Roman Empire - Knowledge

127: 4316: 2970: 2264: 1191: 4550: 5618: 5984: 1971: 2182: 5402: 5875: 3061: 3459: 4405: 3255: 6763: 6309: 7134: 1768: 1476: 5857: 6104: 2543: 4020: 2336: 5837: 3591: 31586: 31452: 30611: 30544: 30413: 29796: 29398: 5540: 5887: 1169: 5734: 4122: 905: 7327: 6194: 3378: 2686: 2191: 1147: 2017: 3780: 5917: 4095: 4655: 1661: 6977: 4758: 1308: 2449: 4980: 1125: 76: 7143: 5549: 3576: 1962: 1484: 5666: 97: 6743: 5467:, clothing worn by both soldiers and bureaucrats became highly decorated with geometrical patterns, stylized plant motifs, and in more elaborate examples, human or animal figures. Courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes. The militarization of Roman society, and the waning of urban life, affected fashion: heavy military-style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers, and the toga was abandoned, replaced by the pallium as a garment embodying social unity. 2820: 4666:) to citizens who registered for it (about 200,000–250,000 adult males in Rome). The dole cost at least 15% of state revenues, but improved living conditions among the lower classes, and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on estates. The grain dole also had symbolic value: it affirmed the emperor's position as universal benefactor, and the right of citizens to share in "the fruits of conquest". The 2414:. Generally, slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians, with a minority of foreigners (including both slaves and freedmen) estimated at 5% of the total in the capital at its peak, where their number was largest. Foreign slaves had higher mortality and lower birth rates than natives, and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions. The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was seventeen and a half years (17.2 for males; 17.9 for females). 7075: 5255: 1103: 28836: 3246: 1830: 24041: 5123:

in his opulent box; senators and equestrians in reserved advantageous seats; women seated at a remove from the action; slaves given the worst places, and everybody else in-between. The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering, but the emperor had the final say. Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest, and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest, most notoriously at the

4194: 2985: 5207:, with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day. Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics, wall paintings, lamps, and in graffiti. Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves, convicts, or free volunteers. Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters, whose training was costly and time-consuming. By contrast, 28825: 4474: 6266: 2765: 7114:: Theodosius I made multiple laws and acted against alternate forms of Christianity, and heretics were persecuted and killed by both the government and the church throughout Late Antiquity. Non-Christians were not persecuted until the 6th century. Rome's original religious hierarchy and ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. 3708:, the system of banks throughout the Empire permitted the exchange of large sums without physically transferring coins, in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash. Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire, in 33 AD; generally, available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers. The central government itself did not borrow money, and without 7313: 7299: 2252:

when her father died she became legally emancipated. This arrangement was a factor in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed compared to many other cultures up to the modern period: although she had to answer to her father in legal matters, she was free of his direct scrutiny in daily life, and her husband had no legal power over her. Although it was a point of pride to be a "one-man woman" (

2916:. By the 4th century, the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings, no longer responding to individual petitions. Although the Senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor, it retained its symbolic political centrality. The Senate legitimated the emperor's rule, and the emperor employed senators as legates ( 4044:; urban crafts and services; agriculture; and mining. Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries, where conditions were notoriously brutal. In practice, there was little division of labour between slave and free, and most workers were illiterate and without special skills. The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture: in Italian industrial farming ( 5131: 1219:("Roman Peace"). The cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced. Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent and put down "mercilessly and swiftly". The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs. The 7423:–an arrangement that periodically returned until the two halves were permanently divided in 395. Although the halves were independent in practice, the Romans continued to consider the Roman Empire to be a single undivided state with two co-equal emperors until the fall of the western half in 476/480. Although emperors at times governed from other cities (notably 7107:, "In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence". There were anti-pagan laws, but they were not generally enforced; through the 6th century, centers of paganism existed in Athens, Gaza, Alexandria, and elsewhere. 870: 2086:, both upward and downward, to a greater extent than all other well-documented ancient societies. Women, freedmen, and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them. Social life, particularly for those whose personal resources were limited, was further fostered by a proliferation of 7059:. He supported the Church financially and made laws that favored it, but the new religion was already successful, having moved from less than 50,000 to over a million adherents between 150 and 250. Constantine and his successors banned public sacrifice while tolerating other traditional practices. Constantine never engaged in a 5790:. Geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire. In North Africa, a particularly rich source of mosaics, homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates, hunting, agriculture, and local wildlife. Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present-day Turkey (particularly the ( 3868: 3340:. Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite. The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law, replacing local law codes that had applied to non-citizens. Diocletian's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the 3425:, customs and tolls on trade, including among provinces. Towards the end of his reign, Augustus instituted a 4% tax on the sale of slaves, which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers, who responded by raising their prices. An owner who manumitted a slave paid a "freedom tax", calculated at 5% of value. An 6091:, technically free but little better than slaves. "Stars", however, could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity, and mingled socially and often sexually with the elite. Performers supported each other by forming guilds, and several memorials for theatre members survive. Theatre and dance were often condemned by 2648:). Maintaining one's rank required massive personal expenditures. Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire, as the ranks of the town councils became depleted, those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged to return to their hometowns, in an effort to sustain civic life. 9548:

The patrician Orestes had married the daughter of Count Romulus, of Petovio in Noricum: the name of Augustus, notwithstanding the jealousy of power, was known at Aquileia as a familiar surname; and the appellations of the two great founders, of the city and of the monarchy, were thus strangely united

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but concedes this still does not adequately explain it, as Greek was "high" against Latins "Super-high". Latin experienced a period of spreading from the second century BCE, and especially in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces. In the east, Greek was always the dominant

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in three steps: making a register of cities, taking a census, and surveying the land. Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths, real estate transactions, taxes, and juridical proceedings. In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the central government sent out around 160 officials annually to

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in 9 AD, the number of legions was increased from 25 to around 30. The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century, and under 400,000 in the 2nd, "significantly smaller" than the collective armed forces of the conquered territories. No more than 2% of adult males living in the Empire served in

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defended the homeland against a specific threat. The Romans expanded their war machine by "organizing the communities that they conquered in Italy into a system that generated huge reservoirs of manpower for their army". By Imperial times, military service was a full-time career. The pervasiveness of

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were the members of the three higher "orders", along with certain military officers. The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority affirmed, particularly within the justice system. Sentencing depended on the

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but more concentrated in some Greek areas. Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces. Although slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries, it remained an integral part of Roman society until gradually

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they honoured. As the Romans extended their territories, their general policy was to promote stability among diverse peoples by absorbing local deities and cults rather than eradicating them, building temples that framed local theology within Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record

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built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today. The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events, which both enhanced their status and drained their resources. The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society: the emperor

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banker received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term, and lent money to third parties. The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending, both as creditors and borrowers. The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party, without cash

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or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors, but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire. A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian. The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men

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The republic (they repeat that name without a blush) might safely confide in the civil and military virtues of Odoacer; and they humbly request, that the emperor would invest him with the title of Patrician, and the administration of the diocese of Italy. ...His vanity was gratified by the title of

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made Constantinople a second and new capital of the empire ("Second Rome" or "New Rome"). For a time, mostly over the course of the later decades of the fourth century, Rome continued to hold greater symbolic status on account of its greater antiquity as imperial capital. From at least 361 onwards,

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for luxury consumers included fine pottery, silver and bronze vessels and implements, and glassware. Pottery manufacturing was economically important, as were the glass and metalworking industries. Imports stimulated new regional centres of production. Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the

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tailored city planning and architecture to imperial ideals, while expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence. In areas inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples, forums, monumental fountains, and amphitheatres, often

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required that both spouses be free citizens. A soldier, for instance, was banned from marrying while in service, but if he formed a long-term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces, he could marry her legally after he was discharged, and any children they had would be considered

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Augustus' programme of urban renewal, and the growth of Rome's population to as many as one million, was accompanied by nostalgia for rural life. Poetry idealized the lives of farmers and shepherds. Interior decorating often featured painted gardens, fountains, landscapes, vegetative ornament, and

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of the Republic, legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups, and for hunting down fugitive slaves. Over time slaves gained increased legal protection, including the right to file complaints

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were slaves, making Rome one of five historical "slave societies" in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy. Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility. In

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in which the woman was subject to her husband's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era, and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage. Technically she remained under her father's legal authority, even though she moved into her husband's home, but

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was the distinctive national garment of the male citizen, but it was heavy and impractical, worn mainly for conducting political or court business and religious rites. It was a "vast expanse" of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance. The drapery

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In a status-conscious society like that of the Romans, clothing and personal adornment indicated the etiquette of interacting with the wearer. Wearing the correct clothing reflected a society in good order. There is little direct evidence of how Romans dressed in daily life, since portraiture may

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was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute or person of marginalized status. Childbearing was encouraged: a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal

2260:, nor to speedy remarriage after being widowed or divorced. Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will. A mother's right to own and dispose of property, including setting the terms of her will, gave her enormous influence over her sons into adulthood. 10765:

Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période

6370:). Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning to express cultural achievement. Young Roman men often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy, mostly to Athens. The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training. On the Hellenistic model, Vespasian 6057:

was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity", and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre. Although certain dances were seen at times as non-Roman or unmanly, dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome. Ecstatic dancing was a

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in the Empire killed millions. The Roman population was unhealthy. About 20 percent—a large percentage by ancient standards—lived in cities, Rome being the largest. The cities were a "demographic sink": the death rate exceeded the birth rate and constant immigration was necessary to maintain the

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over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire, but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces. Most parts of the Eastern Empire already had well-established law codes and juridical procedures. Generally, it was Roman policy to respect the

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The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy- and decision-making, but in the early Principate, he was expected to be accessible and deal personally with official business and petitions. A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually. The Julio-Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of

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Rochette (1997, 2010, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2007), J. N. Adams (2003), Kearsley and Evans (2001), Binder (2000: 21–48), Rizakis (1995, 2008), Holford-Strevens (1993), Petersmann (1992), Dubuisson (1981, 1992a, 1992b), Millar (2006a: 84–93), Mullen (2011), Garcea (2019), Fournet (2019), Rapp (2019),

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Formal education was available only to families who could pay for it; lack of state support contributed to low literacy. Primary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic might take place at home if parents hired or bought a teacher. Other children attended "public" schools organized by a

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The three major elements of the Imperial state were the central government, the military, and the provincial government. The military established control of a territory through war, but after a city or people was brought under treaty, the mission turned to policing: protecting Roman citizens,

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Latin and Greek's mutual linguistic and cultural influence is a complex topic. Latin words incorporated into Greek were very common by the early imperial era, especially for military, administration, and trade and commerce matters. Greek grammar, literature, poetry and philosophy shaped Latin

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says "The main desire of the Roman government was to make itself understood". At the start of the Empire, knowledge of Greek was useful to pass as educated nobility and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law. Bilingual inscriptions indicate the everyday

126: 13172: 1854:, to defend Latin against the stronger cultural influence of Greek. Over time Latin usage was used to project power and a higher social class. Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a "rule" that first started during the 4469:, competitions for artists, speakers, and athletes, as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art—were financed by private individuals, whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges. 3478:

The Empire is best thought of as a network of regional economies, based on a form of "political capitalism" in which the state regulated commerce to assure its own revenues. Economic growth, though not comparable to modern economies, was greater than that of most other societies prior to

2241:) for life. Children most often took the father's name, with some exceptions. Women could own property, enter contracts, and engage in business. Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works, an indication they could hold considerable fortunes. 10610:"page 37. According to Pei & Gaeng (1976: 76–81), the decisive moment came with the Islamic conquest of North Africa and Iberia, which was followed by numerous raids on land and by sea. All this had the effect of disrupting connections between the western Romance-speaking regions. 3487:

that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization, particularly in north Africa. Some cities were known for particular industries. The scale of urban building indicates a significant construction industry. Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of

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and a tax on their land, construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity. Tax obligations were determined by the census: each head of household provided a headcount of his household, as well as an accounting of his property. A major source of indirect-tax revenue was the

3000:, the Roman army comprised professional soldiers who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves. The transition to a professional military began during the late Republic and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism, under which an army of 6422: 3898:). Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as major rivers. Transport by water was preferred where possible, as moving commodities by land was more difficult. Vehicles, wheels, and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers. 5444:, with length differing by wearer. The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural, dull shades; finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen. A man of the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( 3743:—such as reductions in long-distance trade, disruption of mining operations, and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies—greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector. Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or 5591:

was adopted for conquering generals. Imperial portrait sculptures may model a mature head atop a youthful nude or semi-nude body with perfect musculature. Clothed in the toga or military regalia, the body communicates rank or role, not individual characteristics.

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Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline. Most often, because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture, produce—cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit—were considered more civilized foods than meat. The

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or "grammarian" taught mainly Greek and Latin literature, with history, geography, philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text. With the rise of Augustus, contemporary Latin authors such as Virgil and Livy also became part of the curriculum. The

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Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws, could collect their own taxes locally, and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation. Legal privileges and relative independence incentivized compliance. Roman government was thus

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have been found buried at the site of racetracks, and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery. Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship, but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise.

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is a related technique in which flat stone, usually coloured marble, is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed. This more difficult technique became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century (e.g. the

2373:) that he could use, depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave. Within a household or workplace, a hierarchy of slaves might exist, with one slave acting as the master of others. Talented slaves might accumulate a large enough 4721:

contributed to disease. Land and sea connections facilitated and sped the transfer of infectious diseases across the empire's territories. The rich were not immune; only two of emperor Marcus Aurelius's fourteen children are known to have reached adulthood.

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Modern scholars often date the end of the "classical" or "unified" Roman Empire in AD 395. This is a modern convention, as the Empire continued to be seen as a single state even after the supposed "split" of 395, which was in fact one of many splits since

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Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth, which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government. An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the "super-rich", but in the later period, the

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of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine to offer prayers and

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The public baths served hygienic, social and cultural functions. Bathing was the focus of daily socializing. Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures, with amenities that might include an

877: 6356:) as it was a mode of expression that distinguished those who held social power. The ancient model of rhetorical training—"restraint, coolness under pressure, modesty, and good humour"—endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal. 6401:. The ideal woman in Augustan love poetry was educated and well-versed in the arts. Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders. An educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household. 6363:

could mean both "unable to read and write" and "lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication". Higher education promoted career advancement. Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture imbued with Greek educational ideals

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and other Christians adopted Latin and Greek literature, philosophy and science in biblical interpretation. As the Western Roman Empire declined, reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy, although it continued in the

2912:), a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron; public banquets hosted at the palace; and religious ceremonies. The common people who lacked this access could manifest their approval or displeasure as a group at 924:

until the 3rd century BC. Thus, it was an "empire" (a great power) long before it had an emperor. The Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of self-ruled towns (with varying degrees of independence from the

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During the period of republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive, war captives were a main source of slaves. The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war, and the

6872:, became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity. Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult, extending as far as 6123:

range from 5 to over 30%. The Roman obsession with documents and inscriptions indicates the value placed on the written word. Laws and edicts were posted as well as read out. Illiterate Roman subjects could have a government scribe

3492:, and the Empire was highly monetized. Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity, transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly, and trade routes connected regional economies. The 9587:

sole emperor, and by the statues erected to his honor in the several quarters of Rome; ...He entertained a friendly, though ambiguous, correspondence with the patrician Odoacer; and he gratefully accepted the Imperial ensigns.

874: 6178:. Commercial book production was established by the late Republic, and by the 1st century certain neighbourhoods of Rome and Western provincial cities were known for their bookshops. The quality of editing varied wildly, and 2463:

in allowing freed slaves to become citizens; any future children of a freedman were born free, with full rights of citizenship. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed active political freedom

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The city was viewed as fostering civilization by being "properly designed, ordered, and adorned". Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome, supported public displays of art that expressed imperial ideology, and

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limited their participation by law. The rise of successful freedmen—through political influence or wealth—is a characteristic of early Imperial society. The prosperity of a high-achieving group of freedmen is attested by

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Christians of the 4th century believed the conversion of Constantine showed that Christianity had triumphed over paganism (in Heaven) and little further action besides such rhetoric was necessary. Thus, their focus was

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As the republican principle of citizens' equality under the law faded, the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours

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above all) in conjunction with the Senate. The 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval, which ultimately led to rule by emperors. The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of

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theatre, which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation, risqué language and sex scenes, action sequences, and political satire, along with dance, juggling, acrobatics, tightrope walking, striptease, and

2591:(193–235), Italians made up less than half the Senate. During the 3rd century, domicile at Rome became impractical, and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( 7483:) since it managed to retake Constantinople. Whether there was an interregnum at all is debatable given that the crusaders envisioned the Latin Empire to be the same empire as its predecessor (and not a new state). 3429:

of 5% was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone outside their immediate family. Revenues from the estate tax and from an auction tax went towards the veterans' pension fund

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of the Mediterranean during the time of the Empire. Following Diocletian's reforms in the 3rd century CE, there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the west. Spoken Latin later fragmented into the incipient

1858:. Different emperors up until Justinian would attempt to require the use of Latin in various sections of the administration but there is no evidence that a linguistic imperialism existed during the early Empire. 2871:) signified the deceased emperor's deification. The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of powers from several republican offices. The emperor made himself the central religious authority as 6942:

was checked, first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order, and then by banning druidism altogether. However, Celtic traditions were reinterpreted within the context of Imperial theology, and a new

3409:; they might be temporary. Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military, and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty. In-kind taxes were accepted from less- 6301:(homeborn slave children) might share in-home or public schooling. Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12, but classes were not segregated by grade or age. Most schools employed 5927:

In Roman tradition, borrowed from the Greeks, literary theatre was performed by all-male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions to portray emotion. Female roles were played by men in

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City planning and urban lifestyles was influenced by the Greeks early on, and in the Eastern Empire, Roman rule shaped the development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character. Cities such as

15408: 2478:. He could not marry a woman from a senatorial family, nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself, but during the early Empire, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so much so that 1030:, the first epoch of Roman imperial history. Although the republic stood in name, Augustus had all meaningful authority. During his 40-year rule, a new constitutional order emerged so that, upon his death, 6235:) expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century, giving rise to "consumer literature" for entertainment. Illustrated books, including erotica, were popular, but are poorly represented by extant fragments. 1615:. This claim of universal dominion was renewed when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century. In addition to annexing large regions, the Romans directly altered their geography, for example 10157:

Nocchi Macedo(2019), Pellizzari (2019), Rhoby (2019), Ghiretti (1996), García Domingo (1983), Zgusta (1980), Kaimio (1979a, 1979b), Hahn (1906), Mullen and James (2012), Stein (1915: 132–186) as cited in

3663:("money") and were used only on the frontiers. Romans in the first and second centuries counted coins, rather than weighing them—an indication that the coin was valued on its face. This tendency towards 3211:

Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances. Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era, to avoid provincial governors and

3315:("regional tradition" or "law of the land") and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability. The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying 2229:

Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens, but did not vote, hold political office, or serve in the military. A mother's citizen status determined that of her children, as indicated by the phrase

23917: 5157:. Racing was perilous, but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well-compensated athletes. Circuses were designed to ensure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( 4686:

The public has long since cast off its cares: the people that once bestowed commands, consulships, legions and all else, now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things: bread and circuses.

4255:. The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a route of more than 336 km. Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine 9155: 7837:

were centers of religion, trade (including import/export), and industrial production, walled for the purposes of defence, but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year-round.

6049:, a long tubular metal wind instrument, was used for military signals and on parade. These instruments spread throughout the provinces and are widely depicted in Roman art. The hydraulic pipe organ 2028:

The Empire was remarkably multicultural, with "astonishing cohesive capacity" to create shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples. Public monuments and communal spaces open to all—such as

3909:". These roads were primarily built for military purposes, but also served commercial ends. The in-kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel, animals, or vehicles for the 2583:, with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France; men from the Greek-speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian. The first senator from the easternmost province, 2162:

extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. This legal egalitarianism required a far-reaching revision of existing laws that distinguished between citizens and non-citizens.

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rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people, "to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death, by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory". Some Romans such as

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inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the most populous unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent

2436:, by contrast, were "homegrown" slaves born to female slaves within the household, estate or farm. Although they had no special legal status, an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his 3671:

of Roman coinage in the later Empire. The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration. The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the

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were recruited from among the non-citizens. Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength, they were paid less than the legionaries, and after 25 years of service were rewarded with

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sees them as "primarily tradesmen and/or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low- or medium-quality woolen textiles and clothing, including felt and its products".

5055:

Under Augustus, public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius, this had expanded to 135. Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade (

2937:

heir. The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape. No emperor could hope to survive without the allegiance of the

2889:

advisors that included not only senators and equestrians, but trusted slaves and freedmen. After Nero, the influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion, and the emperor's council (

9475:

Odoacer, who dethroned the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476, used neither the imperial insignia nor the colour purple; they were used exclusively by the emperor in Byzantium.

30391: 9549:

in the last of their successors", "The life of this inoffensive youth was spared by the generous clemency of Odoacer; who dismissed him, with his whole family, from the Imperial palace.

5276:, "play, game, sport, training", had a wide range of meanings such as "word play", "theatrical performance", "board game", "primary school", and even "gladiator training school" (as in 2484: 4733:. A good indicator of nutrition and disease burden is average height: the average Roman was shorter in stature than the population of pre-Roman Italian societies and medieval Europe. 13549: 5448:) woven vertically: the wider the stripe, the higher the wearer's status. Other garments could be layered over the tunic. Common male attire also included cloaks and in some regions 3226:). Because Roman government officials were few, a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity. 33472: 33467: 2634:

The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the early Empire. Roman aristocracy was based on competition, and unlike later

10192: 5211:

were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training, often unarmed, and with no expectation of survival; physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate

13181:, p. 179, The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus: Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition, 6283:). Parents were expected to act as role models, and working parents passed their skills to their children, who might also enter apprenticeships. Young children were attended by a 6134:

declared "if all seas were ink, all reeds were pen, all skies parchment, and all men scribes, they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government's concerns".

8702:

After the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Osmanli Turks called their empire the Empire of Rum (Rome).

4315: 2604:, the political career track, but equestrians often possessed greater wealth and political power. Membership in the equestrian order was based on property; in Rome's early days, 2150:, "Latin right"), but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by non-citizens. Free people not considered citizens, but living within the Roman world, were 30092: 6732: 2474:): the two continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other. A freedman was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods, but could play a 14094:

Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-P.; Patterson, C. C.; Boutron, C. F. (1996). "History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice".

8487: 3545:) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking. "There can be little doubt that the lower classes of ... provincial towns of the Roman Empire enjoyed a high 3506:

vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product during the Principate. In the sample years of 14, 100, and 150 AD, estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380

25635: 7004:

throughout the Empire and beyond. Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic, with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials.

6955:

posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and granting of special exemptions. Tertullian noted that Judaism, unlike Christianity, was considered a

6140:

was necessary for commerce. Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers; some were highly educated. Graffiti and low-quality inscriptions with misspellings and

4053:

Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment. Both textiles and finished garments were traded and products were often named for peoples or towns, like a

15152: 7475:(a Byzantine/Roman successor state). Nicaea is usually considered the "legitimate" continuation of the Roman Empire during the "interregnum" 1204–1261 (over its rivals in 2369:, but their unions were sometimes recognized. Technically, a slave could not own property, but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual fund ( 873: 17713:

Kraus, T.J. (2000). "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times".

6210:) associated with the villa lifestyle. Significant collections might attract "in-house" scholars, and an individual benefactor might endow a community with a library (as 4670:, public facilities, and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower-class Romans, and kept social unrest in check. The satirist 2327:

and industry, such as milling and mining, relied on the exploitation of slaves. Outside Italy, slaves were on average an estimated 10 to 20% of the population, sparse in

14185: 7928:"This mentality," notes John T. Koch, "lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible"; entry on "Interpretatio romana," in 5874: 3799:

The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula (silver, copper, lead, iron and gold); Gaul (gold, silver, iron); Britain (mainly iron, lead, tin), the

3076:

Through his military reforms, which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty, Augustus regularized the legion. A legion was organized into ten

2554:"Senator" was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an 2263: 5599:, which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with realistic painting. Marble portrait sculpture were painted, but traces have rarely survived. 2969: 7235:

with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire, which was aborted by his death. In the medieval West, "Roman" came to mean the church and the Catholic Pope. The Greek form

6305:. For the socially ambitious, education in Greek as well as Latin was necessary. Schools became more numerous during the Empire, increasing educational opportunities. 4580:), but it was not a place to retreat from public life. Although some neighbourhoods show a higher concentration of such houses, they were not segregated enclaves. The 3190:. A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed, but he could delegate various duties. His staff, however, was minimal: his official attendants ( 1885:

The dominance of Latin and Greek among the literate elite obscure the continuity of other spoken languages within the Empire. Latin, referred to in its spoken form as

428: 414: 389: 8638: 8242:

As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome

3103:: nine cohorts, ostensibly to maintain the public peace, which were garrisoned in Italy. Better paid than the legionaries, the Praetorians served only sixteen years. 5711:. In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs, wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and theatre, landscapes and gardens, 12669: 6374:

of grammar, Latin and Greek rhetoric, and philosophy at Rome, and gave secondary teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties. In the Eastern Empire,

4445:) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana. Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries were encouraged to "inculcate the habits of peacetime". As the classicist 13160: 5234:

were critical of the brutal spectacles, but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter—an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the

15417:, p. 191, reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies. 6352:("speaking ability, eloquence") was considered the "glue" of civilized society. Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge (though it required a command of the 4717:

population. Average lifespan is estimated at the mid-twenties, and perhaps more than half of children died before reaching adulthood. Dense urban populations and

33335: 7272: 4662:

Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic, when the state began to provide a grain dole (

4170:

were among the first large and lasting bridges, built from stone (and in most cases concrete) with the arch as the basic structure. The largest Roman bridge was

2642:

brought distinction and privileges, but also responsibilities. In antiquity, a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works, events, and services (

2323:

urban settings, slaves might be professionals such as teachers, physicians, chefs, and accountants; the majority of slaves provided trained or unskilled labour.

33477: 21610: 10766:

gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.

1344: 4871:) furnished with couches. By the late Republic, women dined, reclined, and drank wine along with men. The poet Martial describes a dinner, beginning with the 29315: 23635: 9422: 7454:, to which the new senate was largely identical. By 450, Constantinople was much grander in size and adornment than Rome and unquestionably senior in status. 2440:

faced social disapproval, as they were considered part of the family household and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family.

9709:

Moretti, G (1993), "The Other World and the 'Antipodes': The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance", in de Gruyter, Walter (ed.),

1933:

for inscriptions, an exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military. The last reference to Gaulish was between 560 and 575. The emergent

33325: 23467: 17302: 8084: 5836: 4994:

complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for "bread and circuses", he was referring to the state-provided grain dole and the

1190: 4259:, and to a technological standard not equalled until modern times. The Romans also used aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire. 3841:. At its peak around the mid-2nd century, the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t, five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of 30801: 30717: 9573: 7678:

the offspring of citizens—in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship. The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by

6930:

and public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, which conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "

4629:

animals, rendered accurately enough to be identified by species. On a more practical level, the central government took an active interest in supporting

1850:, started with the advent of Latin literature. Due to the flexible language policy of the Empire, a natural competition of language emerged that spurred 20331:

Edmondson, J.C. (1996). "Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire".

9632: 6287:, usually a Greek slave or former slave, who kept the child safe, taught self-discipline and public behaviour, attended class and helped with tutoring. 5628:

Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly, though often in damaged or fragmentary condition, including freestanding statuary in marble, bronze and

3220:, whose authority was originally "extra-judicial and extra-constitutional", managed both state-owned property and the personal property of the emperor ( 33452: 33200: 11581:

Taylor, Timothy (2010). "Believing the ancients: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia".

9535: 5856: 2877:, and centralized the right to declare war, ratify treaties, and negotiate with foreign leaders. While these functions were clearly defined during the 14896:

Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007). "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications".

5246:, however, offers "detailed, indeed luxuriant, descriptions of bodily suffering", and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction. 30595: 26903: 25628: 9498: 6323:

into adulthood, and began to learn leadership roles through mentoring from a senior family member or family friend. Higher education was provided by

4643:

that sustained urban life. Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres. Agricultural techniques such as

19481: 5357:

originally was an exercise field where young men learned horsemanship and warfare. Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime. According to

4549: 5373:. Women were encouraged to maintain health through activities such as playing ball, swimming, walking, or reading aloud (as a breathing exercise). 1539:

sole emperor and placing himself as Zeno's nominal subordinate. In reality, Italy was ruled by Odoacer alone. The Eastern Roman Empire, called the

14651: 4947:

as an ideal. Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished and trade routes were disrupted; the Church formally discouraged

33492: 33462: 27895: 24057: 3122:

of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic, Hispanic or Germanic areas. Several aspects of training and equipment derived from the Celts.

2947:, a monetary reward. In theory, the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor, but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians. 3516:

is estimated as 40 to 66% higher than in the rest of the Empire, due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income.

33340: 30944: 30806: 30119: 30067: 10597: 6888:

the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous

5647:

are characteristic of the 2nd to 4th centuries. Sarcophagus relief has been called the "richest single source of Roman iconography", depicting

4619:

The villa by contrast was an escape from the city, and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances intellectual and artistic interests (

4546:, but in the late 4th century, individual tubs began to replace communal bathing. Christians were advised to go to the baths only for hygiene. 3118:

there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries—thus, around 125,000 men, implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments. The

1633:, a "global map of the known world" was displayed for the first time in public at Rome, coinciding with the creation of the most comprehensive 24492: 23541: 16631: 6840:, state religion adapted to support the new regime. Augustus justified one-man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform. 1362:

was tumultuous; an emperor's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution and, following its collapse, the Empire was engulfed by the

33365: 27927: 21497: 19389:

Thompson, Glen L. (2005). "Constantius II and the First Removal of the Altar of Victory". In Jean-Jacques Aubert; Zsuzsanna Varhelyi (eds.).

19006:. See, for instance, the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess 7063:, there were no "pagan martyrs" during his reign, and people who had not converted to Christianity remained in important positions at court. 18294: 10335: 4625:) with an appreciation of nature and agriculture. Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista, carefully framed by the architectural design. 1629:, though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century, when Roman control in Europe, Africa, and Asia was strengthened. Under 33512: 32710: 28558: 27910: 25621: 23771: 22039: 21471:

The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire

15937: 13537: 7373: 1653:) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of the Empire. Geography alongside meticulous written records were central concerns of 8200:

Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople

7641:

It has been called a state of bilingualism but that's only true of the educated and so Bruno Rochette suggests it's more appropriate as a

6148: 3359:

The pervasiveness of Roman law throughout Western Europe enormously influenced the Western legal tradition, reflected by continued use of

2746:, especially if they declined to fulfil religious responsibilities, and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of 1409:

reorganised and restored much of it in 285. Diocletian's reign brought the empire's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of

31621: 30811: 28872: 22081: 22069: 19521:

Salzman, Michele Renee (1993). "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code".

9122: 9079: 7700: 5886: 5579:

Portraiture, which survives mainly in sculpture, was the most copious form of imperial art. Portraits during the Augustan period utilize

5204: 3519:

Economic dynamism resulted in social mobility. Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society, wealth requirements for

5520:

in their homes. Despite the value placed on art, even famous artists were of low social status, partly as they worked with their hands.

2638:, a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands. Admission to the higher 31354: 31334: 28522: 27452: 22128: 13667: 7012:

in AD 64, the emperor attempted to deflect blame from himself onto the Christians. A major persecution occurred under the emperor

6938:), and subversive activity. Thus, sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists. In Gaul, the power of the 6669:

quality. A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century, with the

5161:), which were nonetheless frequent and satisfying to the crowd. The races retained a magical aura through their early association with 29270: 9903: 33280: 31422: 30467: 28656: 19260: 12399: 6728: 5430: 5406: 4040:

Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories: domestic, with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs;

3167: 2555: 9258: 2793:

was necessary to maintain order, collect information, and extract revenue. The Romans often exploited internal political divisions.

32554: 30600: 28563: 23460: 22044: 21159: 13949: 9608: 8569: 6472:

in Latin verse. Ovid's erotic poetry was enormously popular, but ran afoul of Augustan morality, contributing to his exile. Ovid's

2964: 2395:

against their masters. A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution, as

2055:

and social power. From the perspective of the lower classes, a peak was merely added to the social pyramid. Personal relationships—

771: 17589:

Musicians and Musical Instruments in Roman and Early Byzantine Mosaics of the Land of Israel: Sources, Precursors and Significance

8471: 5440:

Ordinary clothing was dark or colourful. The basic garment for all Romans, regardless of gender or wealth, was the simple sleeved

3915:, the state mail and transport service established by Augustus. Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve 2359:. A slave could not as a matter of law be raped; a slave's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the 1970: 32194: 31010: 30504: 28128: 25986: 24092: 23416: 22054: 20038:

A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature

15191: 6720: 2576:, but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate. A senator could be removed for violating moral standards. 2404: 23569: 7520:'Exalted State of Rome'). In this sense, it could be argued that a "Roman" Empire survived until the early 20th century. 6029:

was integral to almost every social occasion. Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos. Various woodwinds and

5700: 944:, meaning "command" (typically in a military sense). Occasionally, successful consuls or generals were given the honorary title 33442: 32642: 31344: 27340: 23741: 23361: 22049: 21783: 19581:

Demarsin, Koen (2011). "'Paganism' in Late Antiquity: Thematic studies Introduction". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

9007: 7110:

According to recent Jewish scholarship, toleration of the Jews was maintained under Christian emperors. This did not extend to

5983: 1622: 1433: 860: 656: 17787: 15786: 14138: 13169:, pp. 177–179, Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt, where the climate preserved the papyri.. 10739:

And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatæ in the Gallic tongue,

4907:. Luxury ingredients were imported from the far reaches of empire. A book-length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to 33497: 33220: 30871: 30590: 28806: 27969: 26896: 25445: 24827: 23331: 22156: 21683: 21403: 21361: 21276: 21254: 21232: 21209: 21187: 21153: 21067: 21030: 21008: 20982: 20944: 20918: 20899: 20807: 20788: 20766: 20707: 20661: 20642: 20623: 20604: 20585: 20523: 20501: 20476: 20450: 20428: 20409: 20390: 20371: 20349: 20321: 20302: 20280: 20258: 20232: 20202: 20183: 20149: 20127: 20108: 20086: 20067: 20045: 20002: 19954: 19909: 19826: 19787: 19762: 19673: 19590: 19565: 19406: 19380: 19352: 18917: 18288: 17377: 16963: 16651: 15847: 15520: 15352: 15050: 15025: 14868: 14786: 14725: 14703: 14378: 14339: 14034: 13830: 13755: 13583: 13513: 13013: 12899: 12471: 12273: 12049: 11898: 11842: 11778: 10917: 10896: 10835: 10758: 10591: 10477: 10428: 10329: 10280: 10241: 10178: 10141: 9729: 9468: 9396: 9368: 9303: 8927: 8879: 8695: 8481: 8427: 8388: 8349: 8307: 8296:

Maxwell, Kathleen (2016). "Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches".

8265: 8223: 8193: 8151: 8109: 8063: 7987: 7966: 7264: 5716: 5707:. Much of what is known of Roman painting is from the interior decoration of private homes, particularly as preserved by the 5696: 3819:—took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century, when the instability of the Empire disrupted production. 3811:(gold, silver); and Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin). Intensive large-scale mining—of alluvial deposits, and by means of 2726:

Execution, which was an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic, could be quick and relatively painless for

2144:). The legal status of free persons was further defined by their citizenship. Most citizens held limited rights (such as the 2106:): professional and trade guilds, veterans' groups, religious sodalities, drinking and dining clubs, performing troupes, and 1616: 1339:

in 180 marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron", a comment which has led some historians, notably

811: 10434: 10286: 10247: 8433: 8394: 8355: 8313: 8271: 8229: 8157: 8115: 8069: 7620:

Bang, Peter Fibiger (2011), "The King of Kings: Universal Hegemony, Imperial Power, and a New Comparative History of Rome",

5401: 2352: 33502: 33447: 31292: 28603: 27878: 27686: 26288: 26006: 23956: 23521: 23421: 23296: 22449: 9045: 8610: 4348:

administered at the local level with police and firefighting services. A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the

1844:

There was never a legal requirement for Latin in the Empire, but it represented a certain status. High standards of Latin,

480: 25351: 15555:

Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2005). "The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia".

9921:

Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements".

6819:

to the family's domestic deities. Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The

3937:

was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day. Carts were usually pulled by mules, travelling about 4 mph.

2789:

agricultural fields, and religious sites. The Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to rule through force alone.

1691: 33437: 33432: 32136: 31339: 31243: 30482: 27932: 27795: 26959: 26801: 26544: 26492: 23453: 22002: 21114: 14844:

Crow, J. (2007). "Earth, walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople". In Lavan, L.; Zanini, E.; Sarantis, A. (eds.).

9864:

Goldsmith, Raymond W. (2005). "An Estimate of the Size And Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire".

7345: 6844:

now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional

5708: 5178: 4742: 2181: 12132:, for instance, held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were "open" seats 3393:. The typical tax rate for individuals ranged from 2 to 5%. The tax code was "bewildering" in its complicated system of 2293:) between a male citizen and a married woman, or between a married woman and any man other than her husband. That is, a 31990: 28651: 28236: 27863: 27696: 27457: 26683: 26354: 25497: 24497: 23497: 21673: 16476:

Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003

12663: 8128:

Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople

7767: 6926:, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice, practiced in addition to one's 6658: 6581: 6436: 526: 23578: 6320: 5106:

Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world. The Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the

4273:, a form of central heating. The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later 3458: 3060: 33385: 31349: 30739: 27883: 27858: 27701: 26795: 26403: 24141: 23341: 22101: 21668: 21663: 21639: 21490: 21298: 21073: 20963: 19869: 19461: 19093: 19064: 17345: 16938: 16712: 15312: 14070: 14052: 13962: 13608: 12739: 12622: 12489: 12106: 11989: 11873: 11662: 11410: 11358: 10860: 10674:

Curchin, Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain".

10636: 10099: 9132: 9099: 9055: 9021: 8983: 8811: 7724:

The relation of the equestrian order to the "public horse" and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations (such as the

5508:—is often analysed for historical or ideological significance. In the private sphere, artistic objects were made for 5460:

considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians, in contrast to the toga, and for educated people.

5361:, conservative Romans disapproved of Greek-style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake, and condemned 4179: 23817: 23761: 6174:—pages bound to a spine—was still a novelty in the 1st century, but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the 4235:, reflects the administrative importance placed on the water supply. Masonry channels carried water along a precise 4033:

Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in Rome and 85 in Pompeii. Professional associations or trade guilds (

3254: 33422: 33215: 32576: 32121: 31716: 31374: 31281: 30241: 28255: 27536: 27422: 26889: 25644: 24025: 23807: 23356: 22029: 21678: 21605: 19703: 19627: 14717: 2790: 2759: 1521: 1513: 1501: 1469: 1292: 212: 23445: 10737:

Veniens vero Arvernos, delubrum illud, quod Gallica lingua Vasso Galatæ vocant, incendit, diruit, atque subvertit.

