Common Era - Knowledge

3561:'I find this attempt to restructure history offensive,' Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers. ... 'The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to "not impose the standards of one culture on others." ... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.' 346:, also appeared in the 19th century in a 'generic' sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews", "the common era of the Mahometans", "common era of the world", "the common era of the foundation of Rome". When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation", "common era of the Nativity", or "common era of the birth of Christ". 6178: 5216: 5206: 3527:

conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.

6188: 1235: 184: 566:, Joshua J. Mark wrote "Non-Christian scholars, especially, embraced because they could now communicate more easily with the Christian community. Jewish, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist scholars could retain their calendar but refer to events using the Gregorian Calendar as BCE and CE without compromising their own beliefs about the divinity of Jesus of Nazareth." In 1768:, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research 1324:. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars. 2153:

Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... :

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Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who

2172:

A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men:

88:

Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously

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he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning

440:

explains its era policy thus: "It might seem strange to use a Christian calendar system when referring to British prehistory, but the BC/AD labels are widely used and understood." Some parts of the BBC use BCE/CE, but some presenters have said they will not. As of October 2019, the BBC News style

3526:

A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year ... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year. ... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most

1759:

The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian

624:

The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which still often precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all). Thus, the current year is written as 2024 in both notations (or, if further clarity is

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This practice is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society ... retention is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is

2012:

Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno

2743:

See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use CE (common era), BP (before present), or BCE; convert these expressions to AD and BC." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years BP" in connection with

387:

without the AD prefix. As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar. As of 2005, Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for more than a century. Jews have also used the term

416:

have adopted CE and BCE notation despite some disagreement. A study conducted in 2014 found that the BCE/CE notation is not growing at the expense of BC and AD notation in the scholarly literature, and that both notations are used in a relatively stable fashion.

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Although A.D. (Anno Domini, meaning 'in the year of our Lord') and B.C. (before Christ) are used in lands where professed Christianity predominates, we have chosen to use the terms C.E. (Common Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common

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In 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation. The change drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the

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In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of local discretion.

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scenario in his style guide that, "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis."

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calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland

562:, opted to use BCE and CE because, "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. – cast a wider net of inclusion." In the 3661:

1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see

1697:

The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity. ... The use of BCE and CE have rankled some

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with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era". The

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which refers to, "...the vulgar Æra of Christ's incarnation and not from the true time of it." This citation is given in the 1933 edition of Oxford English Dictionary but without any assertion of first

63:(BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: "2024 CE" and "AD 2024" each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year. 1963: 541:. Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by 290:

The English phrase "Common Era" appears at least as early as 1708, and in a 1715 book on astronomy it is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era". A 1759 history book uses

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argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option since they are still using the Christian calendar numbers and forcing it on other nations. In 1993, the English-language expert

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Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2

447:

says, under the entry for CE/BCE: "some people prefer CE (common era, current era, or Christian era) and BCE (before common era, etc.) to AD and BC, which, however, remain our style".

572:, Michael Ostling wrote: "BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord? The continuing use of AD and BC is not only factually wrong but also offensive to many who are not Christians." 433: 2395:

Foremost among these is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living

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died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with

662:

opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society. The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like

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To call our age 'the Common Era,' even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.

222:(the year of the reign of a sovereign) typically used in national law. (The word 'vulgar' originally meant 'of the ordinary people', with no derogatory associations.) 497: 2274:

The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63); 1796 years before the common era 776 before the vulgar era. (p105)

1983:

Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis..

2960: 915: 520:), which had previously switched to BCE/CE, decided to change back to BC/AD in material intended for the public while retaining BCE/CE in academic content. 294:

in a generic sense, to refer to "the common era of the Jews". The first use of the phrase "before the common era" may be that in a 1770 work that also uses

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Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618–5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology.

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was the first edition to switch to BCE/CE, ending a period of 138 years in which the traditional BC/AD dating notation was used. BCE/CE is used by the

1899: 3454: 3067: 476: 4801: 3573: 3540: 3215: 3094: 4448: 140:

system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. He numbered years from an initial reference date ("

2647:,' and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era). 2897: 2879: 2505: 3747: 3675: 3403: 339:(1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century. 287:

appeared in the title of an English almanac. A 1652 ephemeris may be the first instance found so far of the English use of "Christian Era".

6777: 6453: 5066: 3376: 324:, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days", and also refers to the 2464:

Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet.

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in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus, without a

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Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838

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Jews do not generally use the words 'A.D.' and 'B.C.' to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. 'A.D.' means 'the year of our

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The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation

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denied the rumours and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.

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meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms

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Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option.

5252: 3611: 3519: 3491: 3258: 1930: 1847: 1723: 3428: 2483: 1839: 6224: 4593: 2775: 2573: 1676: 3784:(in Spanish) (online ed.). Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. 2010. p. 695. 4006: 2291: 2262:

The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres

2269: 6571: 4884: 2046: 676:. However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and 673: 459:

was reported in 2005 to be growing. Some publications have transitioned to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007

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The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the gentile, and the Church of God

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seem to have already been using words translating to "(before the) common era" in the 18th century, while others like

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being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord.

2128: 1752: 960:. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of 588:. Since the year numbers are the same, BCE and CE dates should be equally offensive to other religions as BC and AD. 3821: 2964: 2313: 7074: 6408: 4543: 3031: 251:, in 1617. A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English that may be the earliest-found use of 1128:, the terms "п.н.е." (пред нашата ера "before our era") and "н.е." (наша ера "our era") are used in every aspect. 922:

with 1912 designated as year 1, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was

5737: 5392: 509: 429:

recommended introducing BCE/CE dates to schools, and by 2018 some local education authorities were using them.

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in English. A 1701 book edited by John Le Clerc includes the phrase "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,

2853: 6818: 6566: 1425: 941: 1792:

Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to commemorate its 400th anniversary

6561: 5699: 4889: 4827: 4620: 2412: 3071: 2265: 7089: 7069: 6751: 6621: 5990: 4727: 4055: 3577: 3377:"Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values" 3265:

Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin

2408: 1313: 1248: 613: 559: 3548: 6961: 6941: 5342: 5322: 5061: 4866: 4702: 4211: 3102: 2880:"National Trust tells properties to stop dropping BC and AD out of fear it might offend non-Christians" 2215: 2195: 919: 597: 563: 537:. Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to 263: 145: 303: 6951: 6923: 6756: 6535: 6053: 5902: 5782: 5332: 5245: 4831: 472: 2362: 2334: 733: 7018: 6217: 5752: 4764: 4307: 4248: 3938: 3914: 3889: 3864: 3293: 3754: 3683: 3412: 3350: 3343:"Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan" 2659: 2237: 2230:; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). 6956: 6906: 6693: 6540: 6008: 5659: 4712: 4581: 3999: 3380: 2497: 1914: 4144: 2910: 2459: 7079: 6856: 6657: 6403: 6302: 5362: 4538: 4162: 3973: 585: 141: 129: 89:

neutral terms. They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christians by not referring to

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as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German. The 1797 edition of the

6458: 6191: 5823: 5768: 5722: 5707: 5352: 5177: 5172: 5165: 4939: 4401: 2616: 2552:

It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the

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gives 1716 as being the date of first use of the term "vulgar era" (to mean Christian era).

