630:"Medieval Latin". Every Latin author in the medieval period spoke Latin as a second language, with varying degrees of fluency and syntax. Grammar and vocabulary, however, were often influenced by an author's native language. This was especially true beginning around the 12th century, after which the language became increasingly adulterated: late Medieval Latin documents written by French speakers tend to show similarities to medieval French grammar and vocabulary; those written by Germans tend to show similarities to German, etc. For instance, rather than following the classical Latin practice of generally placing the verb at the end, medieval writers would often follow the conventions of their own native language instead. Whereas Latin had no definite or indefinite articles, medieval writers sometimes used forms of
526:
707:
Classical Latin, though when it is compared to the other vernacular languages, Medieval Latin developed very few changes. There are many prose constructions written by authors of this period that can be considered "showing off" a knowledge of
Classical or Old Latin by the use of rare or archaic forms and sequences. Though they had not existed together historically, it is common that an author would use grammatical ideas of the two periods Republican and archaic, placing them equally in the same sentence. Also, many undistinguished scholars had limited education in "proper" Latin, or had been influenced in their writings by Vulgar Latin.
1686:
Latin, but could not effectively speak it. Latin's use in universities was structured in lectures and debates, however, it was highly recommended that students use it in conversation. This practice was kept up only due to rules. One of Latin's purposes, writing, was still in practice; the main uses being charters for property transactions and to keep track of the pleadings given in court. Even then, those of the church still used Latin more than the rest of the population. At this time, Latin served little purpose to the regular population but was still used regularly in ecclesiastical culture. Latin also served as a
133:
985:
5313:
1004:. Perhaps the most striking difference is that medieval manuscripts used a wide range of abbreviations by means of superscripts, special characters etc.: for instance the letters "n" and "s" were often omitted and replaced by a diacritical mark above the preceding or following letter. Apart from this, some of the most frequently occurring differences are as follows. Clearly many of these would have been influenced by the spelling, and indeed pronunciation, of the vernacular language, and thus varied between different European countries.
965:
himself in the robe" would use the middle voice. Because Latin had no middle voice, Medieval Latin expresses such sentences by putting the verb in the passive voice form, but the conceptual meaning is active (similar to Latin deponent verbs). For example, the
Medieval Latin translation of Genesis states literally, "the Spirit of God was moved over the waters" ("spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas", Genesis 1:2), but it is just expressing a Greek middle-voice verb: "God moved
5325:
25:
381:
831:(abandoning the Latin forms of the future tense). While in Latin "amare habeo" is the indirect discourse "I have to love", in the French equivalent, "aimerai" (habeo > ayyo > ai, aimer+ai), it has become the future tense, "I shall love", losing the sense of obligation. In Medieval Latin, however, it was only indirect discourse and not used as simply a future tense.
748:
scholars admitted. For example, Plato's abstract concept of "the Truth" had to be expressed in Latin as "what is always true". Medieval scholars and theologians, translating both the Bible and Greek philosophers into Latin out of the Koine and
Classical Greek, cobbled together many new abstract concept words in Latin.
2730:
Latin shares exclusively with Greek the development of the accusative + infinitive construction to render indirect speech. There were not enough infinitives or subjunctives to represent the distinctions required in principal and subordinate clauses respectively, and the whole inefficient construction
706:
Medieval Latin had ceased to be a living language and was instead a scholarly language of the minority of educated men (and a tiny number of women) in medieval Europe, used in official documents more than for everyday communication. This resulted in two major features of
Medieval Latin compared with
933:
Classical Latin used the ablative absolute, but as stated above, in
Medieval Latin examples of nominative absolute or accusative absolute may be found. This was a point of difference between the ecclesiastical Latin of the clergy and the "Vulgar Latin" of the laity, which existed alongside it. The
1685:
around 800 and at this time was no longer considered part of the everyday language. The speaking of Latin became a practice used mostly by the educated high class population. Even then it was not frequently used in casual conversation. An example of these men includes the churchmen who could read
971:
Overlapping with orthography differences (see below), certain diphthongs were sometimes shortened: "oe" to "e", and "ae" to "e". Thus, "oecumenicus" becomes the more familiar "ecumenicus" (more familiar in this later form because religious terms such as "ecumenical" were more common in
Medieval
964:
Classical Latin verbs had at most two voices, active and passive, but Greek (the original language of the New
Testament) had an additional "middle voice" (or reflexive voice). One use was to express when the subject is acting upon itself: "Achilles put the armor onto himself" or "Jesus clothed
711:
Word order usually tended towards that of the vernacular language of the author, not the word order of
Classical Latin. Conversely, an erudite scholar might attempt to "show off" by intentionally constructing a very complicated sentence. Because Latin is an inflected language, it is technically
629:
Although it was simultaneously developing into the
Romance languages, Latin itself remained very conservative, as it was no longer a native language and there were many ancient and medieval grammar books to give one standard form. On the other hand, strictly speaking there was no single form of
747:
Owing to heavy use of biblical terms, there was a large influx of new words borrowed from Greek and Hebrew and even some grammatical influences. That obviously largely occurred among priests and scholars, not the laity. In general, it is difficult to express abstract concepts in Latin, as many
517:
spoken by the
Germanic tribes, who invaded southern Europe, were also major sources of new words. Germanic leaders became the rulers of parts of the Roman Empire that they conquered, and words from their languages were freely imported into the vocabulary of law. Other more ordinary words were
778:" = "I say that I know and that I am unknown ". The resulting subordinate clause often used the subjunctive mood instead of the indicative. This new syntax for indirect discourse is among the most prominent features of Medieval Latin, the largest syntactical change. However, such use of
425:, with enhancements for new concepts as well as for the increasing integration of Christianity. Despite some meaningful differences from Classical Latin, its writers did not regard it as a fundamentally different language. There is no real consensus on the exact boundary where
934:
educated clergy mostly knew that traditional Latin did not use the nominative or accusative case in such constructions, but only the ablative case. These constructions are observed in the medieval era, but they are changes that developed among the uneducated commoners.
723:
Typically, prepositions are used much more frequently (as in modern Romance languages) for greater clarity, instead of using the ablative case alone. Furthermore, in Classical Latin the subject of a verb was often left implied, unless it was being stressed:
1563:
kings. Gregory came from a Gallo-Roman aristocratic family, and his Latin, which shows many aberrations from the classical forms, testifies to the declining significance of classical education in Gaul. At the same time, good knowledge of Latin and even of
625:
was Charlemagne's Latin secretary and an important writer in his own right; his influence led to a rebirth of Latin literature and learning after the depressed period following the final disintegration of the authority of the Western Roman Empire.
1698:
who knew Latin for use when the need for long distance correspondence arose. Long distance communication in the vernacular was rare, but Hebrew, Arabic and Greek served a similar purpose among Jews, Muslims and Eastern Orthodox respectively.
739:
Various changes occurred in vocabulary, and certain words were mixed into different declensions or conjugations. Many new compound verbs were formed. Some words retained their original structure but drastically changed in meaning:
608:
of some Medieval Latin writers, although Classical Latin continued to be held in high esteem and studied as models for literary compositions. The high point of the development of Medieval Latin as a literary language came with the
805:
Several substitutions were often used instead of subjunctive clause constructions. They did not break the rules of Classical Latin but were an alternative way to express the same meaning, avoiding the use of a subjunctive clause.