5629: 4599: 33487: 33315: 33250: 32295: 32146: 31749: 31614: 31101: 30452: 30077: 29219: 28865: 28379: 28291: 28138: 28133: 27964: 27832: 26813: 25123: 23799: 23794: 21622: 21555: 21420: 20996: 9698: 4404: 4041: 2422:

brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves. Slaves were also traded in markets and sometimes sold by

75: 29140: 24285: 17294: 11532: 10778:

Guiter, Henri (1995). "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania". In Bochnakowa, Anna; Widlak, Stanislan (eds.).

9416: 5826:

was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC, and by the 3rd century, Egypt and the

5226:

Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the "theatre of life and death" difficult to understand.

2572:

at Rome. Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600-member body by appointment. A senator's son belonged to the

1424:. Confident that he fixed the disorder plaguing Rome, he abdicated along with his co-emperor, but the Tetrarchy 33482: 32506: 31933: 31766: 31704: 31091: 30498: 30477: 28327: 27915: 27392: 26789: 26693: 26637: 25795: 24082: 23902: 23596: 22376: 22301: 22059: 20096: 18108: 18102: 9331: 8215:

Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554

6931: 6837: 6156: 5480: 3095: 3086: 1597:

in history, with contiguous territories throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Latin phrase

1578: 1566: 1448:

dynasties, the empire was divided along an east–west axis, with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome.

974: 803: 696: 31392: 27095: 20717:

Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (2012). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna".

16189:

D'Ambra, Eva (2007). "Racing with Death: Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy".

14213:

De Callataÿ, François (2015). "The Graeco-Roman economy in the super long-run: Lead, copper, and shipwrecks".

13619:

Middle and Lower Class Housing in Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Preliminary Survey," In Neue Forschung in Pompeji

9565: 8299:

Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches

6779:

The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success to their collective piety (

5138:, from a dining room in present-day Libya, depicts a series of arena scenes: from top, musicians; gladiators; 3553:

captured about 20% of income. The "vast majority" produced more than half of the total income, but lived near

33457: 32659: 32141: 32050: 31435: 31417: 31065: 30097: 28578: 28409: 28296: 27827: 27822: 26678: 26612: 26411: 26143: 26066: 25917: 25561: 23726: 22872: 20754: 17548:

Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (2010). "The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period".

9233: 8778:

Frontiers in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire

5497: 5182: 2677:

of certain senators and their immediate family, including women. "Grades" of equestrian status proliferated.

1806: 1714: 179: 20: 23531: 11710:

Gamauf, Richard (2009). "Slaves doing business: The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household".

10160: 9624: 9524: 8005:"The So-Called Division of the Roman Empire in AD 395: Notes on a Persistent Theme in Modern Historiography" 6762: 6390:(1st–3rd century AD) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social, educational, and esthetic values. 5115: 3959:

Roman provinces traded among themselves, but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as

3325:

regarded as common and customary. If provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom, Roman courts heard

2284: 977:

by a faction that opposed his concentration of power. This faction was driven from Rome and defeated at the

33270: 33255: 33150: 31359: 30956: 30575: 30514: 30344: 30154: 28337: 28276: 28261: 28113: 27974: 27427: 27293: 25556: 25440: 24087: 24005: 23863: 23731: 23711: 23643: 22712: 22316: 21768: 21483: 21459: 20913:. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (5–7 July 2007). Brill. 19057:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

16091: 9494: 7704: 6981: 6948: 6841: 6514: 4943:. Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food, and adopted 3390: 3141:. Another duty was protecting maritime trade against pirates. It patrolled the Mediterranean, parts of the 2846: 2396: 2257: 2119: 2087: 2048: 962: 131:

Roman territorial evolution from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire

7239:

remained attached to the Greek-speaking Christian population of the Byzantine Empire and is still used by

6951:

established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman-provincial identity. The monotheistic rigour of

5636:

from public buildings and monuments. Niches in amphitheatres were originally filled with statues, as were

3527:. Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in grand estates or townhouses, luxury items, 32676: 32187: 32100: 32095: 31711: 31412: 30789: 30692: 30231: 29990: 28681: 28399: 28245: 28027: 27937: 27837: 27723: 27691: 27376: 26807: 26759: 26450: 25937: 25566: 24603: 24108: 23493: 23411: 23336: 23095: 22151: 22034: 21580: 19778:

Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane J.; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinor Ann (2010).

19496: 14139:"Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations" 13821:

Scheidel, Walter (2009). "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, Walter (ed.).

13261:

Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age

7800:

is an elusive topic in scholarship, since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters. Historian

7232: 6239: 5111: 4630: 4337: 3740: 3493: 3341: 2657:("worth, esteem") that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as 2584: 2411: 2324: 2033: 1582: 1425: 1363: 847: 672: 595: 569: 545: 23822: 21444: 11252:

Woodhull, Margaret L. (2004). "Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire: The Case of Salvia Postuma".

8922:, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 148–158, 8326:

Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople

8257:

Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary

7564:

evolved into formal titles, the former denoting the heir and the latter the monarch. In some languages,

7231:

established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire. He even launched an

6130:) read or write their official documents for them. The military produced extensive written records. The 4602:. The houses were located on busy public roads, and ground-level spaces were often rented out as shops ( 3094:, has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280. After Germanic tribes wiped out three legions in the 2432: 1897:. References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages, particularly in Egypt with 32547: 32270: 32156: 32151: 31607: 31268: 30531: 30374: 30246: 30136: 28894: 28858: 28736: 28364: 28184: 28091: 28064: 27999: 27873: 27407: 27333: 26753: 26747: 26698: 26688: 26118: 26103: 25966: 24030: 23716: 23371: 23035: 22927: 22697: 22469: 22291: 22199: 22064: 22007: 20268: 19862:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Atlantic America, 1492–1800

14643: 7863:

Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises:

7123: 6606: 5516:, domestic use, and commerce. The wealthy advertised their appreciation of culture through artwork and 4775:

could be used for rudimentary cookery. Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (

4718: 4543: 4244: 4133: 4108: 3950: 3804: 3680: 2814: 2496: 1767: 1544: 1252: 815: 735: 719: 23781: 10575:

A linguistic analysis of a collection of late Latin documents composed in Ravenna between A.D. 445–700

7051:

condemned the diverse religions practiced throughout the Empire as "pagan". In the early 4th century,

6439:, along with that of the Republic, has been viewed as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, embodying 6308: 5283: 5097:) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres, or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an 4836:(pottage) was considered the food of the Romans, and could be elaborated to produce dishes similar to 4148:. Some Roman structures still stand today, due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and 3833:

to be extracted on a proto-industrial scale. The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500

33195: 33155: 32596: 32126: 31880: 31841: 31501: 31430: 31005: 30861: 30794: 30020: 29963: 28766: 28532: 28455: 28419: 27437: 27402: 27397: 26865: 26148: 25524: 24672: 24236: 24010: 23766: 23391: 22484: 22439: 22366: 22286: 22234: 22224: 22176: 21523: 19947:

Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France

19560:. Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. pp. 634, 640, 651. 13274: 8660: 7692: 7001: 6845: 6641: 6260: 6108: 6103: 5787: 5777: 5513: 5396: 5326: 5238:

in the arena. Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed-up form of

5174: 5119: 5065:, which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue, and stadium. Greek-style athletics included 4651:

were disseminated throughout the Empire, and new crops were introduced from one province to another.

4591: 4531: 3713: 3360: 3208:, both civil and military, usually of equestrian rank; and friends who accompanied him unofficially. 2881:, the emperor's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical, culminating in the 2530: 2504: 2470: 2056: 1817:

Latin and Greek were the main languages of the Empire, but the Empire was deliberately multilingual.

1240: 1047:

were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it

853: 795: 641: 285: 30922: 23630: 21434: 19391:

A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World – Essays in honor of William V. Harris

7133: 5583:, evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism. Republican portraits were characterized by 4178:, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built. The Romans built many 2542: 33507: 33295: 33023: 32785: 32745: 32735: 32683: 31542: 31262: 31047: 30754: 30281: 30276: 30082: 29813: 29363: 29016: 28881: 28781: 28771: 28751: 28721: 28676: 28374: 28216: 28148: 28118: 28098: 27979: 27655: 27620: 27417: 26771: 26123: 25976: 25912: 25482: 25457: 25307: 24966: 24961: 24067: 23973: 23706: 23683: 22992: 22902: 22411: 22391: 22386: 22371: 22324: 22264: 22219: 22021: 20212: 12380:"The Associative Order: Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire" 7506: 7368: 7041: 6710: 6325: 5921: 5660: 5612: 5382: 4815: 4696: 4458: 4050:), these may have been mostly slaves, but elsewhere slave farm labour was probably less important. 4019: 3849:

around 800 AD. As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production, lead pollution in the

3598: 3372: 2934: 2673: 2653: 2365: 2335: 2234: 2075:, however, it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen, or an 2068: 2052: 1475: 1457: 1414: 807: 791: 743: 727: 199: 31149: 15018:

Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes

14248:

Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C. (1980). "Lead in albacore: Guide to lead pollution in Americans".

10804:

Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies

9769: 5962:

was played without masks, and encouraged stylistic realism. Female roles were performed by women.

4542:

heating: the floors were suspended over hot-air channels. Public baths were part of urban culture

3444:

of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire.

2347:

Laws pertaining to slavery were "extremely intricate". Slaves were considered property and had no

33517: 33427: 33073: 32981: 32280: 32275: 32131: 31789: 31491: 31364: 31020: 30968: 30671: 30462: 30369: 30256: 29891: 29242: 28661: 28424: 28281: 28251: 28226: 28143: 28103: 28042: 27941: 27706: 27676: 27044: 26859: 26534: 26426: 26388: 25883: 25813: 25549: 25430: 24971: 24924: 24867: 24566: 24510: 24258: 24077: 24072: 23526: 23502: 23401: 23381: 23321: 23311: 23301: 22707: 22396: 22296: 22276: 22191: 22181: 21886: 21826: 21806: 21518: 20776: 20163: 19543: 19477: 19368: 17885: 16455: 15902: 11475:, noting that custom "allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change"; 10309: 9291: 7350: 7340: 7200: 7104: 7056: 6989: 6966: 6565: 6284: 5907: 5031: 4415:, England: architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction. 4361: 4310: 4175: 3333: 3006: 2517:) is translated variously and inexactly into English as "class, order, rank". One purpose of the 2419: 2313: 2158: 1934: 1918: 1866: 1649: 1601:("empire without end") expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire. In 1594: 1453: 909: 787: 688: 31407: 29831: 23751: 18994:

Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus

18278: 12266:

The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire

10819: 8083:

Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

6277:

Traditional Roman education was moral and practical. Stories were meant to instil Roman values (

3679:, and regulation of the banking system was minimal. Banks of classical antiquity typically kept 1953:, as were several now-extinct languages in Anatolia, are attested in Imperial-era inscriptions. 33245: 33235: 32824: 32755: 32740: 32221: 32180: 31955: 31784: 31529: 31397: 31042: 30851: 30846: 30776: 30666: 30509: 30381: 30114: 29544: 29495: 29438: 29383: 29237: 28359: 28347: 28123: 28108: 27800: 27442: 26819: 26765: 26713: 26703: 26539: 26482: 26153: 25571: 25472: 25467: 25155: 25103: 25023: 24956: 24860: 24845: 24738: 24505: 24459: 24300: 24187: 23583: 23406: 23396: 23346: 23326: 23140: 23115: 23080: 22962: 22687: 22334: 22096: 21627: 20883: 20846:

Millar, Fergus (2012). "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status".

14624:

Lechtman, H. N.; Hobbs, L. W. (1987). "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution".

13948:

Hirt, Alfred M. (2020). "Gold and Silver Mining in the Roman Empire". In Butcher, Kevin (ed.).

13501: 12891: 12330: 7896:

Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii: Antonio Varone,

7480: 7220: 7216: 7152: 7100: 6997: 6869: 6552: 6107:

Pride in literacy was displayed through emblems of reading and writing, as in this portrait of

6071: 5346:

as a form of gambling was disapproved of, but was a popular pastime during the festival of the

5066: 4859:

Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes, for whom the evening meal (

4087:

were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into

3770: 3213: 3077: 2064: 1984: 1922: 1818: 1565:

in an attempt to claim a connection to the former Empire. His claim was soon recognized by the

1556: 1220: 712: 469: 261: 23858: 23746: 23736: 20175: 16643: 12039: 8871: 8863: 6204:

Collectors amassed personal libraries, and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure (

5692: 4879:, beans, greens, a chicken, and leftover ham, followed by a dessert of fruit and wine. Roman " 3590: 2351:. They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens, 2332:

ceasing in the 6th and 7th centuries with the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy.

1468:, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 after making Christianity the 993:

between them, but this did not last long. Octavian's forces defeated those of Mark Antony and

33417: 33355: 33330: 33260: 32943: 32671: 32444: 32402: 32372: 32035: 31900: 31520: 31402: 31076: 31052: 30907: 30386: 30271: 30169: 30144: 29736: 29615: 29569: 29500: 29465: 28666: 28593: 28573: 28487: 28436: 28194: 28174: 27984: 27578: 27546: 27432: 27412: 27326: 27211: 26783: 26627: 26579: 26565: 26393: 26133: 26046: 25996: 25675: 25658: 25502: 25462: 25275: 25150: 24214: 24204: 24163: 24134: 23376: 23306: 23130: 22882: 22682: 22677: 22474: 22381: 22306: 22269: 22254: 22229: 22209: 22111: 18965:

Harland, P. (2003). "Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life: Associations in Roman Asia".

18712:

Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire

17367: 12512:

Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments".

7736: 7442: 6962: 6884: 6605:

is a primary source for imperial biography. Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are

6479: 6126: 6012: 5911: 5803: 5453: 4865:) had important social functions. Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( 4752: 4748: 4374:. With its public gardens, the Campus was among the most attractive places in Rome to visit. 4256: 4157: 4008: 3990: 3838: 3761:

and monetary reforms, the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness.

3705: 3513: 3480: 3307: 3201: 2854: 2644: 2171: 2011: 1938: 1441: 1429: 819: 767: 645: 29701: 29209: 25390: 16466:

Llewelyn, S.R.; Nobbs, A.M. (2002). "The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri".

13636: 12883: 10811: 9761: 7730:) is complex, but those who participated in the latter seem, for instance, to have been the 3129:

not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions but also in the protection of the

33350: 33105: 33018: 32996: 32919: 32915: 32844: 32760: 32705: 32700: 32523: 32367: 32256: 32090: 32085: 32025: 31960: 31865: 31496: 31369: 31309: 31162: 31096: 30939: 30927: 30771: 30580: 30339: 30334: 30236: 30196: 30000: 29896: 29886: 29879: 29433: 28517: 28332: 28221: 28199: 27853: 27751: 27635: 27503: 26831: 26708: 26647: 26632: 26555: 26519: 26475: 26465: 26243: 26215: 26021: 25865: 25763: 25707: 25595: 25425: 25395: 25270: 25201: 25172: 25091: 24425: 24263: 24253: 24062: 23673: 23592: 23507: 23386: 23351: 23040: 22907: 22807: 22732: 22597: 22560: 21936: 21600: 20290: 20033: 19445: 19213: 14613: 14257: 14153: 14103: 11806:

Abusch, Ra'anan (2003). "Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire".

9892: 9009:

Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce:

8170:

the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century

7420: 7416: 7363: 7251: 7068: 6969:

in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power (see

6944: 6889: 6698: 6665:

In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin, the literary esthetic of late antiquity has a

6585: 6383: 6160: 6034: 5999: 5743: 5622: 5596: 5362: 5272: 5070: 5061:) that ended at the venue. Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the 4584:

was meant to be visible and accessible. The atrium served as a reception hall in which the

4141: 3954: 3872: 3613:

The early Empire was monetized to a near-universal extent, using money as a way to express

3602: 3549:

not equaled again in Western Europe until the 19th century". Households in the top 1.5% of

3489: 3130: 2974: 2580: 1996: 1785: 1588: 1497: 1461: 799: 704: 684: 461: 407: 50: 30526: 25375: 23030: 19664:

Sáry, Pál (2019). "Remarks on the Edict of Thessalonica of 380". In Vojtech Vladár (ed.).

19264: 12379: 9250: 8855: 8584: 5733: 2455:

for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women, probably his wife and daughter

8: 33375: 33240: 33110: 32900: 32829: 32586: 32559: 32542: 32530: 32352: 32308: 32055: 31985: 31928: 31845: 31671: 31558: 31486: 31314: 31304: 31275: 31143: 30976: 30917: 30487: 30396: 30296: 30286: 30226: 30221: 30216: 30206: 30201: 30186: 30181: 30102: 29958: 29836: 29781: 29706: 29130: 29094: 28801: 28791: 28746: 28512: 28477: 28472: 28189: 27810: 27746: 27666: 27247: 27192: 27106: 27013: 26991: 26853: 26584: 26487: 26470: 26460: 26315: 26238: 26061: 26056: 25991: 25891: 25801: 25287: 25167: 25133: 25035: 24855: 24850: 24662: 24381: 24317: 24192: 24177: 23846: 23647: 23620: 23316: 23165: 22967: 22837: 22787: 22106: 21703: 21144: 19666:

Perpauca Terrena Blande Honori dedicata pocta Petrovi Blahovi K Nedožitým 80. Narodeninám

12732:

Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire

11861: 11486:

Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian

11175: 11133: 9762: 7515: 7476: 7304: 7268: 7247: 7212: 7091: 7064: 7017: 6917: 6865: 6714: 6633: 6491: 6487: 6302: 6229:

Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups. Public readings (

5847: 5738: 5688: 5648: 5570: 5370: 5320: 5243: 5212: 5143: 4554: 4210: 3850: 3550: 3467: 3352: 3175: 2956: 2739: 2529:

in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian. Outside Rome, cities or colonies were led by

2300: 1942: 1634: 1612: 1445: 1387: 1320: 929:) and provinces administered by military commanders. It was governed by annually elected 783: 530: 207: 195: 25003: 24993: 21131: 21091:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 14261: 14157: 14107: 9600: 8688:

Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships

6193: 6015:

and dance existed in Rome from earliest times. Music was customary at funerals, and the

5150: 4243:

alone. It was then collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains, baths,

4121: 3377: 2742:. In the early Empire, those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as 2685: 33095: 33011: 33001: 32834: 32797: 32727: 32666: 32649: 32603: 32513: 32427: 32241: 32161: 32065: 31849: 31801: 31796: 31699: 31689: 31646: 31638: 31255: 30912: 30712: 30697: 30492: 30447: 30442: 30291: 29841: 29453: 28776: 28761: 28741: 28598: 28539: 28492: 28414: 28271: 28241: 28231: 28206: 28179: 28086: 28079: 28015: 27771: 27766: 27483: 26955: 26777: 26673: 26668: 26663: 26642: 26607: 26602: 26560: 26524: 26383: 26278: 26200: 26173: 26113: 26016: 26001: 25839: 25819: 25400: 25380: 25363: 25314: 25179: 24988: 24939: 24872: 24790: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24677: 24647: 24539: 24437: 24305: 24280: 24020: 23877: 23686: 23677: 23366: 23090: 22897: 22752: 22692: 22612: 22555: 22419: 21655: 21634: 21018: 20992: 20871: 20863: 20834: 20742: 20734: 20683: 20561: 20553: 20465: 20460: 20438: 19990: 19695: 19619: 19450: 19241: 19162: 19127: 19119: 19037: 18627: 18619: 17500: 17442: 17410: 17078: 16739: 16612: 16577: 16542: 16474:

Hildebrandt, Henrik (2006). "Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia – Fact or Fiction?".

15455: 15447: 15305:

Roman Art in the Private Sphere: Architecture and Décor of the Domus, Villa, and Insula

15233: 15183: 15175: 14913: 14766: 14758: 14683: 14523: 14304: 14230: 14177: 14119: 14003: 13995: 13930: 13922: 13659: 13125: 13117: 13089: 13081: 12537: 12529: 12198: 11931: 11727: 11608: 11590: 11466: 11455: 11307: 10691: 10184: 9997: 9972: 9938: 9877: 9356: 9181: 8630: 8544: 7904:

with aggressive messages: Phang, "Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy," p. 300.

7887:

posed the question as "what good would 'posted edicts' do in a world of low literacy?'.

7665: 7647: 7284: 7276: 7208: 7029: 7009: 6850: 6724: 6653: 6644:, Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective. In the late 4th century, 6597: 6518: 6242:. The emperor Julian banned Christians from teaching the classical curriculum, but the 5943: 5934: 5231: 5062: 4920: 4675: 4648: 4576:

was a privately owned single-family house, and might be furnished with a private bath (

4408: 4355: 4286: 4278: 4171: 3816: 3800: 3744: 3688: 3546: 3289: 3217: 3091: 3065: 2930: 2798: 2628: 2152: 2016: 1710:– was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. 1517: 1410: 1298: 1288: 1256: 1092: 990: 978: 970: 827: 23005: 17483:

Franklin, James L. (1987). "Pantomimists at Pompeii: Actius Anicetus and His Troupe".

14714:

International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM 2008

11200:

The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.–A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army

10812: 9199: 7757:), were atypically wealthy cities, and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual. 7219:; upon Charles' death, Palaiologos reclaimed the title and on his death granted it to 6632:

From the 2nd to the 4th centuries, Christian authors were in active dialogue with the

5539: 3779: 2190: 1168: 1146: 904: 33225: 33127: 33115: 33100: 33080: 32991: 32938: 32910: 32892: 32695: 32571: 32564: 32377: 32325: 32303: 32231: 32040: 32015: 31995: 31975: 31965: 31855: 31837: 31806: 31739: 31656: 31630: 31175: 30836: 30784: 30766: 30707: 30329: 30266: 30261: 30191: 30087: 30047: 30042: 30025: 29995: 29661: 29605: 29599: 29448: 29425: 29247: 29177: 29135: 28726: 28716: 28588: 28502: 28467: 28394: 28384: 28162: 28032: 27946: 27776: 27756: 27730: 27718: 27513: 27508: 27493: 27488: 27473: 27238: 27228: 26622: 26617: 26550: 26509: 26503: 26344: 26263: 26258: 26253: 26248: 26051: 26031: 25981: 25971: 25952: 25509: 25405: 25341: 25336: 25265: 25162: 24877: 24805: 24800: 24642: 24571: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24344: 24295: 23966: 23836: 23516: 23000: 22852: 22607: 22567: 22545: 21753: 21399: 21357: 21294: 21272: 21264: 21250: 21228: 21221: 21205: 21183: 21149: 21106: 21063: 21026: 21004: 20978: 20959: 20940: 20933: 20914: 20895: 20875: 20803: 20784: 20762: 20746: 20703: 20695: 20657: 20638: 20619: 20600: 20581: 20573: 20565: 20533: 20519: 20511: 20497: 20472: 20446: 20424: 20405: 20386: 20367: 20345: 20317: 20298: 20276: 20254: 20242: 20228: 20198: 20179: 20168: 20145: 20123: 20104: 20082: 20063: 20041: 19998: 19950: 19905: 19865: 19822: 19783: 19758: 19669: 19586: 19561: 19457: 19402: 19376: 19348: 19245: 19131: 19089: 19060: 19041: 19020:

Momigliano, Arnaldo (1986). "The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State".

18967:(originally published in) Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte) 18913: 18631: 18284: 18150: 17465: 17373: 17341: 17082: 16959: 16934: 16708: 16647: 16616: 16581: 16296: 15843: 15835: 15516: 15459: 15348: 15308: 15237: 15046: 15021: 14917: 14864: 14782: 14770: 14721: 14699: 14687: 14374: 14335: 14273: 14234: 14169: 14123: 14066: 14048: 14030: 14022: 14007: 13958: 13934: 13914: 13826: 13751: 13663: 13604: 13579: 13509: 13129: 13093: 13009: 12895: 12884: 12735: 12618: 12541: 12485: 12467: 12269: 12102: 12045: 11985: 11894: 11869: 11838: 11774: 11731: 11658: 11612: 11406: 11354: 11311: 10913: 10892: 10866: 10856: 10831: 10788:

Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania

10754: 10632: 10587: 10473: 10424: 10325: 10276: 10237: 10188: 10174: 10137: 10095: 10002: 9942: 9725: 9464: 9392: 9364: 9299: 9128: 9095: 9051: 9017: 8979: 8923: 8875: 8807: 8691: 8536: 8477: 8423: 8384: 8345: 8303: 8261: 8219: 8189: 8147: 8105: 8059: 8016: 7983: 7962: 7696: 7679: 7196: 7180: 7021: 6923: 6682: 6570: 6211: 6131: 6092: 6059: 5916: 5529: 5485: 5227: 5049: 5000: 4940: 4924: 4704: 4490: 4262: 4112: 3929:) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the 3846: 3842: 3684: 3432: 3346: 3322: 3263: 3183: 3111: 2747: 2635: 2460: 2427: 2383: 2356: 2133: 2123: 2037: 1950: 1930: 1879: 1790: 1722: 1665: 1379: 1375: 1355: 921: 779: 759: 660: 599: 534: 500: 476: 33370: 15187: 14527: 14181: 12734:. Vol. 2. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–22, especially 4, 20. 10498: 8519:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". 7734:

who were accorded the high-status (and quite limited) seating at the theatre by the

5920:

All-male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance, on a mosaic from the

5087:) and a form of "water ballet", were presented in engineered pools. State-supported 4654: 4454: 4094: 2275:

As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order,

2051:. The civil war preceding Augustus caused upheaval, but did not effect an immediate 1660: 253: 32986: 32976: 32802: 32750: 32654: 32518: 32407: 32357: 32335: 32330: 32261: 32030: 31945: 31890: 31860: 31811: 31771: 31754: 31744: 31679: 31651: 31481: 31216: 30932: 30676: 30585: 30306: 30301: 30109: 30052: 30035: 30005: 29936: 29711: 29490: 29368: 29295: 29115: 28991: 28796: 28618: 28568: 28549: 28544: 28497: 28404: 28342: 28322: 28310: 28266: 28069: 28049: 28037: 27900: 27781: 27498: 27361: 27353: 27288: 26839: 26421: 26416: 26339: 26273: 26268: 26138: 26108: 26076: 25932: 25877: 25856: 25834: 25613: 25358: 25145: 25140: 25096: 25083: 25013: 24981: 24976: 24840: 24835: 24817: 24778: 24711: 24694: 24635: 24625: 24620: 24561: 24517: 24487: 24447: 24430: 24413: 24376: 24127: 24015: 23951: 23885: 23616: 23550: 23481: 23475: 23065: 23025: 22957: 22892: 22817: 22812: 22584: 22507: 22454: 22249: 22244: 22133: 21992: 21941: 21901: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21851: 21773: 21720: 21713: 21698: 21693: 21617: 21545: 21439: 21338: 21286: 21139: 21098: 21055: 21047: 20855: 20826: 20726: 20545: 20021: 19394: 19322: 19283: 19233: 19174: 19143: 19111: 19029: 18905: 18902:

Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire

18863: 18611: 17722: 17676: 17557: 17492: 17434: 17402: 17070: 16639: 16604: 16569: 16534: 15965:

Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph

15572: 15564: 15439: 15225: 15167: 14980:

Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC–AD 250

14905: 14750: 14675: 14515: 14300: 14291:

Patterson, C. C. (1972). "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times".

14265: 14222: 14161: 14111: 13987: 13906: 13724:

Kessler, David; Temin, Peter (2010). "Money and Prices in the Early Roman Empire".

13651: 13109: 13073: 13038: 12939:

Hekster, Olivier J. (2007). "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader".

12521: 12391: 12190: 11923: 11719: 11600: 11471:

The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome

11447: 11299: 10823: 10683: 10579: 10317: 10166: 9992: 9984: 9930: 9873: 9384: 8867: 8722: 8622: 8528: 7560: 7472: 7447: 7111: 7033: 6993: 6927: 6640:

was one of the earliest prose authors with a distinctly Christian voice. After the

6592: 6410: 6387: 6313: 6248: 6183: 6030: 5758: 5757:, and are found on floors and other architectural features. The most common is the 5413:

show the subject in clothing with symbolic value, and surviving textiles are rare.

5388: 5259: 5235: 5195:, "services, offerings, benefactions", initially distinct from the festival games ( 5099: 4928: 4640: 4371: 4323: 4116: 3853:

quadrupled over prehistoric levels during the Imperial era and dropped thereafter.

3822: 3812: 3774: 3720: 3696: 3605:, one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins, gradually transforming into an 3503: 3382: 3100: 3026: 3021: 2938: 2898: 2873: 2838: 2500: 2423: 2076: 1992: 1910: 1894: 1890: 1726: 1540: 1525: 1509: 1449: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1007: 998: 958: 930: 886: 763: 751: 739: 723: 668: 615: 611: 603: 521: 496: 484: 465: 421: 280: 62: 31168: 31037: 27868: 20654:

Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities

20597:

Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate

17561: 14165: 11469:(2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". 10038:

Hadrian's Wall AD 122–410, which was, of course, at the bottom of Hadrian's garden

9232:, translated by Cary, E. (Loeb Classical Library edition, 1927 ed.), p. 7415:

In 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two administrative units–

7159: 6976: 5968: 5353:

After adolescence, most physical training for males was of a military nature. The

4757: 4725:

The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as

3332:

In the West, law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis, and

2933:

to the emperor. Most emperors chose a successor, usually a close family member or

2734:

might suffer the kinds of torturous death previously reserved for slaves, such as

2689:

Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena (3rd-century mosaic from Tunisia)

2381:

for services rendered. Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law (

1862: 1307: 33360: 33300: 33185: 33033: 33028: 33006: 32926: 32880: 32637: 32591: 32489: 32466: 32449: 32422: 32207: 32070: 32045: 31833: 31816: 31661: 30897: 30251: 30211: 30149: 29252: 29187: 29041: 28706: 28696: 28691: 28686: 28583: 28507: 28369: 27888: 27786: 27671: 27571: 27478: 27305: 27274: 27269: 27259: 26969: 26362: 26330: 26325: 26305: 26168: 26128: 26098: 26081: 26041: 26026: 26011: 25942: 25927: 25844: 25824: 25697: 25576: 25544: 25417: 25385: 25368: 25324: 25319: 25297: 25292: 25250: 25243: 25218: 25078: 25073: 24914: 24795: 24689: 24684: 24652: 24477: 24467: 24361: 24354: 24349: 24334: 24290: 24172: 24158: 23983: 23831: 23776: 23661: 23652: 23624: 23564: 23160: 22972: 22952: 22912: 22847: 22797: 22792: 22667: 22617: 22525: 22359: 22339: 22259: 21708: 21533: 21242: 20909:

Naerebout, Frederick G. (2009). "Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents".

20887: 18091: 15665: 14115: 13632: 13497: 11303: 10905: 10884: 10470:

Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship

10418: 10270: 10231: 8970: 8417: 8378: 8339: 8297: 8255: 8213: 8183: 8141: 8099: 8053: 7602: 6970: 6824: 6823:

was structured around religious observances; as many as 135 days were devoted to

6769: 6560: 6483: 5929: 5864: 5818: 5812: 5791: 5754: 5680: 5608: 5517: 5493: 5429:

stripe representing inviolability, was worn by children who had not come of age,

5369:. The "Bikini Girls" mosaic shows young women engaging in routines comparable to 5239: 5216: 5074: 5057: 5035: 4979: 4700: 4422: 4232: 3911: 3862: 3724: 3700: 3643: 3638: 3426: 3394: 3326: 3005:

military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of

2960: 2894: 2588: 2448: 2294: 2220: 2207: 2083: 1946: 1898: 1846: 1359: 1276: 1248: 1196: 1050: 1044: 823: 30949: 26220: 24998: 23932: 23691: 19684:"The Status of the Jews in Roman Legislation: The Reign of Justinian 527-565 Ce" 17038:. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas. Harvard University Press. p. 189. 5786:

mosaics share many themes with painting, and in some cases use almost identical

3892:

The Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean, which they called "our sea" (

3704:

changing hands. Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked

3631:) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century, though the silver 3149:. Nevertheless, the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch. 2905:. The women of the emperor's family often intervened directly in his decisions. 1812: 1561: 1124: 105: Roman Empire in AD 117 at its greatest territorial extent, at the time of 33390: 33310: 33265: 33205: 33170: 32962: 32875: 32780: 32688: 32479: 32313: 32236: 32020: 32010: 32005: 32000: 31980: 31970: 31885: 31828: 31721: 31684: 31203: 31137: 30892: 30651: 30519: 30324: 30319: 30030: 29983: 29901: 29846: 29574: 29480: 29443: 29290: 29152: 28986: 28839: 28786: 28756: 28701: 28608: 28482: 28429: 28389: 28059: 28054: 27905: 27805: 27761: 27713: 27661: 27615: 27583: 27541: 27518: 27243: 26845: 26741: 26735: 26335: 26310: 26183: 26178: 26163: 26158: 26093: 26088: 26071: 26036: 25829: 25807: 25751: 25690: 25519: 25514: 25477: 25452: 25435: 25346: 25331: 25302: 25260: 25108: 25068: 25063: 25018: 24944: 24904: 24894: 24884: 24699: 24578: 24472: 24339: 24221: 23873: 23867: 23849: 23802: 23694: 23669: 23546: 23536: 23215: 22857: 22592: 22540: 22512: 22459: 22444: 22424: 22239: 22214: 22171: 22161: 21987: 21961: 21891: 21876: 21841: 21801: 21562: 21391: 21051: 20928: 20817:

Marshall, Anthony J. (1976). "Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome".

20671: 20489: 20246: 20220: 20159: 19842: 19547: 19423: 19278:

Frend, W. H. C. (1959). "The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire".

19007: 18749:

The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, Identity, and Empire in Ancient Rome

18744: 17393:

Fantham, R. Elaine (1989). "Mime: The Missing Link in Roman Literary History".

16688:

Torelli, M. (1988). "Piazza Armerina: Note di iconologia". In Rizza, G. (ed.).

16440: 15153:"The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath: Recent Approaches and Future Directions" 14519: 14368: 13703: 13692: 13655: 13571: 13538:"GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies (1–1820 AD). A Revision of the Estimates" 13533: 13529: 12610: 11508: 11477: 11279: 11128: 10383: 10321: 8791: 8516: 8004: 7826: 7609: 7554: 7471:. The city remained under foreign rule until 1261, when it was captured by the 7464: 7318: 7280: 7224: 7079: 7048: 6957: 6855: 6820: 6469: 6353: 6243: 6219: 6218:). Imperial libraries were open to users on a limited basis, and represented a 6166:

Books were expensive, since each copy had to be written out on a papyrus roll (

6024: 5783: 5505: 5501: 5354: 5005: 4970: 4936: 4730: 4535: 4412: 4379: 4349: 4218: 4149: 4003: 3946: 3830: 3757: 3692: 3566: 3441: 3398: 3163: 3158: 2925:

The practical source of an emperor's power and authority was the military. The

2823: 2600: 2569: 2245: 2129: 2107: 1906: 1626: 1552: 1536: 1437: 1391: 1272: 1213:

The 200 years that began with Augustus's rule is traditionally regarded as the

1174: 917: 899: 882: 708: 664: 453: 448:

ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The

394: 360: 356: 174: 151: 84: 21090: 21040:

Rochette, Bruno (2012). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire".

19555: 18963:; "Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam"), Baghdad, 1955–1983; 18836:

van Dam, Harm-Jan (2008). "Wandering Woods Again: From Poliziano to Grotius".

17074: 16608: 16573: 15568: 15229: 14909: 14226: 11723: 11604: 11351:

Roman Marriage: 'Iusti Coniuges' from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian

11284:

Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity

9934: 4098:

Recreation of a deer hunt inspired by hunting scenes represented in Roman art.

3792: 3683:

than the full total of customers' deposits. A typical bank had fairly limited

3575: 1869:, many Roman citizens would have lacked a knowledge of Latin. The wide use of 1749:, to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the 33411: 33345: 33230: 33145: 33090: 32950: 32870: 32765: 32615: 32608: 32501: 32454: 32347: 32203: 32116: 31915: 31551: 31236: 31196: 31182: 30841: 30656: 30431: 29978: 29973: 29946: 29874: 29771: 29305: 29227: 28976: 28956: 28919: 28711: 28352: 27922: 27610: 27588: 27447: 27151: 27147: 26980: 26529: 26367: 25871: 25745: 25717: 25600: 25487: 25282: 25255: 25228: 25206: 25184: 24951: 24934: 24919: 24763: 24716: 24704: 24630: 24522: 24396: 24391: 24366: 24248: 23995: 23961: 23853: 23602: 23555: 23512: 22747: 22717: 22632: 22166: 22143: 21956: 21811: 21796: 21743: 21550: 21371: 21322: 21110: 20216: 20137: 20055: 19551: 19427: 19326: 19224:

Smallwood, E.M. (1956). "'Domitian's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism".

19198: 15427: 14666:

Sarton, George (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World".

13918: 13100:

Connolly, Peter; Van Driel-Murray, Carol (1991). "The Roman Cavalry Saddle".

12727: 11977: 10827: 10087: 9561: 9520: 9490: 9246: 8690:. Bloomsbury Studies in Military History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. 8565: 8540: 8020: 7975: 7884: 7851: 7597: 7541: 7332: 7227:, who based their state on the Byzantine model, took Constantinople in 1453, 7192: 7052: 6916:. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or cult only, 6913: 6792: 6749: 6648:

produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the

6474: 6462: 6430: 6371: 6293: 6187: 6120: 5637: 5588: 5548: 5452:. In the 2nd century, emperors and elite men are often portrayed wearing the 5426: 5392: 5307: 5303: 5135: 5093: 5048:). The races retained religious significance in connection with agriculture, 5013: 4900: 4644: 4586: 4511: 4446: 4236: 4223: 4167: 4054: 3960: 3786: 3570: 3453: 3274: 3119: 3040: 2850: 2810: 2659: 2619: 2280: 2091: 2029: 1921:, Libyco-Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions into the 2nd century. In 1874: 1793:, which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever-present 1754: 1742: 1741:

river system, which snaked across the fertile, flat lands of Europe from the

1383: 1340: 1319:

into Roman territory. Historically, this event marked the transition between

966: 864: 831: 826:, descend from Roman law. Rome's republican institutions have influenced the 607: 276: 32172: 31189: 29512: 25028: 25008: 23703: 23432: 21454: 20359: 19178: 19138:

Sainte-Croix, G.E.M de (1963). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?".

18821:

McNelis, Charles (2007). "Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature".

17989:, p. 253, citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger, 17796:, p. 101, see also p. 87 on "the government's obsessive documentation". 17726: 16728:

Hanson, Ann Ellis (1991). "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome".