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Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century

1582: 6891: 6832: 6808: 6803: 6074: 6043: 5492: 5387: 5238: 5046: 4929: 4754: 4662: 4280: 4174: 4090: 2597: 195: 148:

of Jesus. Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "

20: 3799: 1946: 367:, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD. 8: 7084: 6918: 6813: 6731: 6721: 6496: 6413: 6393: 6383: 6210: 5948: 5407: 5367: 5128: 4899: 4861: 4697: 4647: 4497: 4475: 4470: 4416: 4346: 4314: 3631: 3237:

It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord ...

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The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations

1905: 1459: 813: 384: 215: 203: 44: 2751: 2318:

This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, some time after our Saviour's death.

2063: 6851: 6647: 6642: 6486: 6322: 5978: 5857: 5757: 5610: 5513: 5417: 5209: 5076: 5071: 4817: 4769: 4707: 4687: 4502: 4453: 4423: 4361: 4324: 4319: 4265: 4228: 4169: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4060: 3607: 3515: 3487: 3455:"What is the Difference Between AD, BC, BCE, and CE in Identifying Historical Dates?" 3254: 3165: 2831: 2694: 2242:

And it doth not appear, that they began to reckon from the creation till after their

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New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636

1926: 1843: 1817: 1748: 1719: 1588: 1551: 1442: 1273: 1202:) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also (decreasingly) in use are terms "eKr", ( 1132: 1031: 968:, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. BC is translated into Chinese as 911: 659: 426: 133: 2781: 7048: 6997: 6913: 6861: 6637: 6615: 6481: 6378: 6096: 6084: 5912: 5880: 5712: 5581: 5497: 5487: 5402: 5056: 4796: 4786: 4682: 4487: 4482: 4411: 4371: 4351: 4341: 4297: 4223: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4157: 4085: 4065: 2819: 2553: 2521:

The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

2028:

Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ..

1918: 1179: 923: 809: 691: 437: 364: 2587: 1650: 1364:, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century. 6981: 6946: 6933: 6896: 6843: 6701: 6596: 6530: 6491: 6328: 6158: 6023: 6000: 5968: 5920: 5907: 5870: 5852: 5482: 5477: 5086: 5081: 5012: 4876: 4841: 4791: 4749: 4667: 4652: 4588: 4576: 4566: 4512: 4443: 4433: 4366: 4329: 4270: 4233: 4186: 4181: 3710: 3479: 3216:"Museum of Civilization putting the 'Christ' back in history as BC and AD return" 1996: 1910: 1578: 1429: 1361: 1263: 1121:), which are both placed after the year number in contrast with BC/AD in English. 1078: 965: 860: 677: 593: 380: 232: 187: 104: 67: 48: 4640: 3965: 3723: 3319: 2479:

The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones

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Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth.

545:, but who are not themselves Christian. Former United Nations Secretary-General 6881: 6679: 6667: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6525: 6448: 6373: 6101: 6091: 5890: 5762: 5732: 5717: 5502: 5460: 5455: 5327: 5051: 4909: 4774: 4759: 4717: 4692: 4630: 4625: 4548: 4533: 4507: 4460: 4438: 4428: 4334: 4302: 4287: 4255: 4238: 4206: 4080: 4039: 4029: 2542: 2456:

Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar

1253: 1240: 984: 957: 847: 778: 601: 589: 316: 168: 137: 128:

The idea of numbering years beginning from the date that he believed to be the

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style guide takes a different approach, supporting the use of "CE" and "BCE."

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The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by

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The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E

3169: 2135:... the expression "Christian era" appears in Latin in a 1584 theology book ( 1876: 712:", "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of 568: 538: 464: 460: 441:

guide has entries for AD and BC, but not for CE or BCE. The style guide for

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This way of numbering years became more widespread in Europe with its use by

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uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as

443: 94: 52: 3009: 2990: 2523:. Vol. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. p. 6576: 6473: 6435: 6418: 6353: 6334: 6267: 6247: 6163: 6141: 6048: 6033: 5828: 5808: 5798: 5727: 5684: 5664: 5593: 5412: 5314: 5096: 5022: 4991: 4986: 4904: 4394: 3730:

Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung

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Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ

1300: 409: 219: 172: 123: 60: 56: 4742: 1294: 554:

time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era.

211: 85: 55:. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original 6343: 6233: 6058: 5958: 5865: 5840: 5643: 5427: 5111: 5106: 5041: 5031: 4851: 4216: 3379:. Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. Archived from 3372: 1894: 1529:"Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/" 1007:) is used, always after the year number. The direct translation of AD ( 609: 546: 343: 199: 191: 3843: 3628:"Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition" 2001:

Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII...

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The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "

7033: 7013: 6746: 6706: 6443: 6252: 6121: 6038: 5674: 5586: 5561: 5542: 5432: 5189: 5153: 5121: 5017: 4996: 4976: 4100: 2808:"Is the CE/BCE notation becoming a standard in scholarly literature?" 1321: 1155:) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also in use are terms "eKr" ( 1101:) are used as BCE/CE are in English. Also commonly used are "f.Kr." ( 630: 612:

are offended by the removal of the reference to Jesus, including the

405: 242: 160: 3574:"On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)" 2233:

An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time

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style guide for academic texts on religion prefers BCE/CE to BC/AD.