972:
Latin). The "oe" diphthong is not particularly frequent in Latin, but the shift from "ae" to "e" affects many common words, such as "caelum" (heaven) being shortened to "celum"; even "puellae" (girls) was shortened to "puelle".
921:
Comparison of adjectives changed somewhat. The comparative form was sometimes used with positive or superlative meaning. Also, the adverb "magis" was often used with a positive adjective to indicate a comparative meaning, and
2993:
Formative Stages of Classical Traditions: Latin Texts from Antiquity to the Renaissance; Proceedings of a Conference Held at Erice, 16–22 October 1993, as the 6th Course of International School for the Study of Written
689:
tends to avoid most of the characteristics described above, showing its period in vocabulary and spelling alone; the features listed are much more prominent in the language of lawyers (e.g. the 11th-century English
817:
clauses, such as clauses of time, cause, concession, and purpose. That was loosely similar to the use of the present participle in an ablative absolute phrase, but the participle did not need to be in the ablative
770:. There was a high level of overlap between the old and new constructions, even within the same author's work, and it was often a matter of preference. A particularly famous and often cited example is from the
2978:
Medieval and Renaissance Scholarship: Proceedings of the Second European Science Foundation Workshop on the Classical Tradition in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, London: Warburg Institute, 27–28 November
712:
possible to place related words at opposite ends of a paragraph-long sentence, and owing to the complexity of doing so, it was seen by some as a sign of great skill. The preferred word order in Latin is
758:
Indirect discourse, which in Classical Latin was achieved by using a subject accusative and infinitive, was now often simply replaced by new conjunctions serving the function of English "that" such as
827:
Given that obligation inherently carries a sense of futurity ("Carthage must be destroyed" at some point in the future), this parallels the Romance languages' use of "habeo" as the basis of their
975:
Often, a town would lose its name to that of the tribe which was either accusative or ablative plural; two forms that were then used for all cases, or in other words, considered "indeclinable".
406:. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functioned as the main medium of scholarly exchange, as the
1357:
These orthographical differences were often due to changes in pronunciation or, as in the previous example, morphology, which authors reflected in their writing. By the 16th century,
557:
rule. Works written in those lands where Latin was a learned language, having no relation to the local vernacular, also influenced the vocabulary and syntax of Medieval Latin.
795:
568:, were communicated in Latin, the Latin vocabulary that developed for them became the source of a great many technical words in modern languages. English words like
1694:— long distance written communication while rarer than in Antiquity took place mostly in Latin. Most literate people wrote Latin and most rich people had access to
856:
changed significantly: it was frequently omitted or implied. Further, many medieval authors did not feel that it made sense for the perfect passive construction "
534:
3479:
3096:
A Selection of Latin Stories, from Manuscripts of the Thirteenth and Founteenth Centuries: A Contribution to the History of Fiction During the Middle Ages.
910:
Use of reflexives became much looser. A reflexive pronoun in a subordinate clause might refer to the subject of the main clause. The reflexive possessive
5380:
592:
in other European languages generally have the meanings given to them in Medieval Latin, often terms for abstract concepts not available in English.
5365:
2820:
2708:
677:
In every age from the late 8th century onwards, there were learned writers (especially within the Church) who were familiar enough with classical
849:
Conversely, some authors might haphazardly switch between the subjunctive and indicative forms of verbs, with no intended difference in meaning.
5375:
2604:
3366:
2925:
Medieval Manuscripts of the Latin Classics: Production and Use; *Proceedings of the Seminar in the History of the Book to 1500, Leiden, 1993.
744:
specifically means "wrath" in Medieval Latin while in Classical Latin, it generally referred to "high spirits, excited spirits" of any kind.
3908:
1666:
1368:, writing in the 14th century, complained about this linguistic "decline", which helped fuel his general dissatisfaction with his own era.
1209:
had come to be pronounced as or perhaps . This pronunciation is not found in Classical Latin, but had existed very early in vulgar speech.
2265:
3950:
3938:
949:
tense equivalent to the English progressive. This "Greek Periphrastic Tense" formation could also be done in the past and future tenses:
3997:
493:
Medieval Latin had an enlarged vocabulary, which freely borrowed from other sources. It was heavily influenced by the language of the
3913:
2481:
5285:
3923:
3154:
5230:
3918:
3652:
1654:
5200:
4025:
3552:
89:
433:
in the middle of the 4th century, others around 500, and still others with the replacement of written Late Latin by written
5290:
5165:
4318:
61:
3116:
5370:
3871:
1422:(354–430), whose texts had an enormous influence on theological thought of the Middle Ages, and of the latter's disciple
1123:
Because of a severe decline in the knowledge of Greek, in loanwords and foreign names from or transmitted through Greek,
941:
can mean either "I praise" or "I am praising". In imitation of Greek, Medieval Latin could use a present participle with
989:
497:, which contained many peculiarities alien to Classical Latin that resulted from a more or less direct translation from
5360:
3542:
68:
5210:
3970:
3537:
3532:
3508:
3359:
2873:
2861:
2847:
108:
681:
to be aware that these forms and usages were "wrong" and resisted their use. Thus the Latin of a theologian like St
5225:
3898:
3547:
3474:
2261:
3491:
3424:
3048:
42:
525:
355:
75:
4245:
4170:
3928:
3322:
2804:
2763:
2692:
903:
were also frequently used simply to express the definite article "the", which Classical Latin did not possess.
642:(meaning "a certain one/thing" in Classical Latin) as something like an article. Unlike classical Latin, where
251:
46:
4741:
4581:
4185:
3637:
3352:
2643:
1376:
The corpus of Medieval Latin literature encompasses a wide range of texts, including such diverse works as
241:
57:
3093:
3072:
5355:
5280:
5205:
4964:
4020:
3903:
3449:
3147:
2724:
1634:
1536:–636) collected all scientific knowledge still available in his time into what might be called the first
505:; the peculiarities mirrored the original not only in its vocabulary but also in its grammar and syntax.
1361:
complained that speakers from different countries were unable to understand each other's form of Latin.
5303:
5240:
4904:
4796:
4566:
4338:
4160:
4068:
3933:
3876:
2549:
2001:
3062:
5260:
4353:
4308:
4235:
4155:
4103:
4093:
4045:
3392:
2888:
2038:
1497:
667:
651:
209:
2585:
Ziolkowski, Jan M. (1996), "Towards a History of Medieval Latin Literature", in Mantello, F. A. C.;
4861:
4771:
4280:
4260:
4255:
4240:
4193:
4133:
4088:
3890:
2007:
824:(I have ) and "Debeo" (I must) would be used to express obligation more often than the gerundive.
5350:
5345:
5270:
5250:
5190:
5180:
5170:
4576:
4265:
4165:
4145:
4060:
4050:
3755:
3695:
3675:
3387:
1989:
610:
199:
137:
35:
5275:
5265:
5215:
5195:
5009:
4984:
4949:
4831:
4556:
4203:
3965:
3496:
3140:
1167:, this last being a form which survived into the 18th century and so became embedded in modern
530:
2722:
Coleman, Robert G. (1999). "Latin language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (eds.).
2197:
5245:
5175:
4999:
4751:
4551:
4546:
4343:
4250:
4175:
4138:
4123:
4098:
4078:
3980:
2044:
1449:
1407:
The first half of the 5th century saw the literary activities of the great Christian authors
1012:
was widely adopted, leading to a clear differentiation between capital and lowercase letters.