15481:

Köhne, Eckhart (2000). "Bread and Circuses: The Politics of Entertainment".

14269: 13637:"The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire" 10870: 9124:

Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana

7766:

This practice was established in the Republic; see for instance the case of

7450:

in Constantinople enjoyed the same status and privileges as senators of the

6858:

of every individual. Upon death, an emperor could be made a state divinity (

5665: 3989:), slaves, ore and manufactured metal objects, fibres and textiles, timber, 3356:, to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards. 3012:

The primary mission of the military of the early empire was to preserve the

2992:(ruled 117–138) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 AD 1961: 1504:

in the early 5th century. The Romans fought off all invaders, most famously

96: 33380: 33180: 33085: 32931: 32905: 32814: 32496: 32484: 32432: 32392: 32387: 32246: 32075: 31905: 31776: 31297: 30987: 30981: 30887: 30882: 30821: 30702: 29931: 29906: 29858: 29851: 29776: 29691: 29327: 29262: 29120: 29058: 28981: 28939: 28829: 28636: 28441: 28211: 27815: 27681: 27605: 27284: 25902: 25737: 25492: 25233: 25223: 25189: 25118: 25113: 25040: 24812: 24773: 24768: 24748: 24743: 24615: 24608: 24598: 24593: 24588: 24482: 24401: 24386: 24322: 23978: 23881: 23812: 23756: 23665: 23612: 23574: 23560: 23225: 23085: 22530: 22479: 22434: 22429: 22281: 22091: 21977: 21921: 21916: 21688: 21506: 21197: 21175: 20273:

The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration

19345:

Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom

19287: 18909: 18708:

The wide-ranging 21st-century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes

15809:

Food and the Memory: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker

14425: 14173: 12954:

Roth, J. (1994). "The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion".

12065: 11206: 10780:

Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii

10573: 10374: 10006: 9988: 9717: 9461:

Transcultural approaches to the concept of imperial rule in the Middle Ages

7901: 7726: 7533: 7468: 7451: 7256: 7207:(Constantinople having been the second), in accordance with the concept of 7184: 7170: 7083: 6909: 6877: 6666: 6416: 6394: 6231: 6045: 5973: 5955: 5823: 5771: 5728: 5565: 5287: 5278: 5263: 5215:. These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of 5166: 5154: 5017: 5009: 4974: 4793: 4765: 4663: 4482: 4401:. Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic coastal cities. 4274: 4248: 4198: 4183: 4153: 3967:. Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the 3964: 3894: 3867: 3736: 3731:, under the pressures of meeting military payrolls. Sudden inflation under 3676: 3672: 3417: 3410: 2897:. Though the Senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the 2819: 2518: 2391: 2348: 2276: 1886: 1779:

adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire. Borders (

1759: 1483: 1465: 1371: 1002: 934: 926: 718:

Due to the Empire's extent and endurance, its institutions and culture had

504: 449: 229: 116: 31222: 27071: 26881: 21343: 21326: 21041: 20225:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337

20025: 19398: 19147: 14277: 13576:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History

12395: 11866:

Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire

11484:: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome". 11438:

McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery".

10583: 10170: 10136:(Repr. with corr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 60. 8473:

The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)

7875:

sees them as gymnasts, while Torelli thinks they are dancers at the games.

7618:, on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine, 6742: 6426: 4488:

In the city of Rome, most people lived in multistory apartment buildings (

4007:, ivory, pearls, and gemstones. Though most provinces could produce wine, 3606: 1420:

Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate

533:

provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and

33320: 33068: 33063: 33055: 33040: 32865: 32770: 32581: 32417: 32382: 32362: 32342: 32320: 32285: 32060: 31938: 31923: 31895: 31731: 31536: 31119: 31058: 30877: 30831: 30816: 30744: 30472: 29951: 29756: 29651: 29458: 29194: 29125: 29031: 28949: 28934: 28731: 28671: 28641: 27994: 27625: 27113: 27001: 26951: 26913: 26455: 26320: 25211: 25196: 25045: 24758: 24667: 24657: 24583: 24231: 24226: 23990: 23891: 23841: 23789: 23721: 23657: 23020: 22642: 22464: 22354: 21748: 19904:. Vol. 3. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1246, 1405–1408. 18776:

Learned Girls and Male Persuasion: Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy

17818:

Phang, Sara Elise (2011). "Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy".

17511:

Starks, John H. Jr. (2008). "Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions".

17201: 17031: 15807:

Kaufman, Cathy K. "Remembrance of Meals Past: Cooking by Apicius' Book".

14975: 13951:

Debasement. Manipulation of Coin Standards in Pre-Modern Monetary Systems

13391: 13182: 12094: 9711:

The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European Images of the Americas

9225: 8944:"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika" 8895: 7359: 7188: 7142: 7074: 7020:

took place at Lugdunum, the Gallo-Roman religious capital. A letter from

6797: 6614: 6466: 6279: 5807: 5704: 5644: 5254: 4952: 4832: 4802: 4635: 4568: 4383: 4252: 4161: 3994: 3972: 3902: 3881: 3709: 3554: 3463: 3413:

areas, particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps.

3317: 3187: 3090:); the exact size of the Imperial legion, which was likely determined by 2735: 2558:. A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million 2547: 2387:) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will. 2378: 2360: 2328: 2319: 2268: 2203: 2146: 1873:

was what enabled the spread of Christianity and reflects its role as the

1870: 1750: 1639: 1332: 1324: 982: 775: 488: 31574: 29631: 19738:

Schilling, Robert (1992). "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion".

19699: 19683: 19623: 18222: 15873: 15871: 14027:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

13895:"Mining in the Later Roman Empire and beyond: Continuity or Disruption?" 11808:

The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite

9747:

The Roman Self in Late Antiquity: Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul

9011:

Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum

7552:

did not acquire the meaning of "ruler" until the late 1st century. Both

6804:

Roman religion was practical and contractual, based on the principle of

6513:

The mid-1st through mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the "

4939:

by Roman Christianity, while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of

4037:) are attested for a wide range of occupations, some quite specialized. 3405:. Taxes might be specific to a province, or kinds of properties such as 2452: 1789:) patrolled. The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable. 1512:

of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself.

32851: 32839: 32809: 32775: 32715: 32397: 31823: 31071: 30902: 30761: 30749: 30661: 30570: 30159: 29911: 29579: 29554: 29533: 29475: 29337: 29310: 29026: 28906: 27989: 27598: 25238: 25055: 24929: 24889: 24822: 23698: 23588: 23245: 23185: 23150: 22942: 22877: 22867: 22762: 22647: 22535: 22118: 22086: 21831: 21758: 21590: 21585: 20838: 20687: 19607: 18602:

Saller, R. P. (2012). "Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers".

18190: 17638:

Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the

17446: 17414: 16900: 16525:

McDaniel, Walton Brooks (1906). "Some Passages concerning Ball-Games".

16401: 16054:

Body and Mind: Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance

15577: 14762: 14600:

Collegia Centonariorum: The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West

14428:, "Land Transport in Roman Italy: Costs, Practice and the Economy", in 13999: 11499: 9412: 8913: 8634: 8548: 7865:

Lee, H. (1984). "Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina".

7593: 7492:

Abbreviated "HS". Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces.

7424: 7204: 7037: 6811: 6810:, "I give that you might give". Religion depended on knowledge and the 6787: 6690: 6637: 6495: 6440: 6393:

Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be

6382:) was unusual in offering a Latin education, and became famous for its 6198: 6179: 5580: 5489: 5457: 5456:, an originally Greek mantle; women are also portrayed in the pallium. 5366: 5347: 5339: 5315: 5299: 5220: 5124: 5078: 4911:, a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with " 4867: 4761: 4608:). In addition to a kitchen garden—windowboxes might substitute in the 4594:

every morning. It was a centre of family religious rites, containing a

4527: 4429: 4298: 4187: 4046: 3986: 3916: 3826: 3752: 3668: 3664: 3623: 3524: 3508: 3294: 3126: 3053: 3013: 3001: 2997: 2878: 2864: 2859: 2609:

who qualified, and in 14 AD, a thousand equestrians were registered at

2475: 2219:

Bronze statuette (1st century AD) of a young woman reading, based on a

2082:

The blurring of the Republic's more rigid hierarchies led to increased

1855: 1703: 1669: 1406: 1215: 1102: 1083: 1057: 1027: 630: 549: 348: 30826: 21475: 21059: 20892:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

20867: 20738: 20557: 19123: 18623: 17504: 16546: 15451: 15179: 15068:

Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems

14696:

Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project

13926: 13894: 13121: 13085: 12772: 12533: 12202: 12181:

MacMullen, Ramsay (1966). "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire".

11935: 11459: 10695: 4844:. Urban populations and the military preferred bread. By the reign of 4494:) that were often squalid firetraps. Public facilities—such as baths ( 33285: 33122: 32857: 32819: 32412: 32226: 31870: 31081: 30994: 30010: 29968: 29941: 29751: 29696: 29680: 29538: 29378: 29332: 29257: 29232: 29199: 29053: 28996: 28971: 27163: 27133: 25722: 25128: 24899: 24783: 24753: 24534: 24408: 24199: 23784: 23275: 23270: 23230: 23155: 23125: 23105: 22982: 22922: 22832: 22782: 22777: 22702: 22662: 22550: 22520: 22329: 22204: 21997: 21881: 21856: 21735: 19373:

The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000

18179: 16527:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

16308: 15868: 15782: 14595: 13186: 11771:

Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order

10999:

Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power

10627:

Miles, Richard (2000). "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power".

7915: 7847: 7801: 7642: 7432: 7403: 7228: 6806: 6674: 6602: 6526: 6082: 6052: 5827: 5476: 5433:, and state priests. Only the emperor could wear an all-purple toga ( 5311: 5139: 5107: 5083: 5027: 4904: 4884: 4876: 4853: 4709: 4613: 4560:

Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses: a townhouse (

4539: 4523: 4515: 4506: 4352:, an open area outside the city centre: the Altar of Augustan Peace ( 4319: 4282: 4270: 4228: 4164:

are considered the most advanced built until the early 19th century.

4126: 4088: 4075: 4025: 3976: 3968: 3537: 3416:

The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals, who paid a

3245: 3235: 3192: 3146: 2943: 2926: 2720: 2560: 2468:), including the right to vote. His former master became his patron ( 2096: 1794: 1746: 1730: 1686:), encompassing 5 million km. The traditional population estimate of 1548: 1421: 1351: 1244: 1018: 994: 957:

Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts, conspiracies, and

946: 747: 731: 492: 239: 31599: 28850: 24040: 20830: 19294: 17438: 17406: 15883: 14754: 14137:

Hong, S; Candelone, J. P.; Patterson, C. C.; Boutron, C. F. (1994).

13991: 13764: 12066:"Decurio | Military Officer, Legionary & Centurion | Britannica" 10092:

A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)

8917: 8626: 8532: 7669:, a foreign or non-Roman woman In the form of legal marriage called 7622:

The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

2941:

and the legions. To secure their loyalty, several emperors paid the

2233:("children born of two Roman citizens"). A Roman woman kept her own 1440:

as the new capital of the Eastern Empire. During the decades of the

548:

saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the

33275: 32971: 32792: 32620: 32535: 32474: 32437: 32080: 31875: 31229: 29731: 29726: 29594: 29549: 29470: 29358: 29353: 29322: 29079: 29036: 29001: 28966: 28914: 28646: 28631: 28626: 28527: 27561: 27556: 27157: 27142: 27138: 27122: 27088: 27076: 27064: 27039: 26440: 25922: 25727: 25670: 24529: 24312: 24270: 24209: 24000: 23827: 23640: 23607: 23235: 23220: 23210: 23195: 23110: 23100: 23070: 23060: 23055: 23045: 22947: 22862: 22742: 22727: 22657: 22637: 22627: 22622: 22602: 22401: 21982: 21946: 21836: 21763: 21595: 21470: 20859: 20730: 20549: 19237: 19115: 19033: 18864:"The City of God | Summary, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" 18615: 17888:(1991). "Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion". 17496: 16538: 16193:. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. pp. 348–349. 15995: 15983: 15443: 15171: 14679: 14506:

Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire".

13910: 13695:(1981). "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem". 13113: 13077: 12597: 12525: 12194: 12129: 11927: 11491: 11451: 11112:

Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe

10810:

Adams, J. N. (2007). "V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".

10687: 10629:

Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

7818: 7771: 7600:, however, distinguished between the secular and eternal "Rome" in 7529: 7087: 7025: 7013: 6816: 6694: 6686: 6618: 6610: 6556: 6223: 6151:, and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with 6141: 6137: 5977: 5893: 5695:

models and techniques. Examples of Roman paintings can be found in

5671: 5640:. Temples housed cult images of deities, often by famed sculptors. 5464: 5358: 5282:). Activities for children and young people in the Empire included 5162: 4984: 4948: 4896: 4845: 4798: 4713: 4595: 4466: 4193: 3748: 3732: 3633: 3484: 3222: 3142: 3081: 2984: 2882: 2598:

Senators were the traditional governing class who rose through the

2535: 1988: 1882:

in the 7th century CE following the collapse of the Empire's west.

1630: 1395: 1367: 1336: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1013: 986: 940: 835: 619: 584: 514: 508: 457: 29676: 21396:

The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States

21102: 20781:

Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical

19002:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

16012: 16010: 15396: 13978:

Wilson, Andrew (2002). "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy".

13522: 12128:, p. 88, The standard complement of 600 was flexible; twenty 11595: 11533:"Fecunditas, Sterilitas, and the Politics of Reproduction at Rome" 8943: 7750: 7166: 6344:

was a teacher of oratory or public speaking. The art of speaking (

6075: 4729:(2nd century). Views on nutrition were influenced by beliefs like 3483:. Territorial conquests permitted a large-scale reorganization of 2610: 33190: 33045: 32957: 31950: 31761: 31514: 30961: 30457: 30349: 29746: 29716: 29671: 29656: 29641: 29636: 29589: 29559: 29282: 29089: 29084: 29021: 28961: 28924: 27593: 27318: 27216: 27181: 27175: 27169: 27059: 27027: 27006: 25702: 25663: 24442: 24371: 24327: 24182: 23255: 23250: 23240: 23205: 23200: 23190: 23135: 23120: 22937: 22932: 22917: 22887: 22842: 22822: 22802: 22757: 22489: 22344: 22123: 21931: 21926: 21816: 20536:(1999). "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves". 20364:

Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi

18321: 18234: 18060: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15366: 15364: 13864: 13823:

Rome and China. Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires

13466: 13403: 13034: 12983: 12981: 11330: 7822: 7628: 7569: 7437: 7428: 7236: 7005: 6952: 6905: 6649: 6617:. Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer 6574: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6507: 6503: 6375: 6366: 6087: 6039: 6004: 5843: 5764: 5675: 5449: 5022: 4991: 4944: 4912: 4908: 4892: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4823: 4777: 4772: 4671: 4604: 4510:) delivering fresh water, and large-scale entertainments such as 4496: 4435: 4397: 4387: 4266: 4240: 4070: 4065:). Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents, by 3998: 3808: 3795:, Spain, one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire 3652: 3583: 3498: 3471: 3406: 3298: 3279: 3270: 3205: 3115: 3045: 3032: 2989: 2978: 2918: 2624: 2479: 2403:

in the late 1st century prompted legislation that prohibited the

2289: 2256:) who had married only once, there was little stigma attached to 2211: 2102: 2041: 2021: 1926: 1914: 1834: 1776: 1707: 1529: 1464:, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. 1268: 1152: 700: 538: 224: 24243: 21327:"The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress" 18523: 17295:"Antioch and the Bath of Apolausis – History of the excavations" 17236: 12464:

Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic

9847: 9845: 8140:

Price, Jonathan J.; Finkelberg, Margalit; Shahar, Yuval (2022).

7900:("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2002). Soldiers sometimes inscribed 6880:. Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason. 6791:). The archaic religion believed to have come from the earliest 5683:) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio 5365:. Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers, and a rare few as 4473: 4395:

on or near the sites of preexisting walled settlements known as

1056:("ruler of the provinces"), and – especially in relation to the 33210: 31565: 31210: 31031: 30015: 29921: 29766: 29721: 29666: 29626: 29610: 29584: 29528: 29373: 29300: 29204: 29172: 29162: 29110: 29011: 28944: 28286: 26210: 24275: 24150: 23265: 23145: 23075: 23015: 23010: 22977: 22737: 22722: 22672: 22652: 22074: 21951: 21846: 21313: 21308: 21132:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 20494:

The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order

18904:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Limited. p. 22. 18280:

Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion

18038: 16497:(reprint ed.). Clarendon Press. 1985 . pp. 1048–1049. 16007: 15971: 14956: 12239: 10369: 9703:

Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire

9047:

Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire

7596:(348–413) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry. 7574: 7246:

The Roman Empire's control of the Italian Peninsula influenced

7240: 7179:

Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire's successor. The

6893: 6873: 6781: 6753: 6733:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

6645: 6626: 6622: 6547: 6499: 6457: 6448: 6444: 6398: 6379: 6331: 6265: 6063: 5750: 5633: 5584: 5186: 4932: 4880: 4852:

as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories, and added

4787: 4391: 4366: 4294: 4290: 4206: 4202: 3921: 3834: 3402: 3385:, a religious monument that housed the treasury in ancient Rome 3266: 3197: 3138: 3068:

in Rome, showing the building of a fort and the reception of a

2784:

for vendor stalls, and a semicircular space for public speaking

2773: 2769: 2764: 2707:

judgment of the presiding official as to the relative "worth" (

2400: 2340: 1980: 1902: 1838: 1738: 1676: 1644: 1607: 1602: 1505: 1264: 1130: 692: 680: 573: 352: 106: 18309: 17607: 17224: 17212: 15483:

Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome

15361: 14994: 14311: 13285: 13064:

Connolly, Peter (1986). "A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle".

12978: 12322:

Liebeschuetz, Wolfgang (2001). "The End of the Ancient City".

11914:

Harper, James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome".

11386:

Thomas, Yan (1991). "The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law".

10802:

Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area".

10526: 10472:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge University Press. pp. 329ff. 9312: 8854:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).

7502: 7028:, describes his persecution and executions of Christians. The 2908:

Access to the emperor might be gained at the daily reception (

1829: 1282: 954:, since this title was always bestowed to the early emperors. 583:), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under 537:

provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by

33175: 33165: 33160: 32632: 32627: 29926: 29916: 29761: 29741: 29686: 29646: 29620: 29564: 29063: 27566: 27349: 27022: 26188: 25712: 25685: 24909: 23050: 22772: 22499: 21791: 20635:

Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome

18436: 17733: 17619: 16768:

Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity

16382: 14950:

Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius

14136: 14093: 13242: 13240: 12908: 12268:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–215. 12245: 12221: 11679: 11388:

A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints

11260: 11144: 11017: 10379: 9842: 8776:

Hekster, Olivier; Kaizer, Ted (16–19 April 2009). "Preface".

7754: 7355: 7060: 6939: 6901: 6860: 6522: 6215: 6206: 6171: 6152: 6017: 5989: 5509: 5441: 5200: 4726: 4682:) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty: 4633:. Producing food was the priority of land use. Larger farms ( 4621: 4562: 4441: 4343: 3981: 3876: 3837:. Copper and lead production levels were unmatched until the 3656: 3614: 3532: 3337: 3336:

may have been a novelty of the Roman era, particularly among

3284: 3134: 3069: 2614: 2287:

was criminalized, and defined broadly as an illicit sex act (

2020:

A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from

1901:, and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube. Roman 1734: 1479:

The Roman Empire by 476, noting western and eastern divisions

1260: 1247:

emerged as victor. Vespasian became the founder of the brief

1108: 755: 170: 20060:

Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire

19102:

Barnes, T. D. (2012). "Legislation against the Christians".

18547: 18072: 18048: 17524: 17522: 15678:

The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature

15343:

Jashemski, Wilhelmina Feemster; Meyer, Frederick G. (2002).

14459: 14409: 14407: 14405: 13874: 13006:

Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War

12760: 12150: 11835:

Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion

10702: 10553: 10543: 10541: 9817: 9815: 9332:"Diocletian - Reorganization, Tetrarchy, Edict | Britannica" 8802:

Eder, W. (1993). "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link".

8284:

It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire

7919:

at Najaran was possibly known later as the "Kaaba of Najran"

7898:

Erotica Pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii

7362:"), the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire; see also 7071:, but met Christian resistance and lack of popular support. 6965:

resulted from political as well as religious conflicts; the

6226:

crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous.

6222:. Books considered subversive might be publicly burned, and 5651:

or Jewish/Christian imagery as well as the deceased's life.

5165:

rituals: circus images were considered protective or lucky,

5130: 1917:

in assuring the correct understanding of laws and oaths. In

1547:, the last Roman emperor. He died in battle in 1453 against 1491: 881:

Animated overview of the Roman territorial history from the

33305: 29523: 29182: 29167: 29147: 29048: 28929: 28074: 27551: 27018: 25680: 23260: 22827: 22767: 22349: 21725: 20120:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

20012:

Adams, J. N. (2003). "'Romanitas' and the Latin Language".

19927:

Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968

18535: 18511: 18475: 17966: 17964: 17595: 17170: 17042: 16840: 16027: 16025: 15648: 15646: 14877: 14816:

The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World

13706:(1981). "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology". 13413: 13209: 13136: 12966: 12443: 9391:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678. 8661:"Imperial Rome vs. Provincial Rome: What's The Difference?" 7612:(1981), "The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology", 7580: 6897: 6829: 6595:

became the most familiar version in modern-era literature.

6588: 6530: 6452: 6421: 6067: 5417: 5343: 5295: 5040: 4966: 4888: 4861: 4806: 4771:

Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens, though a charcoal

4462: 4247:, or industrial sites. The main aqueducts in Rome were the 4145: 4137: 4069:(clothing dealers), or peddled by itinerant merchants. The 4023:

Workers at a cloth-processing shop, in a painting from the

3618: 3502:), throughout the province, and across provincial borders. 3216:

exploiting local populations for personal gain. Equestrian

3178:; or governors, usually of equestrian rank, who held their 3171: 2901:, equestrians played an increasingly important role in the 2834: 2779: 2363:. Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called 2072: 1358:

was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. The

1236: 965:) while greatly extending its power beyond Italy. In 44 BC 916:

Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the

676: 143: 24119: 21464: 20975:

The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World

20383:

The Greek achievement: the Foundation of the Western World

19777: 19084:

Frend, W.H.C. (2006). "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy".

18369: 17275: 17253: 17251: 16984: 16872: 16870: 15856: 15604: 15090: 13318: 13273: 13237: 13045: 12851: 12748: 12099:

Provincial at Rome: and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC – AD 14

11691: 11079: 9954: 9952: 8853: 8098:

Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe".

5173:

The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with

5110:, became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome. Many 4057:. Better ready-to-wear was exported by local businessmen ( 3735:

damaged the credit market. In the mid-200s, the supply of

3344:

included two major compilations of law in four years, the

1797:

threat, is the primary surviving monument of this effort.

1611:, limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by 1487:

The administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395 AD

475:

By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the

29157: 21821: 19995:

A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions

19718: 19647: 19645: 19585:(volume 7; illustrated ed.). Brill. p. liv–lv. 19197: 19086:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine

18844: 18465: 18463: 18448: 18426: 18424: 18397: 18345: 17913: 17850: 17519: 17204:(2011). "Myth and Death: Roman Mythological Sarcophagi". 15689: 15637:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

15515:. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 30–31, 67–91. 14561: 14534: 14402: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13363: 13361: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13263:(2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. pp. 208–220. 13199: 13197: 13195: 12863: 12209: 12041:

Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE

11634: 11548: 11546: 10538: 9973:"Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire" 9884: 9812: 9800: 9272: 8835: 8611:"Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation" 7501:

The Ottomans sometimes called their state the "Empire of

6801:, "the way of the ancestors", central to Roman identity. 6269:

A teacher with two students, as a third arrives with his

5949:

More popular than literary theatre was the genre-defying

4813:) and kitchen staff, or banquets hosted by social clubs ( 2617:

alone. Equestrians rose through a military career track (

2318:

At the time of Augustus, as many as 35% of the people in

1702:. Each of the three largest cities in the Empire – Rome, 786:. Rome's architectural tradition served as the basis for 33473:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

33468:

States and territories established in the 1st century BC

20935:

Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire

20911:

Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire

19939:

Thomas Jefferson, the Classical World, and Early America

19902:

Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America

19864:. Vol. 1. Yale University Press. pp. 432–435. 19313:

Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

19088:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 510. 18959:جواد علي, المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام (Jawad Ali, 18650: 18357: 17961: 17568: 16022: 15643: 15384: 15326: 15324: 15256: 14551: 14549: 14447: 14435: 14348: 13099: 12823: 12813: 12811: 12796: 12784: 12162: 12140: 12138: 11787: 11091: 10272:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

10162:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

9788: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8448: 6021:, a woodwind instrument, was played at sacrifices. Song 5595:

Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the

4805:

appeared only at dinner parties in wealthy homes with a

3329:, and the emperor held final decision-making authority. 2929:

were paid by the Imperial treasury, and swore an annual

2579:

In the time of Nero, senators were still primarily from

2430:

and self-enslavement among the poor were other sources.

460:'s assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The 33290: 21223:

The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity

19434:. Vol. 13. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. 18571: 18559: 17838: 17754:

Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate

17317: 17263: 17248: 17182: 17131: 17104: 16910: 16867: 16830: 16828: 16786:

Bieber, Margarete (1959). "Roman Men in Greek Himation

16744: 16421: 15815: 15616: 15129: 14487: 14045:

Iron for the Eagles. The Iron Industry of Roman Britain

13506:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

12886:

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: The History of the World

12579: 11738: 11067: 11005: 10449: 10312:. In Rosenstein, Nathan; Morstein-Marx, Robert (eds.). 10165:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 10113: 10068: 10044: 9949: 9776: 9437: 9255:

The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire

3919:, and tended to grow into villages or trading posts. A 3641:. The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze 3637:, worth four sesterces, was also used beginning in the 2279:

attempted to regulate conduct as a means of promoting "

1647:. When Augustus died, the account of his achievements ( 1516:

place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476, when

19804:

Encyclopædia Britannica, History of Europe, The Romans

19642: 19546:(1998). "Christianization and religious conflict". In 19165:(1952). "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again". 19137: 18881: 18690: 18662: 18638: 18460: 18421: 18333: 18258: 17826: 17772:

Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds

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Rome and the Mysterious Orient: Three Plays by Plautus

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13957:. Oxford Philadelphia: Oxbow books. pp. 111–124. 13804: 13802: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13794: 13478: 13454: 13437: 13425: 13373: 13358: 13346: 13297: 13192: 13148: 12708: 12696: 12684: 12643: 12631: 11750: 11558: 11543: 11353:. Oxford University Press. pp. 258–259, 500–502. 11156: 10938: 10926: 10350: 7673:

the father's legal status determined the child's, but

5938:). Roman literary theatre tradition is represented in 5363:

Nero's efforts to encourage Greek-style athletic games

4875:("tasting" or "appetizer") salad. The main course was 4265:(or "double glazing") was used in the construction of 3389:

Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5% of its

3273:, 1st century AD, depicting two different men wearing 29414: 20674:(1960). "The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire". 18798: 18755: 17012: 16122: 15944: 15321: 14546: 13279:

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Transactions of the American Philological Association

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Sullivan, J.P. (1979). "Martial's Sexual Attitudes".

11217: 11040:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183. 10950: 10814:

The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600

10714: 10514: 9832: 9830: 9671: 9647: 8737: 8139: 7067:

attempted to revive traditional public sacrifice and

5822:) that was a major trade good in 1st-century Europe. 4125:

The Flavian Amphitheatre, more commonly known as the

3162:

govern outside Italy. Among these officials were the

2893:) became subject to official appointment for greater 893: 479:

and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by

25643: 21136:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

20211: 20158: 19300: 19079: 18583: 18499: 18487: 18409: 18246: 17799: 17353: 16972: 16882: 16825: 15889: 15268: 14573: 14477: 13770: 13496: 11419: 10486: 8341:

Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity

7548:, which further linked the title with his position. 7441:

capital of the entire Roman Empire. In 330, Emperor

7294: 6429:, Romania (the ancient colony Tomis), commemorating 5976:

that contained no spoken dialogue but rather a sung

5421:

became more intricate and structured over time. The

2525:

to which an individual belonged. Two of the highest

2267:

Dressing of a priestess or bride, Roman fresco from

27833:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

19212: 18926: 16770:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 57–58. 14741:Smith, Norman (1970). "The Roman Dams of Subiaco". 13825:. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–207 (205). 13791: 12920: 12890:(3rd ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 12567: 11942: 11655:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

11286:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140–141. 10986:. University of California Press. pp. 107–111. 10910:

An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

9749:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 73, 203. 9532:

History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire

9485: 9483: 7753:), and Patavium, in the Celtic north of Italy (now 7287:, but regarded the emperor as a figure of tyranny. 6443:. The three most influential Classical Latin poets— 5153:. Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into 3979:was grain. Also traded were olive oil, foodstuffs, 3856: 2801:, but efficient in its use of available resources. 1837:showing a parallel Latin-Greek text of a speech by 640:), who set up two different imperial courts in the 16:

Territory ruled by Rome and period of Roman history

21220: 21001:Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire 20932: 20464: 20421:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 20170:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 20167: 19937:Onuf, Peter S.; Cole, Nicholas P. "Introduction". 19780:Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, 1300–1815 19449: 19375:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers. p. 74. 17421:Slater, William J. (2002). "Mime Problems: Cicero 17166:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 11. 16335:The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre 15102: 15063:. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 229–238. 14895: 14795:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978). "Römische Talsperren". 14063:Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World 13748:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 11403:Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire 11211:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History 9827: 9659: 8027: 7223:and their successors, who never used it. When the 7036:, but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance. 5189:" or "Gallic". The staged combats were considered 4998:, events held in the entertainment venue called a 4011:were desirable and wine was a central trade good. 3747:, general economic anxieties came to a head under 3016:. The three major divisions of the military were: 1543:by later historians, continued until the reign of 1386:, this crisis sometimes marks the transition from 1343:, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the 614:empires broke from the state away and a series of 499:in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the 18790:James, Sharon L. (2012). "Elegy and New Comedy". 18778:. University of California Press. pp. 21–25. 16792:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 16458:(1999). "Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment". 15877: 15833: 15061:A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures 14693: 13528: 7980:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 7215:, sold the title of Emperor of Constantinople to 6662:, considered "a masterpiece of Western culture". 6517:" of Latin literature. The three leading writers— 6098: 5219:, and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate 5081:. Aquatic displays, such as the mock sea battle ( 4822:Most Romans consumed at least 70% of their daily 4712:were common in the ancient world, and occasional 4160:and Greek forms, with some distinctive elements. 3727:dynasties debased the currency, particularly the 2071:—continued to influence politics. By the time of 529:. The vast Roman territories were organized into 33409: 21138:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic: 258–285. 19608:"Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian" 17681:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A. D. 100–400) 17061:Toynbee, J. M. C. (December 1971). "Roman Art". 15216:Ward, Roy Bowen (1992). "Women in Roman Baths". 15070:. Cambridge University Press. 1999 . p. 61. 11816:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World 10889:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 10233:Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature 10022:Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World 9480: 9454: 9452: 8941: 8564: 7740:. Senators could not possess the "public horse". 5794:), Italy, southern France, Spain, and Portugal. 5463:Roman clothing styles changed over time. In the 3751:, and bankers lost confidence in coins. Despite 3084:, with a century further made up of ten squads ( 2977:, ancient Roman fresco of the Neronian era from 2407:of a slave against his will "for lust or gain". 1905:also show a concern for local languages such as 1861:After all freeborn inhabitants were universally 618:led the Empire, which was later reunified under 598:that threatened its existence due to civil war, 26829: 20991: 20358: 20241: 19929:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–145. 18751:. Princeton University Press. pp. 122–123. 18327: 18315: 18240: 18228: 18129: 18066: 17982: 17955: 17939: 17452: 17242: 17230: 17218: 16595:Austin, R. G. (2009). "Roman Board Games. II". 16450: 16415: 16331:McDonald, Marianne; Walton, J. Michael (2007). 16288: 16232: 16216: 16160: 16016: 16001: 15989: 15977: 15923: 15901: 15842:. Columbia University Press. pp. 165–167. 15430:(2012). "The Census in the First Century B.C". 14694:Calcani, Giuliana; Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). 14247: 13631: 13603:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 177. 12561:Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome 12339:, p. 90, calls them "status-appellations". 11893:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. 11046:Performance and Identity in the Classical World 10423:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 4. 10131: 10094:. University of California Press. p. 279. 9239: 8962: 8847: 4102: 3901:Land transport utilized the advanced system of 3043:and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( 1239:—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn 20882: 20800:Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within 19688:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 19538: 19536: 18986:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 17892:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 59ff. 17871:, pp. 9, 48, 215, 248, 26, 248, 258–269; 17756:. University of California Press. p. 197. 17472:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 128. 17372:. University of California Press. p. 20. 16560:Austin, R. G. (1934). "Roman Board Games. I". 16454: 16330: 15707: 15414: 15402: 15378: 15342: 15125:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 9–10. 14952:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 4–8. 14863:. University of California Press. p. 39. 14334:. University of California Press. p. 17. 14317: 13336: 13291: 12987: 12617:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 30. 12293: 12101:. University of Exeter Press. pp. 12–13. 11849:Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system 10984:The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture 9851: 9251:"The Decline And Fall in the West – Chapter 4" 8806:. University of California Press. p. 98. 8568:; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). 6319:At the age of 14, upperclass males made their 5980:, often mythological, either tragic or comic. 4269:. Elite housing in cooler climates might have 2339:Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( 1535:Odoacer ended the Western Empire by declaring 1315:consisted of the movement of (mainly) ancient 920:in the 6th century BC, though not outside the 594:). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 33478:States and territories disestablished in 1453 32202: 32188: 31615: 28866: 27334: 26897: 25629: 24135: 23918: 23461: 23437: 21491: 20633:Johnson, William A.; Parker, Holt N. (2009). 20632: 20578:The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans 19495:. Oxford University Press: 90. Archived from 19185: 19161: 18212: 17872: 17777: 17697: 17642:and the Roman Law against Love between Men". 17547: 17515:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95, 14ff. 17100:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 5ff. 16690:La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina 16468:New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity 16465: 16447:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. 14711: 14623: 13726:The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans 12881: 12027:. American Philological Society. p. 564. 11630:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–16. 11174: 11063:. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff, 42. 10753:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. 9900:Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics 9449: 9092:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8948:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8827:Richardson, John (2011). "Fines provincial". 8775: 8570:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7663:("citizen") stands in explicit contrast to a 4518:—were aimed primarily at the common people. 4364:imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( 3099:the Imperial army. Augustus also created the 2587:, was admitted under Marcus Aurelius. By the 1675:The Empire reached its largest expanse under 317:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi) 309:5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi) 301:2,750,000 km (1,060,000 sq mi) 26032:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 25592:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 21291:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 21180:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 21130:Rochette, Bruno (2023). Mullen, Alex (ed.). 20297:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. 20289: 20122:. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. 19889:. Yale University Press. pp. 11, 66–67. 19605: 19338: 19336: 18961:Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh Al-'Arab Qabl Al-Islam 17898:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 17683:. Yale University Press. pp. 74–75, 84. 17665:. University of Michigan Press. p. 377. 16819:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 16183:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 15756:. Princeton University Press. pp. 96ff. 15485:. University of California Press. p. 8. 15020:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 14982:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 215–218. 13880: 13723: 12321: 11984:. University of Michigan. pp. 23, 209. 11837:. Vol. 1. Lexington Books. p. 41. 11810:. Brandeis University Press. pp. 77–78. 11182:, Oxford University Press, pp. 211, 268 9920: 9722:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 9127:(in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013. 8560: 8558: 7817:to this type of settlement, and even called 7770:heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of 7715:That senator was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus 7536:. Augustus had replaced his first name with 7467:captured Constantinople and established the 7374:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 7158:, completed in 1788, was modelled after the 5587:, but as early as the 2nd century BC, Greek 4801:and restaurants were for the lower classes; 4553:Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the 3114:, also extended to their sons. According to 3036:, who functioned as police and firefighters; 2922:): generals, diplomats, and administrators. 2568:chose to take a Senate seat, which required 2079:who exercised greater power than a senator. 1753:in Egypt. The empire completely circled the 1331:In the view of contemporary Greek historian 950:(commander); this is the origin of the word 703:, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The 629:). The civil wars ended with the victory of 26911: 20759:The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 20459: 20437: 20400:Frier, Bruce W.; McGinn, Thomas A. (2004). 20399: 19742:. University of Chicago Press. p. 110. 19533: 18090: 17774:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 17660: 16928: 16821:. University of Toronto Press. p. 286. 16790:a Contribution to the History of Copying". 16707:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 16473: 16188: 15664: 15554: 15307:. University of Michigan Press. p. 9. 14393: 14212: 13719: 13717: 13578:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–51. 13142: 13051: 12972: 12857: 12665:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 11860: 11828: 11773:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–41. 11697: 11685: 11640: 11628:Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425 11473:. University of Chicago Press. p. 305. 11381: 11336: 11266: 11254:Women's Influence on Classical Civilization 11235: 11185: 11150: 11124: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10669: 10667: 10275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 651. 9744: 9318: 9278: 9005: 8376: 8188:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 8055:Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History 7813:Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word 6559:. Other authors of the Silver Age included 6144:indicate casual literacy among non-elites. 6070:. In the secular realm, dancing girls from 5602: 5190: 4658:Bread stall, from a Pompeiian wall painting 4457:popularly associated with imperial culture— 4420: 4353: 3784: 2399:were often slaves. The burgeoning trade in 1757: ... referred to by its conquerors as 1572: 1283:Transition from classical to late antiquity 1067: 1061: 1048: 553: 512: 82: 32195: 32181: 31622: 31608: 31408:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 31355:International Congress of Maritime Museums 31335:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 30627: 28873: 28859: 27341: 27327: 26948:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 26904: 26890: 25636: 25622: 24142: 24128: 23925: 23911: 23468: 23454: 21498: 21484: 21351: 20314:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 20101:Trajan: Optimus Princeps: a Life and Times 19941:. University of Virginia Press. p. 5. 19887:Architecture, Power, and National Identity 19583:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 19452:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 19019: 18988:. Princeton University Press. p. 449. 18720:Paideia: The World of the Second Sophistic 18029:, p. 253; Strabo 13.1.54, 50.13.419; 17900:. Routledge. pp. 94–95, 181–182, 196. 17765: 17763: 17098:The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus 16781: 16779: 16777: 16732:. Université de Nantes. pp. 260, 264. 16292: 16078: 16051: 15639:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. 15015: 15011: 15009: 14396:Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire 13708:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 13697:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12869: 12845: 12018: 12016: 11891:Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers 11507: 11278: 11114:. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. 11048:. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 11023: 9622: 9186:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 9180: 8841: 8826: 8771: 8769: 8218:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. 8146:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 7614:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 6980:A 3rd-century funerary stele is among the 6756:in a gesture of libation (2nd–3rd century) 6155:dedicated by ordinary people, as well as " 3739:contracted sharply. Conditions during the 2776:), with columns marking a covered walkway 2753: 2715:could pay a fine for a crime for which an 2132:, the essential distinction in the Roman " 125: 95: 33453:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire 31468: 31423:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 21342: 21285: 21263: 21143: 20956:Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium 20908: 20716: 20616:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing 20330: 20079:Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games 19924: 19757:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 113–114. 19737: 19523:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 19444: 19333: 19223: 19153: 18999: 18725: 17708: 17706: 17675: 17625: 17613: 17601: 17586: 17528: 16811:, pp. 204–220, especially 206, 211; 16460:Latin Fiction: The Latin Novel in Context 16439: 16318: 16090: 16043: 15909:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. 15711: 15695: 15591: 15576: 15303:Gazda, Elaine K. (1991). "Introduction". 15286: 15146: 15144: 15000: 14962: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14883: 14794: 14712:Yan, Hong-Sen; Ceccarelli, Marco (2009). 14612: 14413: 14290: 13892: 12914: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12484:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 12466:. University of Texas Press. p. 91. 12180: 12037: 12009:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 12004: 11594: 11348: 11038:Personal Patronage under the Early Empire 10981: 10801: 10658:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 10622: 10620: 10618: 10547: 10107: 9996: 9863: 9705:. Princeton University Press. p. 15. 9697: 9298:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 22. 8912: 8555: 8515: 8454: 8337: 8058:. Dorling Kindersley. 2023. p. 276. 7982:(Revised ed.). Penguin. p. 13. 7930:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 7646:language, a left over influence from the 7635: 7532:avoided any association with the ancient 7199:, as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire's 6729:Religious persecution in the Roman Empire 6490:, and his work was hugely influential on 6461:was a national epic in the manner of the 5880:Gold earrings with gemstones, 3rd century 5258:So-called "Bikini Girls" mosaic from the 5199:). To mark the opening of the Colosseum, 5004:. The largest such venue in Rome was the 4014: 3971:; Indian trade also occurred by sea from 3885:, often assumed to be based on the Roman 1492:Fall in the West and survival in the East 1452:, who under the influence of his adviser 822:. Many modern legal systems, such as the 456:, and it was ruled by emperors following 21129: 21088: 21039: 20816: 20613: 20594: 20295:Money and Government in the Roman Empire 20117: 20032: 19899: 19580: 19388: 19342: 19054: 18850: 18739: 18737: 18709: 18283:. Harvard University Press. p. 18. 18200: 18125: 18113: 18078: 18054: 18026: 17986: 17970: 17661:Csapo, Eric; Slater, William J. (1994). 17543: 17541: 17539: 17537: 17482: 17281: 16761: 16759: 16702: 16636:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 16524: 16338:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 16244: 16140: 16112: 16074: 16031: 15919: 15715: 15652: 15610: 15390: 15059:Collis, John (2000). "'Celtic' Oppida". 14813: 14481: 14465: 14453: 14441: 14354: 14042: 14029:. Oxford University Press. p. 108. 14020: 13854:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 13820: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13714: 13570: 13231: 13063: 12941:Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476) 12841: 12829: 12802: 12790: 12778: 12766: 12754: 12558: 12482:A History of Exile in the Roman Republic 12377: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12264:Fear, Andrew (2007). "War and Society". 12168: 12156: 12121: 12089: 11768: 11675:. Indiana University Press. p. 119. 11657:. Oxford University Press. p. 314. 11465: 11390:. Harvard University Press. p. 134. 11373: 11289: 11251: 11239: 11205: 11073: 11061:Studies in Classical History and Society 11058: 11001:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. 10962: 10793: 10785: 10708: 10664: 10656:Zimmer, Stefan (2006). "Indo-European". 10651: 10559: 10520: 10508: 10504: 10455: 10404: 10307: 10213: 10119: 10074: 10062: 10050: 9958: 9890: 9821: 9716: 9570:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 9188:. Princeton University Press. p. 4. 9156:"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: 9077: 9043: 8968: 8902:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. 8344:. Oxford University Press. p. 237. 8211: 8002: 7073: 6975: 6685:. Latin poets of late antiquity include 6580:The principal Latin prose author of the 6420: 6307: 6264: 6192: 6102: 6011:Although sometimes regarded as foreign, 5982: 5915: 5732: 5664: 5643:Elaborately carved marble and limestone 5616: 5400: 5330:("Twelve Marks"). A game referred to as 5253: 5129: 4978: 4848:, the state had begun to distribute the 4756: 4653: 4548: 4472: 4403: 4314: 4192: 4190:, one of the largest aqueducts of Rome. 4120: 4093: 4018: 3940: 3866: 3778: 3764: 3589: 3574: 3457: 3376: 3152: 3059: 2983: 2968: 2965:Structural history of the Roman military 2853:and some members of their families with 2818: 2763: 2684: 2541: 2447: 2334: 2262: 2136:" was that all humans were either free ( 2047:Roman society had multiple, overlapping 2015: 1945:evolved with Latin loan words to modern 1828: 1766: 1659: 1482: 1474: 1306: 903: 885:until the fall of its last remnant (the 868: 814:) in medieval Europe contributed to the 31393:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 25987:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 25416: 21505: 21370: 21218: 20972: 20953: 20927: 20775: 20651: 20488: 20418: 20380: 20339: 20192: 20095: 19944: 19853: 19816: 19520: 19312: 19158:. Clarendon Press. pp. lviii–lxii. 19059:. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 97–149. 18964: 18949:. Oxford University Press. p. 246. 18887: 18835: 18820: 18804: 18781: 18743: 18696: 18684: 18668: 18577: 18565: 18553: 18541: 18529: 18481: 18469: 18454: 18430: 18403: 18391: 18375: 18351: 18339: 18276: 18264: 17951: 17931: 17919: 17856: 17844: 17781: 17760: 17751: 17739: 17637: 17574: 17392: 17365: 17335: 17323: 17269: 17257: 17188: 17176: 17149: 17137: 17110: 17060: 17048: 17002: 16990: 16953: 16931:Roman Military Clothing (3): AD 400–640 16916: 16876: 16858: 16846: 16813:Métraux, Guy P.R. (2008). "Prudery and 16812: 16774: 16750: 16687: 16644:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2149 16500: 16427: 16411: 16388: 16376: 16356: 16284: 16272: 16260: 16248: 16228: 16212: 16144: 16108: 16070: 15962: 15821: 15683: 15622: 15504: 15426: 15135: 15040: 15006: 14985: 14698:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 11. 14590: 14588: 14493: 14373:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–2. 14241: 14208: 14206: 13971: 13852:Banking and Business in the Roman World 13849: 13699:. Vol. II.17.2. pp. 752, 824. 13281:. 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Horace perfected the use of 5488:had a profound influence on Roman art. 4277:: the crank and connecting rod system, 3560: 3496:drew on local suppliers near the base ( 2044:—helped foster a sense of "Romanness". 1822:interpenetration of the two languages. 1694:have argued for a population peak from 1654: 1405:) stabilised the empire militarily and 659:, moved the imperial seat from Rome to 33493:5th-century disestablishments in Italy 33463:1st-century BC establishments in Italy 33410: 31345:European Association of Archaeologists 21467:, learning resources and re-enactments 21196: 21174: 21017: 20845: 20572: 20532: 20510: 20267: 20076: 19989: 19969: 19859: 19847:A Companion to the Classical Tradition 19841: 19752: 19681: 19651: 19101: 18944: 18899: 18761: 18644: 18601: 18589: 18517: 18252: 18216: 18189: 18009:4.9.21 and 4.10.128; Pliny the Elder, 17907: 17903: 17895: 17868: 17769: 17703: 17693: 17510: 17420: 17340:. 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The cultural movement known as the 6238:Literacy began to decline during the 5753:are among the most enduring of Roman 5338:(the board) may have been similar to 4690: 3020:the garrison at Rome, comprising the 2804: 2663:("illustrious man"). The appellation 2307: 2165: 1569:, but not by most European monarchs. 1058:first centuries of imperial stability 961:from the late second century BC (see 766:became the language of the East. The 707:survived for another millennium with 27879:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 23777:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21390: 21321: 20797: 20467:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower 20174:. Harvard University Press. p. 20054: 19973: 19936: 19932: 19884: 19663: 19422:Hunt, David (1998). "2, Julian". In 19421: 19301:Bowersock, Brown & Grabar (1999) 19080:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron (2005) 18782:Johnson, W.R. (2012). 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Not all men who qualified for the 2546:Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting 1510:assimilated so many Germanic peoples 527:accession as the first Roman emperor 33513:Historical transcontinental empires 32137:History of the Mediterranean region 31340:Archaeological Institute of America 21117:from the original on 4 October 2023 21076:from the original on 9 October 2014 19668:. Trnavská univerzity. p. 73. 19606:Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1964). 19529:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 362–378. 19347:. InterVarsity Press. p. 304. 19191: 18297:from the original on 30 August 2022 18030: 17644:Journal of the History of Sexuality 17513:New Directions in Ancient Pantomime 16351:Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome 16247:, pp. 1–3; Cassius Dio 66.25; 16115:, pp. 459, 461, 512, 630–631; 15806: 15557:European Review of Economic History 15495: 14846:Technology in Transition AD 300–650 14620:. Yale University Press. fig. 131B. 14594: 14430:Trade, Traders and the Ancient City 12432:Early Christian and Judicial Bodies 12023:Berger, Adolf (1991) . "libertus". 11888: 10437:from the original on 4 October 2023 10289:from the original on 4 October 2023 10250:from the original on 4 October 2023 9576:from the original on 30 August 2017 9538:from the original on 30 August 2017 9261:from the original on 24 August 2017 8685: 8082: 7864: 7749:Ancient Gades, in Roman Spain (now 7346:List of political systems in France 6752:with a fold of his toga, extends a 6625:, and the rhetorician and satirist 6529:—committed suicide after incurring 4743:Food and dining in the Roman Empire 4330: 4293:(in metal force pumps), non-return 4134:Roman contributions to architecture 3675:for trading or saving. Rome had no 3523:indicate a strong tendency towards 1771:Roman cities in the Imperial period 1428:. Order was eventually restored by 673:large invasions by Germanic peoples 13: 27348: 23717:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21307: 21271:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 21145:10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 20618:. University of California Press. 20496:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20316:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20275:. University of California Press. 20062:. University of California Press. 19949:. University of California Press. 19489:Proceedings of the British Academy 19167:The Journal of Theological Studies 17305:from the original on 18 March 2020 15123:Water Distribution in Ancient Rome 15084: 14305:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1972.tb02173.x 14191:from the original on 29 April 2019 14065:. Thames and Hudson. p. 196. 14043:Sim, David; Ridge, Isabel (2002). 13616: 11868:. Westview Press. pp. 43–44. 10600:from the original on 10 March 2024 10368: 9971:Hanson, J.W.; et al. 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The last Eastern Roman titular, 7173:built around 16 BC under Augustus. 6984:, written in both Greek and Latin. 6659:The City of God against the Pagans 6312:Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the 5901: 5797: 4955:were seen as simple and virtuous. 4736: 4504:), basins or elaborate fountains ( 4201:aqueduct, which crosses the river 4182:for water collection, such as the 2680: 2485:inscriptions throughout the Empire 1983:" at the northern entrance of the 1783:) were marked, and the frontiers ( 1637:that survives from antiquity, the 1625:was mostly accomplished under the 1432:, who became the first emperor to 894:Transition from Republic to Empire 830:of the medieval period, the early 481:civil wars and political conflicts 464:collapsed in 476 AD, but the 452:conquered most of this during the 14: 33529: 33386:Western European and Others Group 31350:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 30740:Coastal defence and fortification 30115:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 29415:Navigation, and ports and harbors 26796:United Provinces of Central Italy 23653:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21414: 21043:A Companion to the Latin Language 19925:Mallgrave, Harry Francis (2005). 19782:. 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Virgil's 5830:had become noted for fine glass. 5687:Initial Roman painting drew from 5185:had ethnic designations such as " 4612:—townhouses typically enclosed a 1937:would then be shaped by Gaulish. 1668:in northern England, overlooking 1559:. Mehmed II adopted the title of 546:first two centuries of the Empire 32122:Bibliography of European history 31717:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 31584: 31450: 31375:Society for American Archaeology 30609: 30542: 30411: 29794: 29396: 28835: 28834: 28823: 25645:List of historic states of Italy 24039: 23842:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 23584:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21003:. University of Michigan Press. 20939:. University of Michigan Press. 20700:Principles of Roman Architecture 20251:A History of Reading in the West 19963: 19918: 19835: 19810: 19796: 19771: 19746: 19730: 19706:from the original on 28 May 2022 19657: 19630:from the original on 31 May 2022 19599: 19574: 19514: 19470: 19438: 19415: 19361: 19306: 19271: 19252: 19206: 19073: 19048: 19013: 18973: 18969:. Vol. 17. pp. 91–103. 18953: 18947:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire 18938: 18893: 18856: 18829: 18810: 18767: 18702: 18674: 18595: 18381: 18270: 18206: 18172: 18135: 18119: 18084: 18020: 17976: 17945: 17925: 17878: 17862: 17811: 17745: 17687: 17669: 17654: 17631: 17580: 17476: 17458: 17386: 17359: 17329: 17287: 17194: 17155: 17127:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 10. 17116: 17089: 17054: 17036:Pompeii: Public and Private Life 17024: 16996: 16947: 16922: 16894: 16852: 16802: 16721: 16696: 16681: 16666: 16623: 16553: 16518: 16487: 16433: 16394: 16362: 16342: 16324: 16301: 16278: 16238: 16222: 16202: 16166: 16150: 16134: 16102: 16084: 16060: 16037: 15956: 15926:Manuel des Institutions Romaines 15913: 15895: 15827: 15800: 15775: 15760: 15745: 15701: 15658: 15628: 15585: 15544: 15529: 15489: 15466: 15420: 15336: 15296: 15280: 15209: 15114: 15074: 15034: 14968: 14889: 14852: 14837: 14822: 14807: 14734: 14654:from the original on 21 May 2008 14636: 14606: 14499: 14471: 14419: 14387: 14360: 14323: 14284: 14014: 13941: 13858: 13839: 13814: 13776: 13685: 13625: 13592: 13564: 13504:; Saller, Richard, eds. 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Routledge. pp. 296–298. 9349: 9324: 9284: 9218: 9192: 9174: 9148: 9115: 9071: 9037: 8999: 8935: 8906: 8888: 8860:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 8820: 8784: 8707: 8679: 8653: 8602: 8409: 8370: 8331: 8289: 8247: 8205: 8143:Rome: An Empire of Many Nations 7587: 7568:became the origin of the word " 7523: 7495: 7486: 7457: 7409: 6982:earliest Christian inscriptions 6890:syncretic or reinterpreted gods 5939: 5896:from the Rhineland, 4th century 5712: 5034:. From earliest times, several 4500:), toilets with running water ( 4029:of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii 3528: 2913: 2828: 2410:Roman slavery was not based on 2343:from a 4th-century sarcophagus) 2231:ex duobus civibus Romanis natos 2113: 1721:Then the empire stretched from 1681: 1400: 1201: 1179: 1157: 1135: 1113: 852:For a chronological guide, see 650: 635: 624: 589: 578: 147:(27 BC – AD 476) 31991:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 31934:Christianity in the modern era 31705:Christianity in late antiquity 30499:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 25977:City of Fiume and its District 21219:Roberts, Michael John (1989). 20973:Peachin, Michael, ed. (2011). 20802:. Cambridge University Press. 20783:. Cambridge University Press. 20419:Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010). 20402:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 20227:. Cambridge University Press. 20197:. Cambridge University Press. 19740:Roman and European Mythologies 19612:The Catholic Historical Review 18718:Borg, Barbara E., ed. (2004). 17934:, p. 17, citing Martial, 17822:. Blackwell. pp. 286–301. 17206:A Companion to Greek Mythology 16675:Restless Youth in Ancient Rome 16630:Moritz, Ludwig Alfred (2015), 16462:. Routledge. pp. 158–178. 16185:. Routledge. pp. 282–287. 15754:Dining Posture in Ancient Rome 15475:Figuring Genre in Roman Satire 15347:. Cambridge University Press. 15345:The Natural History of Pompeii 14394:Van Tilburg, Cornelis (2007). 14367:Ulrich, Roger Bradley (2007). 13508:. Cambridge University Press. 13008:. Bloomsbury US. p. 183. 11673:Women in Roman Law and Society 9389:A History of the Ancient World 9006:Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). 8175: 8133: 8091: 7996: 7950: 7463:In 1204, the crusaders of the 7396: 7386: 7203:tradition, counted itself the 6947:coalesced; its capital at the 6099:Literacy, books, and education 5523: 5481:Art collection in ancient Rome 4856:, wine, and pork to the dole. 4285:(generating steam power), the 3157:An annexed territory became a 3096:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 3080:, each of which comprised six 2490: 1729:to the sun-baked banks of the 1579:Demography of the Roman Empire 1567:Patriarchate of Constantinople 1223:lasted for four more emperors— 1066:("governor of the world") and 697:deposition of Romulus Augustus 40:27 BC – AD 395 1: 33443:Former countries in West Asia 32142:History of the European Union 31418:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 30093:Phoenician maritime expansion 26412:County of Apulia and Calabria 25918:Campagna e Marittima Province 21293:. Stanford University Press. 21247:A Companion to Roman Religion 19976:, pp. 60, 66, 73–74, 239 19557:The Cambridge Ancient History 18714:. Cambridge University Press. 18328:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18316:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18241:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18229:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18130:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18067:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17983:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17956:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17940:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17820:A Companion to the Roman Army 17562:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806 17453:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 17338:Roman Syria and the Near East 17243:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 17231:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 17219:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 16451:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 16416:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16289:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16233:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16217:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16161:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16017:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16002:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 15990:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 15978:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 15043:The Archaeology of Celtic Art 14166:10.1126/science.265.5180.1841 14078: 13635:; Friesen, Steven J. 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The 6563:, author of the encyclopedic 6404: 5987:Trio of musicians playing an 5862:Finely decorated Gallo-Roman 5761:, formed from uniform pieces 5558: 5249: 4960: 4590:(head of household) met with 4304: 4301:(in water mills and clocks). 3783:Landscape resulting from the 3494:supply contracts for the army 3401:, some paid in cash and some 3297:figure, right), both made of 2847:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 2791:Cooperation with local elites 1807:Languages of the Roman Empire 1655:Roman Imperial administration 1075: 1034:would succeed him as the new 782:had a profound impact on the 503:in Egypt. In 27 BC, the 21:Roman Empire (disambiguation) 33498:History of the Mediterranean 31360:Nautical Archaeology Society 22070:Frontiers and fortifications 21445:Resources in other libraries 21398:. Penguin Publishing Group. 21227:. Cornell University Press. 21182:. Cornell University Press. 20652:Johnson, William A. (2010). 20599:. Oxford Universwity Press. 20538:The Journal of Roman Studies 20518:. Harvard University Press. 20118:Boardman, John, ed. (2000). 19849:. Blackwell. pp. 279ff. 19819:Italian Unification, 1820–71 19456:. Harvard University Press. 19393:. K.G. Saur. p. 87,93. 18786:. Blackwell. pp. 42–43. 17663:The Context of Ancient Drama 16703:Dunbabin, Katherine (1999). 15907:Religions of Rome: A History 15708:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15540:. Routledge. pp. 7, 11. 15415:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15403:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15379:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 14898:Journal of Roman Archaeology 14781:. Peter Davies. p. 26. 14318:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 14299:(2): 205–235 (tables 2, 6). 14215:Journal of Roman Archaeology 14116:10.1126/science.272.5259.246 13980:The Journal of Roman Studies 13899:The Journal of Roman Studies 13337:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 13292:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 12988:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 12730:(2004). "Emperors at Work". 12294:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 11653:McGinn, Thomas A.J. (1998). 11304:10.1524/phil.1979.123.12.288 11036:Saller, Richard P. (2002) . 10798:. La Différence. p. 26. 10794:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). 10236:. Harvard University Press. 