847:
827:
536:
245:
445:
670:.... What indeed could be expected from this language, at a time when the barbarians had taken possession of Europe, but especially of Italy; when the empire of the east was governed by idiots; when there was a total corruption of morals; when the priests and monks were the only men of letters, and were at the same time the most ignorant and futile mortals in the world. Under these times of darkness, we must, therefore, rank that Latin, which is called
4012:
31:
630:"corruption" to extend to other aspects of society, providing fuel for the fires of religious (Catholic vs. Protestant) and class (conservative vs. revolutionary) conflict. Low Latin passed from the heirs of the Italian renaissance to the new philologists of the northern and Germanic climes, where it became a different concept.
401:), the Second Period (the Golden Age) and the Third Period, "the Imperial Age", subdivided into the Silver Age, the 2nd century, and the 3rd–6th centuries together, which was a recognition of Late Latin, as he sometimes refers to the writings of those times as "late". Imperial Latin went on into English literature; Fowler's
837:
622:(humble, humility) means "low", "of the ground". The Christian writers were not interested in the elegant speech of the best or classical Latin, which belonged to their aristocratic pagan opponents. Instead, they preferred a humbler style lower in correctness, so that they might better deliver the gospel to the
629:
Low Latin in this view is the Latin of the two periods in which it has the least degree of purity, or is most corrupt. By corrupt, du Cange only meant that the language had resorted to nonclassical vocabulary and constructs from various sources, but his choice of words was unfortunate. It allowed the
408:
The beginning and end of
Imperial Latin is not well defined. Politically, the excluded Augustan Period is the paradigm of imperiality, but the style cannot be grouped with either the Silver Age or with Late Latin. In 6th-century Italy, the Western Roman Empire no longer existed and the rule of Gothic
689:
As
Teuffel's scheme of the Golden Age and the Silver Age is the generally accepted one, the canonical list of authors should begin just after the end of the Silver Age, regardless of what 3rd century event is cited as the beginning; otherwise there are gaps. Teuffel gave the end of the Silver Age as
637:' view that Britain fell to the Anglo-Saxons because it was morally slack was already well known to the scholarly world. The northern Protestants now worked a role reversal; if the language was "corrupt", it must be symptomatic of a corrupt society, which indubitably led to a "decline and fall", as
665:
The fourth age of the Latin tongue is that of the remainder of the middle age, and the 1st centuries of modern times, during which the language fell by degrees into so great a decadency, that it became nothing better than a barbarous jargon. It is the style of these times that is given the name of
377:
in 1850 mentions that the dictionary divides Latin into ante-classic, quite classic, Ciceronian, Augustan, post-Augustan and post-classic or late Latin, which indicates the term already was in professional use by
English classicists in the early 19th century. Instances of English vernacular use of
728:
was one style, Mantello in a recent handbook asserts of "the Latin used in the middle ages" that it is "here interpreted broadly to include late antiquity and therefore to extend from c. AD 200 to 1500." Although recognizing "late antiquity" he does not recognize Late Latin. It did not exist and
653:, who hated his royal employers to such a degree that he could not contain himself about their real methods and way of life any longer. They, however, spoke elegant Latin. The Protestants changed the scenario to fit their ideology that the church needed to be purified of corruption. For example,
325:
Late Latin formed when large numbers of non-Latin-speaking peoples on the borders of the empire were being subsumed and assimilated, and the rise of
Christianity was introducing a heightened divisiveness in Roman society, creating a greater need for a standard language for communicating between
298:. Although Late Latin reflects an upsurge of the use of Vulgar Latin vocabulary and constructs, it remains largely classical in its overall features, depending on the author who uses it. Some Late Latin writings are more literary and classical, but others are more inclined to the
686:, and has unfortunate extensions of meaning into the sphere of socio-economics, it has gone out of use by the mainstream philologists of Latin literature. A few writers on the periphery still mention it, influenced by the dictionaries and classic writings of former times.
1180:, a collection of 3rd to 4th century panegyrics; their language is however predominantly classical (Golden Age) Latin base, derived from an education heavy on Cicero, mixed with a large number of Silver Age usages and a small number of Late and Vulgar terms.
409:
kings prevailed. Subsequently, the term
Imperial Latin was dropped by historians of Latin literature, although it may be seen in marginal works. The Silver Age was extended a century, and the four centuries following made use of Late Latin.
775:. Toward the end of his reign his administration conducted some language reforms. The first recognition that Late Latin could not be understood by the masses and therefore was not a lingua franca was the decrees of 813 CE by
302:. As such it is an important source of information about changes in the spoken language, while not being a simple replication of the state of the oral language at the time. Also, Late Latin is not identical to Christian
464:
Low Latin is a vague and often pejorative term that might refer to any post-classical Latin from Late Latin through
Renaissance Latin, depending on the author. Its origins are obscure, but the Latin expression
1338:
A Copious and
Critical Latin-English Lexicon: Founded on the Larger Latin-German Lexicon of Dr. William Freund; with Additions and Corrections from the Lexicons of Gesner, Facciolati, Scheller, Georges,
1508:
Uytfanghe, Marc Van (1996). "The consciousness of a linguistic dichotomy (Latin-Romance) in
Carolingian Gaul: the contradictions of the sources and of their interpretation". In Wright, Roger (ed.).