1009:
650:("to have") as an auxiliary, similar to constructions in Germanic and Romance languages. The
453:
411:
396:
246:
132:
82:
5255:
5220:
4909:
4776:
4676:
4601:
4466:
4429:
3805:
3469:
3316:
3301:
2935:
2114:
2069:
1935:
1897:
1769:
1670:
1518:
1453:
1438:
1423:
430:
160:
4899:
1874:
984:
8:
5185:
5034:
4836:
4706:
4656:
3975:
3572:
2460:
2227:
2075:
717:
713:
654:
construction in classical Latin was often replaced by a subordinate clause introduced by
407:
1353:(this occurred in Classical Latin as well but was much more frequent in Medieval Latin).
5235:
4959:
4766:
4621:
4561:
4481:
4424:
4288:
3524:
3503:
3269:
3112:
2814:
2702:
2455:
2215:
2210:
2131:
1952:
1851:
1812:
1526:
1419:
728:= "he sees". For clarity, Medieval Latin more frequently includes an explicit subject:
514:
4874:
1592:
in Northern Italy. Ireland was also the birthplace of a strange poetic style known as
736:
whereas most Germanic (including standard English) and some Romance languages are not.
698:
to introduce subordinate clauses was especially pervasive and is found at all levels.
371:
4869:
4721:
4476:
4436:
4414:
3622:
3311:
3306:
3237:
3067:
2881:
2857:
2843:
2800:
2759:
2688:
2618:
2598:
2521:
2513:
2389:
2366:
1662:
1389:
733:
550:
473:
461:
319:
181:
2095:
429:
ends and Medieval Latin begins. Some scholarly surveys begin with the rise of early
5329:
4934:
4894:
4826:
4761:
4686:
4681:
4453:
4376:
4323:
4118:
4113:
4002:
3861:
3810:
3770:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3642:
3589:
3582:
3567:
3562:
3486:
3414:
3291:
3286:
3126:
2799:. United States of America: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 315.
2489:
2333:
2271:
2244:
2137:
1995:
1958:
1786:
1549:
937:
Classical Latin does not distinguish progressive action in the present tense, thus
434:
204:
3024:, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2904:
Literary Language & Its Public: in Late Latin Antiquity and in the Middle Ages
2687:. United States of America: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 85.
5029:
4841:
4821:
4781:
4716:
4666:
4661:
4536:
4486:
4394:
4228:
4208:
4128:
3577:
3402:
3198:
3102:
2288:
2167:
2057:
2019:
1977:
1941:
1857:
1682:
1623:
1168:
686:
418:
261:
191:
5084:
4726:
4461:
4381:
4328:
4313:
4293:
4108:
4083:
4040:
4030:
3856:
3830:
3760:
3745:
3710:
3670:
3431:
2647:
2473:
2314:
2180:
2063:
1983:
1929:
1799:
1565:
996:, dated to 1119, composed in Medieval Latin. It was printed rather than carved.
771:
682:
506:
498:
414:, and as the working language of science, literature, law, and administration.
399:
293:
286:
1084:. This feature is already found on coin inscriptions of the 4th century (e.g.
930:
could be used with a positive form of adjective to give a superlative meaning.
844:, an infinitive was often used with a verb of hoping, fearing, promising, etc.
666:
in similar constructions in French. Many of these developments are similar to
5339:
5317:
4616:
4586:
4501:
4035:
4012:
3825:
3680:
3665:
3612:
3419:
3328:
2450:
2372:
1891:
1687:
1593:
1220:
in writing where it did not previously belong, especially in the vicinity of
694:), physicians, technical writers and secular chroniclers. However the use of
691:
348:
3082:
2739:'that'), to a larger extent in the later written language and totally in VL.
1000:
Many striking differences between classical and Medieval Latin are found in
732:= "he sees" without necessarily stressing the subject. Classical Latin is a
5094:
4954:
4399:
4348:
4303:
4298:
4150:
3960:
3846:
3790:
3785:
3557:
3441:
3375:
3296:
3122:
2406:
1838:
1581:
1537:
1468:
1401:
946:
828:
601:
554:
519:
510:
469:
460:
refers to all of the (written) forms of Latin used in the Middle Ages. The
3106:
1364:
The gradual changes in Latin did not escape the notice of contemporaries.
638:(reflecting usage in the Romance languages) as a definite article or even
4889:
4511:
4333:
4223:
3617:
3333:
3022:
Latin Literatures of Medieval and Early Modern times in Europe and Beyond
2528:
2497:
2346:
2327:
2301:
2101:
1726:
1691:
1542:
1503:
1397:
1385:
1001:
671:
614:
448:
are sometimes used synonymously, though some scholars draw distinctions.
403:
323:
157:
1713:
646:("to be") was the only auxiliary verb, Medieval Latin writers might use
522:
or Germanic sources because the classical words had fallen into disuse.
5114:
5054:
5019:
4811:
4746:
4736:
4631:
4516:
4404:
3987:
3955:
3700:
3627:
3459:
3454:
3211:
2586:
2425:
2412:
1585:
1491:
895:
are often used virtually interchangeably. As in the Romance languages,
787:
426:
422:
266:
177:
3344:
3029:
Brill's New Pauly Supplement 5: The Reception of Classical Literature.
1637:
and furnished it with books which he had taken home from a journey to
802:" = "But hearing that Archelaus reigned in Judaea in Herod's place..."
5144:
5139:
5099:
5024:
4994:
4974:
4851:
4791:
4701:
4651:
4646:
4571:
4531:
4419:
4389:
4198:
4073:
3866:
3750:
3725:
3604:
3253:
3183:
2557:
2505:
2032:
1522:
1483:
1393:
1044:
477:
364:
336:
256:
3088:
3020:
Stella, Francesco, Doležalová Lucie, and Shanzer, Danuta eds. 2024:
24:
5324:
5104:
5089:
5079:
5064:
4979:
4969:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4914:
4816:
4731:
4611:
4596:
4526:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4471:
4270:
3851:
3815:
3705:
3632:
3464:
2553:
2150:
1756:
1569:
1472:
1365:
1345:, especially in verbs in the perfect tense, might be lost, so that
809:
The present participle was frequently used adverbially in place of
589:
561:
315:
2877:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5074:
5069:
5059:
5004:
4989:
4806:
4801:
4786:
4756:
4711:
4691:
4671:
4626:
4358:
4213:
3992:
3800:
3795:
3685:
2445:
1971:
1923:
1612:
1577:
1573:
1487:
1452:(474–521), both from Gaul, are well known for their poems, as is
1377:
1358:
993:
791:
720:
which thus is more prevalent in medieval than in classical Latin.
546:
542:
494:
3132:
2955:
Hexter, Ralph J., and Townsend, David eds. second edition 2012:
2923:
Chavannes-Mazel, Claudine A., and Margaret M. Smith, eds. 1996.
2911:
Varia Latinitatis Scripta II, Inscriptiones Orationes Epistvlae.