10030:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 9923:Journal of Roman Archaeology 9852:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 8829:Frontiers in the Roman World 8101:Handbook of Medieval Studies 7944: 7540:, a title regularly used by 7402:Fig. 1. Regions east of the 7183:was established in 800 when 7055:became the first emperor to 6949:Sanctuary of the Three Gauls 6904:, and of solar gods such as 6555:, wrote during the reign of 6254: 6147:The Romans had an extensive 6085:, entertainers were legally 6062:, particularly the cults of 5314:. People of all ages played 5183:styles of gladiator fighting 4903:was especially prized), and 4360:) was located there, as was 4103:Architecture and engineering 3879:for "The Peutinger Map") an 3755:'s introduction of the gold 3659:seem not to have counted as 3182:on behalf of the emperor in 2671:) was used to designate the 2120:Status in Roman legal system 1800: 1350:In 212, during the reign of 963:Crisis of the Roman Republic 828:Italian city-state republics 810:(which formed the basis for 683:, led to the decline of the 511:overarching military power ( 7: 33503:Former monarchies of Europe 33448:Countries in ancient Africa 32101:Russian invasion of Ukraine 31712:Crisis of the Third Century 31413:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 30790:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 30596:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 30453:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 29812: 28893: 28604:Water supply and sanitation 28028:Italian geographical region 27896:Monarchy and the World Wars 27838:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 27724:War of the Sicilian Vespers 27377:Timeline of Italian history 26814:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 26808:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 26760:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 25938:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 24149: 24109:Borders of the Roman Empire 22129:Decorations and punishments 21374:(1970). "The Definition of 21204:. Oxford University Press. 20977:. Oxford University Press. 20894:. Oxford University Press. 20761:. Oxford University Press. 20656:. Oxford University Press. 20637:. Oxford University Press. 20580:. Oxford University Press. 20423:. Oxford University Press. 20404:. Oxford University Press. 20340:Edwards, Catharine (2007). 20195:Slavery and Society at Rome 19900:Kornwall, James D. (2011). 19343:Leithart, Peter J. (2010). 19154:Musurillo, Herbert (1972). 18984:Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 18213:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17890:Literacy in the Roman World 17873:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17778:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17698:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17470:Latin Literature: A History 16817:in Late Antique Clothing". 16730:Les écoles médicales à Rome 15752:Roller, Matthew B. (2006). 15016:Longfellow, Brenda (2011). 14988:The City in Roman Palestine 14293:The Economic History Review 13542:Rivista di Storia Economica 12378:Verboven, Koenraad (2007). 12044:. Oxford University Press. 10417:Bloomer, W. Martin (1997). 9893:"Population and demography" 9866:Review of Income and Wealth 9296:The World of Late Antiquity 8804:Between Republic and Empire 8212:Bjornlie, M. Shane (2013). 7825:, France), a center of the 7616:, vol. II, p. 136 7290: 6704: 6240:Crisis of the Third Century 5958:. Unlike literary theatre, 5654: 5376: 5223:to create special effects. 4826:in the form of cereals and 3741:Crisis of the Third Century 3366: 3342:Crisis of the Third Century 3287:figure, left), the other a 3168:magistrates elected at Rome 2950: 2443: 2397:prostitutes in ancient Rome 1617:cutting down entire forests 1583:Borders of the Roman Empire 1364:Crisis of the Third Century 1011:("venerated") and made him 848:History of the Roman Empire 711:as its sole capital, until 570:greatest territorial extent 10: 33534: 33438:Former countries in Africa 33433:Former countries in Europe 32157:Military history of Europe 32152:Maritime history of Europe 31269:Phoenician Ship Expedition 30560: 30110:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 30103:Circumnavigation of Africa 28523:Inventions and discoveries 27933:Fall of the Fascist regime 27916:Fourth War of Independence 27874:Expedition of the Thousand 27864:Second War of Independence 26754:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 26748:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 26149:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 26119:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 26104:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 23036:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 21611:historiography of the fall 21460:Roman Archaeological Sites 21352:Winterling, Aloys (2009). 21052:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 20614:Humphrey, John H. (1986). 20381:Freeman, Charles (2000) . 20312:Dyson, Stephen L. (2010). 19982: 19885:Vale, Lawrence J. (1992). 19682:Brewer, Catherine (2005). 18730:. Oxford University Press. 17752:Mattern, Susan P. (1999). 17125:Roman Portraits in Context 16929:D'Amato, Raffaele (2005). 16734:, particularly citing the 16478:. Peeters. pp. 59–64. 16295:, p. 66, citing also 15218:Harvard Theological Review 15151:Fagan, Garrett G. (2001). 14990:. Oxford University Press. 14520:10.1162/002219504773512525 14432:(Routledge, 1998), p. 129. 13728:. Oxford University Press. 13656:10.3815/007543509789745223 13599:Dyson, Stephen L. (1992). 13475:, pp. 285–286, 296ff. 13275:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 13000:Penrose, Jane (2005). "9: 12324:The City in Late Antiquity 12005:Mouritsen, Henrik (2011). 11712:European Review of History 11198:Phang, Sara Elise (2001). 10997:Noreña, Carlos F. (2011). 10322:10.1002/9780470996980.ch25 10134:Rome's cultural revolution 9745:Mastrangelo, Marc (2008). 9629:World History Encyclopedia 9530:. In Widger, David (ed.). 9459:Scholl, Christian (2017). 8470:Tricht, Filip Van (2011). 7446:senators belonging to the 7263:In the United States, the 7124:Legacy of the Roman Empire 7121: 6795:was the foundation of the 6718: 6708: 6607:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6545:, whose poetry collection 6414: 6408: 6258: 6109:Terentius Neo and his wife 5905: 5801: 5726: 5658: 5606: 5527: 5474: 5386: 5380: 4964: 4746: 4740: 4694: 4600:images of family ancestors 4308: 4205:in southern France, is on 4109:Ancient Roman architecture 4106: 4042:imperial or public service 3951:Indo-Roman trade relations 3944: 3860: 3768: 3564: 3531:, funerary monuments, and 3451: 3447: 3370: 3321:, the "law of nations" or 3233: 2954: 2815:Senate of the Roman Empire 2808: 2757: 2740:condemnation to the beasts 2623:) to become highly placed 2550:and senators (3rd century) 2497:Senate of the Roman Empire 2494: 2311: 2169: 2156:, non-Romans. In 212, the 2117: 2009: 2005: 1810: 1804: 1664:A segment of the ruins of 1586: 1576: 1545:Constantine XI Palaiologos 1296: 1286: 1081: 897: 858: 851: 845: 841: 483:, which culminated in the 18: 33156:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 33136: 33054: 32891: 32726: 32597:Standard Average European 32465: 32294: 32214: 32127:Genetic history of Europe 32109: 31914: 31730: 31670: 31637: 31582: 31474: 31463: 31448: 31383: 31325: 31128: 31112: 30860: 30795:Samothrace temple complex 30730: 30685: 30644: 30637: 30633: 30622: 30607: 30566: 30555: 30540: 30438: 30424: 30409: 30362: 30315: 30168: 30135: 30128: 30066: 29867: 29824: 29820: 29807: 29792: 29511: 29424: 29420: 29409: 29394: 29346: 29281: 29218: 29103: 29072: 28905: 28901: 28888: 28819: 28617: 28463: 28454: 28318: 28309: 28297:Security and intelligence 28170: 28161: 28023: 28014: 27957: 27884:Third War of Independence 27859:First War of Independence 27846: 27739: 27648: 27529: 27466: 27385: 27369: 27360: 27301: 27280: 27268: 27265: 27258: 27255: 27237: 27227: 27210: 27203: 27201: 27167: 27155: 27146: 27137: 27132: 27104: 27087: 27058: 27043: 27038: 27017: 27012: 27000: 26990: 26978: 26968: 26950: 26947: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26920: 26866:Free Territory of Trieste 26726: 26656: 26595: 26578: 26502: 26439: 26402: 26384:Principality of Benevento 26376: 26353: 26298: 26287: 26229: 26199: 25951: 25901: 25855: 25786: 25773: 25736: 25651: 25585: 25537: 25054: 24458: 24157: 24101: 24048: 24037: 23942: 23933:Territories with limited 23489: 23443: 23438:Links to related articles 23417:External wars and battles 23284: 23178: 22991: 22583: 22576: 22498: 22410: 22315: 22190: 22142: 22020: 21970: 21909: 21900: 21782: 21734: 21654: 21571: 21541: 21532: 21514: 21440:Resources in your library 21356:. John Wiley & Sons. 21025:. John Wiley & Sons. 20702:. Yale University Press. 20595:Holleran, Claire (2012). 20471:. Yale University Press. 20461:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 20439:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 20344:. Yale University Press. 20333:Roman Theater and Society 19945:Dietler, Michael (2010). 19845:(2010). "United States". 19821:. Heinemann. p. 22. 19432:Cambridge Ancient History 19055:Fishwick, Duncan (1991). 19004:. Routledge. p. 261. 19000:Huskinson, Janet (2000). 18996:. Doubleday. p. 106. 18825:. Blackwell. p. 397. 18794:. Blackwell. p. 262. 18774:James, Sharon L. (2003). 18215:, pp. 114ff, 186ff; 17425:. 7.1 and Martial 9.38". 17208:. Blackwell. p. 301. 17075:10.1017/S0009840X00221331 16863:. Routledge. p. 194. 16609:10.1017/S0017383500003119 16574:10.1017/s0017383500002941 16052:McClelland, John (2007). 15769:Food in the Ancient World 15569:10.1017/S1361491604001388 15473:Keane, Catherine (2006). 15230:10.1017/S0017816000028820 14910:10.1017/S1047759400005341 14904:: 138–163 (156, fn. 74). 14644:"Apollodorus of Damascus" 14626:Ceramics and Civilization 14227:10.1017/S104775940000742X 13893:Edmondson, J. C. (1989). 13259:Bozeman, Adda B. (2010). 13022:Early Empire 27 BC–AD 235 12563:. Routledge. p. 108. 12480:Kelly, Gordon P. (2006). 12462:Gaughan, Judy E. (2010). 12124:, pp. 215, 221–222; 11963:, pp. 186–188, 190; 11829:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11818:. Routledge. p. 150. 11724:10.1080/13507480902916837 11698:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11686:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11671:Gardner, Jane F. (1991). 11641:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11605:10.1080/00438240120047618 11405:. Routledge. p. 12. 11382:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11349:Treggiari, Susan (1991). 11337:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11267:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11236:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11186:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11151:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11125:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11110:Carroll, Maureen (2006). 10786:Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). 10468:La Bua, Giuseppe (2019). 10386: ed.). p. 2.15. 10024:. Ivy Press. p. 340. 10020:Woolf, Greg, ed. (2003). 9935:10.1017/S1047759400074134 9534:. Harper & Brothers. 8476:. Brill. pp. 61–82. 8416:Harris, Jonathan (2009). 8383:. Springer. p. 443. 8260:. ABC-CLIO. p. 181. 8254:Coffler, Gail H. (2004). 7932:(ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 974. 7650:that predates the Empire. 7546:Imperator Caesar Augustus 7117: 7090:, later converted into a 6652:. Around that same time, 6642:conversion of Constantine 6437:Literature under Augustus 6348:) was highly prized, and 6261:Education in ancient Rome 6119:Estimates of the average 5816:finer red-gloss pottery ( 5778:Basilica of Junius Bassus 5722: 5504:, and the iconography on 5397:Cosmetics in ancient Rome 2651:In the later Empire, the 2505:Decurion (administrative) 1733:in Syria; from the great 1241:Year of the Four Emperors 1072:("parent of all lands"). 985:and Caesar's adopted son 854:Timeline of Roman history 796:Neoclassical architecture 642:Greek East and Latin West 366: 344: 340: 330: 326: 321: 313: 305: 297: 292: 272: 268: 249: 245: 235: 223: 188: 163: 136: 124: 94: 71: 37: 30: 33296:Lancaster House Treaties 32786:Christian existentialism 32746:Ancient Roman philosophy 32736:Ancient Greek philosophy 30083:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 27975:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 27970:Institutional referendum 26929:Northwestern Mesopotamia 26772:Italian United Provinces 26124:Principality of Piombino 25913:Patrimony of Saint Peter 23945:partially or temporarily 21089:Rochette, Bruno (2018). 20848:Journal of Roman Studies 20798:Laes, Christian (2011). 20777:Kousser, Rachel Meredith 20719:Journal of Roman Studies 19817:Collier, Martin (2003). 19753:Burgan, Michael (2009). 19327:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183 19104:Journal of Roman Studies 18945:Bunson, Matthew (1995). 18710:Goldhill, Simon (2001). 18604:Journal of Roman Studies 18532:, pp. 102–103, 105. 18445:, pp. 107–108, 132. 18277:Numbers, Ronald (2009). 18231:, pp. 68–69, 78–79. 17896:Dickie, Matthew (2001). 17875:, pp. 47, 54, 290ff 17721:(3): 322–342 (325–327). 17162:Strong, Donald (1988) . 16958:. Penguin. p. 106. 16933:. Osprey. pp. 7–9. 16456:Huber-Rebenich, Gerlinde 16353:. Routledge. p. 81. 16349:Kyle, Donald G. (1998). 16181:Dickie, Matthew (2001). 16098:. Routledge. p. 15. 16056:. Routledge. p. 67. 15967:. Brill. pp. 96–97. 15928:. Hachette. p. 549. 15767:Alcock, Joan P. (2006). 15432:Journal of Roman Studies 15121:Evans, Harry B. (1994). 14986:Sperber, Daniel (1998). 14814:Chandler, Fiona (2001). 14398:. Routledge. p. 33. 13644:Journal of Roman Studies 13548:(3): 391–420 (391–401). 13234:, pp. 197, 214, 224 12514:Journal of Roman Studies 12430:Perkins, Judith (2009). 11833:Goodwin, Stefan (2009). 11814:Schäfer, Peter (2003) . 11769:Fuhrmann, C. J. (2012). 11256:. Routledge. p. 77. 11059:Reinhold, Meyer (2002). 10828:10.1017/CBO9780511482977 10749:Hélix, Laurence (2011). 10660:. ABC-Clio. p. 961. 10535:, pp. 185–186, 205. 10511:, pp. 114–115, 118. 10269:Dickey, Eleanor (2023). 10159:Dickey, Eleanor (2023). 10028:Opper, Thorsten (2008). 9760:Mosley, Stephen (2010). 8609:Durand, John D. (1977). 8583:(2): 222. Archived from 8377:Loewenstein, K. (2012). 7957:Morley, Neville (2010). 7695:, and in the modern era 7379: 6988:Christianity emerged in 6912:, found as far north as 6711:Religion in ancient Rome 6078:were extremely popular. 5922:House of the Tragic Poet 5661:Painting in ancient Rome 5613:Ancient Roman sarcophagi 5603:Sculpture and sarcophagi 5383:Clothing in ancient Rome 5205:100 days of arena events 5032:historical re-enactments 4697:Disease in Imperial Rome 4572:) outside the city. The 4544:throughout the provinces 4083:) had their own guilds. 3706:documentary transactions 3512:. The GDP per capita of 3373:Taxation in ancient Rome 2053:redistribution of wealth 1573:Geography and demography 834:, and modern democratic 754:across its territories. 33423:Ancient Italian history 33074:Equality before the law 32281:Romano-Germanic culture 32132:History of Christianity 31365:RPM Nautical Foundation 31102:Surviving ancient ships 31021:Marsala Punic shipwreck 28498:Emigration and diaspora 27707:Guelphs and Ghibellines 27692:the Sardinian Judicates 26860:Italian Social Republic 26535:Principality of Taranto 26427:Principality of Taranto 26389:Principality of Salerno 26144:Bishopric of Tarantasia 25967:Bishopric of Bressanone 25884:Duchy of the Pentapolis 23412:Roman–Iranian relations 21887:Optimates and populares 20954:Nicolle, David (2000). 20676:Economic History Review 20445:. Thames & Hudson. 20443:The Complete Roman Army 20193:Bradley, Keith (1994). 20166:; Grabar, Oleg (1999). 20142:The Imperial Roman Army 20077:Auguet, Roland (2012). 18900:Eiland, Murray (2023). 18840:. Brill. pp. 45ff. 18726:Whitmarsh, Tim (2005). 17770:Morgan, Teresa (1998). 17727:10.1163/156852500510633 17336:Butcher, Kevin (2003). 16956:The Inheritance of Rome 16954:Wickham, Chris (2009). 16766:Coon, Lynda L. (1997). 16692:. Catania. p. 152. 16495:Oxford Latin Dictionary 16096:Emperors and Gladiators 16046:, pp. 73–74, 106; 15676:Gowers, Emily (2003) . 15635:Faas, Patrick (2005) . 15596:Hinds, Kathryn (2010). 15293:, pp. 12, 17, 22ff 14884:Jones & Bird (2012) 14270:10.1126/science.6986654 14061:Healy, John F. (1978). 12662:Smith, William (1875). 12604:Moralia 813c and 814c; 12559:Robinson, O.F. (2007). 9361:The Roman Empire at Bay 7768:Contrebian water rights 7624:, John Wiley & Sons 7351:List of Roman dynasties 7341:Outline of ancient Rome 7086:originally built under 7057:convert to Christianity 7008:reports that after the 6885:great number of deities 5908:Theatre of ancient Rome 5470: 5294:or "jacks"). Girls had 5181:. Some of the earliest 5144:condemned to the beasts 4419:The network of cities ( 4311:Culture of ancient Rome 4186:, two of which fed the 4176:Apollodorus of Damascus 3933:. The distance between 3361:Latin legal terminology 3334:private property rights 3200:, heralds, messengers, 3170:who in the name of the 2988:The Roman Empire under 2754:Government and military 2711:) of the defendant: an 2314:Slavery in ancient Rome 2206:maiden reading a text, 2159:Constitutio Antoniniana 1935:Gallo-Romance languages 1557:siege of Constantinople 1434:convert to Christianity 1426:collapsed shortly after 1001:in 31 BC. In 27 BC the 991:divided the Roman world 910:Augustus of Prima Porta 663:in 330, and renamed it 519:) and the new title of 33488:470s disestablishments 33236:Eastern European Group 32825:Continental philosophy 32756:Judeo-Christian ethics 32741:Hellenistic philosophy 32222:Cradle of civilization 31956:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 31398:Giza Solar boat museum 30852:Underwater exploration 30847:Underwater archaeology 30812:Pre-Columbian theories 30667:John Sinclair Morrison 30628:Research and education 30078:Austronesian Expansion 28380:Science and technology 28328:Italian regions by GDP 28129:Marine protected areas 27801:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 27089:Middle Hittite Kingdom 26766:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 26540:Terra Sancti Benedicti 26444:(from the 9th century) 26154:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 23937:occupation and contact 23699:Late Antique/Medieval) 23542:Bosnia and Herzegovina 23422:Civil wars and revolts 22688:Sextus Pompeius Festus 22335:Conflict of the Orders 21694:Legislative assemblies 21269:The Ancient Roman City 20160:Bowersock, Glen Warren 20040:. Vol. 2. Brill. 19755:Empire of Ancient Rome 19010:in the 2nd century AD. 18992:Frend, W.H.C. (1967). 18910:10.30861/9781407360713 17910:, pp. 29, 218–219 17591:. Tel Aviv University. 16859:Cleland, Liza (2007). 15963:Versnel, H.S. (1971). 15834:Flandrin, Jean Louis; 15538:Galen on Food and Diet 15041:Harding, D.W. (2007). 14859:Greene, Kevin (1990). 14777:Smith, Norman (1971). 14743:Technology and Culture 14330:Greene, Kevin (1990). 14047:. Tempus. p. 23. 13850:Andreau, Jean (1999). 10230:Feeney, Denis (2016). 9989:10.1098/rsif.2017.0367 9094:. London: Bloomsbury. 9086:Omnium Terrarum Parens 8521:Social Science History 8380:The Governance of ROME 8182:Erdkamp, Paul (2013). 8003:Sandberg, Kaj (2008). 7572:", such as in German ( 7221:Ferdinand and Isabella 7217:Charles VIII of France 7153:Virginia State Capitol 7095: 6985: 6870:Hellenistic ruler cult 6553:Renaissance literature 6433: 6316: 6274: 6201: 6116: 6043:, and percussion. The 6008: 5924: 5850:(early 1st century AD) 5747: 5739:The Triumph of Neptune 5684: 5625: 5514:funerary commemoration 5427:purple or purplish-red 5409: 5267: 5191: 5146: 5026:), athletic contests, 5020:, staged beast hunts ( 4987: 4768: 4688: 4659: 4557: 4485: 4471: 4421: 4416: 4354: 4327: 4297:(in water pumps), and 4214: 4129: 4099: 4030: 4015:Labour and occupations 3889: 3796: 3785: 3771:Mining in ancient Rome 3610: 3587: 3475: 3466:cup unearthed from an 3386: 3229: 3073: 2993: 2981: 2842: 2785: 2690: 2551: 2456: 2344: 2272: 2088:voluntary associations 2025: 1979:"Gate of Domitian and 1841: 1826:language and culture. 1819:Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 1772: 1765: 1672: 1488: 1480: 1436:, and who established 1328: 1253:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 1221:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1069:omnium terrarum parens 1068: 1062: 1049: 989:. Antony and Octavian 913: 890: 816:Scientific Renaissance 722:on the development of 513: 470:fall of Constantinople 83: 33483:476 disestablishments 33356:Three Seas Initiative 33331:Pacific Islands Forum 33196:British–Irish Council 32944:Greek Orthodox Church 32403:Industrial Revolution 32373:Scientific Revolution 32036:Industrial Revolution 31469:Legend and literature 31427:Viking ship museums: 31403:Grand Egyptian Museum 31163:Austronesian replicas 31138:Heyerdahl expeditions 31048:Caligula's Giant Ship 30908:Dover Bronze Age Boat 29570:Berenice Troglodytica 28579:Public administration 27687:the Holy Roman Empire 27212:Neo-Babylonian Empire 27045:Old Babylonian Empire 26960:Early Dynastic period 26784:Republic of San Marco 26566:Crown Colony of Malta 26394:Principality of Capua 26134:Marquisate of Saluzzo 25997:County of Santa Fiora 25659:Etruscan civilization 25562:Medieval great powers 23484:in modern territories 23131:Simplicius of Cilicia 22883:Quintus Curtius Rufus 22112:Siege in Ancient Rome 21721:Executive magistrates 20958:. Osprey Publishing. 20366:. Walter de Gruyter. 20342:Death in Ancient Rome 20291:Duncan-Jones, Richard 20034:Albrecht, Michael von 19860:Meinig, D.W. (1986). 19446:MacDonald, William L. 19399:10.1515/9783110931419 19179:10.1093/jts/III.2.199 18838:The Poetry of Statius 17742:, pp. 89, 97–98. 17123:Fejfer, Jane (2008). 17096:Zanker, Paul (1988). 16673:Eyben, Emiel (1977). 16391:, pp. 66–67, 72. 15922:, pp. 544, 558; 15594:, pp. 144, 178; 15511:Harper, Kyle (2017). 15289:, pp. 144, 147; 14965:, pp. 23ff, 244. 14829:Forman, Joan (1975). 14614:MacDonald, William L. 13783:Wells, Colin (1984). 12254:, pp. 75–76, 78. 12230:, pp. 71–72, 76. 11626:Harper, Kyle (2011). 11401:Severy, Beth (2002). 11339:, pp. 19–20, 22. 11188:, pp. 31–32, 457 11044:Duncan, Anne (2006). 10853:The history of Basque 10851:Trask, R. L. (1997). 10584:10.1515/9783111636221 10399:, pp. 188, 197; 10171:10.1017/9781108888387 9768:. Routledge. p. 8686:Roy, Kaushik (2014). 8104:. Walter de Gruyter. 7737:Lex Roscia theatralis 7267:were educated in the 7077: 6994:Jewish religious sect 6979: 6750:head ritually covered 6480:Greco-Roman mythology 6424: 6311: 6268: 6196: 6106: 6095:in the later Empire. 6093:Christian polemicists 6033:were played, as were 5986: 5919: 5912:Music of ancient Rome 5804:Ancient Roman pottery 5802:Further information: 5746:(present-day Tunisia) 5736: 5715:, everyday life, and 5681:Pompeian Fourth Style 5668: 5620: 5597:Fayum mummy portraits 5581:classical proportions 5510:religious dedications 5405:Togate statue in the 5404: 5387:Further information: 5306:. Ball games include 5257: 5133: 4982: 4921:Mediterranean staples 4760: 4753:Ancient Rome and wine 4749:Ancient Roman cuisine 4695:Further information: 4684: 4657: 4552: 4476: 4453:Most of the cultural 4451: 4407: 4318: 4196: 4124: 4097: 4022: 3941:Trade and commodities 3870: 3861:Further information: 3839:Industrial Revolution 3782: 3765:Mining and metallurgy 3601:, and on the reverse 3593: 3578: 3533:religious dedications 3529:public entertainments 3461: 3380: 3371:Further information: 3308:original jurisdiction 3153:Provincial government 3063: 2987: 2972: 2822: 2767: 2688: 2545: 2521:was to determine the 2451: 2338: 2266: 2208:Pompeian Fourth Style 2172:Women in ancient Rome 2019: 2012:Ancient Roman society 2010:Further information: 1889:, gradually replaced 1832: 1770: 1719: 1663: 1593:The Roman Empire was 1587:Further information: 1508:, but the empire had 1486: 1478: 1456:attempted to restore 1430:Constantine the Great 1310: 1026:, thus beginning the 907: 898:Further information: 880: 820:Scientific Revolution 802:. The rediscovery of 646:Constantine the Great 581: 98–117 AD 164:Common languages 33458:27 BC establishments 33351:Special Relationship 32761:Christian philosophy 32706:Western Christianity 32368:Age of Enlightenment 32242:Hellenistic Kingdoms 32091:European debt crisis 32086:European integration 32026:Age of Enlightenment 31866:Republic of Florence 31370:Sea Research Society 30772:Maritime archaeology 30581:Ameinias the Phocian 30576:Mediterranean piracy 28807:World Heritage Sites 28262:Council of Ministers 28000:Coronavirus pandemic 27398:Currency and coinage 26939:Southern Mesopotamia 26934:Northern Mesopotamia 26580:French Revolutionary 26520:State of the Presidi 26244:Republic of Florence 26216:Domini di Terraferma 25866:Exarchate of Ravenna 25764:Western Roman Empire 25708:Nuragic civilization 25572:European colonialism 25557:Ancient great powers 23141:Stephanus Byzantinus 23046:Eusebius of Caesaria 22908:Sidonius Apollinaris 22598:Ammianus Marcellinus 21937:Tribune of the plebs 21046:. pp. 549–563. 20385:. New York: Viking. 20362:; Huskinson (2011). 20144:. Psychology Press. 19997:. Elibron Classics. 19972:, pp. 282–286; 19288:10.1093/past/16.1.10 19214:Eusebius of Caesarea 19163:Sherwin-White, A. N. 18728:The Second Sophistic 18556:, pp. 103, 106. 18520:, pp. 439, 442. 18128:, pp. 261–262; 17616:, pp. 154, 157. 17299:J. Paul Getty Museum 17063:The Classical Review 16175:, pp. 238–239; 16159:, pp. 131–132; 16069:, pp. 238–239; 15536:Grant, Mark (2000). 15500:. pp. 10.77–81. 15003:, pp. 252, 253. 14948:Rehak, Paul (2006). 14650:. 13 February 2024. 13422:, pp. 286, 295. 13218:, pp. 179, 187. 12943:. Brill. p. 96. 12608:, pp. 181–182; 12557:, pp. 153–154; 12428:, pp. 153–154; 12092:, pp. 217–218; 11967:, pp. 34, 48–50 11862:Santosuosso, Antonio 11376:Roman Law in Context 10682:(3): 461–476 (464). 10507:, p. 263, 268; 10036:Fields, Nic (2003). 9200:"Five Good Emperors" 9013:, Feltrinelli, p.363 8900:The Roman Revolution 8831:. Brill. p. 10. 7364:Sino-Roman relations 7252:unification of Italy 7069:Hellenistic religion 6945:Gallo-Roman religion 6748:A Roman priest, his 6699:Sidonius Apollinaris 6573:; and the historian 6537:and social observer 6197:Reconstruction of a 6161:Greek Magical Papyri 6035:stringed instruments 5942:by the tragedies of 5744:Africa Proconsularis 5709:eruption of Vesuvius 5623:Ludovisi sarcophagus 5496:, monuments such as 5038:had featured games ( 4340:into neighbourhoods 4338:reorganized the city 4211:World Heritage Sites 3955:Sino-Roman relations 3873:Tabula Peutingeriana 3791:mining technique at 3716:from cash reserves. 3609:under Christian rule 3561:Currency and banking 3541:) and corporations ( 3490:economic rationalism 3470:(25–220 AD) tomb in 3176:senatorial provinces 2698:) and humbler folk ( 2556:executive magistrate 1997:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1987:, and Roman emperor 1929:soldiers used their 1589:Classical demography 1498:Western Roman Empire 1462:Hellenistic religion 1255:which produced the " 800:Islamic architecture 705:Eastern Roman Empire 685:Western Roman Empire 616:short-lived emperors 568:). Rome reached its 422:Eastern Roman Empire 408:Western Roman Empire 19:For other uses, see 33376:West Nordic Council 33241:Eastern Partnership 32830:Analytic philosophy 32531:Classical tradition 32353:Early modern period 32309:Classical antiquity 32304:European Bronze Age 32056:Revolutions of 1848 31986:Early modern France 31767:Anglo-Saxon England 31672:Classical antiquity 30463:Maritime Jade Route 29616:Kaveri Poompattinam 28338:Automotive industry 28277:Metropolitan cities 27823:Early Modern period 27796:Kingdom of Sardinia 27747:Italian city-states 27193:Neo-Assyrian Empire 27107:Bronze Age Collapse 27040:Old Hittite Kingdom 27014:Old Assyrian period 26992:Third Dynasty of Ur 26854:Free State of Fiume 26802:Kingdom of Sardinia 26545:Neapolitan Republic 26493:Kingdom of Sardinia 26488:Republic of Sassari 26316:Catepanate of Italy 26239:Republic of Cospaia 26062:Duchy of Montferrat 26057:March of Montferrat 25992:County of Guastalla 25892:Exarchate of Africa 25567:Modern great powers 23674:Sardinia (Classical 23547:Bulgaria (Classical 23317:Distinguished women 22968:Velleius Paterculus 22808:Nicolaus Damascenus 22788:Marcellus Empiricus 22177:Republican currency 21344:10.1093/gr/43.2.204 21097:(1/2018): 107–128. 21095:Lingue e Linguaggio 20993:Potter, David Stone 20026:10.1093/cq/53.1.184 20014:Classical Quarterly 19991:Abbott, Frank Frost 19736:On vocabulary, see 19727:, pp. 406–426. 19315:Classical Antiquity 19226:Classical Philology 19148:10.1093/past/26.1.6 19022:Classical Philology 18823:A Companion to Ovid 18659:, pp. 109–110. 18544:, pp. 104–105. 18484:, pp. 88, 106. 18366:, pp. 113–116. 18195:Institutio Oratoria 18157:7.19.6; Suetonius, 18081:, pp. 257–260. 18057:, pp. 252–264. 18013:35.2.11; Sidonius, 17628:, pp. 156–157. 17395:The Classical World 17179:, pp. 274–275. 17051:, pp. 312–313. 16849:, pp. 282–283. 16004:, pp. 223–224. 15992:, pp. 235–236. 15940:. 2004. p. 83. 15880:, pp. 165–167. 15865:, pp. 365–366. 15405:, pp. 195–196. 15197:on 24 February 2021 15099:, pp. 185–186. 14570:, pp. 190–191. 14543:, pp. 184–185. 14468:, pp. 717–729. 14262:1980Sci...207.1167S 14256:(4436): 1167–1176. 14158:1994Sci...265.1841H 14152:(5180): 1841–1843. 14108:1996Sci...272..246H 13881:Duncan-Jones (1994) 13621:. pp. 133–142. 13327:, pp. 185–187. 13249:, pp. 184–185. 12917:, pp. 111–112. 12769:, pp. 205–209. 12452:, pp. 153–154. 12416:, pp. 153–154. 12159:, pp. 218–219. 11889:Noy, David (2000). 11467:Mussbaum, Martha C. 11202:. Brill. p. 2. 11176:Sherwin-White, A.N. 10790:. Acco. p. 83. 10711:, pp. 558–559. 10562:, pp. 108–109. 10065:, pp. 562–563. 9699:Mattingly, David J. 9446:, pp. 312–313. 9321:, pp. 405–415. 9182:Boatwright, Mary T. 8919:The Age of Augustus 7785:vicesima libertatis 7305:Ancient Rome portal 7281:Roman republicanism 7275:. The founders saw 7269:classical tradition 7248:Italian nationalism 7233:invasion of Otranto 7213:Andreas Palaiologos 7044:, from 303 to 311. 6918:religious tolerance 6866:Roman imperial cult 6838:Republic's collapse 6836:In the wake of the 6825:religious festivals 6715:Roman imperial cult 6634:classical tradition 6591:, whose account of 6492:medieval literature 6488:classical mythology 6384:school of Roman law 6303:corporal punishment 6297:) paid by parents. 6031:"brass" instruments 5972:, an early form of 5848:Boscoreale Treasure 5649:mythological scenes 5571:Antinous Mondragone 5371:rhythmic gymnastics 5236:Christians martyred 5213:retributive justice 5112:Roman amphitheatres 5036:religious festivals 4555:House of the Vettii 4180:dams and reservoirs 4079:) and dye workers ( 3851:Greenland ice sheet 3551:income distribution 3504:Economic historians 3468:Eastern Han dynasty 3353:Codex Hermogenianus 2957:Imperial Roman army 2855:divinely sanctioned 2459:Rome differed from 2353:sexual exploitation 2301:ius trium liberorum 1775:Trajan's successor 1692:demographic studies 1635:political geography 1335:, the accession of 1321:classical antiquity 1313:Barbarian invasions 1005:gave him the title 784:Italian Renaissance 752:forms of government 720:a lasting influence 604:barbarian invasions 485:victory of Octavian 208:Nicene Christianity 32835:Post-structuralism 32798:Christian humanism 32428:Universal suffrage 32162:Crusading movement 32066:Russian Revolution 31901:Hundred Years' War 31797:Maritime republics 31700:Early Christianity 31690:Hellenistic period 31647:Paleolithic Europe 31011:Bajo de la Campana 30713:Peter Throckmorton 30698:Jean-Yves Empereur 30672:William L. Rodgers 30493:Maritime Silk Road 28400:Telecommunications 27767:Maritime republics 27049:Southern Akkadians 26956:Jemdet Nasr period 26684:Lucca and Piombino 26561:Malta Protectorate 26525:Duke of San Donato 26279:Republic of Ancona 26201:Republic of Venice 26114:Duchy of Mirandola 26002:Duchy of Guastalla 25840:Duchy of Tridentum 25820:Duchy of Benevento 25787:Barbarian kingdoms 24088:Sub-Saharan Africa 23593:Corsica (Classical 23513:Armenia (Classical 23494:Albania (Classical 23091:Phlegon of Tralles 22898:Seneca the Younger 22372:Naming conventions 22102:Personal equipment 21635:Later Roman Empire 21265:Stambaugh, John E. 20755:Kelly, Christopher 20696:Jones, Mark Wilson 20490:Habinek, Thomas N. 20243:Cavallo, Guglielmo 19935:, pp. 73–74; 19267:on 11 August 2011. 19140:Past & Present 18868:www.britannica.com 18745:Habinek, Thomas N. 18378:, pp. 90, 92. 17954:, pp. 17–18; 17938:, 1.2, 14.184–92; 17466:Conte, Gian Biagio 16993:, pp. 4–5, 8. 16445:Martyrdom and Rome 16414:, pp. 59–60; 16143:, pp. 18–21; 15836:Montanari, Massimo 15672:, p. 19.83–84 15553:, pp. 75–79; 14082: 1.5 kg 14023:Oleson, John Peter 13143:Goldsworthy (2003) 13052:Goldsworthy (2003) 12973:Goldsworthy (2003) 12858:Goldsworthy (2003) 12070:www.britannica.com 11579:, pp. 62–75; 11088:, pp. 17, 20. 11026:, pp. 11, 21. 10378:. Vol. I 61 " 9809:, pp. 10, 11. 9495:"The Fall of Rome" 9413:Bury, John Bagnall 9336:www.britannica.com 9319:Goldsworthy (2009) 9279:Goldsworthy (2009) 9204:www.britannica.com 9080:"The Roman Italy: 8720:, pp. 1, 15; 7774:in the 90s–80s BC. 7648:Hellenistic period 7285:mixed constitution 7283:as models for the 7277:Athenian democracy 7209:translatio imperii 7201:Orthodox Christian 7171:Gallo-Roman temple 7096: 7094:in the 7th century 7030:Decian persecution 7018:persecution in 177 7010:Great Fire of Rome 6986: 6967:siege of Jerusalem 6920:was not an issue. 6725:Early Christianity 6598:The Twelve Caesars 6541:and the epic poet 6482:; his versions of 6434: 6317: 6275: 6202: 6199:wax writing tablet 6170:) by scribes. The 6117: 6009: 5925: 5759:tessellated mosaic 5748: 5742:floor mosaic from 5685: 5626: 5431:curule magistrates 5410: 5268: 5147: 4988: 4985:four-horse chariot 4951:, and hunting and 4769: 4691:Health and disease 4680:panem et circenses 4676:bread and circuses 4660: 4649:selective breeding 4558: 4486: 4439:or in Greek terms 4417: 4356:Ara Pacis Augustae 4328: 4233:water commissioner 4215: 4130: 4100: 4031: 4009:regional varietals 3890: 3817:underground mining 3801:Danubian provinces 3797: 3745:fiduciary currency 3611: 3588: 3547:standard of living 3476: 3387: 3306:Roman courts held 3277:, one holding the 3204:, and bodyguards; 3184:imperial provinces 3074: 3064:Relief panel from 3002:conscript citizens 2994: 2982: 2843: 2805:Central government 2786: 2691: 2552: 2457: 2428:Infant abandonment 2420:conquest of Greece 2345: 2308:Slaves and the law 2273: 2271:, Italy (30–40 AD) 2166:Women in Roman law 2049:social hierarchies 2026: 1931:dialect of Aramaic 1842: 1773: 1725:in drizzle-soaked 1673: 1599:imperium sine fine 1595:one of the largest 1555:forces during the 1522:forced to abdicate 1518:Romulus Augustulus 1489: 1481: 1329: 1299:Barbarian kingdoms 1289:Later Roman Empire 1257:Five Good Emperors 1251:, followed by the 1093:Five Good Emperors 1017:("foremost") with 979:Battle of Philippi 971:perpetual dictator 914: 891: 693:Germanic Herulians 180:Regional languages 33405: 33404: 33399: 33398: 33226:Council of Europe 33128:International law 33081:Constitutionalism 32939:Eastern Orthodoxy 32445:Post–Cold War era 32378:Age of Revolution 32232:Greco-Roman world 32170: 32169: 32096:COVID-19 pandemic 32041:French Revolution 32016:Habsburg monarchy 31996:Cossack Hetmanate 31976:Portuguese Empire 31966:Absolute monarchy 31961:Thirty Years' War 31856:Holy Roman Empire 31781:Bulgarian Empire 31740:Early Middle Ages 31657:Bronze Age Europe 31631:History of Europe 31597: 31596: 31593: 31592: 31459: 31458: 31446: 31445: 31066:Madrague de Giens 30785:Temple of Isthmia 30781:Maritime temples 30767:Marine navigation 30726: 30725: 30718:Shelley Wachsmann 30708:J. Richard Steffy 30618: 30617: 30551: 30550: 30420: 30419: 30407: 30406: 30358: 30357: 30088:Ocean exploration 29803: 29802: 29790: 29789: 29449:Rutter (nautical) 29405: 29404: 29392: 29391: 29248:Mortise and tenon 28882:Ancient seafaring 28848: 28847: 28815: 28814: 28450: 28449: 28385:Southern question 28305: 28304: 28237:Political parties 28185:Foreign relations 28157: 28156: 28010: 28009: 27731:Kingdom of Naples 27719:Kingdom of Sicily 27316: 27315: 27311: 27310: 27239:Macedonian Empire 27229:Achaemenid Empire 27102:c. 1200–1150 BCE 27085:c. 1400–1200 BCE 27056:c. 1600–1400 BCE 27036:c. 1800–1600 BCE 26998:c. 2000–1800 BCE 26988:c. 2100–2000 BCE 26976:c. 2200–2100 BCE 26966:c. 2350–2200 BCE 26945:c. 3500–2350 BCE 26879: 26878: 26875: 26874: 26722: 26721: 26689:Massa and Carrara 26574: 26573: 26551:Hospitaller Malta 26510:Kingdom of Naples 26504:Kingdom of Sicily 26435: 26434: 26345:Duchy of Sorrento 26264:Republic of Genoa 26259:Republic of Siena 26254:Republic of Massa 26249:Republic of Lucca 25982:County of Gorizia 25972:Corsican Republic 25953:Holy Roman Empire 25611: 25610: 25533: 25532: 25498:Polish–Lithuanian 24673:Gurjara-Pratihara 24117: 24116: 24093:Equatorial Africa 23967:Byzantine Armenia 23957:Caucasian Albania 23900: 23899: 23882:Thrace (Classical 23874:Turkey (Classical 23666:Sicily (Classical 23613:Greece (Classical 23575:Cyprus (Classical 23561:Crimea (Classical 23556:Britain (England) 23430: 23429: 23392:Pontifices maximi 23174: 23173: 23031:Diogenes Laërtius 22853:Pliny the Younger 22608:Asconius Pedianus 22568:Romance languages 22440:Civil engineering 22182:Imperial currency 22055:Political control 22016: 22015: 21650: 21649: 21421:Library resources 21405:978-1-1015-1514-3 21363:978-1-4051-7969-0 21287:Treadgold, Warren 21278:978-0-8018-3692-3 21256:978-0-4707-6645-3 21234:978-0-8014-2265-2 21211:978-0-1915-1423-4 21189:978-0-8014-9460-4 21155:978-0-1988-8729-4 21069:978-1-4443-4339-7 21032:978-1-4051-9918-6 21010:978-0-4720-8568-2 20984:978-0-1951-8800-4 20946:978-0-4721-0096-5 20920:978-9-0041-7481-8 20901:978-0-1997-0761-4 20809:978-0-5218-9746-4 20790:978-0-5218-7782-4 20768:978-0-1928-0391-7 20709:978-0-3001-0202-4 20663:978-0-1997-2105-4 20644:978-0-1997-1286-1 20625:978-0-5200-4921-5 20606:978-0-1996-9821-9 20587:978-0-1995-8671-4 20525:978-0-6740-3381-8 20503:978-0-8018-8105-3 20478:978-0-3001-3719-4 20452:978-0-5000-5124-5 20430:978-0-1951-7072-6 20411:978-0-1951-6185-4 20392:978-0-6708-8515-2 20373:978-3-1102-0213-7 20351:978-0-3001-1208-5 20323:978-1-4214-0101-0 20304:978-0-5214-4192-6 20282:978-0-5200-8429-2 20260:978-0-7456-1936-1 20234:978-0-5213-0199-2 20204:978-0-5213-7887-1 20185:978-0-6745-1173-6 20151:978-0-4152-2295-2 20129:978-0-5212-6335-1 20110:978-0-4151-6524-2 20088:978-1-1350-9343-3 20069:978-0-5202-2067-6 20047:978-9-0041-0709-0 20004:978-0-5439-2749-1 19956:978-0-5202-6551-6 19911:978-0-8018-5986-1 19828:978-0-4353-2754-5 19789:978-1-4240-6959-0 19764:978-1-4381-2659-3 19675:978-8-0568-0313-4 19592:978-9-0041-9237-9 19567:978-0-5213-0200-5 19408:978-3-5987-7828-5 19382:978-0-6312-2137-1 19354:978-0-8308-2722-0 18919:978-1-4073-6071-3 18457:, pp. 93–94. 18406:, pp. 87–89. 18354:, pp. 84–85. 18330:, pp. 15–16. 18290:978-0-6740-3327-6 18243:, pp. 81–82. 18197:. p. 9.2.65. 18151:Pliny the Younger 18069:, pp. 67–68. 18043:Adversus Indoctum 17922:, pp. 17–18. 17859:, pp. 19–20. 17835:, pp. 86–87. 17677:MacMullen, Ramsay 17604:, pp. 146ff. 17550:World Archaeology 17379:978-0-520-93822-9 17301:. 30 March 2016. 17284:, pp. 254ff. 17009:, pp. 75–76. 16965:978-0-6700-2098-0 16788:(Romani Palliati) 16653:978-0-19-938113-5 16503:, pp. 5, 143 16297:Marcus Junkelmann 16293:McClelland (2007) 16092:Wiedemann, Thomas 16079:McClelland (2007) 15932:"Purificazione". 