752:, was at an end." In essence, the lingua franca of classical vestiges was doomed when Italy was overrun by the Goths, but its momentum carried it one lifetime further, ending with the death of
694:
at 138 CE. His classification of styles left a century between that event and his final period, the 3rd–6th centuries CE, which was in other systems being considered Late
Antiquity.
698:
579:(of the Golden Age). He has already said in the Preface that he rejects the ages scheme used by some: Golden Age, Silver Age, Brass Age, Iron Age. A second category are the
709:, which first came out in 1877, English literary historians have included the spare century in Silver Latin. Accordingly, the latter ends with the death of the last of the
330:
and widely separated regions of the sprawling empire. A new and more universal speech evolved from the main elements: Classical Latin, Christian Latin, which featured
1301:
Meillet (1928), p. 270: "Sans que l'aspect extérieur de la langue se soit beaucoup modifié, le Latin est devenu au cours de l'epoque impériale une langue nouvelle."
1310:
Meillet (1928), p. 273: "Servant en quelque sorte de lingua franca Ă un grand empire, le Latin a tendu Ă se simplifier, Ă garder surtout ce qu'il avait de banal."
351:"Without the exterior appearance of the language being much modified, Latin became in the course of the imperial epoch a new language... Serving as some sort of
2178:
378:
the term may also be found from the 18th century. The term Late
Antiquity meaning post-classical and pre-medieval had currency in English well before then.
591:, who must be post-classical; that is, Late Latin, unless they are also medieval. His failure to state which authors are low leaves the issue unresolved.
846:
1795:. Francofurti ad Moenum: apud Johannem Adamum Jungium, CAMENA - Corpus Automatum Multiplex Electorum Neolatinitatis Auctorum, University of Heidelberg.
4062:
4047:
393:
defined an early period, the Golden Age, the Silver Age and then goes on to define other ages first by dynasty and then by century (see under
4057:
2065:
2607:
1157:
2649:
2637:
748:, Latin literature becomes medieval. Boethius was the last 'ancient' author and the role of Rome as the center of the ancient world, as
477:. The multivolume set had many editions and expansions by other authors subsequently. The title varies somewhat; most commonly used was
2696:
2612:
524:
refers to one age, which must be the middle age covering the entire post-classical range, or it refers to two consecutive periods,
790:
that from then on preaching was to be done in a language more understandable to the people, which was stated by Tours Canon 17 as
4032:
3984:
2622:
1853:
3929:
2617:
2351:
3899:
2724:
2251:
1726:
1598:. Vol. II, The Imperial Period. Trans. George C.W. Warr (from the 5th German ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
3989:
3864:
3017:
4052:
2570:
1650:
975:
1585:
Roberts, Michael (1996). "The Latin Literature of Late Antiquity". In Anthony, Frank; Mantello, Carl; Rigg, A.G (eds.).
1466:
The Elements of Universal Erudition, containing an Analytical Abrigement of the Sciences, Polite Arts and Belles Lettres
1464:
2241:
1639:
3909:
2669:
2236:
2231:
2207:
2058:
1705:
1684:
1658:
1618:
1544:
1517:
1411:
1377:
1275:
474:
3924:
2597:
2246:
2173:
740:
and others is one of the shortest: "In the first half of the 6th century, which witnessed the beginning and end of
661:
officer and comparative Latinist, characterised the low in Low Latin, which he saw as medieval Latin, as follows:
2190:
2123:
1738:
539:
Edward Gibbon, English historian who espoused the concept of a decline of the Roman Empire resulting in its fall
4042:
2944:
2869:
2627:
2021:
1290:
had the effect, then, of transforming the language by the fourth century into something of extraordinary vigor.
763:
came to an end with the fall of Rome, but argue that it continued and became the language of the reinstituted
3440:
1065:
481:. It has been translated by expressions of widely different meanings. The uncertainty is understanding what
4067:
3280:
2884:
2336:
2051:
654:
294:, or more specifically, the spoken Latin of the post Imperial period. The latter served as ancestor of the
3979:
3904:
3663:
2719:
2602:
2148:
1846:
1816:
1170:
1134:
887:
714:
327:
200:
4002:
3939:
3603:
3495:
3265:
3037:
2859:
2767:
2632:
2575:
641:
put it, of imperial society. Writers taking this line relied heavily on the scandalous behavior of the
1762:
3959:
3052:
3007:
2934:
2854:
2802:
2792:
2744:
2091:
111:
3560:
3470:
2979:
2959:
2954:
2939:
2892:
2832:
2787:
2589:
1084:
1053:
997:
724:
The transition between Late Latin and Medieval Latin is by no means as easy to assess. Taking that
386:
1752:
355:
to a large empire, Latin tended to become simpler, to keep above all what it had of the ordinary."
4037:
3969:
3949:
3889:
3879:
3869:
3275:
2964:
2864:
2844:
2759:
2749:
2454:
2394:
2374:
2086:
1360:
1153:
893:
101:
618:, the simplified speech devised by Late Latin Christian writers to address the ordinary people.
287:. Scholars do not agree exactly when Classical Latin should end or Medieval Latin should begin.