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In 2002, an advisory panel for the religious education syllabus for

7028: 6866: 6510: 6423: 5689: 5532: 5442: 5300: 5290: 5184: 4981: 4015: 3248: 2244: 1317: 1258: 1222:). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number. 1175:). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number. 626: 513: 456: 401: 269:

The first published use of "Christian Era" may be the Latin phrase

164: 4737: 3158:"Anger in Australia as school books 'write Christ out of history'" 3130:. Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006. Archived from 2749: 7038: 6262: 6257: 6028: 6018: 5940: 5931: 5916: 5803: 5648: 5571: 5280: 2544:

St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission

2185: 2016:(His third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617)) 651: 413: 5818: 3748:"Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat" 3320:"Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history" 2779: 370: 6126: 5285: 2307: 2285: 2259: 2248:

was finished;at which time they fixed that for their common era

937: 655: 517: 1299:, the common people – to contrast it with the 6463: 6202: 6136: 5885: 5576: 5524: 4971: 3068:"State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy" 1312:

Two other systems that also do not use religious titles, the

907: 883:) are commonly used in historical and scientific literature. 684: 581: 354: 90: 3984: 3606:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ¶ 9.34. 2570:

Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles

6397: 6279: 5275: 5261: 5101: 3966:"From Our Readers: Ancient Manuscripts—How Are They Dated?" 3541:"Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'" 3271:, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord.' This was a shortening of 2644: 1654: 558:

Adena K. Berkowitz, in her application to argue before the

376: 156: 3032:"Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual" 2025: 956:, "Common Era") for both internal and external affairs in 183: 132:, was conceived around the year 525 by the Christian monk 6297: 3233:

The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice

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died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected.

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the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760

1883:. Vol. III. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908. 1599:

Dabam Pragae Idibus Aprilibus, Anno vulgaris aerae MDCXII

1379:. It also occasionally appears, in Latin declination, as 836:) are used almost universally. Within Christian churches 644: 580:

Critics note the fact that there is no difference in the

498:

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority

1787:"The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" 672:, the use of this convention was also prescribed by the 455:

In the United States, the use of the BCE/CE notation in

436:

said it would continue to use BC/AD as its house style.

5230: 3429:"The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System." 2496: 2087: 903:) see sporadic usage, mostly in religious publications. 793:); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, 471:. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based 3095:"School board keeps traditional historic designations" 2173:

calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester

1822:

The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac

1441:

The probable source is a 1716 book in English by Dean

625:

needed, as 2024 CE, or as AD 2024), and the year that

3742: 2453: 2419:. Vol. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207. 2264:. Vol. 3. London: J Robson and B. Law. pp. 1618: 1616: 363:

was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of

2750:

Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006).

1806:– via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). 1743:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 1230: 6778:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

3630:. University of Chicago Press. 2003. Archived from 2286:MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "Peter". 2260:Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). 2192:

The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical

79: 3411: 2357: 2329: 2308:MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "Paul". 1898: 1613: 1516:Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord 1428:, "vulgar" dates were determined according to the 762:, 'after our era'). In scholarly writing, 2095:. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). London. p. 687:following Jewish example nearly 200 years later". 479:. The 2006 style guide for the Episcopal Diocese 7061: 2436:. Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. p. 2296:St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era 2175:. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers. 1862:Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), 1573: 1571: 1468: – being an alternative form of 1424:As England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar 781:, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD ( 3070:. Family Foundation of Kentucky. Archived from 1577: 109:("Lord") utilized by the other abbreviations. 3670: 3668: 3277:, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ.' 3249:Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). 2567: 2169: 2156:. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. 1995: 1869: 1626:. Vol. 10. London. January 1708. p. 1367: 1166: 1156: 1146: 1136: 619: 6218: 5246: 4000: 2586: 2417:Popular Encyclopedia or Conversations Lexicon 2236:. Vol. 13. London: C. Bathurst p. 2194:. Vol. 1. London: J. Nicholson. p. 1958: 1956: 1836:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 1824:, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1 1738: 1568: 1552:"Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D." 1213: 1203: 1193: 1183: 975: 969: 951: 945: 931: 837: 827: 817: 769: 763: 757: 751: 745: 739: 731: 725: 719: 713: 707: 701: 695: 584:of the two systems—chosen to be close to the 371:History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation 3728: 3704: 2613:The Weiser Concise Guide to Aleister Crowley 2112: 2051:Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6 1677:"BCE date designation called more sensitive" 1531:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance 1112: 1102: 1092: 1082: 894: 884: 874: 864: 663: 3744:von und zu Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr 3665: 3486:. Maryville, NY: Orbis Books. p. 173. 3272: 3266: 2690:"Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times" 2547:. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co. pp. 2407: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1712:Westminster dictionary of theological terms 1632:... to the fourth century of the Common Era 1605: 1597: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1337: 1292: 1018: 1008: 998: 988: 800: 794: 788: 782: 358: 282: 276: 275:on the title page of a 1584 theology book, 270: 246: 236: 226: 218:which was in popular use from dates of the 136:. He did this to replace the then dominant 102: 6225: 6211: 5253: 5239: 5205: 4007: 3993: 3844:"Jazyková příručka Ústavu pro jazyk český" 3294:"BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord?" 3287: 3285: 2683: 2681: 2660:"Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions" 1953: 19:"BCE" redirects here. For other uses, see 3312: 3218:, by Sean Kilpatrick/The Canadian Press, 3092: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2780:American Anthropological Society (2009). 2629: 2610: 2110:Clivaz, Claire (2012). "Common Era 2.0". 1584:Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: (etc) 1342:("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ"). 1332: 1330: 936:, "Western Era"), which is still used in 839:до Р.Х./от Р.Х. (до/от Рождества Христова 768:is the equivalent of the English "BCE", " 6773:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 3478: 3472: 3340: 2805: 2716: 2504:. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 2040: 1833: 1784: 1773: 1739:Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). 1674: 1303:system of dating used by the government. 668:(before the common chronology). In 1938 512:(now the Canadian Museum of History) in 182: 3538: 3510:Wilson, Kenneth G. (16 December 1993). 3452: 3341:Lefevere, Patricia (11 December 1998). 3291: 3282: 2687: 2678: 1923:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14903 1741:History of the World Christian Movement 1714:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 1648: 1624:The History of the Works of the Learned 1412:anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas 592:priest and writer on interfaith issues 7062: 3509: 3503: 3401: 3155: 2868: 2518: 2312:. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 2290:. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 2109: 1980: 1838:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1789:. In Coyne, G.V.; et al. (eds.). 1327: 805:would abbreviate to a mild obscenity. 645:Similar conventions in other languages 469:Norton Anthology of English Literature 97:, especially via the religious terms " 6206: 5234: 3988: 3824:(in Welsh). JISCMail. 19 October 2006 3371: 2719:"History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE" 2475: 2026:Johann Kepler; Adriaan Vlacq (1635). 1893: 1732: 1709: 1373:In Latin, 'Common Era' is written as 1074:) have also recently been introduced. 483:says that BCE and CE should be used. 395: 6187: 3426: 3125:"Kentucky Board of Education Report" 2776:American Anthropological Association 2593:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français 2537: 2150: 1900:"Kepler [Keppler], Johannes" 314:synonymously. In 1835, in his book 3772: 3566: 3156:Malkin, Bonnie (2 September 2011). 2888:, by Henry Bodkin, 12 November 2018 2611:Kaczynski, Richard (1 April 2009). 2458:. Oxford University Press. p. 2210:appear on the same page 252, while 1549: 1279: 997:) and "př. n. l." or "před n. l." ( 144:"), an event he referred to as the 13: 6572:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 3539:Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). 3402:Safire, William (17 August 1997). 3251:World Religions At Your Fingertips 3209: 3183: 3024: 2979: 2953: 2928: 2838: 2764:from the original on 19 April 2016 2725:. British Broadcasting Corporation 2688:Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). 2662:. Jewish Communities & Records 2572:(2nd ed.). London: T. Payne. 2364:The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition 2336:The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition 2064:"Merriam Webster Online entry for 1970:. Vol. 12. 1933. p. 326. 1649:Espenak, Fred (25 February 2008). 940:in formal documents. In 1949, the 674:National Socialist Teachers League 14: 7111: 3958: 3484:Christophany: The Fullness of Man 3427:Mark, Joshua J. (27 March 2017). 3292:Ostling, Michael (October 2009). 3008:. History Channel. Archived from 2989:. History Channel. Archived from 2852:. 9 February 2002. Archived from 1710:McKim, Donald K (1996). "C. E.". 1504:Merriam Webster Online Dictionary 1200:after the start of time reckoning 1072:n. e. (nove ere, (of the) new era 694:, common forms used for "BC" are 665:vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung 467:in its history tests, and by the 420: 214:Era" to distinguish dates on the 6186: 6177: 6176: 5215: 5214: 5204: 3931: 3781:Ortografía de la lengua española 3453:Pollick, Michael (23 May 2024). 3191:"AD/BC rock solid in curriculum" 2898:Stonehenge glossary, "BC and AD" 2186:Gregory, David; John Nicholson; 1881:New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 1864:The Oxford Companion to the Year 1675:Herrmann, Andrew (27 May 2006). 1587:(in Latin). Frankfurt: Tampach. 1233: 844:before/after the birth of Christ 750:, 'before our era') and 450: 400:Some academics in the fields of 225:The first use of the Latin term 51:), the world's most widely used 6454:English and British regnal year 5067:English and British regnal year 3907: 3882: 3857: 3836: 3822:"Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives" 3814: 3788: 3736: 3716: 3709:(19 May 1838). See page 175 in 3698: 3649: 3620: 3596: 3532: 3446: 3420: 3395: 3365: 3334: 3274:Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi 3242: 3225: 3149: 3117: 3086: 3060: 2903: 2891: 2799: 2737: 2710: 2652: 2623: 2604: 2580: 2561: 2531: 2519:Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). 