became the foundation for the later Kingdom of France under the

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in Italy. During the 7th century the disciples of Columbanus and other Scottish and Irish missionaries founded several monasteries or

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of Provence, called in the Umayyads to aid him in resisting the expanding influence of the Carolingians. However, Charles invaded the

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was capable of defending his inheritance, which formed the largest of the Frankish subkingdoms and the kernel of the later kingdom of

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This article is about the geographical and political development of the lands of the Franks. For the Frankish people and society, see

8746: 3718:. These areas with different cultures, peoples and traditions would later vanish as separate kingdoms, which would eventually become 4232:

in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The Irish influence in these monasteries is reflected in the adoption of

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a pilgrimage to Rome. Perhaps in an effort to neutralise his brother's ambitions, Carloman initiated the appointment of a new king,

2534:'s death (561). Though more geographically unified realms were created out of the second fourfold division, the complex division of 6382: 3605:(emperor), but not as emperor of the Romans. The coronation gave permanent legitimacy to Carolingian primacy among the Franks. The 1807: 3907:, was an unnatural creation of the Treaty of Verdun, with no historical or ethnic identity. The kingdom was split on the death of 3702:, or Middle Francia, known as King of the Central or Middle Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them into 3228:

and a Lombard army and devastated the region. It was because of the alliance against the Arabs that Charles was unable to support

9137: 6400: 2112: 1366: 1259: 3454:, accepted baptism in 785 as part of a peace agreement, but other Saxon leaders continued to fight. Upon his victory in 787 at 2335:

to name a few prominent ones. By the end of his life, Clovis ruled all of Gaul save the Gothic province of Septimania and the

7955: 7765: 7147: 4875: 4762: 4735: 4650: 4623: 4560:“The legacy of Charlemagne: how the king of the Franks continues to cast a shadow over Europe”, History Extra, 2 April 2020, 3067: 2901:, rebelled and tried to make himself king. He defeated Sigebert in what was a serious reversal for the ruling dynasty (640). 2175:, he turned to the kings of the Franks to the north and east, as well as other post-Roman kingdoms already existing in Gaul: 1747: 1678: 1611: 909: 2833:

The subkingdom of Aquitaine corresponded to the southern half of the old Roman province of Aquitania and its capital was at

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When Pepin died in 714, however, the Frankish realm plunged into civil war and the dukes of the outlying provinces became

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Having achieved great successes against the Frisians, Pepin turned towards the Alemanni. In 709 he launched a war against

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Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm. Thoroughly Neustrian in outlook, he allied with his mayor

2103:, were active on Roman soil for other reasons. After the fall of Arbogastes, his son Arigius succeeded in establishing a 1800: 1574: 1342: 1027: 9564: 8782: 8778: 8666: 8502: 7817: 6817: 4812: 4787: 3124:, though Childebert is founding making royal judgements against the interests of his supposed masters, the Arnulfings. 1713: 1507: 1362: 1252: 135: 9059: 8751: 8681: 8662: 8545: 8507: 8037: 6461: 5481: 5101: 5076: 5059: 5044: 5023: 4418: 2377:: dividing their lands among their sons. Even when multiple Merovingian kings ruled, the kingdom—not unlike the late 1188: 86: 64: 3831:. The Carolingians were restored ten years later in West Francia, and ruled until 987, when the last Frankish King, 3628: 57: 9695: 9290: 8700: 8689: 8685: 8658: 5443: 5191: 4441:

people were Christians). However, Christianity had largely supplanted paganism at the beginning of the 9th century.

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https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/charlemagne-unifier-father-europe-correct-european-symbol-who-was-he/

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beyond the borders of Francia, upon whom he tried to force tribute but who instead defeated him under their king

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not lead them in profitable battle. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later

9507: 9340: 9278: 8709: 8630: 8564: 8371: 8311: 8283: 8042: 6395: 5663: 5468: 5328: 4261: 3475: 2945: 1388: 1347: 4004:, and Chamavi, had different legal traditions, which were only later codified, largely under Charlemagne. The 9715: 9624: 8717: 8713: 8457: 8288: 7881: 5176: 3984: 3019: 1205: 1198: 1183: 1171: 1156: 958: 4310:

and various non-royals around 673–675. A Carolingian denarius replaced the Merovingian one, and the Frisian

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revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888.

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at its greatest extent, with borders displaying the three territorial divisions of 843, from left to right:

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The exact date on which Clovis became "king of all Franks" is not known, but it happened sometime after the

9145: 9141: 9012: 7876: 7760: 5544: 5154: 5145: 4934: 3201: 3044: 1380: 3400:("protector of the Romans"). The following year Pepin fulfilled his promise to the pope and retrieved the 881: 9819: 9674: 9669: 9285: 8677: 8467: 7886: 6923: 6410: 5423: 5184: 3896: 3427: 2096: 1856: 1400: 1352: 1337: 1332: 1287: 1178: 3322:. Pepin's position was further stabilised and the path was laid for his assumption of the crown in 751. 2346:, which is securely dated to 507. One year after this battle, Clovis made Paris his capital, and in the 9748: 9730: 9725: 9181: 9055: 8793: 8736: 8626: 8462: 8452: 8416: 8258: 8160: 5576: 5571: 5232: 4322: 3954: 3334:

The growth of Frankish power, 481–814, showing Francia as it originally was after the crumbling of the

2944:. During Chlothar's reign, the Franks had made an attack on northwestern Italy, but were driven off by 2854: 2734: 2588:

This second fourfold division was quickly ruined by fratricidal wars, waged largely over the murder of

2336: 2194:(the "eastern lands"), while the large Romanised Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul came to be known as 1579: 1549: 1322: 1193: 1161: 1136: 696: 668: 4409:

Missionierung, Krisen und Reformen: Die Christianisierung von der Spätantike bis in Karolingische Zeit

3549:" of literate culture. Charles also created a large palace at Aachen, a series of roads, and a canal. 3235:

In 732 or 737—modern scholars have debated over the date—Charles marched against an Arab army between

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Rural Riches & Royal Rags?: Studies on Medieval and Modern Archaeology, Presented to Frans Theuws

3942: 3908: 3024: 2898: 2790: 2120: 1396: 1392: 1327: 762: 705: 182: 2554:, inherited the kingdom with its capital at Paris and ruled all of western Gaul. The second eldest, 2301:) and made them vassals of the Franks. He also incorporated the various Roman military settlements ( 8705: 8695: 8672: 8649: 8621: 8436: 7802: 7777: 7627: 7286: 7281: 5648: 5633: 5448: 5433: 5064: 4201: 3168: 2484: 1913: 1404: 724: 51: 24: 4045:

for the Alemanni and Bavarii respectively. Throughout the Frankish kingdoms there continued to be

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defeated the Chamavi and Salians, allowing the latter to settle further away from the border, in

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In the 7th century, the territory of the Frankish realm was (re-)Christianized with the help of

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During the reign of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Frankish realm was one large

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of the Romans. Childeric is chiefly important to history for bequeathing the Franks to his son

1537: 1431: 1151: 1099: 978: 68: 4204:. The result was the establishment of numerous monasteries, which would become the nucleus of 4114:

and became renowned among the people for his justness. But law in Francia was to experience a

2393:, which was probably land once part of the Roman fisc, now seized by the Frankish government. 9609: 9474: 8316: 8208: 8165: 7822: 7782: 7595: 7470: 6534: 6524: 6483: 6454: 5463: 5353: 4752: 4725: 4640: 4613: 4249: 4237: 4182: 4091: 3782: 3758: 3739: 3339: 2915:: "do-nothing king", not insofar as he "did nothing", but insofar as he accomplished little. 2225: 2004: 1734: 1376: 1109: 1036: 998: 938: 7710: 3411:

Pepin donated the re-conquered areas around Rome to the Pope, laying the foundation for the

9664: 9659: 9599: 9534: 9439: 9085: 8896: 8535: 8477: 8273: 8180: 8150: 8135: 7941: 7915: 7745: 7715: 7590: 7521: 7492: 7411: 6745: 6583: 6573: 5554: 5525: 5428: 5292: 4905: 4900: 4780:

Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West

4573: 4178: 3679: 3401: 3393: 3335: 3298: 2374: 2153: 1889: 1729: 1557: 1544: 1436: 988: 714: 7695: 3657:, King of the Middle Franks, nominally titled Emperor. This kingdom lasted only until 869. 3330: 2343: 2286: 2266:

and put himself on good terms with the powerful Church and with his Gallo-Roman subjects.