3974:
3964:
3914:
3894:
3708:
3683:
3648:
3530:
3255:
2902:
2664:
2195:
1839:
1028:
642:
310:
writings of the early Christian fathers. While Christian writings used a subset of Late Latin,
1534:
3944:
3874:
3698:
3450:
3250:
3245:
3042:
2949:
2874:
2837:
2822:
2797:
2777:
2679:
1415:
1381:
1265:
1078:
830:
563:, translated into English as "Low Latin" (which in the one-period case would be identical to
1565:
336:(ordinary speech) in which the people were to be addressed, and all the various dialects of
3954:
3919:
3608:
3475:
3375:
3300:
3165:
3128:
2504:
2168:
2015:
2000:
1287:
1140:
963:
951:
875:
826:
418:
315:
188:
185:
48:
3598:
1790:
1488:. Washington, DC.contribution=Part I: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 3.
397:). In subsequent editions he subsumed all periods under three headings: the First Period (
8:
3884:
3733:
3535:
3405:
3355:
2674:
2271:
1122:
1104:
1034:
957:
56:
1354:
1336:
3934:
3658:
3465:
3320:
3260:
3180:
3123:
2987:
2223:
2202:
1968:
1677:
The Latin Alexander Trallianus: The Text and Transmission of a Late Latin Medical Book.
1110:
932:
764:
710:
35:
3573:
707:
A History of Roman Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius
235:
3568:
3420:
3175:
3135:
3113:
2321:
2010:
2005:
1936:
1722:
1701:
1680:
1654:
1635:
1614:
1540:
1513:
1271:
1176:
1016:
1010:
857:
815:
795:
768:
513:
430:
295:
272:
1365:
The third or Imperial Period lasts from 14 A.D. to the beginning of the Middle Ages.
322:, also wrote extensively in Late Latin, especially in the early part of the period.
4016:
3633:
3593:
3525:
3460:
3385:
3380:
3152:
3075:
3022:
2817:
2812:
2701:
2560:
2509:
2469:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2341:
2288:
2281:
2266:
2261:
2185:
2113:
1990:
1985:
1047:
969:
869:
614:
defined by the classical authors. Apparently, du Cange was basing his low style on
106:
267:
definitions of Late Latin date this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries
3728:
3540:
3520:
3480:
3415:
3365:
3360:
3235:
3185:
3093:
2927:
2907:
2827:
2276:
2101:
1897:
1757:
1664:
1512:. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 114–120.
1072:
730:
517:
394:
344:
280:
148:
93:
1773:
802:. Late Latin as defined by Meillet was at an end; however, Pucci's Harrington's
535:
3783:
3425:
3160:
3108:
3080:
3027:
3012:
2992:
2807:
2782:
2739:
2729:
2555:
2529:
2459:
2444:
2409:
2369:
2130:
1923:
1567:
Literary Language and its Public in Late Latin Antiquity and in the Middle Ages
1059:
985:
737:
683:
512:
takes words from authors ranging from the Christian period (Late Latin) to the
497:
284:
260:
160:
84:
4026:
3315:
3285:
3200:
2734:
2711:
2524:
2379:
2364:
2311:
2118:
2027:
1128:
1113:(4th century), converted neo-Platonist, theologian, bishop of Poitiers, saint
1022:
863:
807:
760:
729:
Medieval Latin began directly from 200 CE. In this view all differences from
638:
352:
244:
60:
444:
3793:
3653:
3098:
3047:
3002:
2997:
2849:
2659:
2545:
2489:
2484:
2256:
2140:
2074:
1995:
1283:
948:(240–320), converted rhetorician, scholar, Christian apologist and educator
799:
679:
426:
337:
291:
167:
71:
52:
836:
598:, which is a classical word, "lowest", of which the comparative degree is
275:. This somewhat ambiguously defined version of Latin was used between the
3588:
3210:
3032:
2922:
2316:
2032:
1668:
938:
772:
192:
1469:. Vol. III. Translated by Hooper, W. London: G. Scott. p. 345.
3813:
3753:
3718:
3510:
3445:
3435:
3330:
3215:
2686:
2654:
2399:
2326:
2158:
2153:
1481:
945:
925:
903:
899:
881:
434:
303:
299:
268:
264:
2043:
733:
are bundled as though they evolved through a single continuous style.
3843:
3838:
3798:
3723:
3693:
3673:
3550:
3490:
3400:
3350:
3345:
3270:
3230:
3118:
3088:
2897:
2772:
2565:
2449:
2424:
2303:
1952:
1882:
1003:
741:
650:
398:
319:
228:
216:
143:
30:
1627:
Translated by Harry Wedeck. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1213:. Vol. II, H to R. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1961.
4011:
3803:
3788:
3778:
3763:
3678:
3668:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3613:
3515:
3430:
3310:
3295:
3225:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3170:
2969:
2550:
2514:
2404:
2331:
2163:
1539:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 196.
1228:(3rd ed.). Boston, New York, London: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1147:
1091:
1041:
991:
840:
753:
584:
311:
307:
1800:
1270:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 67.