15849:978-0-2311-1154-6 15811:. pp. 125ff. 15788:Life of Vitellius 15522:978-0-6911-6683-4 15354:978-0-5218-0054-9 15265:, pp. 11–12. 15052:978-1-1342-6464-3 15027:978-0-5211-9493-8 14886:, pp. 59–74. 14870:978-0-5200-7401-9 14788:978-0-4321-5090-0 14779:A History of Dams 14727:978-1-4020-9484-2 14705:978-8-8826-5233-3 14674:: 406–463 (430). 14380:978-0-3001-0341-0 14370:Roman Woodworking 14341:978-0-5200-7401-9 14036:978-0-1951-8731-1 13832:978-0-1953-3690-0 13757:978-0-8018-5291-6 13585:978-0-1992-2721-1 13515:978-0-5217-8053-7 13015:978-1-8417-6932-5 12901:978-0-3939-3492-2 12870:Winterling (2009) 12846:Winterling (2009) 12757:, pp. 195ff. 12588:, pp. 14–15. 12473:978-0-2927-2567-6 12300:, pp. 87–88. 12275:978-0-5217-8274-6 12218:, pp. 78–79. 12051:978-0-19-757390-7 11900:978-0-7156-2952-9 11844:978-0-7391-1726-2 11796:, pp. 288ff. 11780:978-0-1997-3784-0 11688:, pp. 31–33. 11583:World Archaeology 11521:, pp. 34–35. 11446:: 335–375 (342). 11269:, pp. 19–20. 11180:Roman Citizenship 11153:, pp. 31–32. 11100:, pp. 81–82. 11024:Winterling (2009) 10919:978-0-4706-7336-2 10898:978-1-1346-6525-9 10837:978-0-5114-8297-7 10760:978-2-7298-6470-5 10593:978-3-1116-3622-1 10479:978-1-1070-6858-2 10430:978-0-8122-3390-2 10331:978-1-4051-0217-9 10282:978-1-1088-9734-1 10243:978-0-6744-9604-0 10180:978-1-1088-8838-7 10143:978-0-5217-2160-8 9824:, pp. 14–16. 9797:, pp. 9, 16. 9731:978-0-4152-3943-1 9696:, p. 1.278; 9470:978-3-6530-5232-9 9463:. Peter Lang AG. 9398:978-0-1950-1814-1 9385:Starr, Chester G. 9370:978-0-4151-0057-1 9305:978-0-1519-8885-3 8972:Arthur Keaveney: 8929:978-1-4051-5149-8 8881:978-0-1995-4556-8 8842:Richardson (2011) 8763:, pp. 1, 15. 8734:, pp. 39–40. 8723:Brennan, T. Corey 8697:978-1-7809-3800-4 8483:978-9-0042-0323-5 8429:978-0-8264-3086-1 8390:978-9-4010-2400-6 8351:978-0-1999-2118-8 8309:978-1-3519-5584-3 8267:978-0-3130-7270-3 8225:978-1-1070-2840-1 8195:978-0-5218-9629-0 8153:978-1-0092-5622-3 8111:978-3-1102-1558-8 8065:978-0-2416-3575-9 7989:978-1-1015-0200-6 7968:978-0-7453-2870-6 7680:Septimius Severus 7519: 7185:Pope Leo III 7181:Holy Roman Empire 7022:Pliny the Younger 6963:Jewish–Roman wars 6924:Mystery religions 6876:, in present-day 6683:Martianus Capella 6621:, the geographer 6571:Pliny the Younger 6212:Pliny the Younger 6132:Babylonian Talmud 6060:mystery religions 5530:Roman portraiture 5367:female gladiators 5302:, and especially 5244:martyr literature 5228:Pliny the Younger 5151:colours they wore 5089:theatrical events 5016:, the equestrian 5008:, the setting of 4764:on a 2nd-century 4705:Plague of Cyprian 4263:Insulated glazing 4113:Roman engineering 3699:. A professional 3481:industrialization 3433:aerarium militare 3347:Codex Gregorianus 3323:international law 3264:Roman portraiture 3133:along the rivers 3112:Roman citizenship 2768:Forum of Gerasa ( 2636:European nobility 2461:Greek city-states 2384:Lex Fufia Caninia 2357:summary execution 2277:moral legislation 2128:According to the 2124:Roman citizenship 1951:Thracian language 1880:romance languages 1715:Christopher Kelly 1713:As the historian 1514:Most chronologies 1415:Great Persecution 1384:historical epochs 1376:economic disorder 1356:Roman citizenship 922:Italian Peninsula 878: 804:classical science 768:Empire's adoption 760:Romance languages 758:evolved into the 657:Christian emperor 501:Ptolemaic Kingdom 468:lasted until the 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 400: 399: 33525: 33271:EU Customs Union 32803:Secular humanism 32751:Christian ethics 32701:East–West Schism 32684:Physical culture 32408:Great Divergence 32358:Age of Discovery 32197: 32190: 32183: 32174: 32173: 32031:Great Divergence 31946:Age of Discovery 31891:Late Middle Ages 31861:High Middle Ages 31772:Byzantine Empire 31755:Christianization 31745:Migration Period 31680:Classical Greece 31652:Neolithic Europe 31624: 31617: 31610: 31601: 31600: 31588: 31587: 31482:Ark of bulrushes 31465: 31464: 31454: 31453: 31092:Oldest surviving 30802:Nusantao network 30677:Chester G. Starr 30642: 30641: 30635: 30634: 30624: 30623: 30613: 30612: 30586:Cilician pirates 30557: 30556: 30546: 30545: 30483:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 30478:Iron Age Britain 30426: 30425: 30415: 30414: 30133: 30132: 29822: 29821: 29809: 29808: 29798: 29797: 29712:Ptolemais Theron 29422: 29421: 29411: 29410: 29400: 29399: 28992:Single-outrigger 28903: 28902: 28890: 28889: 28875: 28868: 28861: 28852: 28851: 28838: 28837: 28830:Italy portal 28827: 28826: 28767:National symbols 28461: 28460: 28316: 28315: 28168: 28167: 28021: 28020: 27901:Kingdom of Italy 27828:Napoleonic Italy 27367: 27366: 27343: 27336: 27329: 27320: 27319: 27289:Byzantine Empire 27164:Middle Babylonia 27130:c. 1150–911 BCE 26923: 26922: 26906: 26899: 26892: 26883: 26882: 26840:Kingdom of Italy 26827: 26826: 26593: 26592: 26422:County of Sicily 26417:County of Aversa 26340:Byzantine Sicily 26326:Theme of Lucania 26296: 26295: 26274:Republic of Pisa 26269:Republic of Noli 26139:Duchy of Spoleto 26109:Duchy of Merania 26007:Kingdom of Italy 25933:Duchy of Ferrara 25878:Duchy of Perugia 25857:Byzantine Empire 25835:Duchy of Spoleto 25802:Ostrogothic rule 25784: 25783: 25652:Pre-Roman period 25638: 25631: 25624: 25615: 25614: 25414: 25413: 25079:Austro-Hungarian 24779:Chagatai Khanate 24144: 24137: 24130: 24121: 24120: 24043: 23927: 23920: 23913: 23904: 23903: 23828:Spain (Classical 23658:Italy (Classical 23621:Crete (Classical 23482:Byzantine Empire 23470: 23463: 23456: 23447: 23446: 23434: 23433: 23382:Magistri equitum 23297:Cities and towns 23290: 23216:Constantinopolis 23026:Diodorus Siculus 22958:Valerius Maximus 22893:Seneca the Elder 22813:Nonius Marcellus 22581: 22580: 22134:Hippika gymnasia 22097:Infantry tactics 22003:Consular tribune 21993:Magister equitum 21942:Military tribune 21907: 21906: 21867:Pontifex maximus 21862:Princeps senatus 21852:Magister militum 21618:Byzantine Empire 21539: 21538: 21500: 21493: 21486: 21477: 21476: 21465:Roman-Empire.net 21409: 21387: 21367: 21348: 21346: 21318: 21304: 21282: 21260: 21238: 21226: 21215: 21193: 21171: 21169: 21167: 21147: 21126: 21124: 21122: 21085: 21083: 21081: 21036: 21019:Potter, David S. 21014: 20997:Mattingly, D. J. 20988: 20969: 20950: 20938: 20924: 20905: 20888:Scheidel, Walter 20879: 20842: 20813: 20794: 20772: 20750: 20713: 20691: 20667: 20648: 20629: 20610: 20591: 20569: 20529: 20516:Ancient Literacy 20507: 20485: 20470: 20456: 20434: 20415: 20396: 20377: 20355: 20336: 20327: 20308: 20286: 20264: 20253:. Polity Press. 20238: 20208: 20189: 20173: 20155: 20133: 20114: 20092: 20073: 20051: 20029: 20008: 19977: 19967: 19961: 19960: 19942: 19930: 19922: 19916: 19915: 19897: 19891: 19890: 19882: 19876: 19875: 19857: 19851: 19850: 19839: 19833: 19832: 19814: 19808: 19807: 19800: 19794: 19793: 19775: 19769: 19768: 19750: 19744: 19743: 19734: 19728: 19722: 19716: 19715: 19713: 19711: 19679: 19661: 19655: 19649: 19640: 19639: 19637: 19635: 19603: 19597: 19596: 19578: 19572: 19571: 19540: 19531: 19530: 19518: 19512: 19511: 19509: 19507: 19501: 19486: 19474: 19468: 19467: 19455: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19419: 19413: 19412: 19386: 19365: 19359: 19358: 19340: 19331: 19330: 19310: 19304: 19298: 19292: 19291: 19280:Past and Present 19275: 19269: 19268: 19263:. Archived from 19256: 19250: 19249: 19221: 19210: 19204: 19203: 19201: 19189: 19183: 19182: 19159: 19151: 19135: 19099: 19077: 19071: 19070: 19052: 19046: 19045: 19017: 19011: 19005: 18997: 18989: 18977: 18971: 18970: 18957: 18951: 18950: 18942: 18936: 18930: 18924: 18923: 18897: 18891: 18885: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18874: 18860: 18854: 18848: 18842: 18841: 18833: 18827: 18826: 18814: 18808: 18802: 18796: 18795: 18787: 18779: 18771: 18765: 18759: 18753: 18752: 18741: 18732: 18731: 18723: 18715: 18706: 18700: 18694: 18688: 18678: 18672: 18666: 18660: 18654: 18648: 18642: 18636: 18635: 18599: 18593: 18587: 18581: 18575: 18569: 18563: 18557: 18551: 18545: 18539: 18533: 18527: 18521: 18515: 18509: 18503: 18497: 18491: 18485: 18479: 18473: 18467: 18458: 18452: 18446: 18440: 18434: 18428: 18419: 18413: 18407: 18401: 18395: 18385: 18379: 18373: 18367: 18361: 18355: 18349: 18343: 18337: 18331: 18325: 18319: 18313: 18307: 18306: 18304: 18302: 18274: 18268: 18262: 18256: 18250: 18244: 18238: 18232: 18226: 18220: 18210: 18204: 18198: 18187: 18176: 18170: 18149:4.35 and 14.50; 18139: 18133: 18123: 18117: 18099: 18098:. p. 1.8.2. 18088: 18082: 18076: 18070: 18064: 18058: 18052: 18046: 18036: 18024: 18018: 17993:9.11.2; Martial 17980: 17974: 17968: 17959: 17958:, pp. 84–85 17949: 17943: 17942:, pp. 83–84 17929: 17923: 17917: 17911: 17901: 17893: 17882: 17876: 17866: 17860: 17854: 17848: 17842: 17836: 17830: 17824: 17823: 17815: 17809: 17803: 17797: 17791: 17785: 17780:, p. 46ff; 17775: 17767: 17758: 17757: 17749: 17743: 17737: 17731: 17730: 17710: 17701: 17691: 17685: 17684: 17673: 17667: 17666: 17658: 17652: 17651: 17635: 17629: 17626:Naerebout (2009) 17623: 17617: 17614:Naerebout (2009) 17611: 17605: 17602:Naerebout (2009) 17599: 17593: 17592: 17584: 17578: 17577:, pp. 90ff. 17572: 17566: 17565: 17545: 17532: 17529:Naerebout (2009) 17526: 17517: 17516: 17508: 17480: 17474: 17473: 17462: 17456: 17450: 17433:(3/4): 315–329. 17418: 17390: 17384: 17383: 17366:Plautus (2005). 17363: 17357: 17351: 17333: 17327: 17321: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17310: 17291: 17285: 17279: 17273: 17267: 17261: 17255: 17246: 17240: 17234: 17228: 17222: 17216: 17210: 17209: 17198: 17192: 17186: 17180: 17174: 17168: 17167: 17159: 17153: 17147: 17141: 17135: 17129: 17128: 17120: 17114: 17108: 17102: 17101: 17093: 17087: 17086: 17058: 17052: 17046: 17040: 17039: 17028: 17022: 17016: 17010: 17000: 16994: 16988: 16982: 16976: 16970: 16969: 16951: 16945: 16944: 16926: 16920: 16914: 16908: 16898: 16892: 16886: 16880: 16874: 16865: 16864: 16856: 16850: 16844: 16838: 16832: 16823: 16822: 16806: 16800: 16799: 16783: 16772: 16771: 16763: 16754: 16748: 16742: 16733: 16725: 16719: 16718: 16700: 16694: 16693: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16670: 16664: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16627: 16621: 16620: 16592: 16586: 16585: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16522: 16516: 16510: 16504: 16498: 16491: 16485: 16479: 16471: 16463: 16448: 16437: 16431: 16425: 16419: 16409: 16398: 16392: 16386: 16380: 16374: 16366: 16360: 16354: 16346: 16340: 16339: 16333:Introduction to 16328: 16322: 16319:Edmondson (1996) 16316: 16305: 16299: 16282: 16276: 16270: 16264: 16258: 16252: 16242: 16236: 16226: 16220: 16206: 16200: 16194: 16186: 16170: 16164: 16154: 16148: 16138: 16132: 16126: 16120: 16106: 16100: 16099: 16088: 16082: 16064: 16058: 16057: 16044:Edmondson (1996) 16041: 16035: 16029: 16020: 16014: 16005: 15999: 15993: 15987: 15981: 15975: 15969: 15968: 15960: 15954: 15948: 15942: 15941: 15929: 15917: 15911: 15910: 15899: 15893: 15887: 15881: 15875: 15866: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15831: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15812: 15804: 15798: 15792: 15779: 15773: 15772: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15749: 15743: 15737: 15731: 15725: 15719: 15712:Stambaugh (1988) 15705: 15699: 15696:Stambaugh (1988) 15693: 15687: 15681: 15673: 15662: 15656: 15650: 15641: 15640: 15632: 15626: 15620: 15614: 15613:, p. 136ff. 15608: 15602: 15601: 15592:Stambaugh (1988) 15589: 15583: 15582: 15580: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15513:The Fate of Rome 15508: 15502: 15501: 15493: 15487: 15486: 15478: 15470: 15464: 15463: 15424: 15418: 15412: 15406: 15400: 15394: 15388: 15382: 15376: 15359: 15358: 15340: 15334: 15328: 15319: 15318: 15300: 15294: 15287:Stambaugh (1988) 15284: 15278: 15272: 15266: 15260: 15254: 15248: 15242: 15241: 15213: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15202: 15196: 15190:. Archived from 15157: 15148: 15139: 15133: 15127: 15126: 15118: 15112: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15088: 15078: 15072: 15071: 15064: 15056: 15038: 15032: 15031: 15013: 15004: 15001:Stambaugh (1988) 14998: 14992: 14991: 14983: 14972: 14966: 14963:Stambaugh (1988) 14960: 14954: 14953: 14945: 14934: 14928: 14922: 14921: 14893: 14887: 14881: 14875: 14874: 14856: 14850: 14849: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14826: 14820: 14819: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14803:(2): 25–32 (28). 14792: 14774: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14709: 14691: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14621: 14610: 14604: 14603: 14592: 14583: 14577: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14553: 14544: 14538: 14532: 14531: 14503: 14497: 14491: 14485: 14475: 14469: 14463: 14457: 14451: 14445: 14439: 14433: 14423: 14417: 14414:Stambaugh (1988) 14411: 14400: 14399: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14364: 14358: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14288: 14282: 14281: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14210: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14143: 14134: 14128: 14127: 14091: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14058: 14040: 14018: 14012: 14011: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13956: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13890: 13884: 13878: 13872: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13843: 13837: 13836: 13818: 13812: 13806: 13789: 13788: 13785:The Roman Empire 13780: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13761: 13743: 13730: 13729: 13721: 13712: 13711: 13700: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13672: 13641: 13633:Scheidel, Walter 13629: 13623: 13622: 13614: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13568: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13498:Scheidel, Walter 13494: 13488: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13435: 13429: 13423: 13417: 13411: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13235: 13225: 13219: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13190: 13176: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13097: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13032: 13026: 13025: 12997: 12991: 12985: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12915:Edmondson (1996) 12912: 12906: 12905: 12889: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12839: 12833: 12827: 12821: 12815: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12724: 12718: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12688: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12595: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12509: 12496: 12495: 12477: 12459: 12453: 12447: 12441: 12435: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12375: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12319: 12313: 12307: 12301: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12206: 12178: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12133: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12020: 12011: 12010: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11974: 11968: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11911: 11905: 11904: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11811: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11668: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11598: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11541: 11540: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11489: 11474: 11463: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11379: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11287: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11249: 11243: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11203: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11148: 11142: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11041: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10979: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10906:Bard, Kathryn A. 10902: 10885:Bard, Kathryn A. 10881: 10875: 10874: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10817: 10807: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10746: 10740: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10624: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10605: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10548:Treadgold (1997) 10545: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10465: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10414: 10408: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10227: 10221: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10108:Treadgold (1997) 10105: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10033: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10000: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9947: 9946: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9908: 9897: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9861: 9855: 9849: 9840: 9834: 9825: 9819: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9785:, pp. 7, 8. 9780: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9757: 9751: 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8595: 8589: 8574: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8513: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8467: 8458: 8455:Treadgold (1997) 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8321: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8279: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8237: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8050: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7972: 7954: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7911: 7905: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7861: 7855: 7844: 7838: 7811: 7805: 7794: 7788: 7781: 7775: 7764: 7758: 7747: 7741: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7689: 7683: 7657: 7651: 7639: 7633: 7625: 7617: 7591: 7585: 7544:, thus becoming 7527: 7521: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7484: 7473:Empire of Nicaea 7461: 7455: 7431:in the West and 7413: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7145: 7136: 7034:Christian Church 6868:, influenced by 6812:correct practice 6765: 6745: 6533:'s displeasure. 6441:classical ideals 6411:Latin literature 6388:Second Sophistic 6314:Academy of Plato 6273:, a writing case 6249:Byzantine Empire 6149:priestly archive 5940:Latin literature 5889: 5877: 5859: 5839: 5568:(left); and the 5563: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5502:triumphal arches 5389:Roman hairstyles 5324:("Raiders") and 5260:Villa del Casale 5194: 5028:gladiator combat 4983:A victor in his 4674:, however, saw " 4641:economy of scale 4516:gladiator combat 4477:Public toilets ( 4426: 4359: 4331:City and country 4324:Villa Boscoreale 4231:, who served as 4227:, a treatise by 4117:Roman technology 3975:ports. The main 3823:Hydraulic mining 3813:open-cast mining 3790: 3775:Roman metallurgy 3719:Emperors of the 3695:needs access to 3681:less in reserves 3586:circa AD 134–138 3383:Temple of Saturn 3257: 3248: 3145:coasts, and the 3101:Praetorian Guard 3027:cohortes urbanae 3022:Praetorian Guard 2939:Praetorian Guard 2899:Antonine dynasty 2874:pontifex maximus 2839:Hermitage Museum 2832: 2830: 2719:might receive a 2533:, also known as 2501:Equestrian order 2349:legal personhood 2193: 2184: 2108:burial societies 2024:(1st century AD) 1993:Pharaoh of Egypt 1985:Temple of Hathor 1973: 1964: 1895:Italic languages 1727:northern England 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1541:Byzantine Empire 1404: 1402: 1345:Empire's decline 1317:Germanic peoples 1303:Byzantine Empire 1205: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1105: 1071: 1065: 1055: 999:Battle of Actium 887:Byzantine Empire 879: 669:Migration Period 654: 652: 639: 637: 628: 626: 593: 591: 582: 580: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 518: 497:Battle of Actium 430: 429: 416: 415: 404: 403: 391: 390: 384: 383: 368: 367: 281:Late Middle Ages 216: 204: 156: 148: 129: 114: 104: 99: 88: 78: 67: 66: 59: 55: 54: 44: 43: 28: 27: 33533: 33532: 33528: 33527: 33526: 33524: 33523: 33522: 33508:Western culture 33408: 33407: 33406: 33401: 33400: 33395: 33361:UKUSA Agreement 33301:Lublin Triangle 33186:Baltic Assembly 33138: 33132: 33050: 32887: 32722: 32592:Eurolinguistics 32461: 32450:Information age 32423:Interwar period 32290: 32210: 32201: 32171: 32166: 32105: 32071:Interwar period 32046:Napoleonic Wars 31910: 31881:Mongol invasion 31834:Crown of Aragon 31726: 31666: 31662:Iron Age Europe 31633: 31628: 31598: 31589: 31585: 31580: 31470: 31455: 31451: 31442: 31385: 31379: 31327: 31326:Institutes and 31321: 31276:Viking replicas 31217:Balangay Voyage 31130: 31124: 31108: 30863: 30856: 30732: 30722: 30681: 30629: 30614: 30610: 30605: 30562: 30547: 30543: 30538: 30434: 30416: 30412: 30403: 30354: 30311: 30164: 30124: 30069: 30062: 29863: 29816: 29799: 29795: 29786: 29662:Mueang Phra Rot 29516: 29507: 29416: 29401: 29397: 29388: 29342: 29316:Triangular sail 29277: 29214: 29188:Sail components 29099: 29068: 29042:Tessarakonteres 28897: 28884: 28879: 28849: 28844: 28824: 28811: 28782:Public holidays 28613: 28559:Life expectancy 28446: 28301: 28217:Law enforcement 28153: 28006: 27953: 27942:Social Republic 27906:Colonial Empire 27889:Capture of Rome 27842: 27735: 27644: 27537:Ancient peoples 27525: 27462: 27423:Historic states 27381: 27356: 27347: 27317: 27312: 27306:Sassanid Empire 27275:Parthian Empire 27270:Seleucid Empire 27260:Seleucid Empire 27179: 27173: 27150: 27141: 26970:Akkadian Empire 26916: 26910: 26880: 26871: 26825: 26728: 26727:Post-Napoleonic 26718: 26652: 26588: 26582: 26570: 26512: 26508: 26507:(1130–1816) and 26506: 26498: 26443: 26431: 26398: 26372: 26363:Emirate of Bari 26349: 26336:Theme of Sicily 26331:Duchy of Naples 26306:Duchy of Amalfi 26291: 26283: 26231: 26230:Other Republics 26225: 26203: 26195: 26189:County of Tenda 26169:County of Savoy 26129:Duchy of Reggio 26099:Duchy of Mantua 26027:March of Friuli 25959: 25957: 25955: 25947: 25943:Duchy of Urbino 25928:Duchy of Castro 25905: 25897: 25851: 25845:Duchy of Tuscia 25825:Duchy of Friuli 25788: 25779: 25777: 25775: 25769: 25748:(753 BC–509 BC) 25732: 25647: 25642: 25612: 25607: 25596:American Empire 25581: 25577:African empires 25529: 25412: 25104:Central African 25050: 24868:Romano-Germanic 24454: 24188:Middle Assyrian 24161: 24153: 24148: 24118: 24113: 24097: 24050: 24044: 24035: 23944: 23938: 23931: 23901: 23896: 23854:Early Medieval) 23767:The Netherlands 23678:Early Medieval) 23597:Early Medieval) 23485: 23476:History of the 23474: 23439: 23431: 23426: 23288: 23286: 23280: 23170: 23006:Aëtius of Amida 22987: 22973:Verrius Flaccus 22953:Valerius Antias 22913:Silius Italicus 22848:Pliny the Elder 22793:Marcus Aurelius 22668:Cornelius Nepos 22618:Aurelius Victor 22572: 22494: 22406: 22340:Secessio plebis 22311: 22186: 22138: 22012: 21966: 21896: 21778: 21730: 21646: 21567: 21528: 21510: 21504: 21451: 21450: 21449: 21429: 21428: 21424: 21417: 21412: 21406: 21392:Wood, Gordon S. 21364: 21331:Greece and Rome 21301: 21279: 21257: 21235: 21212: 21190: 21165: 21163: 21156: 21120: 21118: 21079: 21077: 21070: 21033: 21011: 20985: 20966: 20947: 20929:Nicolet, Claude 20921: 20902: 20831:10.2307/1087296 20810: 20791: 20769: 20710: 20672:Jones, A. H. M. 20664: 20645: 20626: 20607: 20588: 20526: 20504: 20483:Commodus Gibbon 20479: 20453: 20431: 20412: 20393: 20374: 20352: 20324: 20305: 20283: 20269:Clarke, John R. 20261: 20247:Chartier, Roger 20235: 20223:, eds. (2005). 20221:Cameron, Averil 20205: 20186: 20152: 20130: 20111: 20097:Bennett, Julian 20089: 20070: 20048: 20005: 19985: 19980: 19968: 19964: 19957: 19923: 19919: 19912: 19898: 19894: 19883: 19879: 19872: 19858: 19854: 19840: 19836: 19829: 19815: 19811: 19802: 19801: 19797: 19790: 19776: 19772: 19765: 19751: 19747: 19735: 19731: 19723: 19719: 19709: 19707: 19676: 19662: 19658: 19650: 19643: 19633: 19631: 19604: 19600: 19593: 19579: 19575: 19568: 19548:Cameron, Averil 19541: 19534: 19519: 19515: 19505: 19503: 19502:on 3 March 2022 19499: 19484: 19475: 19471: 19464: 19443: 19439: 19424:Cameron, Averil 19420: 19416: 19409: 19383: 19366: 19362: 19355: 19341: 19334: 19321:(2): 200, 217. 19311: 19307: 19299: 19295: 19276: 19272: 19257: 19253: 19211: 19207: 19190: 19186: 19096: 19082:, p. 616; 19078: 19074: 19067: 19053: 19049: 19018: 19014: 18978: 18974: 18958: 18954: 18943: 18939: 18931: 18927: 18920: 18898: 18894: 18886: 18882: 18872: 18870: 18862: 18861: 18857: 18853:, p. 1294. 18851:Albrecht (1997) 18849: 18845: 18834: 18830: 18815: 18811: 18803: 18799: 18772: 18768: 18760: 18756: 18742: 18735: 18707: 18703: 18695: 18691: 18683:, p. 110; 18679: 18675: 18667: 18663: 18655: 18651: 18643: 18639: 18600: 18596: 18588: 18584: 18576: 18572: 18564: 18560: 18552: 18548: 18540: 18536: 18528: 18524: 18516: 18512: 18504: 18500: 18492: 18488: 18480: 18476: 18468: 18461: 18453: 18449: 18441: 18437: 18429: 18422: 18414: 18410: 18402: 18398: 18390:, p. 108; 18386: 18382: 18374: 18370: 18362: 18358: 18350: 18346: 18338: 18334: 18326: 18322: 18314: 18310: 18300: 18298: 18291: 18275: 18271: 18263: 18259: 18251: 18247: 18239: 18235: 18227: 18223: 18211: 18207: 18201:Marshall (1976) 18177: 18173: 18140: 18136: 18126:Marshall (1976) 18124: 18120: 18114:Marshall (1976) 18092:Pliny the Elder 18089: 18085: 18079:Marshall (1976) 18077: 18073: 18065: 18061: 18055:Marshall (1976) 18053: 18049: 18027:Marshall (1976) 18025: 18021: 18011:Natural History 17987:Marshall (1976) 17981: 17977: 17971:Marshall (1976) 17969: 17962: 17950: 17946: 17930: 17926: 17918: 17914: 17906:, p. 555; 17883: 17879: 17867: 17863: 17855: 17851: 17843: 17839: 17831: 17827: 17816: 17812: 17804: 17800: 17792: 17788: 17768: 17761: 17750: 17746: 17738: 17734: 17711: 17704: 17692: 17688: 17674: 17670: 17659: 17655: 17636: 17632: 17624: 17620: 17612: 17608: 17600: 17596: 17587:Sonia Mucznik. 17585: 17581: 17573: 17569: 17546: 17535: 17527: 17520: 17481: 17477: 17463: 17459: 17439:10.2307/1192603 17407:10.2307/4350348 17391: 17387: 17380: 17364: 17360: 17348: 17334: 17330: 17322: 17318: 17308: 17306: 17293: 17292: 17288: 17282:Dunbabin (1999) 17280: 17276: 17268: 17264: 17256: 17249: 17245:, p. 1, 9. 17241: 17237: 17229: 17225: 17217: 17213: 17199: 17195: 17187: 17183: 17175: 17171: 17160: 17156: 17148: 17144: 17136: 17132: 17121: 17117: 17109: 17105: 17094: 17090: 17059: 17055: 17047: 17043: 17029: 17025: 17021:, pp. 1–3. 17017: 17013: 17001: 16997: 16989: 16985: 16977: 16973: 16966: 16952: 16948: 16941: 16927: 16923: 16915: 16911: 16899: 16895: 16887: 16883: 16875: 16868: 16857: 16853: 16845: 16841: 16833: 16826: 16807: 16803: 16784: 16775: 16764: 16757: 16749: 16745: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16701: 16697: 16686: 16682: 16671: 16667: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16628: 16624: 16597:Greece and Rome 16593: 16589: 16562:Greece and Rome 16558: 16554: 16523: 16519: 16511: 16507: 16493: 16492: 16488: 16441:Bowersock, G.W. 16438: 16434: 16426: 16422: 16399: 16395: 16387: 16383: 16373:. p. 33.1. 16367: 16363: 16347: 16343: 16329: 16325: 16315:. p. 12.2. 16306: 16302: 16291:, p. 307; 16283: 16279: 16271: 16267: 16259: 16255: 16245:Humphrey (1986) 16243: 16239: 16227: 16223: 16211:, p. 354; 16207: 16203: 16179:, p. 144; 16171: 16167: 16155: 16151: 16141:Humphrey (1986) 16139: 16135: 16127: 16123: 16113:Humphrey (1986) 16107: 16103: 16089: 16085: 16077:, p. 461; 16075:Humphrey (1986) 16065: 16061: 16042: 16038: 16034:, pp. 1–3. 16032:Humphrey (1986) 16030: 16023: 16015: 16008: 16000: 15996: 15988: 15984: 15976: 15972: 15961: 15957: 15949: 15945: 15931: 15920:Humphrey (1986) 15918: 15914: 15900: 15896: 15888: 15884: 15876: 15869: 15861: 15857: 15850: 15832: 15828: 15820: 15816: 15805: 15801: 15791:. p. 13.2. 15780: 15776: 15765: 15761: 15750: 15746: 15738: 15734: 15726: 15722: 15716:Holleran (2012) 15714:, p. 146; 15710:, p. 191; 15706: 15702: 15694: 15690: 15670:Natural History 15666:Pliny the Elder 15663: 15659: 15653:Boardman (2000) 15651: 15644: 15633: 15629: 15621: 15617: 15611:Holleran (2012) 15609: 15605: 15590: 15586: 15549: 15545: 15534: 15530: 15523: 15509: 15505: 15494: 15490: 15471: 15467: 15425: 15421: 15413: 15409: 15401: 15397: 15391:Boardman (2000) 15389: 15385: 15377: 15362: 15355: 15341: 15337: 15329: 15322: 15315: 15301: 15297: 15285: 15281: 15273: 15269: 15261: 15257: 15253:, pp. 1–2. 15249: 15245: 15214: 15210: 15200: 15198: 15194: 15155: 15149: 15142: 15134: 15130: 15119: 15115: 15107: 15103: 15095: 15091: 15087:, p. 6.852 15083:, p. 192; 15079: 15075: 15066: 15053: 15039: 15035: 15028: 15014: 15007: 14999: 14995: 14973: 14969: 14961: 14957: 14946: 14937: 14929: 14925: 14894: 14890: 14882: 14878: 14871: 14857: 14853: 14842: 14838: 14827: 14823: 14812: 14808: 14789: 14755:10.2307/3102810 14739: 14735: 14728: 14706: 14657: 14655: 14642: 14641: 14637: 14611: 14607: 14593: 14586: 14578: 14574: 14566: 14562: 14554: 14547: 14539: 14535: 14504: 14500: 14492: 14488: 14482:Boardman (2000) 14480:, p. 404; 14476: 14472: 14466:Boardman (2000) 14464: 14460: 14454:Boardman (2000) 14452: 14448: 14442:Boardman (2000) 14440: 14436: 14424: 14420: 14412: 14403: 14392: 14388: 14381: 14365: 14361: 14355:Boardman (2000) 14353: 14349: 14342: 14328: 14324: 14316: 14312: 14289: 14285: 14246: 14242: 14211: 14204: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14141: 14135: 14131: 14092: 14088: 14081: 14073: 14055: 14037: 14019: 14015: 13992:10.2307/3184857 13976: 13972: 13965: 13954: 13946: 13942: 13891: 13887: 13883:, pp. 3–4. 13879: 13875: 13863: 13859: 13844: 13840: 13833: 13819: 13815: 13807: 13792: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13765: 13758: 13744: 13733: 13722: 13715: 13704:Fears, J. Rufus 13693:Fears, J. Rufus 13690: 13686: 13676: 13674: 13670: 13639: 13630: 13626: 13611: 13597: 13593: 13586: 13572:Maddison, Angus 13569: 13565: 13555: 13553: 13534:Malanima, Paolo 13530:Lo Cascio, Elio 13527: 13523: 13516: 13495: 13491: 13483: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13459: 13455: 13447: 13438: 13430: 13426: 13418: 13414: 13402: 13398: 13390: 13386: 13378: 13374: 13366: 13359: 13351: 13347: 13339:, p. 184; 13335: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13311: 13298: 13290: 13286: 13272: 13268: 13257: 13253: 13245: 13238: 13232:Fuhrmann (2012) 13230:, p. 180; 13226: 13222: 13214: 13210: 13202: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13165: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13141: 13137: 13062: 13058: 13050: 13046: 13033: 13029: 13016: 12998: 12994: 12986: 12979: 12971: 12967: 12952: 12948: 12937: 12933: 12925: 12921: 12913: 12909: 12902: 12880: 12876: 12868: 12864: 12856: 12852: 12844:, p. 721; 12842:Boardman (2000) 12840: 12836: 12830:Boardman (2000) 12828: 12824: 12816: 12809: 12803:Boardman (2000) 12801: 12797: 12791:Boardman (2000) 12789: 12785: 12779:Boardman (2000) 12777: 12773: 12767:Boardman (2000) 12765: 12761: 12755:Boardman (2000) 12753: 12749: 12742: 12725: 12721: 12713: 12709: 12701: 12697: 12689: 12685: 12675: 12673: 12660: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12636: 12632: 12625: 12611:Luttwak, Edward 12596: 12592: 12584: 12580: 12572: 12568: 12553: 12549: 12510: 12499: 12492: 12474: 12460: 12456: 12448: 12444: 12424: 12420: 12405: 12403: 12376: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12347: 12343: 12335: 12331: 12320: 12316: 12308: 12304: 12296:, p. 188; 12292: 12288: 12276: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12179: 12175: 12169:Boardman (2000) 12167: 12163: 12157:Boardman (2000) 12155: 12151: 12143: 12136: 12122:Boardman (2000) 12120: 12116: 12109: 12090:Boardman (2000) 12088: 12084: 12074: 12072: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12021: 12014: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11975: 11971: 11959: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11912: 11908: 11901: 11887: 11883: 11876: 11859: 11855: 11845: 11827: 11823: 11804: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11747:, pp. 2–3. 11743: 11739: 11708: 11704: 11696: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11665: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11635: 11624: 11620: 11575: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11551: 11544: 11529: 11525: 11509:Cantarella, Eva 11504:Liber Regularum 11478:Fantham, Elaine 11436: 11432: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11399: 11395: 11372: 11368: 11361: 11347: 11343: 11335: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11280:Cantarella, Eva 11277: 11273: 11265: 11261: 11250: 11246: 11240:Boardman (2000) 11238:, p. 461; 11234: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11196: 11192: 11173: 11169: 11161: 11157: 11149: 11145: 11123: 11119: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11084: 11080: 11074:Boardman (2000) 11072: 11068: 11057: 11053: 11034: 11030: 11022: 11018: 11014:, pp. 4–5. 11010: 11006: 10995: 10991: 10980: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10920: 10899: 10882: 10878: 10863: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10776: 10772: 10761: 10747: 10743: 10731: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10709:Rochette (2012) 10707: 10703: 10672: 10665: 10654:, p. 550; 10652:Rochette (2012) 10650: 10646: 10639: 10625: 10616: 10603: 10601: 10594: 10570: 10566: 10560:Rochette (2018) 10558: 10554: 10550:, pp. 5–7. 10546: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10521:Rochette (2018) 10519: 10515: 10503: 10499: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10466: 10462: 10456:Rochette (2018) 10454: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10431: 10415: 10411: 10403:, p. 394; 10395: 10391: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10332: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10216:, p. 556; 10214:Rochette (2012) 10212: 10208: 10198: 10196: 10181: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10130: 10126: 10120:Rochette (2018) 10118: 10114: 10102: 10085: 10081: 10075:Rochette (2018) 10073: 10069: 10063:Rochette (2012) 10061: 10057: 10051:Rochette (2018) 10049: 10045: 10018: 10014: 9969: 9965: 9959:Boardman (2000) 9957: 9950: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9862: 9858: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9828: 9822:Southern (2001) 9820: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9777: 9758: 9754: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9614: 9612: 9605:TheOttomans.org 9599:Ozgen, Korkut. 9597: 9593: 9579: 9577: 9559: 9555: 9541: 9539: 9527: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9488: 9481: 9471: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9264: 9262: 9244: 9240: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8967: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8911: 8907: 8893: 8889: 8882: 8852: 8848: 8844:, pp. 1–2. 8840: 8836: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8792:Lintott, Andrew 8789: 8785: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8738: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8627:10.2307/1971891 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8572: 8563: 8556: 8533:10.2307/1170959 8517:Taagepera, Rein 8514: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8484: 8468: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8437: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8319: 8317: 8310: 8294: 8290: 8277: 8275: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8235: 8233: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8180: 8176: 8163: 8161: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8075: 8073: 8066: 8052: 8051: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7969: 7961:. Pluto Press. 7955: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7927: 7923: 7912: 7908: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7862: 7858: 7845: 7841: 7812: 7808: 7796:The college of 7795: 7791: 7782: 7778: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7744: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7691:The others are 7690: 7686: 7658: 7654: 7640: 7636: 7610:Fears, J. Rufus 7603:The City of God 7592: 7588: 7528: 7524: 7507:Ottoman Turkish 7500: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7462: 7458: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7197:Russian Tsardom 7177: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7137: 7126: 7120: 7103:. According to 7092:Catholic church 6971:Jewish diaspora 6934:", conspiracy ( 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770:Marcus Aurelius 6766: 6758: 6757: 6746: 6735: 6717: 6709:Main articles: 6707: 6593:Rome's founding 6566:Natural History 6561:Pliny the Elder 6419: 6413: 6407: 6321:rite of passage 6263: 6257: 6101: 6058:feature of the 5966:was related to 5946:, for example. 