1917: 8: 9629: 9559: 9502: 9419: 9245: 8981: 8976: 8965: 8945: 8915: 8421: 8401: 8381: 8346: 8278: 8190: 8057: 7607: 7487: 7453: 7355: 7175: 7170: 6982: 6701: 6637: 6512: 6497: 6390: 5603: 5277: 5257: 4972: 4917: 4141:(then still royal appointees), receive the oath of allegiance, and supervise the clergy. 3881:. After 987, the kingdom came to be known as France, because the new ruling dynasty (the 3820: 3814: 3731: 3707: 3682:, and after a brief civil war between the three sons, they made an agreement in 843, the 3584: 3444: 3367: 3179:

ending the civil war phase of his rule. In 720, when Chilperic II died, he had appointed

3105: 2726: 2566: 2370: 2274: 2207: 2168: 2161: 1874: 1870: 948: 857: 796: 786: 8812: 7323: 7313: 5142:. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. 4216:

was active in the Frankish Empire from 590, establishing monasteries until his death at

9798: 9735: 9639: 9423: 9375: 9370: 9273: 9263: 9220: 9212: 9107: 9006: 8971: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8927: 8923: 8886: 8857: 8804: 8654: 8525: 8361: 8336: 8238: 8115: 8067: 8062: 8052: 7990: 7720: 7700: 7683: 7634: 7499: 7308: 7259: 7192: 7110: 7051: 7046: 7041: 6997: 6967: 6859: 6757: 6625: 6600: 5773: 5625: 5564: 5453: 5385: 5361: 5302: 5207: 4687: 4472: 4272: 4209: 4087: 3976: 3963: 3934: 3845:. It is the precursor of modern France. It was divided into the following great fiefs: 3801:(870) the partitions were recast, to the detriment of Lotharingia. On 12 December 884, 3766: 3633: 3587:

acknowledged in 812 Charlemagne as co-emperor, according to some. According to others,

3459: 3363: 3355: 3184: 3101: 2972: 2886: 2782: 1996: 1941: 1524: 1484: 1456: 1296: 400: 215: 8919: 4065:, those regions which had formerly been under Gothic control continued to utilise the 3478:(9 AD). In order to more effectively Christianize the Saxons, Charles founded several 9614: 9589: 9569: 9549: 9539: 9429: 9411: 9380: 9313: 9230: 9204: 9157: 9122: 9118: 9096: 9073: 9069: 9002: 8998: 8937: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8876: 8853: 8521: 8263: 8233: 8223: 8213: 8130: 8120: 8105: 7972: 7829: 7725: 7661: 7656: 7585: 7482: 7197: 7125: 7120: 6962: 6891: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6664: 6615: 5549: 5400: 5375: 5287: 5125: 5108: 5097: 5072: 5055: 5040: 5019: 4871: 4808: 4783: 4758: 4731: 4691: 4646: 4619: 4434: 4414: 4318: 4283: 3958: 3832: 3810: 3762: 3711: 3588: 3581: 3416: 3374: 3259: 2968: 2894: 2628: 2605: 2355: 2282: 2263: 2132: 2000: 1980: 1964: 1878: 1859: 1489: 1412: 918: 817: 677: 345: 163: 5052:

Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.

4517: 4491: 3561: 2408:

Clovis's sons made their capitals near the Frankish heartland in northeastern Gaul.

2285:

in 496) and established Frankish hegemony over them. Clovis defeated the Visigoths (

9814: 9604: 9519: 9464: 9434: 9385: 9345: 9328: 9318: 9253: 9225: 9092: 9081: 9051: 9030: 8911: 8816: 8767: 8761: 8741: 8616: 8482: 8431: 8426: 8366: 8331: 8243: 8200: 8170: 8092: 8010: 7980: 7678: 7465: 7460: 7416: 7403: 7333: 7301: 7296: 7160: 7155: 7137: 7098: 7031: 7014: 6955: 6945: 6940: 6881: 6837: 6807: 6767: 6750: 6733: 6696: 6447: 5972: 5344: 5211: 5012: 4991: 4977: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4704: 4679: 4464: 4154: 4083: 4066: 4041: 4001: 3922: 3842: 3806: 3798: 3778: 3754: 3683: 3664: 3644: 3617: 3573: 3287: 3278:

to Carloman and Neustria, Provence, and Burgundy to Pepin. It is indicative of the

3229: 3192:, was killed. In 734 Charles fought against Eastern Frisia and finally subdued it. 3041: 3011: 3003: 2949: 2696: 2668:

taking Austrasia plus Childebert's portion of Aquitaine, while his younger brother

2472: 2363: 2298: 2081: 2049: 1992: 1976: 1921: 1882: 1451: 1446: 1441: 891: 502: 423: 331: 327: 172: 4325:(962). Finally, denarii were issued in Rome in the names of pope and emperor from 3874: 3580:, a forged Roman imperial decree. After an initial protest at the usurpation, the 3093:, probably in an effort to force the succession of the young sons of the deceased 2817:

Dagobert, in his dealings with the Saxons, Alemans, and Thuringii, as well as the

1058: 863: 9644: 9619: 9407: 9390: 9235: 9153: 9065: 8933: 8556: 8492: 8406: 8376: 8100: 8017: 7896: 7864: 7737: 7705: 7688: 7644: 7639: 7617: 7612: 7570: 7563: 7538: 7398: 7393: 7234: 7115: 7009: 7004: 6972: 6797: 6787: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6654: 6610: 6492: 6478: 5581: 5559: 5503: 5473: 5357: 5242: 4437:; most of the Frankish elite shifted to Chalcedonian Christianity by 751 AD (the 4220:

in 615. He arrived on the continent with twelve companions and founded Annegray,

4205: 4035: 3938: 3802: 3675: 3533: 3385: 3244: 2738: 2719: 2351: 1937: 1929: 1621: 1047: 310: 286: 7318: 4945: 4076:, officials trained to remember it and pass it on. The Merovingians adopted the 3915:, Provence (with Burgundy divided between it and Lotharingia), and north Italy. 3221: 2911: 2212: 2099:, were committed to the cause of the Romans, but other Frankish rulers, such as 1009: 9774: 9594: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9554: 9544: 9459: 9402: 9295: 9258: 9149: 9103: 8771: 8396: 8341: 8295: 8248: 8228: 8072: 7995: 7839: 7834: 7797: 7772: 7755: 7666: 7651: 7622: 7580: 7428: 7388: 7383: 7338: 7264: 7224: 7214: 7204: 7019: 6898: 6792: 6659: 6541: 6255: 6039: 5703: 5390: 5297: 5262: 5135: 4949:. Woodruff, Jane Ellen. PhD Dissertation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1987. 4452: 4291: 4241: 4194: 4124: 4102: 4018: 3983:

times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with

3926: 3888: 3882: 3786: 3735: 3699: 3650: 3455: 3378: 3153: 3117: 3075: 3063: 3033: 2858: 2810: 2750: 2703:

to submission (602). This original Gascon conquest included lands south of the

2312: 2157: 1925: 1863: 1832: 1787: 1773: 1514: 1242: 828: 622: 515: 149: 116: 5206: 4248:

of the later Merovingian period eventually gave way to the development of the

2936:

Ebroin eventually reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor

2362:, uniting all Franks under his rule. The sole source for this early period is 2190:

The original core territory of the Frankish kingdom later came to be known as

9808: 9786: 9762: 9690: 9489: 8808: 8155: 7920: 7807: 7602: 7575: 7548: 7526: 7504: 7271: 7254: 7239: 7083: 7036: 7024: 6950: 6842: 6716: 6711: 6686: 6568: 6014: 5977: 5937: 5803: 5532: 5491: 4303: 4245: 4027: 3319: 3303: 3255: 3183:

king, but this last was a mere puppet of his. In 724 he forced his choice of

3109: 2983: 2665: 2648: 2613: 2581:. The kingdom Chilperic ruled at his death (584) became the nucleus of later 2577:. The smallest kingdom was that of Soissons, which went to the youngest son, 2347: 2149: 2092: 2073: 1601: 1227: 968: 642: 488: 454: 358: 7348: 7328: 6116: 4683: 4468: 2479:(great king) because of his supposed suzerainty over peoples as far away as 9793: 9649: 9479: 9350: 9268: 8871: 8321: 8218: 8022: 7812: 7553: 7543: 7509: 7438: 7433: 7360: 7150: 7132: 7093: 7088: 7068: 7063: 6935: 6928: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6802: 6740: 6721: 6706: 6642: 5708: 5698: 5681: 5498: 5172:

Table. Capitals of the Frankish Kingdom according to the years, in 509–800.

4668:"Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours" 4598: 4326: 4307: 4287: 4046: 4012: 3950: 3918: 3838: 3660: 3640: 3553: 3471: 3412: 3209: 3180: 3160: 3145: 2941: 2937: 2869: 2794: 2765: 2730: 2669: 2461: 2425: 2378: 2324: 2053: 1984: 1972: 1710: 1706: 1641: 1631: 1592: 1479: 1076: 807: 652: 543: 529: 5037:

Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations

4453:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 3495: 2889:, who convinced the childless king to adopt his own Merovingian-named son 2846: 2236:

Chlodio's successors are obscure figures, but what can be certain is that

2140:), launched an attack on Roman territory and extended his realm as far as 1307: 9634: 9512: 9497: 9469: 9305: 8472: 8175: 8082: 7964: 7531: 7516: 7365: 7078: 6987: 6977: 6903: 6551: 6546: 6190: 6148: 6071: 5984: 5852: 5842: 5753: 5537: 4438: 4330: 4233: 4106: 4023: 3946: 3945:; to which after the death of Lothair II were added the eastern parts of 3912: 3747: 3723: 3703: 3596: 3542: 3517: 3431: 3225: 3172: 3164: 2992: 2691:

During their reigns, Theudebert and Theuderic campaigned successfully in

2685: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2578: 2551: 2539: 2526: 2471:

Theudebert was the first Frankish king to formally sever his ties to the

2409: 2396: 2237: 2180: 2100: 1988: 1933: 1905: 1494: 1071: 612: 582: 298: 262: 4128:

in pairs to oversee specific regions for short periods of time. Usually

3895:, wedged between East and West Francia. The kingdom, which included the 2612:— between Brunhilda and Guntram secured his protection of her young son 2289:

in 507) and conquered all of their territory north of the Pyrenees save

9397: 8986: 8047: 7933: 7558: 7375: 7249: 7209: 7142: 6367: 6155: 6138: 6086: 6076: 6061: 6029: 6019: 5897: 5847: 5723: 5718: 5686: 5405: 5082: 4828: 4476: 4213: 4111: 4078: 4058: 4006: 3870: 3727: 3384:

Pepin solidified his position in 754 by entering into an alliance with

3381:

and continued as elected rulers until the empire's formal end in 1806.