1101:– 395), poet, rhetorician, educator, friend of the imperial family
713:
in 180 CE. Other authors use other events, such as the end of the
412:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3703:
3688:
3505:
3500:
3485:
3455:
3410:
3390:
3370:
3325:
3057:
2912:
2691:
2499:
2494:
2384:
1334:
1116:
979:
912:
850:
691:
658:
646:
559:
covered. The two-period case postulates a second unity of style,
422:
369:
The origin of the term 'Late Latin' remains obscure. A notice in
1831:
1571:. Bollingen Series LXXIV. Trans. Ralph Mannheim. Pantheon Books.
3833:
3713:
3643:
3583:
3578:
3545:
3305:
3290:
3240:
3220:
2642:
2519:
2414:
916:
907:
784:
634:
576:
449:
3618:
3340:
3067:
2359:
1863:
1712:
Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France.
1056:(4th century), converted advocate, pagan and Christian writer
920:
787:
780:
776:
745:
116:
1445:
1087:(4th century), poet, educator, friend of the imperial family
697:
3828:
3395:
3335:
2917:
2293:
1596:
Teuffel's History of Roman Literature Revised and Enlarged
1426:. Vol. 1. Paris: Firmin Didot Fratres. pp. 41–42
810:
began to be written, "Latin retired to the cloister" and "
736:
Of the two-style interpretations the Late Latin period of
2389:
1589:. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 537–546.
1587:
Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide
1486:
Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide
717:
in 192 CE or later events. A good round date of 200
452:, one of a number of Late Latin writers to promulgate an
276:
1533:
Harrington, Karl Pomeroy; Pucci, Joseph Michael (1997).
1510:
Latin and the Romance languages in the early Middle Ages
1264:
Harrington, Karl Pomeroy; Pucci, Joseph Michael (1997).
1226:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1131:(d. 385), theologian, first person executed as a heretic
1107:(4th century), imperial officer, panegyricist, embezzler
290:
Being a written language, Late Latin is not the same as
259:
is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of
1609:
Adams, J. N., Nigel Vincent, and Valerie Knight. 2016.
602:, "lower". In the preface, he opposes the style of the
1792:
Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis
1392:. Vol. 1. Paris: Firmin Didot Fratres. p. 41
915:(200–258), converted rhetorician, bishop of Carthage,
594:
He does, however, give some idea of the source of his
4000:
1480:
Mantello, FAC (1999) . Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl;
649:
and other writers and later by the secret history of
1679:
London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.
1594:
Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismund; Schwabe, Ludwig (1892).
818:." The final date given by those authors is 900 CE.
469:
sprang into public notice in 1678 in the title of a
1068:(408/431 – 457/461), saint, first bishop of Ireland
954:(4th century), soldier, imperial officer, historian
935:(2nd century, early 3rd century), scholar, educator
866:(2nd & 3rd centuries), jurist, imperial officer
1564:
1050:(3rd and 4th centuries), grammarian, lexicographer
587:(Silver Age). The third and main category are the
1714:Liverpool, UK: Francis Cairns. ISBN 0-905205-12-X
1328:
1150:(4th century), imperial officer, poet, translator
1119:(337/340–397), theologian, Bishop of Milan, saint
4024:
1649:. Translated by Wright, Roger. University Park:
1062:(4th century), grammarian, rhetorician, educator
928:(200–258), theologian, rival pope, excommunicant
821:
364:
1630:Elsner, Jaś, and Jesús Hernández Lobato. 2017.
1532:
1263:
902:(160–220), "the father of Latin Christianity",
890:(3rd century), horticulturalist, pharmacologist
610:, "elegant speech", the high and low styles of
500:by du Cange's own terminology expounded in the
413:Christian, patristic, Vulgate and ancient Latin
1593:
2059:
1847:
721:gives a canonical list of nearly no overlap.
532:. Both interpretations have their adherents.
271:, and continuing into the 7th century in the
1462:
1335:Ethan Allen Andrews; William Freund (1851).
1211:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
1195:
1193:
1125:(d. 370/371), theologian, Bishop of Sardinia
1625:Late Latin Writers and Their Greek Sources.
1613:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1611:Early and Late Latin: Continuity Or Change?
1578:Esquisse d'une Histoire de la Langue Latine
674:, and which we cannot read without disgust.
331:
2066:
2052:
1854:
1840:
1817:"Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis"
1081:(4th century), imperial officer, historian
567:). Du Cange in the glossarial part of his
508:, "writers of the middle age". Du Cange's
359:
243:
29:
1507:
1190:
1788:
1719:A sociophilological study of Late Latin.
1562:
1479:
1410:
1376:
1359:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p.
1282:The combination of features specific to
845:
835:
825:
705:Starting with Charles Thomas Crutwell's
696:
678:As 'Low Latin' tends to be muddled with
534:
479:Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis
443:
4063:6th-century disestablishments in Europe
4048:Languages attested from the 3rd century
2073:
1584:
1575:
941:(3rd century), poet, Christian educator
571:identifies some words as being used by
473:(by today's standards a dictionary) by
4025:
1644:
1463:von Bielfeld, Jakob Friedrich (1770).
1424:Glossarium mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis
1390:Glossarium mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis
1352:
1238:
1075:(320–390), imperial officer, historian
900:Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus
547:appears extraneous; it recognizes the
375:Freund's Lexicon of the Latin Language
2047:
1835:
1789:Du Cange, Charles du Fresne (2009) .