1494:, and wrote the influential literary and philosophical treatise
716:; most vernaculars of medieval Latin authors tend to or mandate
5134:
5014:
4944:
4884:
4879:
4846:
4606:
4591:
4541:
4521:
3943:
3820:
3715:
1947:
1903:
1743:
1695:
1597:
1589:
1560:
1408:
678:
622:
618:
605:
565:
502:
472:
itself. Medieval Latin would be replaced by educated humanist
165:
380:
4919:
4641:
4368:
3660:
3164:
2013:
1381:
1318:
Single consonants were often doubled, or vice versa, so that
800:
Audiens autem quod Archelaus regnaret in Judaea pro Herode...
701:
214:
2996:
Spoleto, Italy: Centro Italiano di Studi sull’alto Medioevo.
2918:
A Primer of Medieval Latin: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry
2756:
A Primer of Medieval Latin: an anthology of prose and poetry
1661:
Many Medieval Latin works have been published in the series
5129:
4696:
4636:
4218:
3594:
1825:
1642:
1638:
2986:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide.
2780:
De recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronunciatione dialogus
2758:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
670:
and the use of medieval Latin among the learned elites of
452:
refers specifically to the form that has been used by the
3690:
2854:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
2797:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
2685:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
2591:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
674:
may have played a role in the spread of those features.
1596:. Other important Insular authors include the historian
914:
might be used in place of a possessive genitive such as
3036:
Talking Animals: Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750–1150.
662:. This is almost identical, for example, to the use of
613:, a rebirth of learning kindled under the patronage of
2988:
Washington, DC: Catholic University of American Press.
2920:. Chicago, United States, Scott, Foresman and Company.
2728:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 820.
1525:
where many texts from Antiquity were to be preserved.
1008:
Following the Carolingian reforms of the 9th century,
774:, using both constructions within the same sentence: "
560:
Since subjects like science and philosophy, including
468:, since the Romance languages were all descended from
5301:
3001:
A History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages.
2878:
Glossarium ad scriptores mediæ et infimæ latinitatis
1584:
in the course of the 6th and 7th centuries, such as
1232:, a tendency also sometimes seen in Classical Latin.
464:
spoken in the Middle Ages were often referred to as
456:(even before the Middle Ages in Antiquity), whereas
3038:
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3015:
A History of Anglo-Latin Literature A.D. 1066–1422.
2943:
Medieval Latin and the Rise of European Love-Lyric.
1702:
1676:
1517:) founded an important library at the monastery of
1437:). Of the later 5th century and early 6th century,
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2976:Mann, Nicholas, and Birger Munk Olsen, eds. 1997.
2794:
2682:
2593:, Washington, D.C., pp. 505-536 (pp. 510-511)
1197:(the latter also occurred in Classical Latin); or
907:was also used for the indefinite article "a, an".
864:in a past tense construction so they began using
5337:
2957:The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Latin Literature
1467:). This was also a period of transmission: the
1116:), also reflected in English spellings such as
2932:European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages.
879:Chaos in the usage of demonstrative pronouns.
3360:
3148:
2838:K.P. Harrington, J. Pucci, and A.G. Elliott,
1292:might have another plosive inserted, so that
1216:in pronunciation also led to the addition of
509:provided much of the technical vocabulary of
417:Medieval Latin represented a continuation of
3010:Amen House, London, Oxford University Press.
2991:Pecere, Oronzo, and Michael D. Reeve. 1995.
2819:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1667:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
1655:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1371:
1131:might be used more or less interchangeably:
1100:in Classical Latin was often represented by
685:or of an erudite clerical historian such as
180:between 4th and 10th centuries; replaced by
3031:Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
2984:Mantello, F. A. C., and George Rigg. 1996.
1495:
1324:
1309:
1298:
1279:
1268:
1256:
1248:
1153:
1086:
1038:is usually collapsed and simply written as
553:were not spoken, and which had never known
3367:
3353:
3155:
3141:
3017:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2906:. New York, NY, USA, Bollingen Foundation.
2603:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2584:
1147:. This is also found in pure Latin words:
1015:A partial or full differentiation between
702:Changes in vocabulary, syntax, and grammar
379:
131:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
5381:15th-century disestablishments in Europe
3008:The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse.
2795:Mantello, F. A. C., Rigg, A. G. (1996).
2683:Mantello, F. A. C., Rigg, A. G. (1996).
2648:"Mental furniture from the philosophers"
2642:
1588:(543–615), who founded the monastery of
983:
524:
5366:Languages attested from the 4th century
3374:
2927:Los Altos Hills, CA: Anderson-Lovelace.
2913:Rome, Italy, Societas Librania Stvdivm.
2842:(2nd ed.), (Univ. Chicago Press, 1997)
2721:
2268:late 12th century – early 13th century)
1064:). The same happens with the diphthong
634:as an indefinite article, and forms of
541:Latin was also spread to areas such as
395:was the form of Literary Latin used in
5338:
2790:
2788:
2753:
5376:Languages extinct in the 15th century
3348:
3136:
2973:London and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon.
2966:London and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon.
2852:F.A.C. Mantello and A.G. Rigg, eds.,
2439:
1559:–594) wrote a lengthy history of the
16:Form of Latin used in the Middle Ages
2880:, Niort : L. Favre, 1883–1887,
2749:
2747:
2678:
2676:
1707:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2934:New York, New York, United States,
2785:
1490:corpus, thus preserving it for the
1341:Syncopation became more frequent:
1238:before a vowel is often written as
776:Dico me scire et quod sum ignobilis
537:contains prayers in Medieval Latin.
13:
3098:(London: The Percy Society. 1842.)
3003:2 vols. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon.
2959:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2896:
1681:Medieval Latin was separated from
836:Instead of a clause introduced by
788:the Latin of the late Roman Empire
488:
14:
5392:
3162:
3083:In-depth Guides to Learning Latin
3042:
2744:
2673:
5323:
5311:
2964:Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066.
2952:Norwood, MA, USA, Norwood Press.
2948:Harrington, Karl Pomeroy, 1942.
2522:De Ortu Waluuanii Nepotis Arturi
1703:Important Medieval Latin authors
1677:Medieval Latin and everyday life
990:PrĂĽfening dedicatory inscription
23:
2971:Anglo-Latin Literature 600–899.
2360:
2221:
2089:
2051:
2026:
1633:–690) founded the monastery of
595:
34:needs additional citations for
3323:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
2930:Curtius, Ernst Roberts, 1953.
2772:
2754:Beeson, Charles Henry (1986).
2715:
2636:
2611:
2578:
2542:
1917:
979:
860:" to use the present tense of
437:starting around the year 900.
1:
3089:The Journal of Medieval Latin
2941:Dronke, Peter, vol. 1, 1965.
2566:
2429:
2416:
2393:
2376:
2350:
2337:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2275:
2262:Anonymus (notary of BĂ©la III)
2248:
2231:
2201:
2184:
2171:
2154:
2141:
2118:
2105:
2079:
1962:
1907:
1878:
1861:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1730:
1717:
1690:among the educated elites of
1646:
1641:and which were later used by
1627:
1616:
1601:
1580:and the European mainland by
1553:
1530:
1507:
1476:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1412:
483:
3939:Frontiers and fortifications
3085:at the UK National Archives.
3073:Resources in other libraries
3027:Walde, Christine, ed. 2012.
2945:Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press.
2571:
1498:De consolatione Philosophiae
1151:("more swiftly") appears as
322:-speaking states during the
7:
3998:Decorations and punishments
2725:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1757:Flavius Cresconius Corippus
1096:). Conversely, an original
140:, Medieval Latin manuscript
10:
5397:
5371:4th-century establishments
4905:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3480:historiography of the fall
3034:Ziolkowski, Jan M., 1993.