3205: 3071: 2996: 2926: 2758: 2659: 2589: 2570: 2531: 2520: 2496: 2433: 2290: 2229: 2069: 2061: 1564: 744: 647: 632: 274: 3545:, and his patronage of monastic centres of learning gave rise to the " 3487: 2608:— the text of which explicitly refers to the entire Frankish realm as 2475:

by striking gold coins with his own image on them and calling himself

2421: 2048:

The term "Franks" emerged in the 3rd century AD as a term for several

9444: 8356: 8125: 7448: 7219: 7103: 7073: 6854: 6728: 6519: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6280: 6185: 6081: 6044: 6034: 5994: 5947: 5942: 5892: 5832: 5758: 5748: 5728: 5691: 5676: 5227: 5222: 4912: 4193:, the Frankish Church became a substantial influence of the medieval 4101:

The last Merovingian capitulary was one of the most significant: the

4062: 4054: 4050: 3930: 3904: 3892: 3858: 3846: 3691: 3654: 3491: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3213: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3113: 3086: 3007: 2918: 2906: 2770: 2677: 2652: 2593: 2592:, the wife of Chilperic, allegedly by his mistress (and second wife) 2543: 2465: 2445: 2441: 2417: 2359: 2246: 2191: 2176: 2085: 1952: 323: 250: 9173: 4590: 4542:

Uehlinger, Urs; Haartmut, Arndt; Wantzen, Karl; Leuven, Rob (2009).

2805: 2354:, and some time later he orchestrated the murders of Frankish kings 9654: 9449: 8391: 8268: 8145: 6849: 6632: 6590: 6529: 6335: 6320: 6300: 6285: 6265: 6240: 6225: 6220: 6200: 6170: 6160: 6111: 6101: 6096: 5927: 5912: 5887: 5867: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5713: 5671: 5380: 5313: 5282: 4940: 4930:

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations

4924: 4299: 4236:

style in book production, visible in 8th-century works such as the

3900: 3878: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3715: 3674:

Charlemagne had several sons, but only one survived him. This son,

3606: 3601: 3538: 3528: 3502: 3463: 3451: 3405: 3351: 3346: 3315: 3283: 3248: 3236: 3189: 3048: 2922: 2885:

The young Sigebert was dominated during his minority by the mayor,

2850: 2834: 2774: 2712: 2704: 2681: 2644: 2582: 2559: 2535: 2492: 2480: 2453: 2437: 2401: 2320: 2278: 2270: 2269:

In a thirty-year reign (481–511) Clovis defeated the Roman general

2251: 2221: 2195: 2184: 2172: 2137: 2104: 2057: 2024: 2020: 1999:, which would conquer Burgundy and Italy to then form the medieval 1968: 1909: 627: 238: 208: 5112:

After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History

4667: 4543: 3743: 2797:. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation. 2573:, who also inherited Austrasia with its chief cities of Reims and 1881:. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the 9524: 6762: 6691: 6647: 6502: 6352: 6340: 6330: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6270: 6260: 6235: 6175: 6133: 6106: 6024: 5957: 5952: 5932: 5922: 5877: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5798: 5783: 5733: 4311: 4221: 3972: 3866: 3719: 3557: 3531:

in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (

3521: 3479: 3311: 3094: 3090: 3052: 2995:, Sigebert III's son, in their kingdom (briefly in opposition to 2988: 2955: 2778: 2700: 2692: 2636: 2555: 2504: 2328: 2294: 2241: 2145: 2127: 2116: 2065: 1901: 1659: 637: 617: 602: 592: 576: 189: 6563: 4870:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 398, 400–402. 3438:

From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the

6595: 6470: 6372: 6325: 6310: 6275: 6250: 6215: 6210: 6143: 6128: 6066: 6004: 5989: 5967: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5815: 5810: 5768: 5738: 5247: 4295: 4268: 4225: 4217: 3980: 3613: 3592: 3439: 2930: 2838: 2708: 2640: 2508: 2500: 2488: 2449: 2332: 2308: 2043: 1948: 1867: 775: 587: 571: 374: 198: 194: 31: 20: 5140:

The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750

4541: 3516:, but also drastically reduced the power and influence of the 3010:

mayor of Austrasia and the real power in that kingdom, at the

8994: 7229: 6245: 6230: 6205: 6195: 6180: 6123: 6091: 6056: 6051: 6009: 5999: 5882: 5743: 5586: 4589:

Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan A.; Toorians, Lauran (29 June 2018).

4134: 3828: 3824: 3423:) in the creation of a new world order, centred on the Pope. 3388:, who presented the king of the Franks a copy of the forged " 3240: 3159:

After the defeat of Plectrude and Theudoald by the king (now

2818: 2429: 2413: 2316: 2303: 2108: 2019:

The partition of the Frankish kingdom among the four sons of

1967:. The Gallo-Roman territory to its south and west was called 1960: 1956: 1897: 1893: 607: 597: 4591:"Texandria revisited: In search of a territory lost in time" 3967:). From the 10th century, East Francia became also known as 3957:

was crowned on 2 February 962, marking the beginning of the

2725:

During the brief minority of Sigebert II, the office of the

1912:, the son of Childeric, unified all Franks after conquering 1888:

Originally, the core Frankish territories inside the former

6315: 5962: 5252: 5039:, ed. Anne J. Duggan. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2000. 4290:

began minting his own money at the start of his reign. The

4138: 4072:

During the early period, Frankish law was preserved by the

3467: 3247:

that turned back the tide of the Arab advance north of the

3163:) and Ragenfrid, Charles briefly raised a king of his own, 3056: 2964: 2842: 2822: 2749:

Immediately after his victory, Chlothar II promulgated the

2574: 2390: 2259: 2217: 734: 6439: 5035:

Fouracre, Paul. "The Origins of the Nobility in Francia."

4181:

in the Merovingian period, which was given a particularly

3761:

or East Francia. This area formed the kernel of the later

3338:. It was located northeasterly of that during the time of 3208:, began advancing northwards into central Francia and the 3070:

and the beginning of the conversion of the Frisians under

2635:'s kingdom between the three surviving brothers. It gave 3066:. In 695 Pepin could even sponsor the foundation of the 3062:

Then, circa 690, Pepin attacked central Frisia and took

3051:, an important trading centre. All the land between the 2893:

as his son and heir. After Dagobert's death in 639, the

2861:

to relent, make peace with the Franks, and pay tribute.

2651:

in exchange for extensive lands in southern and central

2569:, and eastern Aquitaine were assigned to the third son, 2201: 3537:) after 795) over almost all of today's France (except 3474:

had only attempted once, and at which it failed in the

16:

United Frankish kingdom between the 6th and 9th century

3809:) reunited most of the Carolingian Empire, aside from 3120:

from 691 until 711 have all the hallmarks of those of

1908:

expanded their rule into what is now northern France.

9746: 5094:

The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987

3949:. This division persisted until 1268, the end of the 3290:) that they were not included in the division of the 2864:

Meanwhile, Dagobert had Charibert's infant successor

2240:, possibly his grandson, ruled a Salian kingdom from 5071:. (Peoples of Europe series) Basil Blackwell, 1988. 5018:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971. 2660:

Francia split into Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy

1900:

rivers in the north, before Frankish rulers such as

4588: 4343:

List of modern countries within the Frankish Empire

4189:throughout the 6th and 7th centuries, and with the 3527:Charles thus created a realm that reached from the 2873:him to be a Neustrian monarchy first and foremost. 8586: 4000:The different Frankish tribes, such as the Salii, 3501:At the same time (773–774), Charles conquered the 3396:anointed the king and his family and declared him 2052:who settled on the northern Rhine frontier of the 9835:States and territories disestablished in the 840s 4727:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 4615:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 3426:Upon Pepin's death in 768, his sons, Charles and 3022:", a title which signifies, to the author of the 3014:and was forced to accept Pepin as sole mayor and 2991:and made war on the Austrasian who had installed 9806: 5083:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. 4807:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–222. 4298:were minted in Francia between 534 and 679. The 2975:(yellow) was not a part of the Frankish kingdom. 2373:. The Frankish kings adhered to the practice of 1057: 4777: 4723: 4638: 4611: 2715:, but these were lost to the Visigoths in 612. 9830:States and territories established in the 500s 4802: 3885:) were originally dukes of the Île-de-France. 3612:Upon Charlemagne's death on 28 January 814 in 3325: 2956:Dominance of the mayors of the palace, 687–751 9189: 8572: 7949: 6455: 5329: 5192: 4909:. trans. by Roger Pearse. London: Bohn, 1862. 4639:Boucheron, Patrick; Gerson, Stéphane (2019). 3350:Frankish expansion from the early kingdom of 2596:. Galswintha's sister, the wife of Sigebert, 1808: 1260: 7912:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4724:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4612:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4407: 4400: 4314:, in Gaul from 755 to the eleventh century. 3623: 3392:" at Paris and in a magnificent ceremony at 3282:autonomy of the duchies of Aquitaine (under 3144:, initially opposed an attempt by the king, 2091:Some of the early Frankish leaders, such as 1676: 1562: 5360:origin primarily identified as speakers of 3082:) remained outside of Frankish suzerainty. 2631:(587). The treaty followed the division of 1991:came under the control of the non-Frankish 446:1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) 108: 9196: 9182: 8579: 8565: 7956: 7942: 6462: 6448: 5336: 5322: 5199: 5185: 5016:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 4842:"Charlemagne and the Carolingian coinages" 3609:later resurrected this connection in 962. 3167:, in opposition to Chilperic. Finally, at 3136:independent. Pepin's appointed successor, 1815: 1801: 1267: 1253: 140:Expansion of the Frankish Kingdom, 481–870 134: 5054:New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 4642:France in the World: A New Global History 4450: 2460:Theuderic died in 534, but his adult son 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 7963: 5151:. London: Butler & tanner Ltd, 1962. 5089:, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410. 4865: 4757:. TEACH Services, Inc. pp. xv–xxx. 3627: 3345: 3329: 3297:After Charles Martel was buried, in the 2959: 2804: 2764: 2622: 2538:created many problems for the rulers of 2525: 2400:The division of the Frankish kingdom on 2395: 2232:remained unconquered at his death (511). 2211: 2014: 322:Contested between the three Louis' sons 50:This article includes a list of general 7736: 6401:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4866:Spufford, Peter (1989) . "Appendix I". 4730:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. xiii–xv. 4413:. Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 441–446. 3781:became King of the West Franks, of the 3212:. It was at this time (circa 736) that 2925:and the mayor of the Neustrian palace, 2837:. The other cities of his kingdom were 9807: 5117:Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. 4665: 4398: 3314:and another led by Alemanni, in which 2744: 2123:was executed by the sword, in c. 422. 9203: 9177: 8560: 7937: 6443: 5317: 5180: 4937:. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960. 4750: 4719: 4717: 4098:("renewal of the Frankish kingdom"). 3686:, which divided the empire in three: 2307:) scattered over Gaul: the Saxons of 2202:Merovingian rise and decline, 481–687 2130:, whose kingdom may have been in the 2033:(Bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse) 389:• Coronation of Pepin the Short 5343: 4868:Money and its use in medieval Europe 4829:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41105589 4645:. Other Press, LLC. pp. 81–86. 4489: 4177:The Frankish Church grew out of the 3979:"), a term that became prevalent in 3925:. It was divided into four duchies: 2909:. He is often regarded as the first 2773:(628). The capital of Aquitaine was 2224:'s career (481). Note that only the 357:• Clovis I becomes king of the 36: 9711:History of the Mediterranean region 8541: 7986:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 4333:onwards to the late tenth century. 3195: 13: 8078:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4971:. trans. by Ernest Brehaut. 1916. 4714: 4659: 4116:renaissance under the Carolingians 3990: 3841:was the land under the control of 2115:some Franks supported the usurper 2111:and after the fall of the usurper 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 9851: 8508:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5165: 5119:In Praise of Later Roman Emperors 4782:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 29. 4306:) appeared later, in the name of 4057:. After the Frankish conquest of 3408:, and returned it to the Papacy. 3127: 2695:, where they had established the 2676:In 599 they routed his forces at 2350:of the same year he converted to 2030:Grandes Chroniques de Saint-Denis 1963:, roughly corresponding to later 9792: 9780: 9768: 9756: 9696:Bibliography of European history 9291:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8540: 8531: 8530: 8520: 6424: 6423: 4988:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967. 4597:. SPA-Uitgevers: 35 – via 4515: 4151:Christianity in Merovingian Gaul 3653:or the Middle Frankish Kingdom: 3458:, Charles ordered the wholesale 2384: 1781: 1767: 1306: 1236: 1221: 687: 548: 534: 520: 495: 481: 412:• Death of Louis the Pious 41: 9721:History of Western civilization 9324:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8006:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8001:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6406:Christianization of Scandinavia 4859: 4834: 4821: 4805:The Afterlife of the Roman City 4796: 4771: 4744: 4698: 4632: 4605: 4582: 4457:International Studies Quarterly 4202:Irish and Scottish missionaries 4173:Christianity in the 9th century 4169:Christianity in the 8th century 4165:Christianity in the 7th century 4161:Christianity in the 6th century 3591:reopened negotiations with the 3450:Charles's main Saxon opponent, 3059:was incorporated into Francia. 2781:and was the basis of the later 2483:. Theudebert interfered in the 1575:German revolutions of 1848–1849 9565:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9508:Christianity in the modern era 9279:Christianity in late antiquity 8588:European Middle Ages by region 8284:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6396:Christianization of the Franks 5469:Continental Germanic mythology 5030:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 4666:Danuta, Shanzer (March 1998). 4567: 4554: 4535: 4509: 4483: 4444: 4427: 4392: 4365: 4262:Slavery in Merovingian Francia 4224:, and Fontaines in France and 3789:. For his successors, see the 3663:or the East Frankish Kingdom: 3643:or the West Frankish Kingdom: 3476:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 2946:Grimoald, King of the Lombards 1: 9716:History of the European Union 8458:Disability in the Middle Ages 8131:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 8063:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4353: 4286:was in use in Francia before 3690:Louis's eldest surviving son 3377:proved unable to abolish the 3020:Duke and Prince of the Franks 2971:(714). At this time the vast 2800: 2499:, receiving the provinces of 380: 364: 231: 126: 9013:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 4935:John Michael Wallace-Hadrill 4548:Deutsche National Bibliothek 4358: 7: 9825:Former monarchies of Europe 9675:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9286:Crisis of the Third Century 6469: 6411:Christianization of Iceland 5160:. London: Hutchinson, 1970. 4336: 4278: 4271:and the growing use of the 3891:was the territory ruled by 3694:became Emperor in name but 3616:, he was buried in his own 3326:Carolingian Empire, 751–840 3202:Umayyad conquerors of Spain 2514: 2440:. During their reigns, the 2216:The political divisions of 399:• Charlemagne crowned 373:• Clovis I unites all 10: 9856: 9731:Military history of Europe 9726:Maritime history of Europe 8259:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5032:. London: MacMillan, 1991. 4888: 4579:(late 4th century), XVII.8 4522:World History Encyclopedia 4496:World History Encyclopedia 4259: 4255: 4158: 4148: 4096:renovation regni Francorum 3813:. In late 887, his nephew 3667:, King of the East Franks. 3647:, King of the West Franks. 