1698:Saggi linguistici sul latino volgare.
1632:The Poetics of Late Latin Literature.
249:The Late-Latin speaking world, 271 CE
4058:Languages extinct in the 6th century
1803:. École nationale des Chartres. 2008
1320:"Monthly Record of Current Events".
1031:(4th century), rhetorician, educator
1013:(4th century), converted philosopher
972:(3rd or 4th century), topical writer
966:(3rd or 4th century), topical writer
814:lived on only in the fiction of the
1801:"du Cange, le Glossarium: en ligne"
1693:Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
1651:Pennsylvania State University Press
1634:New York: Oxford University Press.
976:Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus
860:(170–228), jurist, imperial officer
520:if a word originated there. Either
13:
1603:
1025:(272–337), first Christian emperor
1019:(4th century), Christian apologist
884:(3rd century), historian, essayist
718:
83:3rd–6th centuries; developed into
14:
4079:
1861:
1819:. Documenta Catholica Omnia. 2006
1732:
1324:. Vol. I. 1850. p. 705.
872:(2nd & 3rd centuries), jurist
645:and the bad emperors reported by
581:inferioris Latinitatis scriptores
475:Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange
381:
4010:
1700:Mantova: Universitas Studiorum.
1000:(3rd or 4th century), grammarian
994:of Autun (3rd century), educator
806:sets the end of Late Latin when
1526:
1501:
1492:
1473:
1456:
1438:
1404:
1370:
1346:
573:purioris Latinitatis scriptores
489:, "low", mean in this context.
373:of the publication of Andrews'
205:Schools of grammar and rhetoric
16:Written Latin of late antiquity
4033:Latin language in ancient Rome
2022:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1313:
1304:
1295:
1257:
1244:
1232:
1217:
1202:
589:infimae Latinitatis scriptores
1:
1776:(in Latin). The Latin Library
1580:(in French). Paris: Hachette.
1556:
1356:A History of Roman Literature
1353:Fowler, Harold North (1903).
1322:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
1095:
1044:(4th century), Christian poet
822:Through the death of Boethius
759:Not everyone agrees that the
371:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
365:Late and post-classical Latin
2638:Frontiers and fortifications
1763:Resources in other libraries
1721:Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
1250:Auerbach (1958), Chapter 1,
913:Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus
439:
38:(354–430), Late Latin author
7:
2697:Decorations and punishments
1412:Du Cange, Charles du Fresne
1378:Du Cange, Charles du Fresne
1171:Decline of the Roman Empire
1164:
1135:Flavius Sosipater Charisius
888:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
403:History of Roman Literature
391:History of Roman Literature
389:'s first edition (1870) of
10:
4084:
4053:3rd-century establishments
3604:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2179:historiography of the fall
1696:Scarpanti, Edoardo. 2012.
1037:(4th century), rhetorician
988:(3rd century), rhetorician
604:scriptores aevi inferioris
460:because of moral turpitude
416:
3985:External wars and battles
3852:
3746:
3559:
3151:
3144:
3066:
2978:
2883:
2758:
2710:
2588:
2538:
2477:
2468:
2350:
2302:
2222:
2139:
2109:
2100:
2082:
1981:
1870:
1758:Resources in your library
1623:Courcelle, Pierre. 1969.
1576:Meillet, Antoine (1928).
1563:Auerbach, Erich (1965) .
1143:(4th century), grammarian
1137:(4th century), grammarian
1006:(4th century), translator
960:(4th century), court poet
944:Lucius Caelius Firmianus
726:media et infima Latinitas
522:media et infima Latinitas
506:scriptores mediae aetatis
496:is securely connected to
467:media et infima Latinitas
242:
226:
214:
209:
199:
180:Official language in
178:
173:
157:
136:
90:
79:
66:
43:
28:
23:
1342:. Harper & Brothers.
1184:
1085:Aemilius Magnus Arborius
1054:Julius Firmicus Maternus
1040:Gaius Vettius Aquilinus
998:Aelius Festus Aphthonius
896:(3rd century), historian
555:which du Cange said his
543:In the former case, the
387:Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel
326:different socioeconomic
3980:Roman–Iranian relations
2455:Optimates and populares
1689:Löfstedt, Einar. 1959.
1645:Herman, JĂłzsef (2000).
1498:Auerbach (1965), p. 85.
1199:Roberts (1996), p. 537.
1154:Priscianus Caesariensis
1146:Postumius Rufus Festus
894:Gaius Asinius Quadratus
715:Nervan–Antonine dynasty
360:Philological constructs
3990:Civil wars and revolts
3256:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2903:Conflict of the Orders
2262:Legislative assemblies
1675:Langslow, D. R. 2006.
1414:; et al. (1840).
1380:; et al. (1840).
853:
843:
833:
702:
676:
643:Julio-Claudian dynasty
540:
461:
357:
332:
4043:Late Latin literature
3699:Simplicius of Cilicia
3451:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2680:Siege in Ancient Rome
2289:Executive magistrates
1710:Wright, Roger. 1982.
878:(3rd century), jurist
849:
839:
831:Constantine the Great
829:
792:rustica Romana lingua
700:
663:
538:
447:
405:mentions it in 1903.