2916:Beeson, Charles H., 1925.
2831:
2782:, Basel (Frobenius), 1528.
2364:
2002:Anastasius Bibliothecarius
518:replaced by coinages from
5361:Medieval Latin literature
5286:External wars and battles
5153:
5047:
4860:
4452:
4445:
4367:
4279:
4184:
4059:
4011:
3889:
3839:
3778:
3769:
3651:
3603:
3523:
3440:
3410:
3401:
3383:
3282:
3171:
3068:Resources in your library
2889:Thesaurus Linguae Latinae
2735:(perhaps modelled on Gk.
2731:gave way to clauses with
2039:Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim
1482:–524) translated part of
1372:Medieval Latin literature
891:, and even the intensive
752:
668:Standard Average European
652:accusative and infinitive
604:was also apparent in the
378:
362:
346:
334:
329:
307:Official language in
305:
300:
283:
234:
188:
172:
161:Latin/Western Christendom
153:
145:
130:
125:
2962:Lapidge, Michael. 1993.
2778:See Desiderius Erasmus,
2535:
2466:
2008:Johannes Scotus Eriugena
961:("I shall be praising").
5281:Roman–Iranian relations
3756:Optimates and populares
2902:Auerbach, Erich, 1965.
2623:Encyclopedia Britannica
2548:Exceptions include the
1990:Gottschalk (theologian)
1961:(Agnellus of Ravenna) (
1568:was being preserved in
1181:might be lost, so that
872:, interchangeably with
611:Carolingian Renaissance
138:Carmina Cantabrigiensia
5291:Civil wars and revolts
4557:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4204:Conflict of the Orders
3563:Legislative assemblies
1496:
1325:
1310:
1299:
1280:
1269:
1257:
1249:
1205:, indicating that the
1154:
1087:
997:
868:, the past perfect of
538:
531:illuminated manuscript
5000:Simplicius of Cilicia
4752:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3981:Siege in Ancient Rome
3590:Executive magistrates
3127:penelope.uchicago.edu
3117:corpusthomisticum.org
2999:Raby, F. J. E. 1957.
2045:Thietmar of Merseburg
1010:Carolingian minuscule
987:
528:
476:, otherwise known as
454:Roman Catholic Church
252:Proto-Latino-Faliscan
184:from the 14th century
149:Numerous small states
5010:Stephanus Byzantinus
4915:Eusebius of Caesaria
4777:Sidonius Apollinaris
4467:Ammianus Marcellinus
3806:Tribune of the plebs
3317:Latino sine flexione
3302:Ecclesiastical Latin
3094:Wright, Thomas, ed.
3006:Raby, F.J.E., 1959.
2936:Bollingen Foundation
2115:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2070:Anselm of Canterbury
1936:Paschasius Radbertus
1898:Paulinus of Aquileia
1770:Venantius Fortunatus
1671:Corpus Christianorum
1454:Venantius Fortunatus
1439:Sidonius Apollinaris
1424:Prosper of Aquitaine
957:("I was praising"),
450:Ecclesiastical Latin
446:Ecclesiastical Latin
431:Ecclesiastical Latin
43:improve this article
5186:Distinguished women
4837:Velleius Paterculus
4677:Nicolaus Damascenus
4657:Marcellus Empiricus
4046:Republican currency
2619:"Romance languages"
2477:(11th–12th century)
2228:Giraldus Cambrensis
2198:Walter of Châtillon
2076:Marbodius of Rennes
1652:–735) to write his
1576:and was brought to
953:("I am praising"),
718:Subject-Verb-Object
714:Subject-Object-Verb
408:liturgical language
242:Proto-Indo-European
5356:Medieval languages
4960:Phlegon of Tralles
4767:Seneca the Younger
4241:Naming conventions
3971:Personal equipment
3504:Later Roman Empire
3270:Contemporary Latin
3113:Corpus Thomisticum
3013:Rigg, A. G. 1992.
2856:(CUA Press, 1996)
2456:Medieval Roman law
2440:Literary movements
2216:Andreas Capellanus
2211:Adam of St. Victor
2132:Ailred of Rievaulx
1953:Lupus of Ferrieres
1852:Chrodegang of Metz
1813:Isidore of Seville
1527:Isidore of Seville
1420:Augustine of Hippo
998:
539:
515:Germanic languages
5299:
5298:
5261:Pontifices maximi
5043:
5042:
4900:Diogenes Laërtius
4722:Pliny the Younger
4477:Asconius Pedianus
4437:Romance languages
4309:Civil engineering
4051:Imperial currency
3924:Political control
3885:
3884:
3519:
3518:
3342:
3341:
3312:Romance languages
3307:Neo-Latin studies
3277:
3276:
3238:Renaissance Latin
3049:Library resources
2882:Ecole des chartes
2514:Decretum Gratiani
2390:William of Ockham
2367:Renaissance Latin
2315:St Thomas Aquinas
2102:Suger of St Denis
1875:Beatus of Liébana
1708:6th–8th centuries
1663:Patrologia Latina
1448:– after 489) and
1390:travel literature
1068:, for example in
1056:might be written
968:over the waters".
786:also occurred in
734:pro-drop language
600:The influence of
551:Romance languages
474:Renaissance Latin
462:Romance languages
435:Romance languages
390:
389:
182:Renaissance Latin
119:
118:
111:
93:
5388:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5251:Magistri equitum
5166:Cities and towns
5159:
5085:Constantinopolis
4895:Diodorus Siculus
4827:Valerius Maximus
4762:Seneca the Elder
4682:Nonius Marcellus
4450:
4449:
4003:Hippika gymnasia
3966:Infantry tactics
3872:Consular tribune
3862:Magister equitum
3811:Military tribune
3776:
3775:
3736:Pontifex maximus
3731:Princeps senatus
3721:Magister militum
3487:Byzantine Empire
3408:
3407:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3292:Latin literature
3287:History of Latin
3266:
3250:
3196:
3174:
3173:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3133:
2981:New York: Brill.
2950:Mediaeval Latin.
2909:Bacci, Antonii.