3361: 3354:(481) to the divisions of 3204:, who had also subjugated 3002:In 687 he was defeated by 2929:. Erchinoald's successor, 2565:The rest of Provence, the 2205: 2080:of Batavia for some time, 2041: 2037: 2010: 1975:came under control of the 1580:North German Confederation 1550:Confederation of the Rhine 29: 18: 9701:Genetic history of Europe 9683: 9488: 9304: 9244: 9211: 9112:Principality of Chernigov 9021: 8942:Principality of Catalonia 8839: 8830: 8727: 8607: 8594: 8516: 8445: 8304: 8199: 8186:Mongol invasion of Europe 8091: 7971: 7905: 7857: 7374: 6778: 6477: 6419: 6381: 5662: 5624: 5414: 5368: 5351: 5218: 5107:Murray, Archibald C. and 5096:. London: Longman, 1983. 4997:Liber Historiae Francorum 4982:The History of the Franks 4969:The History of the Franks 4921:. trans. by H. B. Dewing. 4144: 3624:Divided empire, after 840 3404:, recently fallen to the 3025:Liber Historiae Francorum 3016:dux et princeps Francorum 2809:Francia and neighbouring 2791:Berthoald, Duke of Saxony 564: 460: 450: 442: 437: 433: 420: 410: 397: 387: 371: 355: 351: 341: 337: 316: 304: 292: 280: 268: 256: 244: 228: 224: 214: 204: 188: 183:Chalcedonian Christianity 178: 155: 145: 133: 125: 103: 9091:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 5649:North Germanic languages 5634:Germanic parent language 4778:Joachim Henning (2007). 4451:Taagepera, Rein (1997). 3175:heirs ruled the Franks. 2769:The Frankish Kingdom of 2627:Gaul as a result of the 2530:The division of Gaul on 2369:The Merovingians were a 1046: 1008: 838: 827: 806: 30:Not to be confused with 25:Francia (disambiguation) 9706:History of Christianity 9022:Central, Eastern Europe 8728:Central, Eastern Europe 8141:Investiture Controversy 8111:Second Bulgarian Empire 5654:West Germanic languages 5644:East Germanic languages 5639:Proto-Germanic language 5459:Proto-Germanic folklore 5396:Romano-Germanic culture 5210:established around the 5092:McKitterick, Rosamond. 4803:Hendrik W. Dey (2015). 4684:10.1111/1468-0254.00017 4544:"The Rhine River Basin" 4469:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4399:Lorenz, Sönke (2001). " 4191:Carolingian Renaissance 3791:List of French monarchs 3772:List of German monarchs 3700:Middle Frankish Kingdom 3618:Palace Chapel at Aachen 3578:Donation of Constantine 3552:On Christmas Day, 800, 3547:Carolingian Renaissance 3390:Donation of Constantine 2519:His son and successor, 169:Gallo-Romance languages 160:West Germanic languages 146:Official languages 71:more precise citations. 9530:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8906:Burgundian Netherlands 8747:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8498:Post-classical history 8254:Fall of Constantinople 8161:Capet–Plantagenet feud 8028:First Bulgarian Empire 5155:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 5146:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 4408: 4401: 4374:Chapter 18: The Franks 4348:List of Frankish kings 4053:and clergy subject to 3995: 3698:only the ruler of the 3671: 3595:in 812 and recognized 3359: 3343: 3232:against the Lombards. 3068:Archdiocese of Utrecht 2976: 2827:Battle of Wogastisburg 2814: 2786: 2656: 2547: 2405: 2262:. Clovis converted to 2233: 2034: 1866:. It was ruled by the 1848: 1836: 1677: 1563: 1432:Linear Pottery culture 882:Valois-Angoulême kings 318:• 840–843 (last) 109: 23:. For other uses, see 9610:Industrial Revolution 8783:Late Medieval Kingdom 8779:High Medieval Kingdom 7882:Medieval great powers 5464:Anglo-Saxon mythology 5354:Ethnolinguistic group 5149:The Long-Haired Kings 5081:Lewis, Archibald R. " 4751:Heiks, Heidi (2011). 4672:Early Medieval Europe 4618:. Walter de Gruyter. 4518:"Merovingian Dynasty" 4492:"Carolingian Dynasty" 4250:Carolingian minuscule 4238:Gelasian Sacramentary 4159:Further information: 4149:Further information: 4110:against the powerful 4094:under a programme of 3911:in 869 into those of 3797:Subsequently, at the 3783:West Frankish Kingdom 3759:East Frankish Kingdom 3757:, became King of the 3740:departments of France 3631: 3558:Emperor of the Romans 3470:river, something the 3349: 3340:Constantine the Great 3333: 3286:) and Bavaria (under 3243:and defeated it in a 3169:a battle near Soisson 2963: 2808: 2768: 2626: 2529: 2399: 2215: 2136:(with its capital in 2126:Around 428, the king 2018: 1877:dynasties during the 1839:), also known as the 1829:Kingdom of the Franks 1358:Territorial evolution 156:Common languages 105:Kingdom of the Franks 9665:European debt crisis 9660:European integration 9600:Age of Enlightenment 9440:Republic of Florence 8991:Caliphate of Córdoba 8897:Republic of Florence 8478:Medieval reenactment 8274:Renaissance Humanism 8181:Medieval Warm Period 8151:Republic of Florence 7965:European Middle Ages 7892:European colonialism 7877:Ancient great powers 5268:Kingdom of the Aurès 5228:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 5013:Bachrach, Bernard S. 4992:Bachrach, Bernard S. 4901:Ammianus Marcellinus 4574:Ammianus Marcellinus 4252:in the 9th century. 4183:Germanic development 3753:Louis's second son, 3680:partible inheritance 3556:crowned Charles as " 3402:Exarchate of Ravenna 3356:Charlemagne's Empire 3336:Western Roman Empire 3299:Abbey of Saint-Denis 2412:made his capital at 2375:partible inheritance 2293:, and conquered the 2258:south and west into 2228:and the province of 2220:at the inception of 2162:Gallo-Roman subjects 2154:Sidonius Apollinaris 1890:Western Roman Empire 1694:Expulsion of Germans 1660:Contemporary Germany 1558:German Confederation 1090:Provisional Republic 872:Valois-Orléans kings 9630:Revolutions of 1848 9560:Early modern France 9341:Anglo-Saxon England 9246:Classical antiquity 8982:Lordship of Ireland 8977:Kingdom of Scotland 8966:Kingdom of Portugal 8946:Kingdom of Valencia 8916:Kingdom of Asturias 8191:Kingdom of Portugal 8058:Old Church Slavonic 8043:Anglo-Saxon England 7887:Modern great powers 6391:Gothic Christianity 5278:Ostrogothic kingdom 4918:History of the Wars 4490:Griffith, Michael. 4067:Visigothic law code 3821:Odo, Count of Paris 3815:Arnulf of Carinthia 3746:drainage basin and 3585:Michael I Rhangabes 3445:Anglo-Saxon England 3398:patricius Romanorum 3368:Carolingian dynasty 3140:, under his widow, 3106:Antenor of Provence 3040:) and defeated the 2745:Rule of Chlothar II 2727:Mayor of the Palace 2487:on the side of the 2371:hereditary monarchy 2275:Kingdom of Soissons 2208:Merovingian dynasty 1508:Early Modern period 1495:Eastward settlement 9820:Barbarian kingdoms 9736:Crusading movement 9640:Russian Revolution 9475:Hundred Years' War 9371:Maritime republics 9274:Early Christianity 9264:Hellenistic period 9221:Paleolithic Europe 9142:Grand Principality 9060:Kingdom of Croatia 9007:Emirate of Granada 8972:Kingdom of England 8956:Kingdom of Navarre 8950:Kingdom of Majorca 8928:Kingdom of Galicia 8924:Kingdom of Castile 8887:Republic of Venice 8858:Kingdom of Bohemia 8372:In popular culture 8337:Crusading movement 8209:Hundred Years' War 8068:Civitas Schinesghe 8053:Carolingian Empire 8038:Kingdom of Croatia 7991:Barbarian kingdoms 5774:Germani cisrhenani 5482:Funerary practices 5386:Pre-Roman Iron Age 5362:Germanic languages 5303:Visigothic kingdom 5263:Kingdom of Odoacer 5233:Burgundian kingdom 5223:Alamannian kingdom 5208:Barbarian kingdoms 5158:The Barbarian West 5109:Goffart, Walter A. 5050:Geary, Patrick J. 4958:Historia Francorum 4946:Historia Epitomata 4754:AD 508 Source Book 4516:Mark, Harrison W. 4273:three-field system 4210:Carolingian Empire 3977:Kingdom of Germany 3964:translatio imperii 3903:, and the west of 3767:Kingdom of Germany 3672: 3634:Carolingian Empire 3379:elective tradition 3364:Carolingian Empire 3360: 3344: 3102:Savaric of Auxerre 2977: 2973:duchy of Aquitaine 2887:Grimoald the Elder 2815: 2787: 2783:Duchy of Aquitaine 2657: 2548: 2406: 2339:in the southeast. 2337:Burgundian kingdom 2273:and conquered the 2234: 2226:Burgundian kingdom 2035: 1997:Kingdom of Germany 1942:Carolingian Empire 1892:were close to the 1855:, was the largest 1849:Imperium Francorum 1788:History portal 1774:Germany portal 1525:Kingdom of Prussia 1485:Kingdom of Germany 1457:Barbarian kingdoms 1243:History portal 739: until 50 BC 401:Holy Roman Emperor 216:King of the Franks 9744: 9743: 9670:COVID-19 pandemic 9615:French Revolution 9590:Habsburg monarchy 9570:Cossack Hetmanate 9550:Portuguese Empire 9540:Absolute monarchy 9535:Thirty Years' War 9430:Holy Roman Empire 9355:Bulgarian Empire 9314:Early Middle Ages 9231:Bronze Age Europe 9205:History of Europe 9171: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9123:Novgorod Republic 9097:Kingdom of Bosnia 9035:Bulgarian Empire 8938:Kingdom of Aragon 8902:Duchy of Burgundy 8892:Republic of Genoa 8882:Kingdom of Naples 8877:Kingdom of Sicily 8866:Swiss Confederacy 8854:Holy Roman Empire 8826: 8825: 8554: 8553: 8463:Basic topics list 8264:Swiss mercenaries 8214:Wars of the Roses 8121:Kingdom of Poland 8106:Holy Roman Empire 7973:Early Middle Ages 7931: 7930: 7853: 7852: 7818:Polish–Lithuanian 6993:Gurjara-Pratihara 6437: 6436: 5609:Gothic and Vandal 5401:Germanic Iron Age 5376:Nordic Bronze Age 5358:Northern European 5311: 5310: 5288:Sub-Roman Britain 5258:Kingdom of Altava 5121:. Berkeley, 1994. 