2512: 2490: 2469: 2447: 2426: 2401: 2379: 2351: 2323: 2301: 2279: 2253: 2220: 2179: 2163: 2144: 2103: 2081: 2056: 2045:. London: Sam Buckley. p. 2034: 2019: 1989: 1974: 1887: 1866:, Oxford University Press, 778. 1856: 1827: 1810: 1795:. Vatican Observatory. p. 1703: 1610:", Latin for Common Era) (1615) 1449: 1435: 1418: 1354: 1345: 1339:anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi 1153:according to our time reckoning 510:Canadian Museum of Civilization 150:Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi 6232: 3682:. 7 March 1938. Archived from 3659:Society of Biblical Literature 3041:. 1 April 2005. Archived from 2454:Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). 2043:The Harmony of the Evangelists 1834:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). 1668: 1642: 1543: 1521: 1492: 1458: – or, with a 1306: 1285: 1068:prije nove ere, before new era 639:Society of Biblical Literature 231:may be that in a 1615 book by 84:), and to 1635 in English as " 1: 6567:Old Style and New Style dates 4014: 3753:. p. 149. Archived from 3514:. Columbia University Press. 2482:. London: Rivington. p. 1486: 910:, upon the foundation of the 774:" or "Before the Common Era". 738:also acknowledges the use of 575: 523: 178: 43:) are year notations for the 6519:Pre-Julian / Julian 3197:. Melbourne. 21 October 2011 2717:BBC Team (8 February 2005). 2041:Le Clerc, John, ed. (1701). 2005:(per 1635 English edition): 1947:UK public library membership 490: 342:The phrase "common era", in 281:. In 1649, the Latin phrase 278:De Eucharistica controuersia 76:annus aerae nostrae vulgaris 7: 6752:Geological history of Earth 6622:Astronomical year numbering 5991:Geological history of Earth 3578:Southern Baptist Convention 3404:"B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?" 3300:. Vol. 59, no. 10 1635:(Possibly the first use of 1249:Astronomical year numbering 1226: 980:, "Before the Common Era"). 637:" or "C.E."). The US-based 620:Conventions in style guides 614:Southern Baptist Convention 560:United States Supreme Court 235:. Kepler uses it again, as 228:anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 80: 10: 7116: 5343:Orders of magnitude (time) 3796:"Writing Dates in Spanish" 3433:World History Encyclopedia 3347:National Catholic Reporter 3099:Louisville Courier-Journal 3093:Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). 1406:vulgaris aerae Christianae 942:People's Republic of China 920:Republic of China calendar 799:) is used exclusively, as 564:World History Encyclopedia 528: 349:An adapted translation of 264:Merriam Webster Dictionary 121: 117: 112: 47:(and its predecessor, the 18: 7006: 6990: 6974: 6932: 6924:Thermoluminescence dating 6842: 6831: 6819:Samarium–neodymium dating 6786: 6765: 6739: 6730: 6692: 6630: 6585: 6549: 6518: 6509: 6472: 6434: 6313: 6288: 6240: 6172: 6114: 6067: 6054:Time translation symmetry 5999: 5939: 5929: 5851: 5778: 5698: 5639: 5523: 5441: 5351: 5313: 5299: 5268: 5200: 5141: 5005: 4959: 4948: 4918: 4875: 4810: 4613: 4559: 4526: 4120: 4109: 4048: 4022: 2846:"AD and BC become CE/BCE" 2824:10.1007/s11192-014-1352-1 2723:BBC Religion & Ethics 2158:anni æræ Christianæ, 1649 2010:]. Johannes Plancus. 1999:; Bartsch, Jakob (1617). 1968:Oxford English Dictionary 1651:"Year dating conventions" 1143:before our time reckoning 1089:before our time reckoning 1034:the common form used for 970: 946: 927: 838: 828: 818: 732: 503: 7100:Secularism and religions 7095:Linguistic controversies 6638:Chinese sexagenary cycle 5260: 3322:. ReligiousTolerance.com 3006:"Jerusalem: Biographies" 2615:. Weiser Books. p. 1604:(Earliest-found use of " 1099:after our time reckoning 683:found it ironic to see " 93:, the central figure of 7075:17th-century neologisms 6852:Amino acid racemisation 6009:Absolute space and time 5660:Astronomical chronology 4135:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) 3942:Hrvatski jezični portal 3918:Hrvatski jezični portal 3894:Hrvatski jezični portal 3869:Hrvatski jezični portal 3604:Chicago Manual of Style 3253:. Penguin. p. 38. 2568:Heneage Elsley (1812). 2498:Alexander Fraser Tytler 2476:Jones, William (1801). 2310:Encyclopædia Britannica 2288:Encyclopædia Britannica 2170:Sliter, Robert (1652). 2089:Humphrey Prideaux, D.D. 1981:Kepler, Johann (1616). 1915:Oxford University Press 1816:Doggett, L.E., (1992), 1506:. Merriam-Webster. 2003 1195:jälkeen ajanlaskun alun 1050:, "before Christ") and 304:Encyclopædia Britannica 272:annus aerae christianae 6857:Archaeomagnetic dating 6369:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 6059:Time reversal symmetry 5363:Italian six-hour clock 5166:Dungeons & Dragons 4572:Ethiopian and Eritrean 3729: 3705: 3676:"GERMANY: Jewish Joke" 3273: 3267: 3235:. 1910. p. 1116. 2936:"Guardian style guide" 2911:"BBC News style guide" 2151:WING, Vincent (1649). 2119:. EPFL Press. p. 2113: 1606: 1598: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1338: 1293: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1185:ennen ajanlaskun alkua 1184: 1167: 1157: 1148:meie ajaarvamise järgi 1147: 1137: 1113: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1019: 1009: 999: 989: 976: 952: 932: 895: 885: 875: 865: 851: 801: 795: 789: 783: 770: 764: 759:después de nuestra era 758: 752: 746: 740: 734:Real Academia Española 726: 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 664: 586:date of birth of Jesus 556: 359: 283: 277: 271: 248:ab anno vulgaris aerae 247: 238:ab Anno vulgaris aerae 237: 227: 207: 190:1571–1630, the German 130:date of birth of Jesus 103: 81:year of our common era 75: 6757:Geological time units 5824:Time and fate deities 5769:The Unreality of Time 5708:A series and B series 5178:The Lord of the Rings 4885:Hanke–Henry Permanent 3656:SBL Handbook of Style 3591:ultimately His Story. 2806:Cavacini, A. (2015). 2391:Catholic Encyclopedia 1820:in Seidelmann, P.K., 1785:Pedersen, O. (1983). 1766:before the common era 1336:AD is shortened from 1190:before time reckoning 1138:enne meie ajaarvamist 1094:efter vor tidsregning 1062:). The abbreviations 1027:) is seen as archaic. 1005:before our year count 1000:před naším letopočtem 916:Government in Nanking 819:до н.э. (до нашей эры 771:antes de la era común 551: 477:Jerusalem and Judaism 383:, they often use the 336:Catholic Encyclopedia 241:, in a 1616 table of 186: 37:Before the Common Era 6809:Law of superposition 6804:Isotope geochemistry 6075:Chronological dating 6044:Theory of relativity 5388:Daylight saving time 3733:(Leipzig 1862–1869). 3137:on 26 September 2006 3039:Maryland Church News 2987:"Jerusalem Timeline" 2539:Todd, James Henthorn 2387:"General Chronology" 1877:"General Chronology" 1291:From the Latin word 993:which translates as 802:Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin 747:antes de nuestra era 481:Maryland Church News 284:annus æræ Christianæ 206:and writer on music. 175:begun by Dionysius. 173:switch to the system 21:BCE (disambiguation) 6942:Fluorine absorption 6919:Luminescence dating 6814:Luminescence dating 6722:Milankovitch cycles 6562:Proleptic Gregorian 6394:Hindu units of time 5368:Thai six-hour clock 4890:International Fixed 4828:Proleptic Gregorian 4449:Slavic Native Faith 3974:Jehovah's Witnesses 3802:on 11 November 2011 3634:on 9 September 2007 2961:"AP: World History" 2885:The Daily Telegraph 2856:on 20 December 2011 1362:History of the zero 1320:standard, do use a 1314:astronomical system 1084:før vor tidsregning 962:Hong Kong Basic Law 853:Ante Christum natum 204:natural philosopher 16:Modern calendar era 7090:Gregorian calendar 7070:1615 introductions 7044:Terminus post quem 7024:Synchronoptic view 6991:Linguistic methods 6952:Obsidian hydration 6887:Radiometric dating 6872:Incremental dating 6794:Chronostratigraphy 5898:Rosy retrospection 5876:Mental chronometry 5700:Philosophy of time 4560:Christian variants 3760:on 19 January 2012 3551:on 12 October 2007 3416:on 14 August 2018. 