2825:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2792:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2652:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2582:
2560:
2546:
2490:Summa Theologiae
2434:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2355:
2352:
2342:
2339:
2334:Siger of Brabant
2323:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2272:Thomas of Celano
2267:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2245:Saxo Grammaticus
2240:
2236:
2233:
2206:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2138:Otto of Freising
2127:
2123:
2120:
2110:
2107:
2084:
2081:
1996:Sedulius Scottus
1967:
1964:
1959:Andreas Agnellus
1912:
1909:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1847:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1787:Gregory of Tours
1782:
1778:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1651:
1648:
1635:Wearmouth-Jarrow
1632:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1558:
1555:
1550:Gregory of Tours
1535:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1481:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1417:
1414:
1328:
1313:
1302:
1288:The combination
1283:
1272:
1260:
1252:
1157:
1090:
1052:); for example,
383:
374:
358:
339:
289:
194:
135:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Medieval Latin"
51:
27:
19:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5039:
4875:AĂ«tius of Amida
4856:
4842:Verrius Flaccus
4822:Valerius Antias
4782:Silius Italicus
4717:Pliny the Elder
4662:Marcus Aurelius
4537:Cornelius Nepos
4487:Aurelius Victor
4441:
4363:
4275:
4209:Secessio plebis
4180:
4055:
4007:
3881:
3835:
3765:
3647:
3599:
3515:
3436:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3343:
3338:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3199:Classical Latin
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3103:Corpus Corporum
3079:
3078:
3077:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3045:
2899:
2897:Further reading
2894:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2752:
2745:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2650:
2644:Franklin, James
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2469:
2442:
2432:
2419:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2340:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2289:Albertus Magnus
2282:
2278:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2168:William of Tyre
2161:
2157:
2144:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2092:
2082:
2066:(fl. 1060–1080)
2058:Marianus Scotus
2054:
2029:
2020:Notker Balbulus
1978:Walafrid Strabo
1965:
1942:Rudolf of Fulda
1920:
1910:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1858:Paul the Deacon
1845:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1683:Classical Latin
1679:
1649:
1630:
1624:Benedict Biscop
1619:
1611:) and the poet
1608:
1604:
1556:
1533:
1514:
1510:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1374:
1201:may be written
1169:botanical Latin
982:
755:
704:
687:William of Tyre
598:
491:
489:Christian Latin
486:
419:Classical Latin
386:
385:Europe, AD 1000
370:
354:
351:
335:
308:
301:Official status
290:
285:
279:
262:Classical Latin
237:
230:
210:Latino-Faliscan
195:
192:Language family
190:
176:Developed from
163:
141:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5351:Forms of Latin
5348:
5346:Latin language
5333:
5332:
5320:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Pomponius Mela
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Aelius Donatus
4458:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4430:Ecclesiastical
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:Toys and games
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Vigintisexviri
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Cursus honorum
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3470:Western Empire
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3244:
3242:
3231:
3229:
3225:Medieval Latin
3218:
3216:
3205:
3203:
3194:75 BC – 200 AD
3190:
3188:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3054:Medieval Latin
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:External links
3041:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2850:
2840:Medieval Latin
2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2805:
2784:
2771:
2764:
2743:
2714:
2693:
2672:
2635:
2610:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2550:Romanian Lands
2540:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2474:Carmina Burana
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2404:
2387:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2269:
2259:
2242:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2195:
2181:Peter of Blois
2178:
2165:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2112:
2099:
2096:Pierre Abélard
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2064:Adam of Bremen
2061:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1984:Florus of Lyon
1981:
1975:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1930:Rabanus Maurus
1927:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1800:Pope Gregory I
1797:
1784:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1724:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1678:
1675:
1594:Hisperic Latin
1386:hagiographical
1373:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1316:
1286:
1233:
1210:
1176:
1121:
1034:The diphthong
1032:
1023:, and between
1013:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
969:
962:
935:
931:
919:
908:
877:
850:
847:
846:
845:
834:
833:
832:
819:
803:
772:Venerable Bede
754:
751:
750:
749:
745:
737:
721:
703:
700:
683:Thomas Aquinas
617:, king of the
597:
594:
513:. The various
490:
487:
485:
482:
458:Medieval Latin
442:Medieval Latin
400:Western Europe
397:Roman Catholic
393:Medieval Latin
388:
387:
384:
376:
375:
368:
360:
359:
352:
347:
344:
343:
340:
332:
331:
330:Language codes
327:
326:
309:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
294:Latin alphabet
291:
287:Writing system
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
240:
238:
235:
232:
231:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
220:Medieval Latin
198:
196:
189:
186:
185:
174:
170:
169:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:Native to
143:
142:
136:
128:
127:
126:Medieval Latin
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5393:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Julius Paulus
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Fabius Pictor
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Amphitheatres
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Deforestation
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Siege engines
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Establishment
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:Extraordinary
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Promagistrate
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Twelve Tables
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Hiberno-Latin
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:0-8132-0842-4
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:0-226-31712-9
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Hiberno-Latin
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2427:
2424:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2391:
2388:
2374:
2373:Ranulf Higdon
2371:
2370:
2368:
2348:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2246:
2243:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2199:
2196:
2182:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2152:
2149:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2116:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2077:
2074:
2072:(1033/4–1109)
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:(fl. 840–860)
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:Peter of Pisa
1890:
1876:
1873:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1771:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1745:
1742:
1728:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:lingua franca
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:tranquillitas
1317:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
995:
991:
986:
974:
970:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:The usage of
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
830:
829:future tenses
826:
825:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
746:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
709:
708:
699:
697:
693:
692:Domesday Book
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
535:Book of Hours
532:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
382:
377:
373:
369:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
350:
349:Linguist List
345:
341:
338:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
304:
299:
295:
292:
288:
282:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
243:
239:
233:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:Indo-European
197:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5231:Institutions
5095:Leptis Magna
5048:Major cities
4955:Philostratus
4742:Quadrigarius
4562:Rufus Festus
4425:Contemporary
4409:
4146:Romanization
4069:Architecture
3676:Collegiality
3525:Constitution
3376:Ancient Rome
3321:
3297:Vulgar Latin
3262:
3261:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3123:LacusCurtius
3095:
3063:Online books
3053:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2887:
2868:Dictionaries
2853:
2839:
2796:
2779:
2774:
2755:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2684:
2663:. Retrieved
2658:
2654:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2590:
2580:
2544:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2482:Pange Lingua
2480:
2472:
2461:Riddle poems
2407:Jean Buridan
2361:14th century
2222:13th century
2090:12th century
2052:11th century
2027:10th century
1900:(730s - 802)
1839:St. Boniface
1680:
1660:
1653:
1582:missionaries
1548:
1541:
1538:encyclopedia
1406:
1402:lyric poetry
1375:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1326:tranquilitas
1323:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:The loss of
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:Pennsylvania
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
999:
966:
958:
955:laudans eram
954:
950:
947:periphrastic
942:
938:
927:
923:
915:
911:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:laudatus sum
857:
853:
841:
837:
821:
814:
810:
799:
796:Matthew 2:22
783:
779:
775:
767:
763:
759:
741:
729:
725:
705:
695:
676:
663:
659:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
602:Vulgar Latin
599:
596:Vulgar Latin
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
559:
540:
520:Vulgar Latin
511:Christianity
492:
470:Vulgar Latin
465:
457:
449:
445:
441:
439:
416:
392:
391:
363:
311:
247:Proto-Italic
219:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5226:Geographers
4910:Dioscorides
4890:Cassius Dio
4512:Cassiodorus
4415:Renaissance
4021:Agriculture
3993:Auxiliaries
3934:Engineering
3771:Magistrates
3623:Citizenship
3618:Mos maiorum
3553:Late Empire
3334:Judeo-Latin
3180:until 75 BC
3107:mlat.uzh.ch
2628:27 November
2587:Rigg, A. G.