5006:Secondary sources 4877:978-0-521-30384-2 4764:978-1-57258-631-4 4737:978-1-61451-099-4 4652:978-1-59051-942-4 4625:978-1-61451-099-4 4435:Frankish paganism 4284:Byzantine coinage 4244:influence on the 4187:"Frankish synods" 3969:regnum Teutonicum 3959:Holy Roman Empire 3763:Holy Roman Empire 3582:Byzantine Emperor 3508:In 788, Tassilo, 3417:Donation of Pepin 3375:Holy Roman Empire 3260:Pepin the Younger 3224:with his brother 2969:Pepin of Heristal 2895:duke of Thuringia 2629:Treaty of Andelot 2606:Treaty of Andelot 2344:Battle of Vouillé 2287:Battle of Vouillé 2283:Battle of Tolbiac 2133:civitas Tungrorum 2001:Holy Roman Empire 1981:Kingdom of France 1965:Lower Lotharingia 1955:, centred on the 1879:Early Middle Ages 1860:barbarian kingdom 1825: 1824: 1756: 1755: 1650: 1649: 1490:Holy Roman Empire 1367:Holy Roman Empire 1277: 1276: 1228:France portal 1121: 1120: 1018: 1017: 929:Kingdom of France 919:French Revolution 910:Long 19th century 900: 899: 848: 847: 818:Kingdom of France 753: 752: 661: 660: 560: 559: 556: 555: 508: 507: 346:Early Middle Ages 164:Frankish dialects 97: 96: 89: 9847: 9797: 9796: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9605:Great Divergence 9520:Age of Discovery 9465:Late Middle Ages 9435:High Middle Ages 9346:Byzantine Empire 9329:Christianization 9319:Migration Period 9254:Classical Greece 9226:Neolithic Europe 9198: 9191: 9184: 9175: 9174: 9093:Banate of Bosnia 9031:Byzantine Empire 8912:Crown of Castile 8862:Kingdom of Italy 8837: 8836: 8605: 8604: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8544: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8524: 8483:Medieval studies 8327:Church and State 8201:Late Middle Ages 8093:High Middle Ages 8011:Christianization 7981:Migration Period 7958: 7951: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7734: 7733: 7399:Austro-Hungarian 7099:Chagatai Khanate 6464: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6427: 6426: 6383:Christianization 5973:Ripuarian Franks 5345:Germanic peoples 5338: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5238:Frankish kingdom 5212:Migration Period 5201: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5130:978-9004-25618-7 5028:Collins, Roger. 4984:. 2 vol. trans. 4978:Gregory of Tours 4965:Gregory of Tours 4953:Gregory of Tours 4882: 4881: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4721: 4712: 4705:Gregory of Tours 4702: 4696: 4695: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4586: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4448: 4442: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4208:literacy in the 4155:Gregory of Tours 4042:Lex Bajuvariorum 3923:Louis the German 3921:was the land of 3899:, Burgundy, the 3897:Kingdom of Italy 3843:Charles the Bald 3807:Louis the German 3799:Treaty of Mersen 3779:Charles the Bald 3755:Louis the German 3738:and the various 3684:Treaty of Verdun 3665:Louis the German 3645:Charles the Bald 3574:Byzantine Empire 3462:of thousands of 3245:watershed battle 3230:Pope Gregory III 3200:In the 730s the 3196:Umayyad invasion 3112:. The reigns of 3110:Odo of Aquitaine 3012:Battle of Tertry 3004:Pepin of Herstal 2967:at the death of 2699:and brought the 2697:Duchy of Gascony 2639:'s portion with 2473:Byzantine Empire 2364:Gregory of Tours 2299:Gregory of Tours 2056:, including the 1993:Ottonian dynasty 1977:Capetian dynasty 1922:Pepin of Herstal 1883:Migration Period 1841:Frankish Kingdom 1837:Regnum Francorum 1817: 1810: 1803: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1682: 1665: 1664: 1598: 1597: 1568: 1452:Migration Period 1447:Germanic peoples 1442:Urnfield culture 1310: 1300: 1282: 1281: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1117: 1033: 1032: 915: 914: 868: 867: 829:Direct Capetians 768: 767: 711: 710: 691: 681: 663: 662: 552: 551: 538: 537: 524: 523: 512: 511: 503:Ripuarian Franks 499: 498: 485: 484: 478: 477: 462: 461: 424:Treaty of Verdun 382: 366: 332:Charles the Bald 328:Louis the German 234:509–511 (first) 233: 173:Slavic languages 138: 128: 120: 112: 110:Regnum Francorum 101: 100: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9769: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9747: 9745: 9740: 9679: 9645:Interwar period 9620:Napoleonic Wars 9484: 9455:Mongol invasion 9408:Crown of Aragon 9300: 9240: 9236:Iron Age Europe 9207: 9202: 9172: 9163: 9108:Kingdom of Rus' 9066:Crusader states 9023: 9017: 8934:Crown of Aragon 8920:Kingdom of León 8849:Frankish Empire 8842:Northern Europe 8841: 8832: 8822: 8729: 8723: 8610:Northern Europe 8609: 8601:political units 8600: 8598: 8596: 8590: 8585: 8555: 8550: 8512: 8493:Neo-medievalism 8441: 8377:Itinerant court 8300: 8195: 8116:Georgian Empire 8101:Norman Conquest 8087: 8033:Frankish Empire 7967: 7962: 7932: 7927: 7916:American Empire 7901: 7897:African empires 7849: 7732: 7424:Central African 7370: 7188:Romano-Germanic 6774: 6508:Middle Assyrian 6481: 6473: 6468: 6438: 6433: 6415: 6377: 5658: 5620: 5582:Gothic alphabet 5474:Norse mythology 5410: 5364: 5347: 5342: 5312: 5307: 5293:Suebian kingdom 5273:Lombard kingdom 5243:Frisian kingdom 5214: 5205: 5168: 5163: 5136:Schutz, Herbert 5003: 4894:Primary sources 4891: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4722: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4488: 4484: 4449: 4445: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4339: 4319:German Emperors 4281: 4264: 4258: 4230:Schottenklöster 4206:Old High German 4185:in a number of 4175: 4157: 4147: 4036:Lex Alamannorum 4028:the Frisian law 3998: 3993: 3991:Life in Francia 3803:Charles the Fat 3734:, Switzerland, 3676:Louis the Pious 3670: 3626: 3560:" in Rome in a 3534:Marca Hispanica 3386:Pope Stephen II 3370: 3362:Main articles: 3328: 3198: 3130: 3080:Frisia Ulterior 3038:Frisia Citerior 2958: 2803: 2747: 2739:Pepin of Landen 2720:Duchy of Alsace 2680:and seized the 2662: 2517: 2387: 2277:, defeated the 2210: 2204: 2113:Constantine III 2050:Germanic tribes 2046: 2040: 2013: 1995:, becoming the 1979:, becoming the 1938:Louis the Pious 1930:Pepin the Short 1845:Frankish Empire 1821: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1739: 1718: 1685: 1662: 1652: 1651: 1622:Weimar Republic 1595: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1540: 1530: 1529: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1462:Frankish Empire 1437:Únětice culture 1427: 1419: 1418: 1363:Historic states 1318: 1298: 1291: 1279: 1273: 1237: 1235: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1100:Fourth Republic 1081: 1048:Interwar period 1030: 1020: 1019: 979:Second Republic 912: 902: 901: 860: 850: 849: 765: 755: 754: 708: 679: 672: 657: 549: 535: 521: 496: 482: 426: 413: 406:25 December 800 403: 390: 377: 361: 319: 311:Louis the Pious 307: 306:• 814–840 295: 294:• 768–814 287:Pepin the Short 283: 282:• 751–768 271: 270:• 629–639 259: 258:• 613–629 247: 246:• 558–561 235: 171: 167: 141: 121: 114: 106: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9853: 9843: 9842: 9840:Former empires 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9802: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9595:Russian Empire 9592: 9587: 9585:British Empire 9582: 9580:Dutch Republic 9577: 9575:Swedish Empire 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:Spanish Empire 9552: 9547: 9545:Ottoman Empire 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9500: 9494: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9460:Serbian Empire 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9296:Late antiquity 9293: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9259:Roman Republic 9256: 9250: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9201: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9134: 9119:Rus' Khaganate 9115: 9100: 9089: 9063: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8958: 8953: 8931: 8909: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8775: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8675: 8670: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8602: 8592: 8591: 8584: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8538: 8528: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8488:Misconceptions 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8296:Little Ice Age 8293: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8249:Western Schism 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7998: 7996:Late antiquity 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7698: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6780:Post-classical 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6579:Middle Kingdom 6576: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6535:Neo-Babylonian 6532: 6527: 6525:Old Babylonian 6517: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6040:Thracian Goths 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391:Roman Iron Age 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5298:Vandal kingdom 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Rugian kingdom 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5166:External links 5164: 5162: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5133: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5090: 5079: 5062: 5048: 5033: 5026: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4989: 4975: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4922: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4858: 4833: 4820: 4814:978-1107069183 4813: 4795: 4789:978-3110183566 4788: 4770: 4763: 4743: 4736: 4713: 4697: 4658: 4651: 4631: 4624: 4604: 4581: 4566: 4553: 4534: 4508: 4482: 4463:(3): 475–504. 