5914: 5906:Main articles: 5904: 5902:Performing arts 5897: 5890: 5881: 5878: 5869: 5865:terra sigillata 5860: 5851: 5840: 5819:terra sigillata 5813:Decorative arts 5810: 5800: 5798:Decorative arts 5792:Antioch mosaics 5755:decorative arts 5731: 5725: 5670:The Wedding of 5663: 5657: 5615: 5609:Roman sculpture 5607:Main articles: 5605: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5561: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5532: 5526: 5518:decorative arts 5498:victory columns 5483: 5475:Main articles: 5473: 5399: 5385: 5379: 5252: 5240:human sacrifice 5221:stage machinery 5142:; and convicts 5058:pompa circensis 4977: 4963: 4755: 4745: 4739: 4737:Food and dining 4719:poor sanitation 4707: 4701:Antonine plague 4693: 4333: 4313: 4307: 4172:Trajan's bridge 4119: 4107:Main articles: 4105: 4055:fashion "label" 4017: 3957: 3943: 3931:cursus publicus 3912:cursus publicus 3887:cursus publicus 3865: 3863:Cursus publicus 3859: 3843:medieval Europe 3831:precious metals 3777: 3769:Main articles: 3767: 3639:Severan dynasty 3573: 3563: 3456: 3450: 3427:inheritance tax 3375: 3369: 3363:in modern law. 3304: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3186:, most notably 3164:Roman governors 3155: 3066:Trajan's Column 2967: 2961:Late Roman army 2955:Main articles: 2953: 2931:oath of loyalty 2863:). The rite of 2827: 2817: 2807: 2772:in present-day 2762: 2756: 2702:). In general, 2683: 2681:Unequal justice 2589:Severan dynasty 2574:ordo senatorius 2566:ordo senatorius 2509:The Latin word 2507: 2493: 2446: 2355:, torture, and 2316: 2310: 2295:double standard 2227: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2174: 2168: 2126: 2118:Main articles: 2116: 2092:confraternities 2084:social mobility 2014: 2008: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1680: 1623:Roman expansion 1591: 1585: 1577:Main articles: 1575: 1494: 1458:Classical Roman 1399: 1360:Severan dynasty 1305: 1295: 1287:Main articles: 1285: 1277:Marcus Aurelius 1249:Flavian dynasty 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1197:Marcus Aurelius 1194: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1106: 1097: 1096: 1091:The so-called " 1086: 1080: 1045:Roman provinces 902: 896: 869: 867: 857: 850: 844: 824:Napoleonic Code 812:Islamic science 713:the city's fall 689:fall of Ravenna 649: 634: 623: 588: 577: 565: 562: 559: 556: 427: 413: 388: 333: 283: 257: 219: 210: 202: 184: 159: 154: 146: 132: 120: 119: 112: 110: 102: 90: 89: 79: 60: 57: 56: 48: 46: 45: 41: 39: 38: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 33531: 33521: 33520: 33518:Former empires 33515: 33510: 33505: 33500: 33495: 33490: 33485: 33480: 33475: 33470: 33465: 33460: 33455: 33450: 33445: 33440: 33435: 33430: 33428:Italian states 33425: 33420: 33403: 33402: 33397: 33396: 33394: 33393: 33391:Westernization 33388: 33383: 33378: 33373: 33371:Visegrád Group 33368: 33363: 33358: 33353: 33348: 33343: 33338: 33333: 33328: 33323: 33318: 33313: 33311:Nordic Council 33308: 33303: 33298: 33293: 33288: 33283: 33278: 33273: 33268: 33263: 33258: 33253: 33248: 33243: 33238: 33233: 33228: 33223: 33218: 33213: 33208: 33206:Bucharest Nine 33203: 33198: 33193: 33188: 33183: 33178: 33173: 33171:Arctic Council 33168: 33163: 33158: 33153: 33148: 33142: 33140: 33134: 33133: 33131: 33130: 33125: 33120: 33119: 33118: 33113: 33108: 33103: 33098: 33093: 33083: 33078: 33077: 33076: 33066: 33060: 33058: 33052: 33051: 33049: 33048: 33043: 33038: 33037: 33036: 33031: 33026: 33021: 33016: 33015: 33014: 33009: 33004: 32999: 32989: 32984: 32979: 32969: 32968: 32967: 32966: 32965: 32955: 32954: 32953: 32948: 32947: 32946: 32936: 32935: 32934: 32924: 32923: 32922: 32897: 32895: 32889: 32888: 32886: 32885: 32884: 32883: 32873: 32868: 32863: 32862: 32861: 32849: 32848: 32847: 32837: 32832: 32827: 32822: 32817: 32812: 32807: 32806: 32805: 32800: 32790: 32789: 32788: 32781:Existentialism 32778: 32773: 32768: 32763: 32758: 32753: 32748: 32743: 32738: 32732: 32730: 32724: 32723: 32721: 32720: 32719: 32718: 32713: 32708: 32703: 32693: 32692: 32691: 32681: 32680: 32679: 32674: 32664: 32663: 32662: 32652: 32647: 32646: 32645: 32640: 32635: 32625: 32624: 32623: 32613: 32612: 32611: 32601: 32600: 32599: 32594: 32584: 32579: 32574: 32569: 32568: 32567: 32557: 32552: 32551: 32550: 32540: 32539: 32538: 32528: 32527: 32526: 32516: 32511: 32510: 32509: 32499: 32494: 32493: 32492: 32487: 32482: 32471: 32469: 32463: 32462: 32460: 32459: 32458: 32457: 32452: 32442: 32441: 32440: 32435: 32430: 32425: 32420: 32415: 32410: 32405: 32400: 32395: 32390: 32385: 32380: 32375: 32370: 32365: 32360: 32355: 32345: 32340: 32339: 32338: 32333: 32328: 32318: 32317: 32316: 32314:Late antiquity 32306: 32300: 32298: 32292: 32291: 32289: 32288: 32283: 32278: 32273: 32268: 32267: 32266: 32265: 32264: 32259: 32249: 32244: 32239: 32229: 32224: 32218: 32216: 32212: 32211: 32200: 32199: 32192: 32185: 32177: 32168: 32167: 32165: 32164: 32159: 32154: 32149: 32144: 32139: 32134: 32129: 32124: 32119: 32113: 32111: 32107: 32106: 32104: 32103: 32098: 32093: 32088: 32083: 32078: 32073: 32068: 32063: 32058: 32053: 32048: 32043: 32038: 32033: 32028: 32023: 32021:Russian Empire 32018: 32013: 32011:British Empire 32008: 32006:Dutch Republic 32003: 32001:Swedish Empire 31998: 31993: 31988: 31983: 31981:Spanish Empire 31978: 31973: 31971:Ottoman Empire 31968: 31963: 31958: 31953: 31948: 31943: 31942: 31941: 31931: 31926: 31920: 31918: 31912: 31911: 31909: 31908: 31903: 31898: 31893: 31888: 31886:Serbian Empire 31883: 31878: 31873: 31868: 31863: 31858: 31853: 31831: 31826: 31821: 31820: 31819: 31814: 31809: 31804: 31794: 31793: 31792: 31787: 31779: 31774: 31769: 31764: 31759: 31758: 31757: 31747: 31742: 31736: 31734: 31728: 31727: 31725: 31724: 31722:Late antiquity 31719: 31714: 31709: 31708: 31707: 31697: 31692: 31687: 31685:Roman Republic 31682: 31676: 31674: 31668: 31667: 31665: 31664: 31659: 31654: 31649: 31643: 31641: 31635: 31634: 31627: 31626: 31619: 31612: 31604: 31595: 31594: 31591: 31590: 31583: 31581: 31579: 31578: 31571: 31570: 31569: 31562: 31555: 31548: 31540: 31533: 31526: 31518: 31508: 31507: 31506: 31505: 31504: 31499: 31494: 31484: 31475: 31472: 31471: 31461: 31460: 31457: 31456: 31449: 31447: 31444: 31443: 31441: 31440: 31439: 31438: 31433: 31425: 31420: 31415: 31410: 31405: 31400: 31395: 31389: 31387: 31381: 31380: 31378: 31377: 31372: 31367: 31362: 31357: 31352: 31347: 31342: 31337: 31331: 31329: 31323: 31322: 31320: 31319: 31318: 31317: 31312: 31307: 31302: 31295: 31287: 31286: 31285: 31273: 31272: 31271: 31266: 31259: 31251:Mediterranean 31249: 31248: 31247: 31240: 31233: 31226: 31219: 31214: 31207: 31204:Alingano Maisu 31200: 31193: 31186: 31179: 31172: 31160: 31159: 31158: 31147: 31134: 31132: 31126: 31125: 31123: 31122: 31116: 31114: 31110: 31109: 31107: 31106: 31105: 31104: 31099: 31094: 31086: 31085: 31084: 31079: 31074: 31069: 31062: 31055: 31053:De Meern ships 31050: 31045: 31040: 31035: 31025: 31024: 31023: 31015: 31014: 31013: 31008: 31000: 30999: 30998: 30991: 30984: 30979: 30971: 30966: 30965: 30964: 30954: 30953: 30952: 30947: 30937: 30936: 30935: 30930: 30925: 30923:Cape Gelidonya 30920: 30915: 30910: 30905: 30900: 30895: 30890: 30885: 30880: 30868: 30866: 30858: 30857: 30855: 30854: 30849: 30844: 30839: 30834: 30829: 30824: 30819: 30814: 30809: 30804: 30799: 30798: 30797: 30792: 30787: 30779: 30774: 30769: 30764: 30759: 30758: 30757: 30747: 30742: 30736: 30734: 30728: 30727: 30724: 30723: 30721: 30720: 30715: 30710: 30705: 30700: 30695: 30689: 30687: 30686:Archaeologists 30683: 30682: 30680: 30679: 30674: 30669: 30664: 30659: 30654: 30652:David Blackman 30648: 30646: 30639: 30631: 30630: 30620: 30619: 30616: 30615: 30608: 30606: 30604: 30603: 30598: 30593: 30591:Jewish pirates 30588: 30583: 30578: 30573: 30567: 30564: 30563: 30553: 30552: 30549: 30548: 30541: 30539: 30537: 30536: 30535: 30534: 30524: 30523: 30522: 30512: 30507: 30502: 30495: 30490: 30485: 30480: 30475: 30470: 30465: 30460: 30455: 30450: 30445: 30439: 30436: 30435: 30422: 30421: 30418: 30417: 30410: 30408: 30405: 30404: 30402: 30401: 30400: 30399: 30389: 30384: 30379: 30378: 30377: 30366: 30364: 30360: 30359: 30356: 30355: 30353: 30352: 30347: 30342: 30337: 30332: 30327: 30322: 30316: 30313: 30312: 30310: 30309: 30304: 30299: 30294: 30289: 30284: 30279: 30277:Lake Trasimene 30274: 30269: 30264: 30259: 30254: 30249: 30244: 30239: 30234: 30229: 30224: 30219: 30214: 30209: 30204: 30199: 30194: 30189: 30184: 30178:Mediterranean: 30174: 30172: 30166: 30165: 30163: 30162: 30157: 30152: 30147: 30141: 30139: 30130: 30126: 30125: 30123: 30122: 30117: 30112: 30107: 30106: 30105: 30100: 30090: 30085: 30080: 30074: 30072: 30064: 30063: 30061: 30060: 30055: 30050: 30045: 30040: 30039: 30038: 30033: 30023: 30018: 30013: 30008: 30003: 29998: 29993: 29988: 29987: 29986: 29981: 29976: 29966: 29961: 29956: 29955: 29954: 29949: 29944: 29939: 29934: 29929: 29924: 29919: 29914: 29909: 29904: 29899: 29894: 29884: 29883: 29882: 29871: 29869: 29865: 29864: 29862: 29861: 29856: 29855: 29854: 29849: 29839: 29834: 29828: 29826: 29818: 29817: 29805: 29804: 29801: 29800: 29793: 29791: 29788: 29787: 29785: 29784: 29779: 29774: 29769: 29764: 29759: 29754: 29749: 29744: 29739: 29734: 29729: 29724: 29719: 29714: 29709: 29704: 29699: 29694: 29689: 29684: 29674: 29669: 29664: 29659: 29654: 29649: 29644: 29639: 29634: 29629: 29624: 29618: 29613: 29608: 29603: 29597: 29592: 29587: 29582: 29577: 29572: 29567: 29562: 29557: 29552: 29547: 29542: 29536: 29531: 29526: 29520: 29518: 29509: 29508: 29506: 29505: 29504: 29503: 29498: 29493: 29485: 29484: 29483: 29481:Maritime pilot 29478: 29468: 29463: 29462: 29461: 29451: 29446: 29444:Portolan chart 29441: 29436: 29430: 29428: 29418: 29417: 29407: 29406: 29403: 29402: 29395: 29393: 29390: 29389: 29387: 29386: 29381: 29376: 29371: 29366: 29361: 29356: 29350: 29348: 29344: 29343: 29341: 29340: 29335: 29330: 29325: 29320: 29319: 29318: 29313: 29308: 29303: 29293: 29287: 29285: 29279: 29278: 29276: 29275: 29274: 29273: 29265: 29260: 29255: 29250: 29245: 29240: 29235: 29230: 29224: 29222: 29216: 29215: 29213: 29212: 29207: 29202: 29197: 29192: 29191: 29190: 29180: 29175: 29170: 29165: 29160: 29155: 29150: 29145: 29144: 29143: 29133: 29128: 29123: 29118: 29113: 29107: 29105: 29101: 29100: 29098: 29097: 29092: 29087: 29082: 29076: 29074: 29070: 29069: 29067: 29066: 29061: 29056: 29051: 29046: 29045: 29044: 29039: 29034: 29029: 29024: 29019: 29017:Oared warships 29014: 29006: 29005: 29004: 28999: 28994: 28984: 28979: 28974: 28969: 28964: 28959: 28954: 28953: 28952: 28942: 28937: 28932: 28927: 28922: 28917: 28911: 28909: 28899: 28898: 28886: 28885: 28878: 28877: 28870: 28863: 28855: 28846: 28845: 28843: 28842: 28832: 28820: 28817: 28816: 28813: 28812: 28810: 28809: 28804: 28799: 28794: 28789: 28784: 28779: 28774: 28769: 28764: 28759: 28754: 28749: 28744: 28739: 28734: 28729: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28699: 28694: 28689: 28684: 28679: 28674: 28669: 28664: 28659: 28654: 28649: 28644: 28639: 28634: 28629: 28623: 28621: 28615: 28614: 28612: 28611: 28606: 28601: 28596: 28591: 28586: 28581: 28576: 28571: 28566: 28561: 28556: 28555: 28554: 28553: 28552: 28537: 28536: 28535: 28525: 28520: 28515: 28510: 28505: 28500: 28495: 28490: 28485: 28480: 28475: 28470: 28464: 28458: 28452: 28451: 28448: 28447: 28445: 28444: 28439: 28434: 28433: 28432: 28427: 28422: 28412: 28407: 28402: 28397: 28392: 28390:Stock exchange 28387: 28382: 28377: 28372: 28367: 28362: 28357: 28356: 28355: 28350: 28340: 28335: 28330: 28325: 28319: 28313: 28307: 28306: 28303: 28302: 28300: 28299: 28294: 28292:Municipalities 28289: 28284: 28279: 28274: 28269: 28264: 28259: 28252:Prime Minister 28249: 28239: 28234: 28229: 28224: 28219: 28214: 28209: 28204: 28203: 28202: 28192: 28187: 28182: 28177: 28171: 28165: 28159: 28158: 28155: 28154: 28152: 28151: 28146: 28141: 28139:Regional parks 28136: 28134:National parks 28131: 28126: 28121: 28116: 28111: 28106: 28101: 28096: 28095: 28094: 28084: 28083: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28062: 28057: 28052: 28047: 28046: 28045: 28043:Climate change 28035: 28030: 28024: 28018: 28012: 28011: 28008: 28007: 28005: 28004: 28003: 28002: 27997: 27992: 27987: 27982: 27977: 27972: 27961: 27959: 27955: 27954: 27952: 27951: 27950: 27949: 27944: 27935: 27930: 27925: 27920: 27919: 27918: 27908: 27903: 27893: 27892: 27891: 27886: 27881: 27876: 27871: 27866: 27861: 27850: 27848: 27844: 27843: 27841: 27840: 27835: 27830: 27825: 27820: 27819: 27818: 27808: 27806:Duchy of Savoy 27803: 27798: 27793: 27792: 27791: 27790: 27789: 27784: 27779: 27774: 27764: 27759: 27754: 27743: 27741: 27737: 27736: 27734: 27733: 27728: 27727: 27726: 27716: 27714:Lombard League 27711: 27710: 27709: 27704: 27699: 27694: 27689: 27684: 27679: 27674: 27669: 27664: 27652: 27650: 27646: 27645: 27643: 27642: 27641: 27640: 27639: 27638: 27636:Western Empire 27628: 27623: 27621:Roman conquest 27618: 27613: 27603: 27602: 27601: 27596: 27591: 27586: 27581: 27576: 27575: 27574: 27569: 27564: 27559: 27554: 27549: 27542:Italic peoples 27533: 27531: 27527: 27526: 27524: 27523: 27522: 27521: 27516: 27511: 27506: 27501: 27496: 27491: 27486: 27481: 27470: 27468: 27464: 27463: 27461: 27460: 27455: 27450: 27445: 27440: 27435: 27430: 27425: 27420: 27415: 27410: 27405: 27400: 27395: 27389: 27387: 27383: 27382: 27380: 27379: 27373: 27371: 27364: 27358: 27357: 27346: 27345: 27338: 27331: 27323: 27314: 27313: 27309: 27308: 27303: 27299: 27298: 27282: 27281:63 BCE–224 CE 27278: 27277: 27272: 27267: 27263: 27262: 27257: 27253: 27252: 27244:Ancient Greeks 27236: 27232: 27231: 27226: 27222: 27221: 27209: 27205: 27204: 27202: 27200: 27196: 27195: 27190: 27186: 27185: 27166: 27161: 27154: 27145: 27136: 27131: 27127: 27126: 27119: 27103: 27099: 27098: 27096:Middle Assyria 27093: 27091: 27086: 27082: 27081: 27069: 27057: 27053: 27052: 27042: 27037: 27033: 27032: 27016: 27011: 26999: 26995: 26994: 26989: 26985: 26984: 26977: 26973: 26972: 26967: 26963: 26962: 26949: 26946: 26942: 26941: 26936: 26931: 26926: 26921: 26918: 26917: 26909: 26908: 26901: 26894: 26886: 26877: 26876: 26873: 26872: 26870: 26869: 26863: 26857: 26851: 26850: 26849: 26846:Italian Empire 26836: 26834: 26824: 26823: 26817: 26811: 26805: 26799: 26793: 26790:Roman Republic 26787: 26781: 26775: 26769: 26763: 26757: 26751: 26745: 26742:Duchy of Lucca 26739: 26736:Duchy of Genoa 26732: 26730: 26724: 26723: 26720: 26719: 26717: 26716: 26711: 26706: 26701: 26696: 26691: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 26666: 26660: 26658: 26654: 26653: 26651: 26650: 26645: 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26599: 26597: 26590: 26576: 26575: 26572: 26571: 26569: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26542: 26537: 26532: 26527: 26522: 26516: 26514: 26500: 26499: 26497: 26496: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26479: 26478: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26458: 26447: 26445: 26437: 26436: 26433: 26432: 26430: 26429: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26408: 26406: 26400: 26399: 26397: 26396: 26391: 26386: 26380: 26378: 26374: 26373: 26371: 26370: 26365: 26359: 26357: 26351: 26350: 26348: 26347: 26342: 26333: 26328: 26323: 26318: 26313: 26311:Duchy of Gaeta 26308: 26302: 26300: 26293: 26289:Southern Italy 26285: 26284: 26282: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26235: 26233: 26232:(c. 1000–1797) 26227: 26226: 26224: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26207: 26205: 26197: 26196: 26194: 26193: 26192: 26191: 26186: 26184:County of Nice 26181: 26179:Duchy of Aosta 26176: 26171: 26166: 26159:Savoyard state 26156: 26151: 26146: 26141: 26136: 26131: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26094:Duchy of Milan 26091: 26089:Duchy of Ivrea 26086: 26085: 26084: 26079: 26074: 26069: 26064: 26059: 26054: 26049: 26044: 26039: 26034: 26029: 26024: 26019: 26014: 26004: 25999: 25994: 25989: 25984: 25979: 25974: 25969: 25963: 25961: 25949: 25948: 25946: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25909: 25907: 25899: 25898: 25896: 25895: 25889: 25888: 25887: 25881: 25875: 25862: 25860: 25853: 25852: 25850: 25849: 25848: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25830:Duchy of Ivrea 25827: 25822: 25811: 25805: 25799: 25796:Odoacer's rule 25792: 25790: 25781: 25771: 25770: 25768: 25767: 25761: 25760:(27 BC–395 AD) 25755: 25754:(509 BC–27 BC) 25752:Roman Republic 25749: 25742: 25740: 25734: 25733: 25731: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25705: 25700: 25695: 25694: 25693: 25691:Cisalpine Gaul 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25667: 25666: 25655: 25653: 25649: 25648: 25641: 25640: 25633: 25626: 25618: 25609: 25608: 25606: 25605: 25604: 25603: 25598: 25589: 25587: 25583: 25582: 25580: 25579: 25574: 25569: 25564: 25559: 25554: 25553: 25552: 25541: 25539: 25535: 25534: 25531: 25530: 25528: 25527: 25522: 25517: 25512: 25507: 25506: 25505: 25495: 25490: 25485: 25480: 25475: 25470: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25449: 25448: 25443: 25433: 25428: 25422: 25420: 25411: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25388: 25378: 25373: 25372: 25371: 25361: 25356: 25355: 25354: 25349: 25344: 25334: 25329: 25328: 25327: 25322: 25312: 25311: 25310: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25280: 25279: 25278: 25273: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25247: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25216: 25215: 25214: 25209: 25199: 25194: 25193: 25192: 25187: 25177: 25176: 25175: 25170: 25160: 25159: 25158: 25153: 25143: 25138: 25137: 25136: 25131: 25126: 25121: 25116: 25106: 25101: 25100: 25099: 25094: 25086: 25081: 25076: 25071: 25066: 25060: 25058: 25052: 25051: 25049: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25032: 25031: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25001: 24991: 24986: 24985: 24984: 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24949: 24948: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24881: 24880: 24875: 24865: 24864: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24848: 24843: 24838: 24825: 24820: 24815: 24810: 24809: 24808: 24803: 24798: 24788: 24787: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24735: 24734: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24709: 24708: 24707: 24702: 24697: 24692: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24640: 24639: 24638: 24633: 24628: 24618: 24613: 24612: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24576: 24575: 24574: 24569: 24559: 24558: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24532: 24527: 24526: 24525: 24515: 24514: 24513: 24508: 24500: 24495: 24490: 24485: 24480: 24475: 24470: 24464: 24462: 24460:Post-classical 24456: 24455: 24453: 24452: 24451: 24450: 24440: 24435: 24434: 24433: 24428: 24418: 24417: 24416: 24406: 24405: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24379: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24358: 24357: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24332: 24331: 24330: 24325: 24315: 24310: 24309: 24308: 24303: 24298: 24293: 24288: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24267: 24266: 24261: 24259:Middle Kingdom 24256: 24246: 24241: 24240: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24219: 24218: 24217: 24215:Neo-Babylonian 24212: 24207: 24205:Old Babylonian 24197: 24196: 24195: 24190: 24180: 24175: 24169: 24167: 24155: 24154: 24147: 24146: 24139: 24132: 24124: 24115: 24114: 24112: 24111: 24105: 24103: 24099: 24098: 24096: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24058:Canary Islands 24054: 24052: 24049:Contacts & 24046: 24045: 24038: 24036: 24034: 24033: 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23987: 23986: 23976: 23971: 23970: 23969: 23959: 23954: 23948: 23946: 23940: 23939: 23930: 23929: 23922: 23915: 23907: 23898: 23897: 23895: 23894: 23889: 23871: 23868:Roman Carthage 23861: 23856: 23844: 23839: 23834: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23797: 23792: 23787: 23779: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23701: 23689: 23681: 23655: 23650: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23610: 23605: 23600: 23586: 23581: 23572: 23567: 23558: 23553: 23551:High Medieval) 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23510: 23505: 23500: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23473: 23472: 23465: 23458: 23450: 23444: 23441: 23440: 23428: 23427: 23425: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23364: 23359: 23354: 23349: 23344: 23339: 23334: 23329: 23324: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23293: 23291: 23282: 23281: 23279: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23182: 23180: 23176: 23175: 23172: 23171: 23169: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23018: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22997: 22995: 22989: 22988: 22986: 22985: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22858:Pomponius Mela 22855: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22765: 22760: 22755: 22750: 22745: 22740: 22735: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22593:Aelius Donatus 22589: 22587: 22578: 22574: 22573: 22571: 22570: 22565: 22564: 22563: 22561:Ecclesiastical 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22515: 22510: 22504: 22502: 22496: 22495: 22493: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22416: 22414: 22408: 22407: 22405: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22363: 22362: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22321: 22319: 22313: 22312: 22310: 22309: 22304: 22302:Toys and games 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22273: 22272: 22262: 22257: 22252: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22196: 22194: 22188: 22187: 22185: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22169: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22148: 22146: 22140: 22139: 22137: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22084: 22079: 22078: 22077: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22026: 22024: 22018: 22017: 22014: 22013: 22011: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21985: 21980: 21974: 21972: 21968: 21967: 21965: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21924: 21919: 21913: 21911: 21904: 21898: 21897: 21895: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21842:Vigintisexviri 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21802:Cursus honorum 21799: 21794: 21788: 21786: 21780: 21779: 21777: 21776: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21756: 21751: 21746: 21740: 21738: 21732: 21731: 21729: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21660: 21658: 21652: 21651: 21648: 21647: 21645: 21644: 21643: 21642: 21632: 21631: 21630: 21625: 21615: 21614: 21613: 21608: 21601:Western Empire 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21577: 21575: 21569: 21568: 21566: 21565: 21560: 21559: 21558: 21548: 21542: 21536: 21530: 21529: 21527: 21526: 21521: 21515: 21512: 21511: 21503: 21502: 21495: 21488: 21480: 21474: 21473: 21468: 21462: 21457: 21448: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21431: 21430: 21419: 21418: 21416: 21415:External links 21413: 21411: 21410: 21404: 21388: 21368: 21362: 21349: 21337:(2): 204–220. 21323:Vout, Caroline 21319: 21305: 21299: 21283: 21277: 21261: 21255: 21239: 21233: 21216: 21210: 21194: 21188: 21172: 21154: 21127: 21086: 21068: 21037: 21031: 21021:, ed. (2009). 21015: 21009: 20989: 20983: 20970: 20964: 20951: 20945: 20925: 20919: 20906: 20900: 20880: 20860:10.2307/300073 20843: 20825:(3): 252–264. 20814: 20808: 20795: 20789: 20773: 20767: 20751: 20731:10.2307/298927 20714: 20708: 20692: 20682:(2): 183–192. 20668: 20662: 20649: 20643: 20630: 20624: 20611: 20605: 20592: 20586: 20570: 20550:10.2307/300734 20530: 20524: 20508: 20502: 20486: 20477: 20457: 20451: 20435: 20429: 20416: 20410: 20397: 20391: 20378: 20372: 20356: 20350: 20337: 20328: 20322: 20309: 20303: 20287: 20281: 20265: 20259: 20239: 20233: 20217:Garnsey, Peter 20209: 20203: 20190: 20184: 20156: 20150: 20138:Bohec, Yann Le 20134: 20128: 20115: 20109: 20093: 20087: 20074: 20068: 20056:Ando, Clifford 20052: 20046: 20030: 20020:(1): 184–205. 20009: 20003: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19978: 19962: 19955: 19917: 19910: 19892: 19877: 19870: 19852: 19834: 19827: 19809: 19795: 19788: 19770: 19763: 19745: 19729: 19717: 19694:(2): 127–139. 19674: 19656: 19654:, p. 127. 19641: 19618:(3): 372–380. 19598: 19591: 19573: 19566: 19552:Garnsey, Peter 19532: 19513: 19469: 19462: 19437: 19428:Garnsey, Peter 19414: 19407: 19381: 19360: 19353: 19332: 19305: 19303:, p. 625. 19293: 19270: 19251: 19238:10.1086/363978 19218:Church History 19205: 19184: 19173:(2): 199–213. 19116:10.2307/299693 19110:(1–2): 32–50. 19094: 19072: 19065: 19047: 19034:10.1086/367003 19028:(4): 285–297. 19012: 19008:Vagdavercustis 18972: 18952: 18937: 18925: 18918: 18892: 18888:Roberts (1989) 18880: 18855: 18843: 18828: 18817:Aetas Ovidiana 18809: 18805:Roberts (1989) 18797: 18766: 18754: 18733: 18701: 18697:Gagarin (2010) 18689: 18685:Gagarin (2010) 18673: 18669:Peachin (2011) 18661: 18649: 18647:, p. 598. 18637: 18616:10.2307/299555 18594: 18582: 18580:, p. 107. 18578:Peachin (2011) 18570: 18568:, p. 110. 18566:Peachin (2011) 18558: 18554:Peachin (2011) 18546: 18542:Peachin (2011) 18534: 18530:Peachin (2011) 18522: 18510: 18508:, p. 132. 18498: 18496:, p. 109. 18486: 18482:Peachin (2011) 18474: 18470:Peachin (2011) 18459: 18455:Peachin (2011) 18447: 18435: 18431:Peachin (2011) 18420: 18418:, p. 122. 18408: 18404:Peachin (2011) 18396: 18392:Peachin (2011) 18380: 18376:Peachin (2011) 18368: 18356: 18352:Peachin (2011) 18344: 18340:Peachin (2011) 18332: 18320: 18308: 18289: 18269: 18265:Gagarin (2010) 18257: 18245: 18233: 18221: 18219:, p. 372. 18205: 18203:, p. 263. 18171: 18134: 18118: 18116:, p. 265. 18083: 18071: 18059: 18047: 18035:. p. 2.8. 18019: 18001:2.20.13f. and 17997:7.88; Horace, 17985:, p. 71; 17975: 17973:, p. 253. 17960: 17952:Johnson (2010) 17944: 17932:Johnson (2010) 17924: 17920:Johnson (2010) 17912: 17877: 17861: 17857:Gagarin (2010) 17849: 17847:, p. 197. 17845:Mattern (1999) 17837: 17825: 17810: 17808:, p. 101. 17798: 17786: 17782:Peachin (2011) 17759: 17744: 17740:Peachin (2011) 17732: 17702: 17700:, pp. 3–4 17686: 17668: 17653: 17630: 17618: 17606: 17594: 17579: 17575:Habinek (2005) 17567: 17556:(3): 313–320. 17533: 17531:, p. 146. 17518: 17497:10.2307/294916 17475: 17457: 17401:(3): 153–163. 17385: 17378: 17358: 17346: 17328: 17326:, p. 202. 17324:Gagarin (2010) 17316: 17286: 17274: 17272:, p. 459. 17270:Gagarin (2010) 17262: 17260:, p. 463. 17258:Gagarin (2010) 17247: 17235: 17223: 17211: 17193: 17191:, p. 242. 17189:Gagarin (2010) 17181: 17177:Gagarin (2010) 17169: 17154: 17150:Kousser (2008) 17142: 17140:, p. 453. 17138:Gagarin (2010) 17130: 17115: 17113:, p. 451. 17111:Gagarin (2010) 17103: 17088: 17069:(3): 439–442. 17053: 17049:Gagarin (2010) 17041: 17023: 17011: 17003:Kousser (2008) 16995: 16991:Kousser (2008) 16983: 16981:, p. 217. 16971: 16964: 16946: 16939: 16921: 16919:, p. 232. 16917:Gagarin (2010) 16909: 16893: 16891:, p. 218. 16881: 16879:, p. 231. 16877:Gagarin (2010) 16866: 16851: 16847:Métraux (2008) 16839: 16837:, p. 216. 16824: 16801: 16773: 16755: 16753:, p. 230. 16751:Gagarin (2010) 16743: 16720: 16713: 16695: 16680: 16665: 16652: 16622: 16587: 16552: 16539:10.2307/282704 16517: 16515:, p. 128. 16505: 16501:Habinek (2005) 16486: 16484:, p. 382. 16453:, p. 79; 16432: 16430:, p. 212. 16428:Edwards (2007) 16420: 16412:Edwards (2007) 16406:De spectaculis 16393: 16389:Edwards (2007) 16381: 16377:Edwards (2007) 16361: 16357:Edwards (2007) 16341: 16323: 16300: 16287:, p. 55; 16285:Edwards (2007) 16277: 16273:Edwards (2007) 16265: 16261:Edwards (2007) 16253: 16249:Edwards (2007) 16237: 16231:, p. 59; 16229:Edwards (2007) 16221: 16215:, p. 59; 16213:Edwards (2007) 16201: 16165: 16149: 16145:Gagarin (2010) 16133: 16131:, p. 238. 16121: 16119:, p. 237. 16111:, p. 85; 16109:Gagarin (2010) 16101: 16083: 16073:, p. 85; 16071:Gagarin (2010) 16059: 16050:, p. 54; 16036: 16021: 16019:, p. 303. 16006: 15994: 15982: 15980:, p. 242. 15970: 15955: 15953:, p. 240. 15943: 15912: 15894: 15892:, p. 455. 15882: 15867: 15855: 15848: 15826: 15824:, p. 201. 15822:Gagarin (2010) 15814: 15799: 15774: 15759: 15744: 15742:, p. 356. 15732: 15730:, p. 354. 15720: 15718:, p. 134. 15700: 15698:, p. 144. 15688: 15686:, p. 198. 15684:Gagarin (2010) 15657: 15655:, p. 681. 15642: 15627: 15625:, p. 299. 15623:Gagarin (2010) 15615: 15603: 15584: 15543: 15528: 15521: 15503: 15488: 15465: 15444:10.2307/299848 15438:(1/2): 59–75. 15428:Wiseman, T. P. 15419: 15407: 15395: 15393:, p. 679. 15383: 15381:, p. 191. 15360: 15353: 15335: 15320: 15313: 15295: 15279: 15267: 15255: 15243: 15224:(2): 125–147. 15208: 15172:10.2307/507363 15166:(3): 403–426. 15140: 15138:, p. 366. 15136:Peachin (2011) 15128: 15113: 15101: 15089: 15073: 15051: 15033: 15026: 15005: 14993: 14967: 14955: 14935: 14933:, p. 192. 14923: 14888: 14876: 14869: 14851: 14836: 14821: 14806: 14787: 14733: 14726: 14720:. p. 86. 14704: 14680:10.1086/368462 14635: 14605: 14584: 14582:, p. 212. 14572: 14560: 14558:, p. 192. 14545: 14533: 14514:(4): 513–538. 14498: 14496:, p. 323. 14494:Gagarin (2010) 14486: 14484:, p. 719. 14470: 14458: 14456:, p. 710. 14446: 14444:, p. 713. 14434: 14418: 14416:, p. 253. 14401: 14386: 14379: 14359: 14357:, p. 714. 14347: 14340: 14322: 14320:, p. 197. 14310: 14283: 14240: 14202: 14129: 14086: 14071: 14053: 14035: 14013: 13970: 13963: 13940: 13911:10.2307/301182 13885: 13873: 13857: 13838: 13831: 13813: 13790: 13775: 13773:, p. 333. 13763: 13756: 13731: 13713: 13684: 13624: 13609: 13591: 13584: 13563: 13521: 13514: 13489: 13487:, p. 296. 13477: 13465: 13463:, p. 292. 13453: 13451:, p. 285. 13436: 13434:, p. 286. 13424: 13412: 13396: 13384: 13382:, p. 186. 13372: 13370:, p. 188. 13357: 13355:, p. 185. 13345: 13343:, p. 185. 13329: 13317: 13315:, p. 187. 13296: 13294:, p. 183. 13284: 13266: 13251: 13236: 13220: 13208: 13206:, p. 180. 13191: 13171: 13159: 13157:, p. 183. 13147: 13145:, p. 114. 13135: 13114:10.2307/526629 13078:10.2307/526559 13056: 13044: 13027: 13014: 12992: 12990:, p. 196. 12977: 12975:, p. 183. 12965: 12946: 12931: 12919: 12907: 12900: 12874: 12862: 12850: 12834: 12832:, p. 215. 12822: 12807: 12805:, p. 212. 12795: 12793:, p. 211. 12783: 12771: 12759: 12747: 12740: 12728:Millar, Fergus 12719: 12717:, p. 341. 12707: 12705:, p. 345. 12695: 12693:, p. 354. 12683: 12654: 12652:, p. 181. 12642: 12640:, p. 184. 12630: 12623: 12590: 12578: 12566: 12555:Peachin (2011) 12547: 12526:10.2307/300280 12497: 12490: 12472: 12454: 12450:Peachin (2011) 12442: 12440:, p. 475. 12438:Peachin (2011) 12426:Peachin (2011) 12418: 12414:Peachin (2011) 12396:1854/LU-395187 12365: 12353: 12341: 12329: 12314: 12302: 12286: 12282:Bennett (1997) 12274: 12256: 12252:Wiseman (1970) 12244: 12232: 12228:Wiseman (1970) 12220: 12216:Wiseman (1970) 12208: 12195:10.2307/292973 12173: 12171:, p. 219. 12161: 12149: 12134: 12114: 12107: 12082: 12057: 12050: 12030: 12012: 11997: 11990: 11978:Millar, Fergus 11969: 11965:Bradley (1994) 11953: 11941: 11928:10.2307/293259 11922:(2): 341–342. 11906: 11899: 11881: 11874: 11853: 11843: 11831:, p. 15; 11821: 11798: 11786: 11779: 11761: 11757:Bradley (1994) 11749: 11745:Bradley (1994) 11737: 11718:(3): 331–346. 11702: 11690: 11678: 11663: 11645: 11633: 11618: 11569: 11565:Bradley (1994) 11557: 11553:Bradley (1994) 11542: 11523: 11519:Edwards (2007) 11452:10.2307/284457 11430: 11418: 11411: 11393: 11366: 11359: 11341: 11329: 11317: 11271: 11259: 11244: 11242:, p. 733. 11228: 11216: 11190: 11167: 11165:, p. 177. 11155: 11143: 11127:, p. 14; 11117: 11102: 11090: 11086:Peachin (2011) 11078: 11066: 11051: 11028: 11016: 11012:Peachin (2011) 11004: 10989: 10961: 10957:Peachin (2011) 10949: 10945:Peachin (2011) 10937: 10933:Peachin (2011) 10925: 10918: 10897: 10887:, ed. (2005). 10876: 10861: 10843: 10836: 10770: 10759: 10741: 10725: 10723:, p. 199. 10713: 10701: 10688:10.2307/295333 10663: 10644: 10637: 10614: 10592: 10564: 10552: 10537: 10525: 10513: 10497: 10495:, p. 205. 10485: 10478: 10460: 10458:, p. 122. 10448: 10429: 10409: 10389: 10384:Rylands Papyri 10361: 10359:, p. 438. 10357:Freeman (2000) 10349: 10330: 10300: 10281: 10261: 10242: 10222: 10220:, p. 200. 10206: 10179: 10149: 10142: 10124: 10122:, p. 117. 10112: 10110:, pp. 5–7 10100: 10088:Millar, Fergus 10079: 10077:, p. 108. 10067: 10055: 10053:, p. 123. 10043: 10012: 9963: 9961:, p. 721. 9948: 9883: 9872:(3): 263–288. 9856: 9854:, p. 184. 9841: 9826: 9811: 9807:Nicolet (1991) 9799: 9795:Nicolet (1991) 9787: 9783:Nicolet (1991) 9775: 9752: 9737: 9730: 9692:, p. 29; 9690:Nicolet (1991) 9682: 9678:Nicolet (1991) 9670: 9658: 9646: 9591: 9562:Gibbon, Edward 9553: 9521:Gibbon, Edward 9512: 9491:Peter, Heather 9479: 9469: 9448: 9436: 9404: 9397: 9376: 9369: 9348: 9323: 9311: 9304: 9283: 9271: 9247:Gibbon, Edward 9238: 9217: 9206:. 10 June 2024 9191: 9173: 9147: 9133: 9114: 9100: 9070: 9056: 9050:. Penguin UK. 9036: 9022: 8998: 8984: 8978:. Croom Helm. 8961: 8934: 8928: 8905: 8887: 8880: 8846: 8834: 8819: 8812: 8783: 8780:. Brill: viii. 8765: 8761:Nicolet (1991) 8753: 8751:, p. 179. 8736: 8732:Peachin (2011) 8718:Nicolet (1991) 8706: 8696: 8678: 8652: 8621:(3): 253–296. 8601: 8590:on 17 May 2016 8566:Turchin, Peter 8554: 8501: 8482: 8459: 8457:, p. 734. 8447: 8428: 8408: 8389: 8369: 8350: 8330: 8308: 8288: 8266: 8246: 8224: 8204: 8194: 8174: 8152: 8132: 8110: 8090: 8064: 8038: 8034:Bennett (1997) 8026: 7995: 7988: 7976:Diamond, Jared 7967: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7921: 7906: 7889: 7877: 7856: 7839: 7806: 7789: 7776: 7759: 7742: 7717: 7708: 7693:ancient Athens 7684: 7652: 7634: 7586: 7522: 7511:دولت علنإه روم 7494: 7485: 7465:Fourth Crusade 7456: 7408: 7395: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7369:Imperial Italy 7366: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7322: 7319:History portal 7308: 7292: 7289: 7229:Mehmed II 7150: 7149: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7122:Main article: 7119: 7116: 7049:Church Fathers 7040:undertook the 7024:, governor of 6958:religio licita 6821:Roman calendar 6767: 6760: 6759: 6747: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6706: 6703: 6569:; his nephew, 6478:wove together 6409:Main article: 6406: 6403: 6372:endowed chairs 6354:literary canon 6291:schoolmaster ( 6259:Main article: 6256: 6253: 6244:Church Fathers 6220:literary canon 6100: 6097: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5841: 5834: 5799: 5796: 5727:Main article: 5724: 5721: 5659:Main article: 5656: 5653: 5638:formal gardens 5604: 5601: 5564:: the empress 5557:Two portraits 5556: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5528:Main article: 5525: 5522: 5472: 5469: 5423:toga praetexta 5381:Main article: 5378: 5375: 5355:Campus Martius 5304:bone and ivory 5298:made of wood, 5251: 5248: 5140:beast fighters 5046:ludi circenses 5006:Circus Maximus 4971:Chariot racing 4962: 4959: 4899:, large fish ( 4883:" indulged in 4741:Main article: 4738: 4735: 4731:humoral theory 4692: 4689: 4639:) achieved an 4467:civic banquets 4350:Campus Martius 4332: 4329: 4309:Main article: 4306: 4303: 4104: 4101: 4016: 4013: 4004:materia medica 3947:Roman commerce 3942: 3939: 3858: 3855: 3803:(gold, iron); 3766: 3763: 3693:Roman commerce 3599:Constantine II 3567:Roman currency 3562: 3559: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3399:indirect taxes 3368: 3365: 3275:laurel wreaths 3262: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3234:Main article: 3231: 3228: 3159:Roman province 3154: 3151: 3143:North Atlantic 3058: 3057: 3050: 3037: 2952: 2949: 2831: 138–161 2824:Antoninus Pius 2806: 2803: 2758:Main article: 2755: 2752: 2682: 2679: 2601:cursus honorum 2570:legal domicile 2492: 2489: 2445: 2442: 2390:Following the 2312:Main article: 2309: 2306: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2134:law of persons 2115: 2112: 2059:, friendship ( 2007: 2004: 1978: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1833:A 5th-century 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1791:Hadrian's Wall 1723:Hadrian's Wall 1717:described it: 1666:Hadrian's Wall 1574: 1571: 1493: 1490: 1470:state religion 1438:Constantinople 1403: 270–275 1392:Late Antiquity 1382:. In defining 1366:, a period of 1284: 1281: 1273:Antoninus Pius 1204: 161–180 1195: 1188: 1187: 1182: 138–161 1175:Antoninus Pius 1173: 1166: 1165: 1160: 117–138 1151: 1144: 1143: 1129: 1122: 1121: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095:" of 96–180 AD 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1082:Main article: 1079: 1074: 918:Roman Republic 900:Roman Republic 895: 892: 846:Main article: 843: 840: 798:, influencing 764:Medieval Greek 709:Constantinople 665:Constantinople 653: 306–337 638: 284–305 627: 270–275 596:50-year crisis 592: 180–192 525:, marking his 466:eastern empire 462:western empire 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 424: 418: 417: 410: 401: 398: 397: 395:Roman Republic 392: 380: 379: 374: 364: 363: 346: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 299: 295: 294: 290: 289: 274: 273:Historical era 270: 269: 266: 265: 258: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 221: 220: 218: 217: 205: 203:(until AD 380) 192: 190: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 167: 165: 161: 160: 158: 157: 152:Constantinople 149: 140: 138: 134: 133: 130: 122: 121: 111: 101: 100: 92: 91: 80: 73: 72: 69: 68: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 33530: 33519: 33516: 33514: 33511: 33509: 33506: 33504: 33501: 33499: 33496: 33494: 33491: 33489: 33486: 33484: 33481: 33479: 33476: 33474: 33471: 33469: 33466: 33464: 33461: 33459: 33456: 33454: 33451: 33449: 33446: 33444: 33441: 33439: 33436: 33434: 33431: 33429: 33426: 33424: 33421: 33419: 33416: 33415: 33413: 33392: 33389: 33387: 33384: 33382: 33379: 33377: 33374: 33372: 33369: 33367: 33364: 33362: 33359: 33357: 33354: 33352: 33349: 33347: 33344: 33342: 33339: 33337: 33336:PROSUR/PROSUL 33334: 33332: 33329: 33327: 33324: 33322: 33319: 33317: 33314: 33312: 33309: 33307: 33304: 33302: 33299: 33297: 33294: 33292: 33289: 33287: 33284: 33282: 33279: 33277: 33274: 33272: 33269: 33267: 33264: 33262: 33259: 33257: 33254: 33252: 33249: 33247: 33244: 33242: 33239: 33237: 33234: 33232: 33231:Craiova Group 33229: 33227: 33224: 33222: 33219: 33217: 33214: 33212: 33209: 33207: 33204: 33202: 33199: 33197: 33194: 33192: 33189: 33187: 33184: 33182: 33179: 33177: 33174: 33172: 33169: 33167: 33164: 33162: 33159: 33157: 33154: 33152: 33149: 33147: 33146:ABCANZ Armies 33144: 33143: 33141: 33135: 33129: 33126: 33124: 33121: 33117: 33114: 33112: 33109: 33107: 33104: 33102: 33099: 33097: 33094: 33092: 33089: 33088: 33087: 33084: 33082: 33079: 33075: 33072: 33071: 33070: 33067: 33065: 33062: 33061: 33059: 33057: 33053: 33047: 33044: 33042: 33039: 33035: 33032: 33030: 33027: 33025: 33022: 33020: 33017: 33013: 33010: 33008: 33005: 33003: 33000: 32998: 32995: 32994: 32993: 32990: 32988: 32985: 32983: 32980: 32978: 32975: 32974: 32973: 32970: 32964: 32961: 32960: 32959: 32956: 32952: 32951:Protestantism 32949: 32945: 32942: 32941: 32940: 32937: 32933: 32930: 32929: 32928: 32925: 32921: 32917: 32914: 32913: 32912: 32909: 32908: 32907: 32904: 32903: 32902: 32899: 32898: 32896: 32894: 32890: 32882: 32879: 32878: 32877: 32874: 32872: 32871:Sovereigntism 32869: 32867: 32864: 32860: 32859: 32855: 32854: 32853: 32850: 32846: 32843: 32842: 32841: 32838: 32836: 32833: 32831: 32828: 32826: 32823: 32821: 32818: 32816: 32813: 32811: 32808: 32804: 32801: 32799: 32796: 32795: 32794: 32791: 32787: 32784: 32783: 32782: 32779: 32777: 32774: 32772: 32769: 32767: 32766:Scholasticism 32764: 32762: 32759: 32757: 32754: 32752: 32749: 32747: 32744: 32742: 32739: 32737: 32734: 32733: 32731: 32729: 32725: 32717: 32714: 32712: 32709: 32707: 32704: 32702: 32699: 32698: 32697: 32694: 32690: 32687: 32686: 32685: 32682: 32678: 32675: 32673: 32670: 32669: 32668: 32665: 32661: 32658: 32657: 32656: 32653: 32651: 32648: 32644: 32641: 32639: 32636: 32634: 32631: 32630: 32629: 32626: 32622: 32619: 32618: 32617: 32614: 32610: 32607: 32606: 32605: 32602: 32598: 32595: 32593: 32590: 32589: 32588: 32585: 32583: 32580: 32578: 32575: 32573: 32570: 32566: 32563: 32562: 32561: 32558: 32556: 32553: 32549: 32546: 32545: 32544: 32541: 32537: 32534: 32533: 32532: 32529: 32525: 32522: 32521: 32520: 32517: 32515: 32512: 32508: 32505: 32504: 32503: 32500: 32498: 32495: 32491: 32488: 32486: 32483: 32481: 32478: 32477: 32476: 32473: 32472: 32470: 32468: 32464: 32456: 32455:War on terror 32453: 32451: 32448: 32447: 32446: 32443: 32439: 32436: 32434: 