3222:, 27 February 2013 2359:Alexander Campbell 2331:Alexander Campbell 2117:; Reading tomorrow 1906:Grove Music Online 1639:in English (1708)) 1215:jälkeen Kristuksen 814:October Revolution 396:Contemporary usage 385:Gregorian calendar 322:Alexander Campbell 216:Gregorian calendar 208: 45:Gregorian calendar 7057: 7056: 6970: 6969: 6827: 6826: 6688: 6687: 6643:Geologic Calendar 6505: 6504: 6200: 6199: 6110: 6109: 6085:Circadian rhythms 5903:Tense–aspect–mood 5758:Temporal finitism 5635: 5634: 5611:Grandfather clock 5228: 5227: 5210:List of calendars 5137: 5136: 4836:historiographical 4703:French Republican 4609: 4608: 4367:Manipuri (Meitei) 3662:§ 7.1.3.2.)" 3613:978-0-226-28705-8 3521:978-0-231-06989-2 3493:978-1-57075-564-4 3260:978-1-101-01469-1 2782:"AAA Style Guide" 2695:Houston Chronicle 2139:and Beumler 1584) 1997:Keppler, Johannes 1945:(subscription or 1932:978-1-56159-263-0 1849:978-0-8028-3781-3 1725:978-0-664-25511-4 1687:on 10 August 2017 1681:Chicago Sun-Times 1550:Coolman, Robert. 1480:is the usual form 1443:Humphrey Prideaux 1274:List of calendars 1023:, abbreviated as 1013:, abbreviated as 995:of our year count 912:Republic of China 856:) remains in use. 660:Moses Mendelssohn 598:Kenneth G. Wilson 427:England and Wales 328:as a synonym for 134:Dionysius Exiguus 7107: 7049:ASPRO chronology 6998:Glottochronology 6914:Tephrochronology 6862:Dendrochronology 6840: 6839: 6737: 6736: 6536:Proleptic Julian 6526:Pre-Julian Roman 6516: 6515: 6311: 6310: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6190: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6097:Glottochronology 5937: 5936: 5853:Human experience 5713:B-theory of time 5311: 5310: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5218: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5072:Human (Holocene) 5057:Chinese Imperial 4957: 4956: 4877:Reform proposals 4832:Proleptic Julian 4594:Eastern Orthodox 4224:Germanic heathen 4202:Earthly Branches 4118: 4117: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3798:. Archived from 3792: 3786: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3672: 3663: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3547:. Archived from 3545:The Deseret News 3536: 3530: 3529: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3480:Panikkar, Raimon 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3459:Historical Index 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3410:. Archived from 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3375:(28 June 1999). 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349:. Archived from 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3223: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101:. Archived from 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3074:on 27 April 2011 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3036: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2963:. Archived from 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2900:English Heritage 2895: 2889: 2877: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2818:(2): 1661–1668. 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2746:radiocarbon ages 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2554:annals of Ulster 2535: 2529: 2528: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367:. pp. 15–16 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2339:. pp. 16–20 2327: 2321: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2224: 2218: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2116: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2017: 2015: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1902: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1831: 1825: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1782: 1771: 1770: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1683:. Archived from 1672: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1453: 1447: 1439: 1433: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1371: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1334: 1325: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1289: 1280:Explantory notes 1243: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1217: 1207: 1197: 1187: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1145:) and "m.a.j." ( 1140: 1116: 1106: 1096: 1091:) and "e.v.t." ( 1086: 1022: 1012: 1002: 992: 990:našeho letopočtu 979: 973: 972: 955: 949: 948: 935: 929: 898: 888: 886:Przed Chrystusem 878: 868: 846:, equivalent to 841: 840: 831: 830: 829:н.э. (нашей эры, 821: 820: 804: 798: 792: 786: 773: 767: 761: 755: 749: 743: 737: 736: 729: 723: 717: 711: 705: 699: 667: 636: 438:English Heritage 365:Aleister Crowley 362: 286: 280: 274: 258: 250: 245:, and again, as 240: 230: 169:Western European 167:became the last 108: 83: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7002: 6986: 6982:Molecular clock 6975:Genetic methods 6966: 6947:Nitrogen dating 6934:Relative dating 6928: 6897:Potassium–argon 6844:Absolute dating 6834: 6823: 6782: 6761: 6726: 6702:Cosmic Calendar 6694:Astronomic time 6684: 6626: 6581: 6545: 6531:Original Julian 6501: 6468: 6430: 6329:Ab urbe condita 6307: 6284: 6236: 6231: 6201: 6196: 6168: 6159:Time immemorial 6106: 6063: 6024:Coordinate time 5995: 5949:Geological time 5925: 5908:Time management 5871:Generation time 5855: 5847: 5792: 5774: 5694: 5653: 5631: 5519: 5437: 5354: 5347: 5303: 5295: 5264: 5259: 5229: 5224: 5196: 5133: 5087:Nirayana system 5013:Ab urbe condita 5001: 4953: 4951: 4944: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4871: 4822:anthropological 4806: 4605: 4589:Liturgical year 4555: 4522: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4044: 4018: 4013: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3713:(Leipzig 1838). 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3686:on 17 July 2010 3674: 3673: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3522: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3353:on 13 July 2012 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3290: 3283: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3105:on 10 July 2009 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3048:on 20 June 2006 3045: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3004: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2878: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2686: 2679: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2636: 2634: 2630:Tracey R Rich. 2628: 2624: 2609: 2605: 2585: 2581: 2566: 2562: 2536: 2532: 2517: 2513: 2495: 2491: 2474: 2470: 2452: 2448: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2406: 2402: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2328: 2324: 2306: 2302: 2284: 2280: 2258: 2254: 2225: 2221: 2184: 2180: 2168: 2164: 2149: 2145: 2131: 2108: 2104: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2039: 2035: 2024: 2020: 1994: 1990: 1979: 1975: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1911:H. Floris Cohen 1892: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1832: 1828: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1783: 1774: 1755: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1708: 1704: 1690: 1688: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1643: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1579:Johannes Kepler 1576: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1430:Julian calendar 1423: 1419: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1335: 1328: 1311: 1307: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1264:Calendar reform 1239: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1205:ennen Kristusta 1168:pärast Kristust 1111:) and "e.Kr." ( 987:, the "n. l." ( 966:Macau Basic Law 866:przed naszą erą 709:antes de Cristo 647: 634: 622: 594:Raimon Panikkar 578: 531: 526: 506: 493: 473:History Channel 453: 423: 398: 381:Hebrew calendar 379:have their own 373: 306:uses the terms 256: 233:Johannes Kepler 188:Johannes Kepler 181: 126: 120: 115: 68:Johannes Kepler 49:Julian calendar 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7113: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7019:New