4443: 4426: 4419: 4391: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4280: 4277: 4257: 4254: 4195:Western Church 4179:Church in Gaul 4146: 4143: 4125:missi dominici 4103:edict of Paris 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3889:Middle Francia 3795: 3794: 3787:House of Capet 3777:His third son 3775: 3765:by way of the 3751: 3736:Northern Italy 3669: 3668: 3658: 3651:Middle Francia 3648: 3637: 3625: 3622: 3327: 3324: 3197: 3194: 3154:Charles Martel 3129: 3128:Death of Pepin 3126: 3122:rois fainéants 3118:Childebert III 3089:, duke of the 3076:Eastern Frisia 3034:Western Frisia 2957: 2954: 2811:Slavic peoples 2802: 2799: 2777:. It included 2751:Edict of Paris 2746: 2743: 2661: 2658: 2516: 2513: 2507:, and part of 2386: 2383: 2297:(according to 2203: 2200: 2158:Flavius Aetius 2082:Emperor Julian 2042:Main article: 2039: 2036: 2012: 2009: 1926:Charles Martel 1864:Western Europe 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1777: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1748:Modern history 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1688:1945–1949/1952 1686: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328:Historiography 1325: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1110:Fifth Republic 1106: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037:Third Republic 1031: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999:Third Republic 995: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 939:First Republic 935: 934: 931: 925: 924: 921: 913: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 897: 894: 888: 887: 884: 878: 877: 874: 861: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 845: 842: 835: 834: 831: 824: 823: 820: 814: 813: 810: 803: 802: 799: 793: 792: 789: 783: 782: 779: 766: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 750: 749:50 BC – 486 AD 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 729:600 BC – 49 BC 727: 725:Greek colonies 721: 720: 717: 709: 704: 703: 700: 699: 693: 692: 684: 683: 674: 673: 666: 659: 658: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 623:Czech Republic 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 579: 574: 568: 566: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 546: 540: 539: 532: 526: 525: 518: 516:Middle Francia 509: 506: 505: 500: 492: 491: 486: 474: 473: 468: 458: 457: 452: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 421: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 407: 404: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 378: 372: 369: 368: 362: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 342:Historical era 339: 338: 335: 334: 320: 317: 314: 313: 308: 305: 302: 301: 296: 293: 290: 289: 284: 281: 278: 277: 272: 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 241: 236: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 192: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 157: 153: 152: 150:Medieval Latin 147: 143: 142: 139: 131: 130: 123: 122: 107: 104: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9852: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9766: 9764: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Art of Europe 9689: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9490:Modern period 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9185: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024:and Near East 9020: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8829: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730:and Near East 8726: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8570: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8547: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:Scholasticism 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Rise of Islam 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7922: 7921:Soviet empire 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906:Miscellaneous 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505:German Empire 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7245:Turco-Persian 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6430: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015:Crimean Goths 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5978:Salian Franks 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5416:Early culture 5413: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Hunnic empire 5251: 5249: 5248:Gepid kingdom 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102:0-582-49005-7 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5077:0-631-17936-4 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:James, Edward 5063: 5061: 5060:0-19-504458-4 5057: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045:0-85115-769-6 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024:0-8166-0621-8 5021: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:Excerpts here 4970: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906:Roman History 4902: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4709:Book II 38-43 4706: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4420:3-8062-1535-9 4416: 4412: 4410: 4403: 4402:Die Alemannen 4395: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246:uncial script 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4024:the Saxon law 4021: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975:kingdom" or " 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875:Île-de-France 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706:(centered on 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568:and imperial 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482:, among them 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3320:Monte Soratte 3317: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3304:Childeric III 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3148:, to appoint 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984:Theuderic III 2982:The reign of 2980: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666:Theudebert II 2654: 2650: 2649:Childebert II 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2614:Childebert II 2611: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2385:Clovis's sons 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Christmas Day 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2156:relates that 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:countship at 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:Flavius Bauto 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1730:Reunification 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1602:German Empire 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1545:Mediatisation 1543: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426:Early history 1423: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059:Années folles 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 990: 989:Second Empire 987: 986: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 970: 969:July Monarchy 967: 966: 962: 960: 957: 956: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 936: 932: 930: 927: 926: 922: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 905: 895: 893: 892:Bourbon kings 890: 889: 885: 883: 880: 879: 875: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 864:Ancien Régime 859: 854: 853: 843: 841: 837: 836: 832: 830: 826: 825: 821: 819: 816: 815: 811: 809: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 758: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 713: 712: 707: 702: 701: 698: 695: 694: 690: 686: 685: 682: 676: 675: 670: 665: 664: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643:Liechtenstein 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 565:Today part of 563: 547: 545: 542: 541: 533: 531: 528: 527: 519: 517: 514: 513: 510: 504: 501: 494: 493: 490: 489:Salian Franks 487: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 429:10 August 843 428: 425: 419: 415: 409: 405: 402: 396: 392: 386: 379: 376: 370: 363: 360: 359:Salian Franks 354: 350: 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 315: 312: 309: 303: 300: 297: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 273: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 227: 223: 219: 217: 213: 210: 207: 203: 200: 196: 193: 191: 187: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 137: 132: 124: 118: 111: 102: 99: 91: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 26: 22: 9650:World War II 9503:Early modern 9480:Kalmar Union 9351:Papal States 9335: 9269:Roman Empire 9138:Principality 8872:Papal States 8848: 8597:histories of 8317:Architecture 8289:Great Famine 8279:Universities 8219:Hussite Wars 8136:Great Schism 8032: 8023:Papal States 7672:Contemporary 7522:Indo-Persian 7510:Nazi Germany 7454:Contemporary 7356:Vijayanagara 7255:Great Seljuk 7166:Thessalonica 7094:Golden Horde 6734:Carthaginian 6513:Neo-Assyrian 6498:Neo-Sumerian 5709:Anglo-Saxons 5699:Adrabaecampi 5682:Bucinobantes 5424:Architecture 5237: 5157: 5148: 5139: 5118: 5111: 5093: 5086: 5068: 5051: 5036: 5029: 5015: 4995: 4986:O. M. Dalton 4981: 4968: 4957: 4944: 4933:. trans. by 4928: 4916: 4904: 4867: 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4845: 4836: 4823: 4804: 4798: 4779: 4773: 4753: 4746: 4726: 4700: 4678:(1): 29–57. 