349:
191:(Later replaced with
3709:Stephanus Byzantinus
3614:Eusebius of Caesaria
3476:Sidonius Apollinaris
3166:Ammianus Marcellinus
2505:Tribune of the plebs
2016:Latino sine flexione
2001:Ecclesiastical Latin
1288:Ecclesiastical Latin
1141:Diomedes Grammaticus
964:Gaius Julius Solinus
952:Ammianus Marcellinus
876:Herennius Modestinus
798:, the descendant of
767:(predecessor of the
672:lingua ecclesiastica
626:or "common people".
606:(Silver Age) to the
419:Ecclesiastical Latin
316:Ammianus Marcellinus
4068:Languages of Sicily
3885:Distinguished women
3536:Velleius Paterculus
3376:Nicolaus Damascenus
3356:Marcellus Empiricus
2745:Republican currency
1105:Claudius Mamertinus
1035:Gaius Julius Victor
958:Claudius Claudianus
516:, dipping into the
306:Latin, used in the
57:Ostrogothic Kingdom
3659:Phlegon of Tralles
3466:Seneca the Younger
2940:Naming conventions
2670:Personal equipment
2203:Later Roman Empire
1969:Contemporary Latin
933:Serenus Sammonicus
854:
844:
834:
765:Carolingian Empire
711:five good emperors
703:
682:, Late Latin, and
608:elegantes sermones
553:corrupta Latinitas
541:
462:
36:Augustine of Hippo
3998:
3997:
3960:Pontifices maximi
3742:
3741:
3599:Diogenes Laërtius
3421:Pliny the Younger
3176:Asconius Pedianus
3136:Romance languages
3008:Civil engineering
2750:Imperial currency
2623:Political control
2584:
2583:
2218:
2217:
2041:
2040:
2011:Romance languages
2006:Neo-Latin studies
1976:
1975:
1937:Renaissance Latin
1774:"Christian Latin"
1739:Library resources
1727:978-2-503-51338-6
1177:Panegyrici Latini
1017:Arnobius of Sicca
1011:Marius Victorinus
858:Domitius Ulpianus
816:Holy Roman Empire
769:Holy Roman Empire
431:Patrologia Latina
296:Romance languages
273:Iberian Peninsula
254:
253:
201:Regulated by
4075:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3950:Magistri equitum
3865:Cities and towns
3858:
3784:Constantinopolis
3594:Diodorus Siculus
3526:Valerius Maximus
3461:Seneca the Elder
3381:Nonius Marcellus
3149:
3148:
2702:Hippika gymnasia
2665:Infantry tactics
2571:Consular tribune
2561:Magister equitum
2510:Military tribune
2475:
2474:
2435:Pontifex maximus
2430:Princeps senatus
2420:Magister militum
2186:Byzantine Empire
2107:
2106:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2044:
1991:Latin literature
1986:History of Latin
1965:
1949:
1895:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
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1824:
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1453:
1450:sermohumilis.com
1442:
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1242:
1241:, pp. 25–26
1236:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1160:500), grammarian
1159:
1100:
1097:
1090:Decimius Magnus
1048:Nonius Marcellus
970:Nonius Marcellus
870:Aelius Marcianus
794:, identified as
720:
561:infima Latinitas
526:infima Latinitas
518:classical period
485:, "middle", and
458:ruina Britanniae
335:
247:
238:
219:
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96:
33:
21:
20:
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4009:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3738:
3574:AĂ«tius of Amida
3555:
3541:Verrius Flaccus
3521:Valerius Antias
3481:Silius Italicus
3416:Pliny the Elder
3361:Marcus Aurelius
3236:Cornelius Nepos
3186:Aurelius Victor
3140:
3062:
2974:
2908:Secessio plebis
2879:
2754:
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2580:
2534:
2464:
2346:
2298:
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1972:
1967:
1963:
1956:
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1927:
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1914:
1909:
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1898:Classical Latin
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1891:
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1866:
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1606:
1604:Further reading
1559:
1554:
1547:
1536:Mediaeval Latin
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1296:
1278:
1267:Mediaeval Latin
1262:
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1237:
1233:
1223:
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1218:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1098:
1073:Aurelius Victor
824:
804:Mediaeval Latin
750:communis patria
731:Classical Latin
565:media Latinitas
530:media Latinitas
442:
437:
417:Main articles:
415:
395:Classical Latin
384:
367:
362:
345:Antoine Meillet
281:Classical Latin
250:
234:
215:
181:
174:Official status
164:
159:
153:
149:Classical Latin
139:
132:
112:Latino-Faliscan
97:
94:Language family
92:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4065:
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4055:
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4038:Forms of Latin
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3426:Pomponius Mela
3423:
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3408:
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3161:Aelius Donatus
3157:
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3141:
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3129:Ecclesiastical
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2872:
2870:Toys and games
2867:
2862:
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2410:Vigintisexviri
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2370:Cursus honorum
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2169:Western Empire
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1959:
1957:
1943:
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1930:
1928:
1924:Medieval Latin
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1915:
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1902:
1893:75 BC – 200 AD
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1733:External links
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738:Erich Auerbach
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3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Julius Paulus
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Fabius Pictor
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Amphitheatres
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Deforestation
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Siege engines
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Establishment