Chronology 7016: 7010: 7008: 7007:Related topics 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6884: 6882:Paleomagnetism 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6680:New Earth Time 6677: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6541:Revised Julian 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6459:Lists of kings 6456: 6451: 6449:Canon of Kings 6446: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6374:Before present 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6102:Time geography 6099: 6094: 6092:Clock reaction 6089: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5891:time signature 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5763:Temporal parts 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5733:Eternal return 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718:Chronocentrism 5715: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5503:Hindu Panchang 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5062:Chinese Minguo 5059: 5054: 5052:Before Present 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4549:Calendar round 4546: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4207:Heavenly Stems 4204: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3960: 3959:External links 3957: 3955: 3954: 3930: 3906: 3881: 3856: 3835: 3813: 3787: 3771: 3735: 3715: 3697: 3664: 3648: 3619: 3612: 3595: 3565: 3531: 3520: 3502: 3492: 3471: 3445: 3419: 3408:New York Times 3394: 3373:Annan, Kofi A. 3364: 3333: 3311: 3281: 3259: 3241: 3224: 3208: 3182: 3148: 3116: 3085: 3059: 3023: 3012:on 20 May 2011 2993:on 20 May 2011 2978: 2952: 2927: 2902: 2890: 2867: 2850:This is London 2837: 2812:Scientometrics 2798: 2736: 2709: 2698:. p. A–13 2677: 2651: 2622: 2603: 2579: 2560: 2530: 2511: 2489: 2468: 2446: 2425: 2411:, ed. (1874). 2400: 2378: 2350: 2322: 2300: 2278: 2252: 2219: 2178: 2162: 2143: 2129: 2102: 2080: 2055: 2033: 2018: 1988: 1973: 1952: 1931: 1886: 1868: 1855: 1848: 1826: 1809: 1772: 1753: 1731: 1724: 1702: 1667: 1641: 1612: 1607:vulgaris aerae 1567: 1542: 1520: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1448: 1434: 1417: 1394:aeram vulgarem 1388:aerae vulgaris 1366: 1353: 1344: 1326: 1305: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254:Before Present 1251: 1245: 1244: 1241:History portal 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1212:) and "jKr". ( 1192:) and "jaa." ( 1176: 1129: 1122: 1075: 1056:poslije Krista 1028: 981: 958:mainland China 904: 873:) and "n.e." ( 871:before our era 857: 824:before our era 806: 775: 688: 646: 643: 621: 618: 602:slippery slope 590:Roman Catholic 577: 574: 530: 527: 525: 522: 505: 502: 492: 489: 452: 449: 434:National Trust 422: 421:United Kingdom 419: 397: 394: 372: 369: 317:Living Oracles 180: 177: 138:Era of Martyrs 119: 116: 114: 111: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7112: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Calendar eras 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833:Chronological 6830: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Geochronology 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Geologic time 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6717:Metonic cycle 6715: 6713: 6712:Galactic year 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:ISO week date 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Byzantine era 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6315:Calendar eras 6312: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6193: 6185: 6183: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6080:Chronobiology 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Arrow of time 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:Geochronology 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5836:Wheel of time 5834: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Periodization 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Digital clock 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Relative hour 5381: 5379: 5378:24-hour clock 5376: 5374: 5373:12-hour clock 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5221: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Anno Martyrum 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4952:and numbering 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4867:'Pataphysical 4865: 4863: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:Tōnalpōhualli 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Vikram Samvat 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244:Vikram Samvat 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3845: 3839: 3823: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3383:on 1 May 2011 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3321: 3315: 3299: 3298:History Today 3295: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3220:National Post 3217: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:The Telegraph 3159: 3152: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3011: 3007: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2967:on 5 May 2011 2966: 2962: 2956: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2783: 2777: 2760: 2753: 2752:"Style Guide" 2747: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2633: 2632:"Judaism 101" 2626: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588:Félix Gaffiot 2583: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:Christian Era 2205: 2204:Before Christ 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2130:9782889141494 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909:. Revised by 1908: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1754:0-567-08866-9 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1505: 1501: 1500:"Anno Domini" 1495: 1491: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1400:anni vulgaris 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1376:Aera Vulgaris 1370: 1363: 1357: 1348: 1340: 1333: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1231: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1210:before Christ 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1165:) and "pKr" ( 1164: 1163:before Christ 1159: 1158:enne Kristust 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1114:efter Kristus 1110: 1109:before Christ 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 982: 978: 967: 963: 959: 954: 943: 939: 934: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 902: 897: 896:po Chrystusie 892: 891:before Christ 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 858: 855: 854: 849: 845: 835: 825: 815: 811: 807: 803: 797: 791: 790:Oes Cyffredin 785: 780: 776: 772: 766: 760: 754: 748: 742: 735: 728: 724:) instead of 722: 716: 710: 704: 698: 693: 689: 686: 682: 680: 675: 671: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648: 642: 640: 632: 628: 617: 615: 611: 606: 603: 600:speculated a 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 573: 571: 570: 569:History Today 565: 561: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 539:Jesus as Lord 536: 521: 519: 515: 511: 508:In 2013, the 501: 499: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465:College Board 462: 461:World Almanac 458: 451:United States 448: 446: 445: 439: 435: 432:In 2018, the 430: 428: 418: 415: 411: 407: 403: 393: 391: 386: 382: 378: 368: 366: 361: 356: 352: 347: 345: 340: 338: 337: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 285: 279: 273: 267: 265: 260: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 223: 221: 217: 213: 205: 201: 197: 196:mathematician 193: 189: 185: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 125: 110: 107: 106: 100: 96: 92: 87: 82: 77: 73: 69: 64: 62: 61:Before Christ 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6962:Stratigraphy 6907:Uranium–lead 6877:Lichenometry 6675:Winter count 6658:Mesoamerican 6586:Astronomical 6404:Mesoamerican 6389:Sothic cycle 6364:Seleucid era 6349:Bosporan era 6338: 6337: / 6327: 6275:Paleontology 6154:Time capsule 6148:Tempus fugit 6146: 6068:Other fields 5767: 5748:Perdurantism 5670:Calendar era 5622: 5615: 5601:Cuckoo clock 5538:astronomical 5512: 5338:Unit of time 5269:Key concepts 5188: 5176: 5173:Middle-earth 5164: 5152: 5026: 4922:applications 4920:Displays and 4830: / 4811:By specialty 4780: 4641:Xiuhpōhualli 4539:Mesoamerican 4385:Nepal Sambat 4056:Astronomical 3977: 3969: 3945:. Retrieved 3941: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3917: 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3893: 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3816: 3804:. Retrieved 3800:the original 3790: 3780: 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3755:the original 3746:(May 1938). 