4675: 4671: 4661: 4641: 4634: 4614: 4607: 4599:Academia.edu 4594: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4521: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4495: 4485: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4429: 4406: 4394: 4382:. Retrieved 4373: 4367: 4316: 4308:Childeric II 4288:Theudebert I 4282: 4265: 4229: 4199: 4176: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4100: 4095: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4047:Gallo-Romans 4040: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4011: 4007:Leges Salica 4005: 3999: 3968: 3962: 3951:Hohenstaufen 3919:East Francia 3917: 3887: 3839:West Francia 3837: 3819: 3796: 3695: 3673: 3661:East Francia 3641:West Francia 3611: 3600: 3569: 3565: 3554:Pope Leo III 3551: 3532: 3526: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3500: 3472:Roman empire 3449: 3437: 3425: 3420: 3413:Papal States 3410: 3397: 3383: 3371: 3308: 3296: 3291: 3279: 3253: 3234: 3222:Rhône Valley 3217: 3210:Loire valley 3199: 3181:Theuderic IV 3177: 3161:Chilperic II 3158: 3146:Dagobert III 3133: 3131: 3121: 3099: 3084: 3079: 3061: 3042:Frisian king 3037: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3001: 2981: 2978: 2942:Childeric II 2938:Chlothar III 2935: 2917: 2912:roi fainéant 2910: 2903: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2870:Sigebert III 2863: 2832: 2816: 2795:Charibert II 2788: 2755: 2748: 2731:Warnachar II 2724: 2717: 2690: 2675: 2670:Theuderic II 2663: 2609: 2602: 2587: 2564: 2549: 2518: 2495:against the 2476: 2470: 2462:Theudebert I 2458: 2426:Childebert I 2407: 2388: 2379:Roman Empire 2368: 2341: 2325:Loire valley 2302: 2268: 2264:Christianity 2255: 2245: 2235: 2189: 2169:Merovingians 2166: 2141: 2131: 2125: 2090: 2077: 2054:Roman Empire 2047: 2028: 2005:Pan-European 1985:East Francia 1973:West Francia 1946: 1887: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1828: 1826: 1642:World War II 1632:Nazi Germany 1593:German Reich 1520:18th century 1515:Sectionalism 1480:East Francia 1461: 1278: 1231: 1189:Christianity 1077:Vichy France 1028:20th century 1010:Belle Époque 949:First Empire 862: 858:Early modern 808:West Francia 797:Carolingians 787:Merovingians 771: 653:Vatican City 544:West Francia 530:East Francia 471:Succeeded by 470: 465: 98: 83: 74: 55: 9799:Middle Ages 9635:World War I 9625:Nationalism 9513:Reformation 9498:Renaissance 9470:Black Death 9403:Kievan Rus' 9306:Middle Ages 9104:Kievan Rus' 8840:Western and 8833:territories 8757:Czech lands 8608:Western and 8546:WikiProject 8473:Medievalism 8312:Agriculture 8176:Manorialism 8171:Communalism 8166:Monasticism 8083:Reconquista 8073:Kievan Rus' 7260:Khwarezmian 7193:Carolingian 6998:Rashtrakuta 6702:Shaishunaga 6601:Hellenistic 6584:New Kingdom 6574:Old Kingdom 6149:Nahanarvali 6072:Hilleviones 5985:Frisiavones 5853:Cananefates 5843:Burgundians 5754:Banochaemae 5604:Anglo-Saxon 5555:Anglo-Saxon 5521:Anglo-Saxon 5504:Anglo-Saxon 5487:Anglo-Saxon 4527:15 December 4501:15 December 4439:Gallo-Roman 4433:Originally 4384:14 February 4380:. p. 4 4331:Charlemagne 4107:Magna Carta 4074:rachimburgs 4049:subject to 3947:Lotharingia 3913:Lotharingia 3748:Jura massif 3724:Netherlands 3704:Lotharingia 3597:Charlemagne 3543:Christendom 3518:Agilolfings 3432:Charlemagne 3394:Saint-Denis 3226:Childebrand 3173:Carolingian 3165:Chlothar IV 3074:. However, 2993:Dagobert II 2686:Sigebert II 2633:Charibert I 2618:Chlothar II 2579:Chilperic I 2552:Charibert I 2448:(534), and 2410:Theuderic I 2391:fiscal land 2352:Catholicism 2256:territorium 2238:Childeric I 2181:Burgundians 2101:Mallobaudes 2027:presiding, 1989:Lotharingia 1934:Charlemagne 1916:in 486 and 1906:Childeric I 1875:Carolingian 1871:Merovingian 1612:World War I 1538:Unification 1474:Middle Ages 1409:Württemberg 1389:Family tree 1297:History of 1142:Health care 1072:Free France 959:Restoration 763:Middle Ages 735:Celtic Gaul 678:History of 613:Switzerland 583:Netherlands 466:Preceded by 416:20 June 840 299:Charlemagne 263:Chlothar II 69:introducing 9809:Categories 9398:Viking Age 9213:Prehistory 8999:Almoravids 8987:al-Andalus 8960:Portugal ( 8803:Anatolia ( 8468:Land terms 8422:Technology 8402:Philosophy 8382:Literature 8347:Demography 8048:Viking Age 7830:Portuguese 7711:Revival Le 7701:Vietnamese 7344:Later Tran 7314:Vietnamese 7210:Singhasari 7198:Holy Roman 6822:Bulgarian 6758:Satavahana 6729:Phoenician 6665:Achaemenid 6626:Indo-Greek 6606:Macedonian 6520:Babylonian 6368:Vinoviloth 6156:Marcomanni 6139:Helveconae 6117:Heaðobards 6087:Istvaeones 6077:Ingaevones 6062:Hermunduri 6030:Ostrogoths 6020:Greuthungi 5898:Chattuarii 5724:Angrivarii 5719:Ampsivarii 5687:Lentienses 5516:Literature 5406:Viking Age 5069:The Franks 4577:Res Gestae 4354:References 4260:See also: 4214:Columbanus 4112:Arnulfings 4079:capitulary 4059:Septimania 4019:Chamavorum 3909:Lothair II 3742:along the 3728:Luxembourg 3566:auctoritas 3480:bishoprics 3206:Septimania 3072:Willibrord 2997:Clovis III 2927:Erchinoald 2891:Childebert 2801:Dagobert I 2759:Dagobert I 2590:Galswintha 2571:Sigebert I 2532:Chlothar I 2521:Theudebald 2497:Ostrogoths 2485:Gothic War 2477:magnus rex 2434:Chlothar I 2291:Septimania 2247:foederatus 2230:Septimania 2206:See also: 2148:) and the 2105:hereditary 2070:Chattuarii 2062:Ampsivarii 1857:post-Roman 1752:since 1990 1735:New states 1679:Ostgebiete 1672:Occupation 1565:Zollverein 1413:Mediatised 1323:Chronology 778:settlement 745:Roman Gaul 715:Prehistory 648:San Marino 633:Luxembourg 275:Dagobert I 205:Government 190:Demonym(s) 166:and others 162:including 52:references 9445:Feudalism 9416:Catalonia 9158:Despotate 9102:Ukraine ( 9086:Jerusalem 9050:Croatia ( 8805:Byzantine 8777:Hungary ( 8768:Byzantine 8667:1169–1536 8453:Dark Ages 8362:Household 8357:Hastilude 8126:Feudalism 7823:Couronian 7461:Ethiopian 7449:Manchukuo 7404:Brazilian 7250:Ghaznavid 7220:Srivijaya 7171:Trebizond 7156:Byzantine 7138:North Sea 7133:Norwegian 7121:Almoravid 7104:Ilkhanate 7074:Majapahit 7047:Muromachi 6956:Solomonic 6941:Ethiopian 6855:Caliphate 6788:Aragonese 6616:Ptolemaic 6363:Vidivarii 6358:Victohali 6348:Vangiones 6281:Thuringii 6186:Nuithones 6082:Irminones 6045:Visigoths 6035:Thervingi 5995:Gambrivii 5948:Dulgubnii 5943:Dauciones 5893:Chasuarii 5833:Brondings 5759:Bastarnae 5749:Baiuvarii 5729:Armalausi 5692:Raetovari 5626:Languages 5594:Symbology 5454:Folklore 5449:Festivals 4994:(trans.) 4913:Procopius 4846:Britanica 4692:161819012 4359:Citations 4086:emperors 4063:Catalonia 4055:canon law 4051:Roman law 3985:Conrad II 3953:dynasty. 3935:Franconia 3931:Alamannia 3905:Austrasia 3893:Lothair I 3883:Capetians 3859:Catalonia 3847:Aquitaine 3692:Lothair I 3655:Lothair I 3607:Ottonians 3589:Michael I 3570:potestas. 3496:Osnabrück 3492:Paderborn 3358:(843/870) 3276:Thuringia 3272:Alemannia 3268:Austrasia 3214:Maurontus 3150:Ragenfrid 3142:Plectrude 3138:Theudoald 3114:Clovis IV 3087:Willehari 3008:Arnulfing 2919:Clovis II 2907:Adalgisel 2879:Burgundia 2866:Chilperic 2847:Périgueux 2771:Aquitaine 2707:, namely 2678:Dormelles 2653:Aquitaine 2598:Brunhilda 2594:Fredegund 2544:Austrasia 2466:Austrasia 2446:Burgundes 2442:Thuringii 2418:Chlodomer 2360:Ragnachar 2192:Austrasia 2177:Visigoths 2152:. Though 2142:Camaracum 2121:Theudemer 2086:Toxandria 2007:symbols. 1953:Austrasia 1918:Aquitaine 1721:1949–1990 1698:1944–1950 1646:1939–1945 1636:1933–1945 1626:1918–1933 1616:1914–1918 1606:1871–1918 1381:Empresses 1211:Territory 1104:1946–1958 1094:1944–1946 1084:1940–1944 1063:1920–1929 1052:1919–1939 1041:1870–1940 1014:1871–1914 1003:1870–1940 993:1852–1870 983:1848–1852 973:1830–1848 963:1814–1830 953:1804–1814 943:1792–1804 933:1791–1792 923:1789–1799 896:1589–1792 886:1515–1589 876:1498–1515 844:1328–1498 324:Lothair I 251:Clothar I 179:Religion 9684:See also 9655:Cold War 9450:Crusades 9420:Valencia 9154:Lordship 9136:Serbia ( 9117:Russia ( 9056:Pannonia 9052:Dalmatia 9003:Almohads 8831:Medieval 8766:Greece ( 8678:Scotland 8663:800–1169 8595:Medieval 8536:Category 8503:Timeline 8392:Minstrel 8387:Medicine 8269:Chivalry 8224:Burgundy 8146:Crusades 7803:Japanese 7766:Scottish 7746:American 7738:Colonial 7667:Imperial 7635:Moroccan 7571:Japanese 7549:Afsharid 7408:Burmese 7394:Austrian 7349:Later Le 7324:Early Le 7309:Venetian 7235:Tiwanaku 7148:Hellenic 7111:Moroccan 7042:Kamakura 7032:Japanese 7015:Saffarid 6968:Georgian 6882:Chalukya 6860:Rashidun 6850:Calakmul 6818:Bruneian 6697:Haryanka 6675:Sasanian 6670:Parthian 6621:Bactrian 6611:Seleucid 6591:Goguryeo 6569:Egyptian 6503:Assyrian 6493:Akkadian 6484:Colonies 6429:Category 6336:Hasdingi 6321:Usipetes 6301:Tubantes 6286:Toxandri 6266:Tencteri 6241:Suarines 6226:Sicambri 6221:Semnones 6201:Reudigni 6171:Mattiaci 6161:Marsacii 6112:Lombards 6102:Lacringi 6097:Juthungi 5928:Corconti 5913:Cherusci 5888:Charudes 5868:Chaedini 5838:Bructeri 5823:Bateinoi 5794:Eburones 5789:Condrusi 5784:Caeroesi 5779:Atuatuci 5714:Ambrones 5677:Brisgavi 5672:Alemanni 5550:Paganism 5439:Clothing 5434:Calendar 5381:Germania 5087:Speculum 4941:Fredegar 4925:Fredegar 4337:See also 4300:denarius 4279:Currency 4084:Spoletan 4013:Ribuaria 4002:Ripuarii 3973:Teutonic 3901:Provence 3879:Toulouse 3863:Flanders 3855:Burgundy 3851:Brittany 3835:, died. 3827:and the 3811:Burgundy 3805:(son of 3732:Lorraine 3716:Lombardy 3712:Burgundy 3708:Lorraine 3696:de facto 3602:basileus 3562:ceremony 3539:Brittany 3529:Pyrenees 3503:Lombards 3452:Widukind 3428:Carloman 3421:potestas 3415:in the " 3406:Lombards 3352:Clovis I 3316:Liutfrid 3280:de facto 3264:Carloman 3249:Pyrenees 3237:Poitiers 3190:Lantfrid 3134:de facto 3055:and the 3049:Dorestad 2923:Nanthild 2859:Judicael 2851:Bordeaux 2835:Toulouse 2775:Toulouse 2713:Gipuzkoa 2705:Pyrenees 2682:Dentelin 2645:Touraine 2583:Neustria 2567:Auvergne 2560:Provence 2540:Burgundy 2536:Provence 2515:Chlothar 2493:Lombards 2481:Pannonia 2454:Frisians 2438:Soissons 2356:Sigobert 2321:Armorica 2315:and the 2279:Alemanni 2271:Syagrius 2196:Neustria 2185:Alemanni 2173:Syagrius 2138:Tongeren 2097:Arbogast 2058:Bructeri 2025:Clotilde 1983:, while 1969:Neustria 1914:Soissons 1910:Clovis I 1868:Frankish 1847:(Latin: 1714:division 1373:Monarchs 1333:Military 1288:a series 1286:Part of 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