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:Extraordinary
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Promagistrate
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Twelve Tables
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Hiberno-Latin
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:9788833690087
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:9780907764328
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1660:0-271-02001-6
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:9781107132252
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1546:0-226-31713-7
1542:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1519:0-271-01569-1
1515:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:0-226-31713-7
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1252:Sermo Humilis
1247:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:Priscillianus
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:Constantine I
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
922:
918:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:Julius Paulus
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
848:
842:
838:
832:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:lingua franca
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
727:
722:
716:
712:
708:
699:
695:
693:
690:the death of
687:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Edward Gibbon
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:sermo humilis
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
455:
451:
446:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
376:
372:
356:
354:
353:lingua franca
348:
346:
343:The linguist
341:
339:
334:
333:sermo humilis
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
246:
241:
237:
233:
231:
230:
225:
221:
218:
213:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
150:
147:
146:
145:
141:
135:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:Indo-European
99:
95:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:Gallic Empire
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3930:Institutions
3794:Leptis Magna
3747:Major cities
3654:Philostratus
3441:Quadrigarius
3261:Rufus Festus
3124:Contemporary
3103:
2845:Romanization
2768:Architecture
2375:Collegiality
2224:Constitution
2075:Ancient Rome
2020:
1996:Vulgar Latin
1961:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1821:. Retrieved
1805:. Retrieved
1791:
1778:. Retrieved
1753:Online books
1743:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1647:Vulgar Latin
1646:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1566:
1535:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1417:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1383:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1284:Vulgar Latin
1281:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1175:
811:
803:
800:Vulgar Latin
791:
758:
749:
735:
725:
723:
706:
704:
688:
680:Vulgar Latin
677:
671:
667:
664:
633:In Britain,
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
593:
588:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
529:
525:
521:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
486:
482:
478:
470:
466:
463:
457:
453:
427:Vetus Latina
407:
402:
390:
385:
374:
370:
368:
350:
342:
338:Vulgar Latin
324:
292:Vulgar Latin
289:
256:
255:
227:
195:in the East)
121:
72:Mare Nostrum
70:
53:Roman Empire
18:
3925:Geographers
3609:Dioscorides
3589:Cassius Dio
3211:Cassiodorus
3114:Renaissance
2720:Agriculture
2692:Auxiliaries
2633:Engineering
2470:Magistrates
2322:Citizenship
2317:Mos maiorum
2252:Late Empire
2033:Judeo-Latin
1879:until 75 BC
1691:Late Latin.
1239:Herman 2000
939:Commodianus
773:Charlemagne
756:in 524 CE.
514:Renaissance
308:theological
193:Koine Greek
138:Early forms
4027:Categories
3814:Mediolanum
3754:Alexandria
3719:Themistius
3684:Porphyrius
3511:Tertullian
3446:Quintilian
3436:Propertius
3331:Lactantius
3281:Fulgentius
3216:Censorinus
3038:Sanitation
3023:Metallurgy
2980:Technology
2945:Demography
2893:Patricians
2860:Spectacles
2818:Literature
2813:Hairstyles
2650:Technology
2400:Praefectus
2352:Government
2342:Litigation
2327:Auctoritas
2272:Centuriate
2159:Principate
2154:Pax Romana
2114:Foundation
1911:Late Latin
1823:10 October
1807:10 October
1780:12 October
1744:Late Latin
1717:——. 2003.
1557:References
1482:Rigg, A. G
1099: 310
982:283), poet
946:Lactantius
926:Novatianus
904:polemicist
882:Censorinus
583:, such as
575:, such as
504:, such as
435:Patristics
314:, such as
300:vernacular
265:dictionary
263:. English
257:Late Latin
122:Late Latin
24:Late Latin
4017:Languages
3970:Quaestors
3900:Empresses
3890:Dynasties
3880:Dictators
3855:and other
3844:Volubilis
3839:Vindobona
3799:Londinium
3724:Theodoret
3694:Procopius
3674:Polyaenus
3649:Pausanias
3551:Vitruvius
3496:Symmachus
3491:Suetonius
3401:Petronius
3386:Obsequens
3351:Macrobius
3346:Lucretius
3271:Frontinus
3246:Eutropius
3231:Columella
3181:Augustine
3171:Appuleius
3119:Neo-Latin
3094:Classical
3085:Versions
2993:Aqueducts
2935:Patronage
2855:Sexuality
2828:Mythology
2803:Education
2793:Cosmetics
2618:Campaigns
2613:Structure
2566:Decemviri
2425:Imperator
2124:overthrow
1953:Neo-Latin
1933:1300–1500
1883:Old Latin
1117:Ambrosius
1079:Eutropius
1066:Palladius
1004:Calcidius
812:Romanitas
742:Ostrogoth
668:Low Latin
651:Procopius
612:Latinitas
549:corruptio
502:Praefatio
492:The term
440:Low Latin
399:Old Latin
328:registers
320:Macrobius
304:patristic
229:Glottolog
217:ISO 639-3
144:Old Latin
3975:Tribunes
3965:Praetors
3915:Generals
3895:Emperors
3804:Lugdunum
3789:Eboracum
3779:Carthage
3764:Aquileia
3679:Polybius
3669:Plutarch
3639:Libanius
3629:Josephus
3624:Herodian
3516:Tibullus
3431:Priscian
3406:Phaedrus
3366:Manilius
3311:Jordanes
3296:Hydatius
3226:Claudian
3206:Catullus
3196:Boëthius
3191:Ausonius
3109:Medieval
3081:Alphabet
3053:Theatres
3028:Numerals
3013:Concrete
3003:Circuses
2970:Bagaudae
2960:Adoption
2955:Marriage
2928:Assembly
2833:Religion
2808:Folklore
2788:Clothing
2783:Calendar
2740:Currency
2730:Commerce
2628:Strategy
2590:Military
2576:Triumvir
2556:Dictator
2551:Interrex
2530:Governor
2515:Quaestor
2478:Ordinary
2460:Province
2450:Tetrarch
2440:Augustus
2405:Vicarius
2395:Officium
2332:Imperium
2282:Plebeian
2242:Republic
2164:Dominate
2131:Republic
2092:Timeline
1920:700–1500
1862:Ages of
1484:(eds.).