2529:Magna Carta
2498:Etymologiae
2433: 1330
2420: 1295
2409:(1300–1358)
2401: 1347
2397: 1288
2384: 1363
2380: 1280
2354: 1266
2347:Duns Scotus
2341: 1240
2330:(1232–1315)
2328:Ramon Llull
2322: 1225
2309: 1214
2302:Roger Bacon
2296: 1200
2283: 1265
2279: 1200
2256: 1220
2252: 1150
2239: 1223
2235: 1146
2205: 1200
2192: 1203
2188: 1135
2175: 1130
2162: 1165
2158: 1130
2145: 1114
2134:(1110–1167)
2126: 1155
2122: 1100
2109: 1081
2098:(1079–1142)
2083: 1035
2060:(1028–1082)
1918:9th century
1865: 720s
1727:Cassiodorus
1692:Christendom
1572:culture in
1543:Etymologiae
1504:Cassiodorus
1094:reipublicae
1002:orthography
980:Orthography
959:laudans ero
951:laudans sum
790:, e.g. the
672:Christendom
615:Charlemagne
578:communicate
404:Middle Ages
402:during the
324:Middle Ages
236:Early forms
5340:Categories
5115:Mediolanum
5055:Alexandria
5020:Themistius
4985:Porphyrius
4812:Tertullian
4747:Quintilian
4737:Propertius
4632:Lactantius
4582:Fulgentius
4517:Censorinus
4339:Sanitation
4324:Metallurgy
4281:Technology
4246:Demography
4194:Patricians
4161:Spectacles
4119:Literature
4114:Hairstyles
3951:Technology
3701:Praefectus
3653:Government
3643:Litigation
3628:Auctoritas
3573:Centuriate
3460:Principate
3455:Pax Romana
3415:Foundation
3212:Late Latin
2969:--. 1996.
2806:0813208416
2765:0813206359
2733:quod, quia
2694:0813208416
2567:References
2426:John Gower
2413:Henry Suso
2399: – c.
2382: – c.
2365:See also:
2281: – c.
2254: – c.
2237: – c.
2190: – c.
2160: – c.
2124: – c.
2047:(975–1018)
1966: 805
1911: 735
1886: 800
1884: – c.
1882: 730
1869: 799
1867: – c.
1846: 672
1833: 672
1820: 560
1807: 540
1794: 538
1781: 600
1779: – c.
1777: 530
1764: 570
1751: 570
1738: 585
1736: – c.
1734: 485
1721: 480
1650: 672
1631: 628
1620: 640
1609: 570
1607: – c.
1605: 500
1586:Columbanus
1557: 538
1534: 560
1515: 585
1513: – c.
1511: 485
1492:Latin West
1480: 480
1471:patrician
1465: 600
1463: – c.
1461: 530
1446: 430
1435: 455
1433: – c.
1431: 390
1418:–420) and
1416: 347
1242:, so that
1224:, such as
1171:(also cf.
1088:reipublice
945:to form a
742:animositas
588:and their
484:Influences
440:The terms
427:Late Latin
423:Late Latin
267:Late Latin
178:Late Latin
69:newspapers
5330:Languages
5271:Quaestors
5201:Empresses
5191:Dynasties
5181:Dictators
5156:and other
5145:Volubilis
5140:Vindobona
5100:Londinium
5025:Theodoret
4995:Procopius
4975:Polyaenus
4950:Pausanias
4852:Vitruvius
4797:Symmachus
4792:Suetonius
4702:Petronius
4687:Obsequens
4652:Macrobius
4647:Lucretius
4572:Frontinus
4547:Eutropius
4532:Columella
4482:Augustine
4472:Appuleius
4420:Neo-Latin
4395:Classical
4386:Versions
4294:Aqueducts
4236:Patronage
4156:Sexuality
4129:Mythology
4104:Education
4094:Cosmetics
3919:Campaigns
3914:Structure
3867:Decemviri
3726:Imperator
3425:overthrow
3254:Neo-Latin
3234:1300–1500
3184:Old Latin
2815:cite book
2737:hĹŤs, hĂłti
2703:cite book
2661:: 177–191
2655:Et Cetera
2572:Citations
2558:Wallachia
2531:(c. 1215)
2525:(c. 1180)
2517:(c. 1150)
2509:(c. 1260)
2506:Dies Irae
2493:(c. 1270)
2485:(c. 1250)
2041:(935–973)
2035:(890–974)
2033:Ratherius
2022:(840–912)
2010:(815–877)
2004:(810–878)
1992:(808–867)
1986:(d. 860?)
1980:(808–849)
1974:(806–882)
1955:(805–862)
1938:(790–865)
1932:(780–856)
1926:(775–840)
1523:Squillace
1484:Aristotle
1394:histories
1110:aecclesia
1045:e caudata
478:Neo-Latin
365:Glottolog
337:ISO 639-3
257:Old Latin
164:(Most of
158:Mediaeval
5276:Tribunes
5266:Praetors
5216:Generals
5196:Emperors
5105:Lugdunum
5090:Eboracum
5080:Carthage
5065:Aquileia
4980:Polybius
4970:Plutarch
4940:Libanius
4930:Josephus
4925:Herodian
4817:Tibullus
4732:Priscian
4707:Phaedrus
4667:Manilius
4612:Jordanes
4597:Hydatius
4527:Claudian
4507:Catullus
4497:Boëthius
4492:Ausonius
4410:Medieval
4382:Alphabet
4354:Theatres
4329:Numerals
4314:Concrete
4304:Circuses
4271:Bagaudae
4261:Adoption
4256:Marriage
4229:Assembly
4134:Religion
4109:Folklore
4089:Clothing
4084:Calendar
4041:Currency
4031:Commerce
3929:Strategy
3891:Military
3877:Triumvir
3857:Dictator
3852:Interrex
3831:Governor
3816:Quaestor
3779:Ordinary
3761:Province
3751:Tetrarch
3741:Augustus
3706:Vicarius
3696:Officium
3633:Imperium
3583:Plebeian
3543:Republic
3465:Dominate
3432:Republic
3393:Timeline
3221:700–1500
3163:Ages of
2994:Records.
2876:et al.,
2874:Du Cange
2646:(1983).
2599:citation
2589:(eds.),
2554:Moldavia
2501:(c. 600)
2446:Goliards
2151:Archpoet
2016:(d. 909)
1944:(d. 865)
1894:(d. 799)
1854:(d. 766)
1714:Boëthius
1570:monastic
1561:Frankish
1519:Vivarium
1473:Boethius
1450:Ennodius
1366:Petrarch
1349:becomes
1334:becomes
1322:becomes
1300:alumpnus
1296:becomes
1266:becomes
1250:diviciae
1246:becomes
1244:divitiae
1193:becomes
1185:becomes
1145:Aegyptus
1141:Isidorus
1133:Ysidorus
730:is videt
590:cognates
586:probable
570:abstract
562:Rhetoric
549:, where
372:medi1250
316:Catholic
314:in most
312:De facto
99:May 2013
5304:Portals
5246:Legions
5206:Fiction
5176:Consuls
5171:Climate
5125:Ravenna
5120:Pompeii
5110:Lutetia
5075:Bononia
5070:Berytus
5060:Antioch
5035:Zosimus
5030:Zonaras
5005:Sozomen
4990:Priscus
4965:Photius
4807:Terence
4802:Tacitus
4787:Statius
4772:Servius
4757:Sallust
4712:Plautus
4692:Orosius
4672:Martial
4627:Juvenal
4602:Hyginus
4587:Gellius
4446:Writers
4377:History
4359:Thermae
4349:Temples
4299:Bridges
4266:Slavery
4214:Equites
4186:Society
4166:Theatre
4139:Deities
4099:Cuisine
4079:Bathing
4061:Culture
4036:Finance
4013:Economy
3904:Borders
3899:History
3801:Tribune
3796:Praetor
3686:Legatus
3681:Emperor
3568:Curiate
3538:Kingdom
3533:History
3509:History
3492:decline
3450:History
3420:Kingdom
3403:History
3388:Outline
3265:present
3249:present
3208:200–700
2832:Sources
2665:29 June
2435:– 1408)
2422:– 1366)
2343:–1280s)
1972:Hincmar
1924:Einhard
1696:scribes
1622:–709).