3738: 3724:Julius Fürst 3718: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3684:the original 3679: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636:. Retrieved 3632:the original 3622: 3603: 3598: 3589: 3582:. Retrieved 3568: 3560: 3553:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3544: 3534: 3525: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3483: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3458: 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3432: 3422: 3413:the original 3407: 3397: 3385:. Retrieved 3381:the original 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3351:the original 3346: 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3297: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3194: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3161: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3132:the original 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103:the original 3098: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3072:the original 3062: 3050:. Retrieved 3043:the original 3038: 3026: 3014:. Retrieved 3010:the original 2995:. Retrieved 2991:the original 2981: 2969:. Retrieved 2965:the original 2955: 2943:. Retrieved 2939: 2930: 2918:. Retrieved 2914: 2905: 2893: 2883: 2858:. Retrieved 2854:the original 2849: 2840: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2774:whereas the 2766:. Retrieved 2739: 2727:. Retrieved 2722: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2693: 2671: 2664:. Retrieved 2654: 2642: 2635:. Retrieved 2625: 2612: 2606: 2591: 2582: 2569: 2563: 2551: 2543: 2533: 2520: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2363: 2353: 2341:. Retrieved 2335: 2325: 2317: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2273: 2261: 2255: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2228:Sale, George 2222: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2188:John Morphew 2181: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2134: 2111: 2105: 2092: 2083: 2071:. Retrieved 2065: 2058: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1967: 1938:26 September 1936:. Retrieved 1904: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1800:. Retrieved 1791: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1740: 1734: 1711: 1705: 1696: 1691:18 September 1689:. Retrieved 1685:the original 1680: 1670: 1658:. Retrieved 1644: 1636: 1631: 1623: 1596: 1583: 1558:. Retrieved 1555:Live Science 1554: 1545: 1533:. Retrieved 1523: 1515: 1508:. Retrieved 1503: 1494: 1455: 1451: 1437: 1420: 1382:æræ vulgaris 1369: 1360:As noted in 1356: 1347: 1308: 1287: 1269:Holocene Era 1220:after Christ 1219: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1173:after Christ 1172: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1135:, "e.m.a." ( 1119:after Christ 1118: 1108: 1098: 1088: 1081:, "f.v.t." ( 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:after Christ 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048:prije Krista 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1020:před Kristem 1014: 1004: 994: 977:gōngyuánqián 918:adopted the 901:after Christ 900: 890: 880: 870: 863:, "p.n.e." ( 843: 833: 823: 678: 670:Nazi Germany 623: 607: 579: 567: 557: 552: 549:has argued: 534: 532: 507: 494: 485: 480: 454: 444:The Guardian 442: 431: 424: 399: 389: 374: 360:Era Vulgaris 350: 348: 341: 334: 329: 325: 315: 311: 307: 299: 295: 291: 289: 268: 261: 252: 224: 209: 154: 149: 127: 95:Christianity 65: 53:calendar era 40: 36: 32: 28: 27: 25: 6902:Radiocarbon 6577:Dual dating 6436:Regnal year 6414:Short Count 6354:Bostran era 6335:Anno Domini 6268:Big History 6248:Archaeology 6164:Time travel 6142:System time 6049:Time domain 6034:Proper time 5858:use of time 5829:Father Time 5809:Immortality 5799:Ages of Man 5728:Endurantism 5685:Regnal year 5665:Big History 5594:water-based 5493:Solar Hijri 5403:Hexadecimal 5353:Measurement 5315:Chronometry 5301:Measurement 5023:Anno Domini 4992:Regnal year 4987:Regnal name 4960:Terminology 4950:Year naming 4905:Symmetry454 4755:Pentecontad 4678:Culāsakaraj 4663:Cappadocian 4395:Yele Sambat 4281:Zoroastrian 4175:Bangladeshi 4113:limited use 4091:Solar Hijri 4086:Lunar Hijri 4049:In wide use 3915:"pr. n. e." 3828:29 February 3580:. June 2000 3357:26 February 3268:Anno Domini 2787:. p. 3 2409:A. Whitelaw 2214:appears on 2114:Lire demain 1895:Jeans, Susi 1818:"Calendars" 1560:11 November 1535:12 November 1301:regnal year 1104:før Kristus 410:archaeology 390:Current Era 243:ephemerides 220:regnal year 171:country to 163:. In 1422, 146:Incarnation 124:Anno Domini 57:Anno Domini 7085:Chronology 7064:Categories 6497:Vietnamese 6409:Long Count 6344:Anno Mundi 6339:Common Era 6241:Key topics 6234:Chronology 5866:Chronemics 5841:Kalachakra 5753:Presentism 5738:Eternalism 5644:Chronology 5582:mechanical 5533:Main types 5451:Main types 5129:Vietnamese 5042:Anno Mundi 5032:Anno Lucis 5027:Common Era 4930:Electronic 4900:Positivist 4862:Discordian 4852:Dreamspell 4787:Sexagenary 4728:Macedonian 4698:Florentine 4648:Babylonian 4614:Historical 4544:Long Count 4498:Vietnamese 4454:Macedonian 4417:Nanakshahi 4347:Lithuanian 4217:Solar term 3806:5 February 3690:5 February 3164:. London. 2920:11 October 2860:5 February 2768:16 January 2212:Vulgar Era 2066:Vulgar Era 1985:. Plancus. 1913:. Oxford: 1762:common era 1698:Christians 1637:common era 1487:References 1426:until 1752 1182:, "eaa." ( 1126:Macedonian 881:of our era 876:naszej ery 834:of our era 812:since the 787:) and CE ( 721:Jesucristo 654:, Jews in 610:Christians 576:Opposition 547:Kofi Annan 543:Christians 524:Rationales 516:(opposite 351:Common Era 344:lower case 330:vulgar era 326:common era 312:common era 308:vulgar era 300:vulgar era 296:common era 292:common æra 253:Vulgar Era 200:astrologer 192:astronomer 179:Vulgar Era 122:See also: 29:Common Era 7034:Year zero 7014:Chronicle 6957:Seriation 6892:Lead–lead 6766:Standards 6747:Deep time 6707:Ephemeris 6593:Lunisolar 6557:Gregorian 6550:Gregorian 6511:Calendars 6474:Era names 6444:Anka year 6323:Human Era 6253:Astronomy 6122:Leap year 6039:Spacetime 5913:Yesterday 5814:Dreamtime 5788:Mythology 5675:Deep time 5587:stopwatch 5562:hourglass 5543:astrarium 5473:Gregorian 5466:Lunisolar 5443:Calendars 5433:Time zone 5306:standards 5190:Star Trek 5154:Discworld 5149:Discworld 5142:Fictional 5018:Anka year 4997:Year zero 4977:Leap year 4935:Perpetual 4658:Byzantine 4377:Mongolian 4357:Malayalam 4101:Unix time 4076:Gregorian 4071:Ethiopian 4035:Lunisolar 4016:Calendars 3464:21 August 3175:1 January 3170:0307-1235 2945:5 October 2832:255011561 2013:M.DC.XXX. 1949:required) 1897:(2013) . 1660:24 August 1510:4 October 1322:year zero 1064:pr. n. e. 1017:) or BC ( 1010:léta Páně 796:Cyn Crist 784:Oed Crist 491:Australia 457:textbooks 406:education 375:Although 161:year zero 59:(AD) and 7029:Timeline 6867:Ice core 6740:Concepts 6487:Japanese 6419:Tzolk'in 6384:Egyptian 6182:Category 5930:Time in 5921:Tomorrow 5783:Religion 5723:Duration 5690:Timeline 5624:Timeline 5423:Sidereal 5291:Eternity 5220:Category 5185:Stardate 5161:Greyhawk 5092:Seleucid 5077:Japanese 5047:Assyrian 4982:New Year 4818:Holocene 4770:Rapa Nui 4743:Tzolkʼin 4708:Germanic 4688:Egyptian 4424:Romanian 4402:Nisg̱a'a 4362:Mandaean 4352:Maithili 4325:Javanese 4320:Japanese 4275:medieval 4229:Georgian 4140:Assyrian 4130:Armenian 4061:Buddhist 3976:. 2009. 3947:16 March 3923:16 March 3899:16 March 3874:16 March 3865:"pr. 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