1418:Præfatio
1384:Præfatio
1165:See also
1148:Avienius
1111:Hilarius
1092:Ausonius
1042:Juvencus
1029:Nazarius
992:Eumenius
931:Quintus
906:against
841:Ausonius
771:) under
754:Boethius
744:rule in
659:Prussian
600:inferior
585:Apuleius
569:Glossary
557:Glossary
510:Glossary
471:Glossary
454:excidium
236:late1252
3945:Legions
3905:Fiction
3875:Consuls
3870:Climate
3824:Ravenna
3819:Pompeii
3809:Lutetia
3774:Bononia
3769:Berytus
3759:Antioch
3734:Zosimus
3729:Zonaras
3704:Sozomen
3689:Priscus
3664:Photius
3506:Terence
3501:Tacitus
3486:Statius
3471:Servius
3456:Sallust
3411:Plautus
3391:Orosius
3371:Martial
3326:Juvenal
3301:Hyginus
3286:Gellius
3145:Writers
3076:History
3058:Thermae
3048:Temples
2998:Bridges
2965:Slavery
2913:Equites
2885:Society
2865:Theatre
2838:Deities
2798:Cuisine
2778:Bathing
2760:Culture
2735:Finance
2712:Economy
2603:Borders
2598:History
2500:Tribune
2495:Praetor
2385:Legatus
2380:Emperor
2267:Curiate
2237:Kingdom
2232:History
2208:History
2191:decline
2149:History
2119:Kingdom
2102:History
2087:Outline
1964:present
1948:present
1907:200–700
1123:Lucifer
1071:Sextus
851:Ambrose
808:Romance
796:Romance
701:Cyprian
692:Hadrian
647:Tacitus
620:Humilis
551:of the
545:infimae
423:Vulgate
347:wrote:
189:Empires
49:Western
4003:Portal
3955:Nomina
3940:Legacy
3920:Gentes
3857:topics
3853:Lists
3834:Smyrna
3714:Strabo
3644:Lucian
3634:Julian
3584:Arrian
3579:Appian
3569:Aelian
3546:Vergil
3321:Justin
3306:Jerome
3291:Horace
3276:Fronto
3266:Florus
3241:Ennius
3221:Cicero
3201:Caesar
3099:Vulgar
2923:Tribes
2850:Romans
2660:Legion
2643:castra
2520:Aedile
2490:Censor
2485:Consul
2445:Caesar
2415:Lictor
2337:Status
2277:Tribal
2257:Senate
2247:Empire
2141:Empire
2077:topics
1741:about
1725:
1704:
1683:
1669:42565M
1667:
1657:
1638:
1617:
1543:
1516:
1446:"Home"
1430:1 June
1420:LXIII"
1396:1 June
1274:
1009:Gaius
917:martyr
908:heresy
785:Rheims
777:synods
635:Gildas
624:vulgus
596:infima
577:Cicero
487:infima
450:Gildas
433:, and
312:pagans
107:Italic
75:region
67:Region
3619:Galen
3561:Greek
3531:Varro
3341:Lucan
3153:Latin
3068:Latin
3043:Ships
3033:Roads
3018:Domes
2950:Women
2898:Plebs
2823:Music
2365:Forum
2360:Curia
1962:1900–
1946:1300–
1864:Latin
1386:LXII"
1185:Notes
921:saint
788:Tours
781:Mainz
746:Italy
494:media
483:media
186:Roman
184:Both
168:Latin
117:Latin
3935:Laws
3910:Film
3829:Roma
3396:Ovid
3336:Livy
3104:Late
2918:Gens
2875:Wine
2687:Navy
2655:Army
2294:SPQR
2196:fall
2174:fall
1825:2009
1809:2009
1782:2009
1723:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1432:2011
1398:2011
1286:and
1272:ISBN
657:, a
528:and
448:St.
283:and
277:eras
3089:Old
2773:Art
2546:Rex
2390:Dux
2304:Law
1339:Etc
1158:fl.
980:fl.
779:at
456:or
318:or
279:of
80:Era
4029::
1665:OL
1663:.
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1096:c.
919:,
783:,
719:CE
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269:CE
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