1613:Aldhelm
1578:England
1574:Ireland
1488:logical
1388:texts,
1378:sermons
1359:Erasmus
1347:novisse
1336:Affrica
1311:sompnus
1294:alumnus
1270:tercius
1264:tertius
1258:divicie
1226:chorona
1139:, from
1137:Egiptus
1082:Oedipus
1076:, from
1054:puellae
994:Bavaria
792:Vulgate
768:quoniam
574:subject
547:Germany
543:Ireland
495:Vulgate
410:of the
356:lat-med
320:Romance
318:and/or
83:scholar
5318:Europe
5256:Nomina
5241:Legacy
5221:Gentes
5158:topics
5154:Lists
5135:Smyrna
5015:Strabo
4945:Lucian
4935:Julian
4885:Arrian
4880:Appian
4870:Aelian
4847:Vergil
4622:Justin
4607:Jerome
4592:Horace
4577:Fronto
4567:Florus
4542:Ennius
4522:Cicero
4502:Caesar
4400:Vulgar
4224:Tribes
4151:Romans
3961:Legion
3944:castra
3821:Aedile
3791:Censor
3786:Consul
3746:Caesar
3716:Lictor
3638:Status
3578:Tribal
3558:Senate
3548:Empire
3442:Empire
3378:topics
3051:about
2860:
2846:
2803:
2762:
2691:
2356:–1308)
2324:–1274)
2311:–1294)
2298:–1280)
2177:–1185)
2147:–1158)
2111:–1151)
2085:–1123)
1968:–846?)
1948:Dhuoda
1904:Alcuin
1848:- 754)
1809:– 604)
1744:Gildas
1723:– 525)
1598:Gildas
1590:Bobbio
1540:, the
1409:Jerome
1400:, and
1332:Africa
1306:somnus
1281:vicium
1276:vitium
1230:corona
1183:habere
1118:foetus
1108:(e.g.
1074:Edipus
1062:puellÄ™
1058:puelle
924:multum
753:Syntax
679:syntax
648:habere
640:quidam
623:Alcuin
619:Franks
606:syntax
582:matter
566:Ethics
503:Hebrew
412:Church
296:
205:Italic
166:Europe
154:Region
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4920:Galen
4862:Greek
4832:Varro
4642:Lucan
4454:Latin
4369:Latin
4344:Ships
4334:Roads
4319:Domes
4251:Women
4199:Plebs
4124:Music
3666:Forum
3661:Curia
3263:1900–
3247:1300–
3165:Latin
2979:1992.
2651:(PDF)
2536:Notes
2467:Works
2200:(fl.
2014:Asser
1913:–804)
1835:–735)
1822:–636)
1796:–594)
1566:Greek
1521:near
1469:Roman
1398:epics
1382:hymns
1351:nosse
1203:michi
1189:, or
1187:abere
1165:sylva
1161:silva
1155:ocyus
1149:ocius
1114:coena
1078:poena
992:from
939:laudo
928:nimis
822:Habeo
818:case.
766:, or
726:videt
555:Roman
533:of a
507:Greek
499:Greek
466:Latin
215:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
5236:Laws
5211:Film
5130:Roma
4697:Ovid
4637:Livy
4405:Late
4219:Gens
4176:Wine
3988:Navy
3956:Army
3595:SPQR
3497:fall
3475:fall
2938:Inc.
2858:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2821:link
2801:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2709:link
2689:ISBN
2667:2021
2630:2018
2605:link
2556:and
1826:Bede
1759:(d.
1746:(d.
1669:and
1643:Bede
1639:Rome
1330:and
1254:(or
1240:-ci-
1236:-ti-
1228:for
1199:mihi
1191:mihi
1159:and
1127:and
1112:and
1092:for
1070:pena
1060:(or
1042:(or
1027:and
1019:and
988:The
926:and
916:eius
912:suus
905:Unus
901:ille
899:and
893:ipse
889:iste
885:ille
862:esse
784:quia
780:quod
764:quia
760:quod
696:quod
660:quia
656:quod
644:esse
636:ille
632:unus
564:and
545:and
501:and
444:and
421:and
62:news
4390:Old
4074:Art
3847:Rex
3691:Dux
3605:Law
2552:of
2266:fl.
1486:'s
1262:),
1163:as
1104:or
943:sum
897:hic
881:Hic
874:sum
870:sum
866:fui
854:sum
840:or
815:cum
813:or
811:qui
798:: "
794:'s
782:or
664:que
658:or
529:An
173:Era
45:by
5342::
2817:}}
2813:{{
2787:^
2746:^
2705:}}
2701:{{
2675:^
2659:40
2657:.
2653:.
2621:.
2601:}}
2597:{{
2430:c.
2417:c.
2394:c.
2377:c.
2351:c.
2338:c.
2319:c.
2306:c.
2293:c.
2276:c.
2249:c.
2232:c.
2202:c.
2185:c.
2172:c.
2155:c.
2142:c.
2119:c.
2106:c.
2080:c.
1963:c.
1908:c.
1879:c.
1862:c.
1843:c.
1830:c.
1817:c.
1804:c.
1791:c.
1774:c.
1761:c.
1748:c.
1731:c.
1718:c.
1673:.
1665:,
1658:.
1647:c.
1628:c.
1617:c.
1602:c.
1554:c.
1546:.
1531:c.
1508:c.
1502:;
1477:c.
1458:c.
1443:c.
1428:c.
1413:c.
1404:.
1396:,
1392:,
1384:,
1380:,
1343:vi
1304:,
1290:mn
1274:,
1195:mi
1175:).
1143:,
1135:,
1106:oe
1102:ae
1080:,
1072:,
1066:oe
1048:,
1036:ae
887:,
883:,
842:ne
838:ut
762:,
621:.
584:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
480:.
5306::
3368:e
3361:t
3354:v
3156:e
3149:t
3142:v
3129:)
3125:(
3119:)
3115:(
3109:)
3105:(
2884:.
2823:)
2809:.
2768:.
2711:)
2697:.
2669:.
2632:.
2607:)
2428:(
2415:(
2403:)
2392:(
2386:)
2375:(
2349:(
2336:(
2317:(
2304:(
2291:(
2285:)
2274:(
2264:(
2258:)
2247:(
2241:)
2230:(
2207:)
2194:)
2183:(
2170:(
2164:)
2153:(
2140:(
2128:)
2117:(
2104:(
2078:(
1906:(
1888:)
1877:(
1871:)
1860:(
1841:(
1828:(
1815:(
1802:(
1789:(
1783:)
1772:(
1766:)
1753:)
1740:)
1729:(
1716:(
1645:(
1626:(
1615:(
1600:(
1552:(
1529:(
1506:(
1475:(
1456:(
1441:(
1426:(
1411:(
1338:.
1315:.
1285:.
1222:r
1218:h
1214:h
1207:h
1179:h
1129:i
1125:y
1120:.
1098:e
1050:Ä™
1040:e
1031:.
1029:i
1025:j
1021:u
1017:v
918:.
876:.
342:–
168:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