32431: 32429: 32426: 32424: 32421: 32419: 32416: 32414: 32411: 32409: 32406: 32404: 32401: 32399: 32396: 32394: 32391: 32389: 32386: 32384: 32381: 32379: 32376: 32374: 32371: 32369: 32366: 32364: 32361: 32359: 32356: 32354: 32351: 32350: 32349: 32348:Modern period 32346: 32344: 32341: 32337: 32334: 32332: 32329: 32327: 32324: 32323: 32322: 32319: 32315: 32312: 32311: 32310: 32307: 32305: 32302: 32301: 32299: 32297: 32293: 32287: 32284: 32282: 32279: 32277: 32274: 32272: 32269: 32263: 32260: 32258: 32255: 32254: 32253: 32250: 32248: 32245: 32243: 32240: 32238: 32235: 32234: 32233: 32230: 32228: 32225: 32223: 32220: 32219: 32217: 32213: 32209: 32205: 32204:Western world 32198: 32193: 32191: 32186: 32184: 32179: 32178: 32175: 32163: 32160: 32158: 32155: 32153: 32150: 32148: 32145: 32143: 32140: 32138: 32135: 32133: 32130: 32128: 32125: 32123: 32120: 32118: 32117:Art of Europe 32115: 32114: 32112: 32108: 32102: 32099: 32097: 32094: 32092: 32089: 32087: 32084: 32082: 32079: 32077: 32074: 32072: 32069: 32067: 32064: 32062: 32059: 32057: 32054: 32052: 32049: 32047: 32044: 32042: 32039: 32037: 32034: 32032: 32029: 32027: 32024: 32022: 32019: 32017: 32014: 32012: 32009: 32007: 32004: 32002: 31999: 31997: 31994: 31992: 31989: 31987: 31984: 31982: 31979: 31977: 31974: 31972: 31969: 31967: 31964: 31962: 31959: 31957: 31954: 31952: 31949: 31947: 31944: 31940: 31937: 31936: 31935: 31932: 31930: 31927: 31925: 31922: 31921: 31919: 31917: 31916:Modern period 31913: 31907: 31904: 31902: 31899: 31897: 31894: 31892: 31889: 31887: 31884: 31882: 31879: 31877: 31874: 31872: 31869: 31867: 31864: 31862: 31859: 31857: 31854: 31851: 31847: 31843: 31839: 31835: 31832: 31830: 31827: 31825: 31822: 31818: 31815: 31813: 31810: 31808: 31805: 31803: 31800: 31799: 31798: 31795: 31791: 31788: 31786: 31783: 31782: 31780: 31778: 31775: 31773: 31770: 31768: 31765: 31763: 31760: 31756: 31753: 31752: 31751: 31748: 31746: 31743: 31741: 31738: 31737: 31735: 31733: 31729: 31723: 31720: 31718: 31715: 31713: 31710: 31706: 31703: 31702: 31701: 31698: 31696: 31693: 31691: 31688: 31686: 31683: 31681: 31678: 31677: 31675: 31673: 31669: 31663: 31660: 31658: 31655: 31653: 31650: 31648: 31645: 31644: 31642: 31640: 31636: 31632: 31625: 31620: 31618: 31613: 31611: 31606: 31605: 31602: 31577: 31576: 31572: 31568: 31567: 31563: 31561: 31560: 31556: 31554: 31553: 31552:Metamorphoses 31549: 31547: 31545: 31544:The Histories 31541: 31539: 31538: 31534: 31532: 31531: 31527: 31525: 31523: 31522:The Histories 31519: 31517: 31516: 31512: 31511: 31509: 31503: 31500: 31498: 31495: 31493: 31490: 31489: 31488: 31485: 31483: 31480: 31479: 31477: 31476: 31473: 31466: 31462: 31437: 31434: 31432: 31429: 31428: 31426: 31424: 31421: 31419: 31416: 31414: 31411: 31409: 31406: 31404: 31401: 31399: 31396: 31394: 31391: 31390: 31388: 31382: 31376: 31373: 31371: 31368: 31366: 31363: 31361: 31358: 31356: 31353: 31351: 31348: 31346: 31343: 31341: 31338: 31336: 31333: 31332: 31330: 31324: 31316: 31313: 31311: 31308: 31306: 31303: 31301: 31300: 31296: 31294: 31291: 31290: 31288: 31284: 31283: 31279: 31278: 31277: 31274: 31270: 31267: 31265: 31264: 31260: 31258: 31257: 31253: 31252: 31250: 31246: 31245: 31241: 31239: 31238: 31237:Marumaru Atua 31234: 31232: 31231: 31227: 31225: 31224: 31220: 31218: 31215: 31213: 31212: 31208: 31206: 31205: 31201: 31199: 31198: 31197:Samudra Raksa 31194: 31192: 31191: 31187: 31185: 31184: 31183:Te Au o Tonga 31180: 31178: 31177: 31173: 31171: 31170: 31166: 31165: 31164: 31161: 31157: 31156: 31152: 31148: 31146: 31145: 31141: 31140: 31139: 31136: 31135: 31133: 31127: 31121: 31118: 31117: 31115: 31111: 31103: 31100: 31098: 31095: 31093: 31090: 31089: 31087: 31083: 31080: 31078: 31075: 31073: 31070: 31068: 31067: 31063: 31061: 31060: 31056: 31054: 31051: 31049: 31046: 31044: 31043:Blackfriars I 31041: 31039: 31038:Arles Rhône 3 31036: 31034: 31033: 31029: 31028: 31026: 31022: 31019: 31018: 31016: 31012: 31009: 31007: 31004: 31003: 31001: 30997: 30996: 30992: 30990: 30989: 30985: 30983: 30980: 30978: 30975: 30974: 30972: 30970: 30967: 30963: 30960: 30959: 30958: 30955: 30951: 30948: 30946: 30943: 30942: 30941: 30938: 30934: 30931: 30929: 30926: 30924: 30921: 30919: 30916: 30914: 30911: 30909: 30906: 30904: 30901: 30899: 30896: 30894: 30891: 30889: 30886: 30884: 30881: 30879: 30876: 30875: 30873: 30870: 30869: 30867: 30865: 30859: 30853: 30850: 30848: 30845: 30843: 30842:Thalassocracy 30840: 30838: 30835: 30833: 30830: 30828: 30827:Shell middens 30825: 30823: 30820: 30818: 30815: 30813: 30810: 30808: 30805: 30803: 30800: 30796: 30793: 30791: 30788: 30786: 30783: 30782: 30780: 30778: 30777:Naval warfare 30775: 30773: 30770: 30768: 30765: 30763: 30760: 30756: 30753: 30752: 30751: 30748: 30746: 30743: 30741: 30738: 30737: 30735: 30729: 30719: 30716: 30714: 30711: 30709: 30706: 30704: 30701: 30699: 30696: 30694: 30691: 30690: 30688: 30684: 30678: 30675: 30673: 30670: 30668: 30665: 30663: 30660: 30658: 30657:Lionel Casson 30655: 30653: 30650: 30649: 30647: 30643: 30640: 30636: 30632: 30625: 30621: 30602: 30599: 30597: 30594: 30592: 30589: 30587: 30584: 30582: 30579: 30577: 30574: 30572: 30569: 30568: 30565: 30558: 30554: 30533: 30530: 30529: 30528: 30525: 30521: 30518: 30517: 30516: 30513: 30511: 30508: 30506: 30503: 30501: 30500: 30496: 30494: 30491: 30489: 30488:Incense trade 30486: 30484: 30481: 30479: 30476: 30474: 30471: 30469: 30466: 30464: 30461: 30459: 30456: 30454: 30451: 30449: 30446: 30444: 30441: 30440: 30437: 30433: 30427: 30423: 30398: 30395: 30394: 30393: 30392:South America 30390: 30388: 30385: 30383: 30380: 30376: 30373: 30372: 30371: 30368: 30367: 30365: 30361: 30351: 30348: 30346: 30343: 30341: 30340:Sailing ships 30338: 30336: 30335:Oared vessels 30333: 30331: 30328: 30326: 30323: 30321: 30318: 30317: 30314: 30308: 30305: 30303: 30300: 30298: 30295: 30293: 30290: 30288: 30285: 30283: 30280: 30278: 30275: 30273: 30270: 30268: 30265: 30263: 30260: 30258: 30257:Cape Hermaeum 30255: 30253: 30250: 30248: 30245: 30243: 30240: 30238: 30235: 30233: 30230: 30228: 30225: 30223: 30220: 30218: 30215: 30213: 30210: 30208: 30205: 30203: 30200: 30198: 30195: 30193: 30190: 30188: 30185: 30183: 30179: 30176: 30175: 30173: 30171: 30167: 30161: 30158: 30156: 30153: 30151: 30148: 30146: 30143: 30142: 30140: 30138: 30134: 30131: 30127: 30121: 30118: 30116: 30113: 30111: 30108: 30104: 30101: 30099: 30096: 30095: 30094: 30091: 30089: 30086: 30084: 30081: 30079: 30076: 30075: 30073: 30071: 30068:Migration and 30065: 30059: 30056: 30054: 30051: 30049: 30046: 30044: 30041: 30037: 30034: 30032: 30029: 30028: 30027: 30024: 30022: 30019: 30017: 30014: 30012: 30009: 30007: 30004: 30002: 29999: 29997: 29994: 29992: 29989: 29985: 29982: 29980: 29977: 29975: 29972: 29971: 29970: 29967: 29965: 29962: 29960: 29957: 29953: 29950: 29948: 29945: 29943: 29940: 29938: 29935: 29933: 29930: 29928: 29925: 29923: 29920: 29918: 29915: 29913: 29910: 29908: 29905: 29903: 29900: 29898: 29895: 29893: 29890: 29889: 29888: 29885: 29881: 29878: 29877: 29876: 29875:Ancient Egypt 29873: 29872: 29870: 29868:Civilizations 29866: 29860: 29857: 29853: 29850: 29848: 29845: 29844: 29843: 29840: 29838: 29835: 29833: 29830: 29829: 29827: 29823: 29819: 29815: 29810: 29806: 29783: 29780: 29778: 29775: 29773: 29770: 29768: 29765: 29763: 29760: 29758: 29755: 29753: 29750: 29748: 29745: 29743: 29740: 29738: 29735: 29733: 29730: 29728: 29725: 29723: 29720: 29718: 29715: 29713: 29710: 29708: 29705: 29703: 29700: 29698: 29695: 29693: 29690: 29688: 29685: 29682: 29678: 29675: 29673: 29670: 29668: 29665: 29663: 29660: 29658: 29655: 29653: 29650: 29648: 29645: 29643: 29640: 29638: 29635: 29633: 29630: 29628: 29625: 29622: 29619: 29617: 29614: 29612: 29609: 29607: 29604: 29601: 29598: 29596: 29593: 29591: 29588: 29586: 29583: 29581: 29578: 29576: 29573: 29571: 29568: 29566: 29563: 29561: 29558: 29556: 29553: 29551: 29548: 29546: 29543: 29540: 29537: 29535: 29532: 29530: 29527: 29525: 29522: 29521: 29519: 29514: 29510: 29502: 29499: 29497: 29494: 29492: 29489: 29488: 29486: 29482: 29479: 29477: 29474: 29473: 29472: 29469: 29467: 29464: 29460: 29457: 29456: 29455: 29452: 29450: 29447: 29445: 29442: 29440: 29437: 29435: 29432: 29431: 29429: 29427: 29423: 29419: 29412: 29408: 29385: 29382: 29380: 29377: 29375: 29372: 29370: 29367: 29365: 29362: 29360: 29357: 29355: 29352: 29351: 29349: 29345: 29339: 29336: 29334: 29331: 29329: 29326: 29324: 29321: 29317: 29314: 29312: 29309: 29307: 29304: 29302: 29299: 29298: 29297: 29294: 29292: 29289: 29288: 29286: 29284: 29280: 29272: 29269: 29268: 29266: 29264: 29261: 29259: 29256: 29254: 29251: 29249: 29246: 29244: 29243:Clinker built 29241: 29239: 29236: 29234: 29231: 29229: 29228:Boat building 29226: 29225: 29223: 29221: 29217: 29211: 29208: 29206: 29203: 29201: 29198: 29196: 29193: 29189: 29186: 29185: 29184: 29181: 29179: 29176: 29174: 29171: 29169: 29166: 29164: 29161: 29159: 29156: 29154: 29151: 29149: 29146: 29142: 29139: 29138: 29137: 29134: 29132: 29129: 29127: 29124: 29122: 29119: 29117: 29114: 29112: 29109: 29108: 29106: 29102: 29096: 29093: 29091: 29088: 29086: 29083: 29081: 29078: 29077: 29075: 29071: 29065: 29062: 29060: 29057: 29055: 29052: 29050: 29047: 29043: 29040: 29038: 29035: 29033: 29030: 29028: 29025: 29023: 29020: 29018: 29015: 29013: 29010: 29009: 29007: 29003: 29000: 28998: 28995: 28993: 28990: 28989: 28988: 28985: 28983: 28980: 28978: 28977:Navis lusoria 28975: 28973: 28970: 28968: 28965: 28963: 28960: 28958: 28955: 28951: 28948: 28947: 28946: 28943: 28941: 28938: 28936: 28933: 28931: 28928: 28926: 28923: 28921: 28918: 28916: 28913: 28912: 28910: 28908: 28904: 28900: 28896: 28891: 28887: 28883: 28876: 28871: 28869: 28864: 28862: 28857: 28856: 28853: 28841: 28833: 28831: 28822: 28821: 28818: 28808: 28805: 28803: 28800: 28798: 28795: 28793: 28790: 28788: 28785: 28783: 28780: 28778: 28775: 28773: 28770: 28768: 28765: 28763: 28760: 28758: 28755: 28753: 28750: 28748: 28745: 28743: 28740: 28738: 28735: 28733: 28730: 28728: 28725: 28723: 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28703: 28700: 28698: 28695: 28693: 28690: 28688: 28685: 28683: 28680: 28678: 28675: 28673: 28670: 28668: 28665: 28663: 28660: 28658: 28655: 28653: 28650: 28648: 28645: 28643: 28640: 28638: 28635: 28633: 28630: 28628: 28625: 28624: 28622: 28620: 28616: 28610: 28607: 28605: 28602: 28600: 28597: 28595: 28592: 28590: 28587: 28585: 28582: 28580: 28577: 28575: 28572: 28570: 28567: 28565: 28562: 28560: 28557: 28551: 28548: 28547: 28546: 28543: 28542: 28541: 28538: 28534: 28531: 28530: 28529: 28526: 28524: 28521: 28519: 28516: 28514: 28511: 28509: 28506: 28504: 28501: 28499: 28496: 28494: 28491: 28489: 28486: 28484: 28481: 28479: 28476: 28474: 28471: 28469: 28466: 28465: 28462: 28459: 28457: 28453: 28443: 28440: 28438: 28435: 28431: 28428: 28426: 28423: 28421: 28418: 28417: 28416: 28413: 28411: 28408: 28406: 28403: 28401: 28398: 28396: 28393: 28391: 28388: 28386: 28383: 28381: 28378: 28376: 28373: 28371: 28368: 28366: 28363: 28361: 28358: 28354: 28351: 28349: 28346: 28345: 28344: 28341: 28339: 28336: 28334: 28331: 28329: 28326: 28324: 28321: 28320: 28317: 28314: 28312: 28308: 28298: 28295: 28293: 28290: 28288: 28285: 28283: 28280: 28278: 28275: 28273: 28270: 28268: 28265: 28263: 28260: 28257: 28253: 28250: 28247: 28243: 28240: 28238: 28235: 28233: 28230: 28228: 28225: 28223: 28220: 28218: 28215: 28213: 28210: 28208: 28205: 28201: 28198: 28197: 28196: 28193: 28191: 28188: 28186: 28183: 28181: 28178: 28176: 28173: 28172: 28169: 28166: 28164: 28160: 28150: 28147: 28145: 28142: 28140: 28137: 28135: 28132: 28130: 28127: 28125: 28122: 28120: 28117: 28115: 28112: 28110: 28107: 28105: 28102: 28100: 28097: 28093: 28090: 28089: 28088: 28085: 28081: 28078: 28076: 28073: 28071: 28068: 28067: 28066: 28063: 28061: 28058: 28056: 28053: 28051: 28048: 28044: 28041: 28040: 28039: 28036: 28034: 28031: 28029: 28026: 28025: 28022: 28019: 28017: 28013: 28001: 27998: 27996: 27993: 27991: 27988: 27986: 27985:Years of Lead 27983: 27981: 27980:Economic Boom 27978: 27976: 27973: 27971: 27968: 27967: 27966: 27963: 27962: 27960: 27956: 27948: 27945: 27943: 27939: 27936: 27934: 27931: 27929: 27926: 27924: 27923:Fascist Italy 27921: 27917: 27914: 27913: 27912: 27909: 27907: 27904: 27902: 27899: 27898: 27897: 27894: 27890: 27887: 27885: 27882: 27880: 27877: 27875: 27872: 27870: 27869:Niçard exodus 27867: 27865: 27862: 27860: 27857: 27856: 27855: 27852: 27851: 27849: 27845: 27839: 27836: 27834: 27831: 27829: 27826: 27824: 27821: 27817: 27814: 27813: 27812: 27809: 27807: 27804: 27802: 27799: 27797: 27794: 27788: 27785: 27783: 27780: 27778: 27775: 27773: 27770: 27769: 27768: 27765: 27763: 27760: 27758: 27755: 27753: 27750: 27749: 27748: 27745: 27744: 27742: 27738: 27732: 27729: 27725: 27722: 27721: 27720: 27717: 27715: 27712: 27708: 27705: 27703: 27700: 27698: 27695: 27693: 27690: 27688: 27685: 27683: 27680: 27678: 27675: 27673: 27670: 27668: 27665: 27663: 27659: 27658: 27657: 27654: 27653: 27651: 27647: 27637: 27634: 27633: 27632: 27629: 27627: 27624: 27622: 27619: 27617: 27614: 27612: 27609: 27608: 27607: 27604: 27600: 27597: 27595: 27592: 27590: 27589:Magna Graecia 27587: 27585: 27582: 27580: 27577: 27573: 27570: 27568: 27565: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27553: 27550: 27548: 27545: 27544: 27543: 27540: 27539: 27538: 27535: 27534: 27532: 27528: 27520: 27517: 27515: 27512: 27510: 27507: 27505: 27502: 27500: 27497: 27495: 27492: 27490: 27487: 27485: 27482: 27480: 27477: 27476: 27475: 27472: 27471: 27469: 27465: 27459: 27456: 27454: 27451: 27449: 27446: 27444: 27441: 27439: 27436: 27434: 27431: 27429: 27426: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27414: 27411: 27409: 27406: 27404: 27401: 27399: 27396: 27394: 27391: 27390: 27388: 27384: 27378: 27375: 27374: 27372: 27368: 27365: 27363: 27359: 27355: 27351: 27344: 27339: 27337: 27332: 27330: 27325: 27324: 27321: 27307: 27300: 27296: 27295: 27290: 27286: 27279: 27276: 27271: 27264: 27261: 27254: 27250: 27249: 27245: 27240: 27234: 27233: 27230: 27224: 27223: 27219: 27218: 27213: 27207: 27206: 27198: 27197: 27194: 27188: 27187: 27184: 27183: 27178: 27177: 27172: 27171: 27165: 27160: 27159: 27153: 27149: 27144: 27140: 27135: 27129: 27128: 27125: 27124: 27120: 27117: 27115: 27109: 27108: 27101: 27100: 27097: 27092: 27090: 27084: 27083: 27079: 27078: 27073: 27067: 27066: 27061: 27055: 27054: 27050: 27046: 27041: 27035: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27024: 27020: 27015: 27010: 27008: 27003: 26997: 26996: 26993: 26987: 26986: 26983: 26982: 26975: 26974: 26971: 26965: 26964: 26961: 26957: 26953: 26944: 26943: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26925: 26924: 26919: 26915: 26907: 26902: 26900: 26895: 26893: 26888: 26887: 26884: 26867: 26864: 26861: 26858: 26855: 26852: 26847: 26844: 26843: 26841: 26838: 26837: 26835: 26833: 26828: 26821: 26818: 26815: 26812: 26809: 26806: 26803: 26800: 26797: 26794: 26791: 26788: 26785: 26782: 26779: 26776: 26773: 26770: 26767: 26764: 26761: 26758: 26755: 26752: 26749: 26746: 26743: 26740: 26737: 26734: 26733: 26731: 26725: 26715: 26712: 26710: 26707: 26705: 26702: 26700: 26697: 26695: 26692: 26690: 26687: 26685: 26682: 26680: 26677: 26675: 26672: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26661: 26659: 26655: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26600: 26598: 26594: 26591: 26586: 26581: 26577: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26533: 26531: 26530:Duchy of Sora 26528: 26526: 26523: 26521: 26518: 26517: 26515: 26511: 26505: 26501: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26481: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26467: 26464: 26462: 26459: 26457: 26454: 26453: 26452: 26449: 26448: 26446: 26442: 26438: 26428: 26425: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26410: 26409: 26407: 26405: 26401: 26395: 26392: 26390: 26387: 26385: 26382: 26381: 26379: 26375: 26369: 26368:Muslim Sicily 26366: 26364: 26361: 26360: 26358: 26356: 26352: 26346: 26343: 26341: 26337: 26334: 26332: 26329: 26327: 26324: 26322: 26319: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26303: 26301: 26297: 26294: 26290: 26286: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26236: 26234: 26228: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26208: 26206: 26202: 26198: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26180: 26177: 26175: 26172: 26170: 26167: 26165: 26162: 26161: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26145: 26142: 26140: 26137: 26135: 26132: 26130: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26073: 26070: 26068: 26065: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26038: 26035: 26033: 26030: 26028: 26025: 26023: 26020: 26018: 26015: 26013: 26010: 26009: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25973: 25970: 25968: 25965: 25964: 25962: 25954: 25950: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25910: 25908: 25904: 25900: 25893: 25890: 25885: 25882: 25879: 25876: 25873: 25872:Duchy of Rome 25870: 25869: 25867: 25864: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25854: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25821: 25818: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25809: 25806: 25803: 25800: 25797: 25794: 25793: 25791: 25785: 25782: 25772: 25765: 25762: 25759: 25756: 25753: 25750: 25747: 25746:Roman Kingdom 25744: 25743: 25741: 25739: 25735: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25718:Magna Graecia 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25699: 25696: 25692: 25689: 25688: 25687: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25665: 25662: 25661: 25660: 25657: 25656: 25654: 25650: 25646: 25639: 25634: 25632: 25627: 25625: 25620: 25619: 25616: 25602: 25601:Soviet empire 25599: 25597: 25594: 25593: 25591: 25590: 25588: 25586:Miscellaneous 25584: 25578: 25575: 25573: 25570: 25568: 25565: 25563: 25560: 25558: 25555: 25551: 25548: 25547: 25546: 25543: 25542: 25540: 25536: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25504: 25501: 25500: 25499: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25489: 25486: 25484: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25469: 25466: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25439: 25438: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25423: 25421: 25419: 25415: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25383: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25370: 25367: 25366: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25343: 25340: 25339: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25317: 25316: 25313: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25285: 25284: 25281: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25268: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25221: 25220: 25217: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25204: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25185:German Empire 25183: 25182: 25181: 25178: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25165: 25164: 25161: 25157: 25154: 25152: 25149: 25148: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25135: 25132: 25130: 25127: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25112: 25111: 25110: 25107: 25105: 25102: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25089: 25087: 25085: 25082: 25080: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25061: 25059: 25057: 25053: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25030: 25027: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24996: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24954: 24953: 24950: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24927: 24926: 24925:Turco-Persian 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24870: 24869: 24866: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24837: 24834: 24833: 24832: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24807: 24804: 24802: 24799: 24797: 24794: 24793: 24792: 24789: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24766: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24714: 24713: 24710: 24706: 24703: 24701: 24698: 24696: 24693: 24691: 24688: 24687: 24686: 24683: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24665: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24623: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24581: 24580: 24577: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24564: 24563: 24560: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24537: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24524: 24521: 24520: 24519: 24516: 24512: 24509: 24507: 24504: 24503: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24474: 24471: 24469: 24466: 24465: 24463: 24461: 24457: 24449: 24446: 24445: 24444: 24441: 24439: 24436: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24423: 24422: 24419: 24415: 24412: 24411: 24410: 24407: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24374: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24337: 24336: 24333: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24320: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24283: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24255: 24252: 24251: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24224: 24223: 24220: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24202: 24201: 24198: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24185: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24160: 24156: 24152: 24145: 24140: 24138: 24133: 24131: 24126: 24125: 24122: 24110: 24107: 24106: 24104: 24100: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24053: 24047: 24042: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23985: 23982: 23981: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23968: 23965: 23964: 23963: 23962:Roman Armenia 23960: 23958: 23955: 23953: 23950: 23949: 23947: 23941: 23936: 23928: 23923: 23921: 23916: 23914: 23909: 23908: 23905: 23893: 23890: 23887: 23883: 23879: 23875: 23872: 23869: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23851: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23832:Late Antique) 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23727:Liechtenstein 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23682: 23679: 23675: 23671: 23667: 23663: 23659: 23656: 23654: 23651: 23649: 23645: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23626: 23622: 23618: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23598: 23594: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23568: 23566: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23517:Late Antique) 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23499: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23488: 23483: 23479: 23471: 23466: 23464: 23459: 23457: 23452: 23451: 23448: 23442: 23435: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23363: 23360: 23358: 23355: 23353: 23350: 23348: 23345: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23323: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23294: 23292: 23283: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23187: 23184: 23183: 23181: 23177: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22998: 22996: 22994: 22990: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22754: 22751: 22749: 22748:Julius Paulus 22746: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22683:Fabius Pictor 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22590: 22588: 22586: 22582: 22579: 22575: 22569: 22566: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22505: 22503: 22501: 22497: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22420:Amphitheatres 22418: 22417: 22415: 22413: 22409: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22361: 22358: 22357: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22322: 22320: 22318: 22314: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22271: 22268: 22267: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22195: 22193: 22189: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22157:Deforestation 22155: 22153: 22150: 22149: 22147: 22145: 22141: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22107:Siege engines 22105: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22093: 22090: 22089: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22076: 22073: 22072: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22040:Establishment 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22027: 22025: 22023: 22019: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21975: 21973: 21971:Extraordinary 21969: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21957:Promagistrate 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21914: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21899: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21789: 21787: 21785: 21781: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21744:Twelve Tables 21742: 21741: 21739: 21737: 21733: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21661: 21659: 21657: 21653: 21641: 21638: 21637: 21636: 21633: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21620: 21619: 21616: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21603: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21578: 21576: 21574: 21570: 21564: 21561: 21557: 21554: 21553: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21543: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21531: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21516: 21513: 21508: 21501: 21496: 21494: 21489: 21487: 21482: 21481: 21478: 21472: 21469: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21452: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21407: 21401: 21397: 21393: 21389: 21385: 21381: 21377: 21376:Eques Romanus 21373: 21372:Wiseman, T.P. 21369: 21365: 21359: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21336: 21332: 21328: 21324: 21320: 21316: 21315: 21310: 21306: 21302: 21300:0-8047-2630-2 21296: 21292: 21288: 21284: 21280: 21274: 21270: 21266: 21262: 21258: 21252: 21248: 21244: 21240: 21236: 21230: 21225: 21224: 21217: 21213: 21207: 21203: 21199: 21198:Rawson, Beryl 21195: 21191: 21185: 21181: 21177: 21176:Rawson, Beryl 21173: 21161: 21157: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21137: 21133: 21128: 21116: 21112: 21108: 21104: 21103:10.1418/90426 21100: 21096: 21092: 21087: 21075: 21071: 21065: 21061: 21057: 21053: 21049: 21045: 21044: 21038: 21034: 21028: 21024: 21020: 21016: 21012: 21006: 21002: 20998: 20994: 20990: 20986: 20980: 20976: 20971: 20967: 20965:1-84176-091-9 20961: 20957: 20952: 20948: 20942: 20937: 20936: 20930: 20926: 20922: 20916: 20912: 20907: 20903: 20897: 20893: 20889: 20885: 20881: 20877: 20873: 20869: 20865: 20861: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20844: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20828: 20824: 20820: 20815: 20811: 20805: 20801: 20796: 20792: 20786: 20782: 20778: 20774: 20770: 20764: 20760: 20756: 20752: 20748: 20744: 20740: 20736: 20732: 20728: 20724: 20720: 20715: 20711: 20705: 20701: 20697: 20693: 20689: 20685: 20681: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20665: 20659: 20655: 20650: 20646: 20640: 20636: 20631: 20627: 20621: 20617: 20612: 20608: 20602: 20598: 20593: 20589: 20583: 20579: 20575: 20574:Harris, W. V. 20571: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20555: 20551: 20547: 20543: 20539: 20535: 20534:Harris, W. V. 20531: 20527: 20521: 20517: 20513: 20512:Harris, W. V. 20509: 20505: 20499: 20495: 20491: 20487: 20484: 20480: 20474: 20469: 20468: 20462: 20458: 20454: 20448: 20444: 20440: 20436: 20432: 20426: 20422: 20417: 20413: 20407: 20403: 20398: 20394: 20388: 20384: 20379: 20375: 20369: 20365: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20347: 20343: 20338: 20334: 20329: 20325: 20319: 20315: 20310: 20306: 20300: 20296: 20292: 20288: 20284: 20278: 20274: 20270: 20266: 20262: 20256: 20252: 20248: 20244: 20240: 20236: 20230: 20226: 20222: 20218: 20214: 20210: 20206: 20200: 20196: 20191: 20187: 20181: 20177: 20172: 20171: 20165: 20161: 20157: 20153: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20131: 20125: 20121: 20116: 20112: 20106: 20103:. Routledge. 20102: 20098: 20094: 20090: 20084: 20081:. Routledge. 20080: 20075: 20071: 20065: 20061: 20057: 20053: 20049: 20043: 20039: 20035: 20031: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20015: 20010: 20006: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19987: 19975: 19971: 19970:Briggs (2010) 19966: 19958: 19952: 19948: 19940: 19934: 19928: 19921: 19913: 19907: 19903: 19896: 19888: 19881: 19873: 19871:0-3000-3882-8 19867: 19863: 19856: 19848: 19844: 19838: 19830: 19824: 19820: 19813: 19805: 19799: 19791: 19785: 19781: 19774: 19766: 19760: 19756: 19749: 19741: 19733: 19726: 19721: 19705: 19701: 19697: 19693: 19689: 19685: 19677: 19671: 19667: 19660: 19653: 19652:Brewer (2005) 19648: 19646: 19629: 19625: 19621: 19617: 19613: 19609: 19602: 19594: 19588: 19584: 19577: 19569: 19563: 19559: 19558: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19539: 19537: 19528: 19524: 19517: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19483: 19479: 19473: 19465: 19463:0-6740-1019-1 19459: 19454: 19453: 19447: 19441: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19418: 19410: 19404: 19400: 19396: 19392: 19384: 19378: 19374: 19370: 19364: 19356: 19350: 19346: 19339: 19337: 19328: 19324: 19320: 19316: 19309: 19302: 19297: 19289: 19285: 19282:(16): 10–30. 19281: 19274: 19266: 19262: 19255: 19247: 19243: 19239: 19235: 19231: 19227: 19219: 19215: 19209: 19200: 19195: 19188: 19180: 19176: 19172: 19168: 19164: 19157: 19149: 19145: 19141: 19133: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19097: 19095:0-5218-1239-9 19091: 19087: 19081: 19076: 19068: 19066:9-0040-7179-2 19062: 19058: 19051: 19043: 19039: 19035: 19031: 19027: 19023: 19016: 19009: 19003: 18995: 18987: 18982:, p. 4; 18981: 18976: 18968: 18962: 18956: 18948: 18941: 18934: 18929: 18921: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18903: 18896: 18890:, p. 70. 18889: 18884: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18852: 18847: 18839: 18832: 18824: 18818: 18813: 18806: 18801: 18793: 18785: 18777: 18770: 18764:, p. 80. 18763: 18762:Rawson (2003) 18758: 18750: 18746: 18740: 18738: 18729: 18722:. De Gruyter. 18721: 18713: 18705: 18699:, p. 18. 18698: 18693: 18687:, p. 19. 18686: 18682: 18677: 18671:, p. 88. 18670: 18665: 18658: 18653: 18646: 18645:Potter (2009) 18641: 18633: 18629: 18625: 18621: 18617: 18613: 18609: 18605: 18598: 18591: 18590:Harris (1989) 18586: 18579: 18574: 18567: 18562: 18555: 18550: 18543: 18538: 18531: 18526: 18519: 18518:Potter (2009) 18514: 18507: 18502: 18495: 18490: 18483: 18478: 18472:, p. 89. 18471: 18466: 18464: 18456: 18451: 18444: 18439: 18433:, p. 90. 18432: 18427: 18425: 18417: 18412: 18405: 18400: 18394:, p. 89. 18393: 18389: 18384: 18377: 18372: 18365: 18360: 18353: 18348: 18342:, p. 95. 18341: 18336: 18329: 18324: 18318:, p. 86. 18317: 18312: 18296: 18292: 18286: 18282: 18281: 18273: 18267:, p. 19. 18266: 18261: 18254: 18253:Harris (1989) 18249: 18242: 18237: 18230: 18225: 18218: 18217:Potter (2009) 18214: 18209: 18202: 18196: 18192: 18186:. p. 10. 18185: 18181: 18175: 18168: 18164: 18160: 18156: 18152: 18148: 18144: 18138: 18131: 18127: 18122: 18115: 18111: 18110: 18105: 18104: 18097: 18093: 18087: 18080: 18075: 18068: 18063: 18056: 18051: 18044: 18040: 18034: 18028: 18023: 18016: 18012: 18008: 18004: 18000: 17996: 17992: 17988: 17984: 17979: 17972: 17967: 17965: 17957: 17953: 17948: 17941: 17937: 17933: 17928: 17921: 17916: 17909: 17908:Harris (1989) 17905: 17904:Potter (2009) 17899: 17891: 17887: 17881: 17874: 17870: 17869:Harris (1989) 17865: 17858: 17853: 17846: 17841: 17834: 17829: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17802: 17795: 17790: 17784:, p. 97. 17783: 17779: 17773: 17766: 17764: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17736: 17728: 17724: 17720: 17716: 17709: 17707: 17699: 17696:, p. 5; 17695: 17694:Harris (1989) 17690: 17682: 17678: 17672: 17664: 17657: 17650:(4): 539–540. 17649: 17645: 17641: 17634: 17627: 17622: 17615: 17610: 17603: 17598: 17590: 17583: 17576: 17571: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17544: 17542: 17540: 17538: 17530: 17525: 17523: 17514: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17491:(1): 95–107. 17490: 17486: 17479: 17471: 17467: 17461: 17455:, p. 257 17454: 17448: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17416: 17412: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17389: 17381: 17375: 17371: 17370: 17362: 17356:, p. 421 17355: 17349: 17347:0-8923-6715-6 17343: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17320: 17304: 17300: 17296: 17290: 17283: 17278: 17271: 17266: 17259: 17254: 17252: 17244: 17239: 17233:, p. 12. 17232: 17227: 17221:, p. 14. 17220: 17215: 17207: 17203: 17197: 17190: 17185: 17178: 17173: 17165: 17158: 17152:, p. 13. 17151: 17146: 17139: 17134: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17107: 17099: 17092: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17057: 17050: 17045: 17037: 17033: 17027: 17020: 17015: 17008: 17007:Potter (2009) 17005:, p. 1; 17004: 16999: 16992: 16987: 16980: 16975: 16967: 16961: 16957: 16950: 16942: 16940:1-8417-6843-X 16936: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16913: 16906: 16902: 16897: 16890: 16885: 16878: 16873: 16871: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16843: 16836: 16831: 16829: 16820: 16816: 16810: 16805: 16798:(3): 374–417. 16797: 16793: 16789: 16782: 16780: 16778: 16769: 16762: 16760: 16752: 16747: 16741: 16737: 16731: 16724: 16716: 16714:0-5210-0230-3 16710: 16706: 16699: 16691: 16684: 16676: 16669: 16655: 16649: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16626: 16618: 16614: 16610: 16606: 16603:(11): 76–82. 16602: 16598: 16591: 16583: 16579: 16575: 16571: 16568:(10): 24–34. 16567: 16563: 16556: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16513:Rawson (2003) 16509: 16502: 16496: 16490: 16483: 16477: 16469: 16461: 16457: 16452: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16429: 16424: 16418:, p. 224 16417: 16413: 16408:. p. 12. 16407: 16403: 16397: 16390: 16385: 16379:, p. 52. 16378: 16372: 16365: 16359:, p. 63. 16358: 16352: 16345: 16337: 16334: 16327: 16321:, p. 73. 16320: 16314: 16310: 16304: 16298: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16281: 16275:, p. 50. 16274: 16269: 16263:, p. 49. 16262: 16257: 16251:, p. 55. 16250: 16246: 16241: 16235:, p. 305 16234: 16230: 16225: 16219:, p. 305 16218: 16214: 16210: 16209:Potter (2009) 16205: 16199:, p. 289 16198: 16192: 16184: 16178: 16177:Auguet (2012) 16174: 16169: 16163:, p. 237 16162: 16158: 16157:Auguet (2012) 16153: 16147:, p. 84. 16146: 16142: 16137: 16130: 16125: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16105: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16081:, p. 61. 16080: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16063: 16055: 16049: 16048:Auguet (2012) 16045: 16040: 16033: 16028: 16026: 16018: 16013: 16011: 16003: 15998: 15991: 15986: 15979: 15974: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15947: 15939: 15935: 15927: 15921: 15916: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15891: 15886: 15879: 15874: 15872: 15864: 15863:Potter (2009) 15859: 15851: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15818: 15810: 15803: 15797:, p. 20. 15796: 15795:Gowers (2003) 15790: 15789: 15784: 15778: 15770: 15763: 15755: 15748: 15741: 15740:Potter (2009) 15736: 15729: 15728:Potter (2009) 15724: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15704: 15697: 15692: 15685: 15679: 15671: 15667: 15661: 15654: 15649: 15647: 15638: 15631: 15624: 15619: 15612: 15607: 15599: 15593: 15588: 15579: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15551:Harper (2017) 15547: 15539: 15532: 15524: 15518: 15514: 15507: 15499: 15492: 15484: 15476: 15469: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15423: 15416: 15411: 15404: 15399: 15392: 15387: 15380: 15375: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15367: 15365: 15356: 15350: 15346: 15339: 15333:, p. 19. 15332: 15331:Clarke (1991) 15327: 15325: 15316: 15314:0-4721-0196-X 15310: 15306: 15299: 15292: 15291:Clarke (1991) 15288: 15283: 15276: 15275:Clarke (1991) 15271: 15264: 15263:Clarke (1991) 15259: 15252: 15251:Clarke (1991) 15247: 15239: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15212: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15154: 15147: 15145: 15137: 15132: 15124: 15117: 15110: 15105: 15098: 15097:Potter (2009) 15093: 15086: 15082: 15081:Potter (2009) 15077: 15069: 15062: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15037: 15029: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15010: 15002: 14997: 14989: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14964: 14959: 14951: 14944: 14942: 14940: 14932: 14931:Potter (2009) 14927: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14892: 14885: 14880: 14872: 14866: 14862: 14855: 14847: 14840: 14832: 14825: 14817: 14810: 14802: 14798: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14737: 14729: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14707: 14701: 14697: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14653: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14631: 14627: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14601: 14597: 14591: 14589: 14581: 14576: 14569: 14564: 14557: 14552: 14550: 14542: 14537: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14490: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14467: 14462: 14455: 14450: 14443: 14438: 14431: 14427: 14422: 14415: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14397: 14390: 14382: 14376: 14372: 14371: 14363: 14356: 14351: 14343: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14314: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14287: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14244: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14209: 14207: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14140: 14133: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14102:(5259): 246. 14101: 14097: 14090: 14074: 14072:0-5004-0035-0 14068: 14064: 14056: 14054:0-7524-1900-5 14050: 14046: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14017: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13974: 13966: 13964:9781789253986 13960: 13953: 13952: 13944: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13889: 13882: 13877: 13870: 13866: 13861: 13853: 13847: 13846:Harris (2010) 13842: 13834: 13828: 13824: 13817: 13810: 13809:Harris (2010) 13805: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13786: 13779: 13772: 13767: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13727: 13720: 13718: 13709: 13705: 13698: 13694: 13688: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13620: 13617:Packer, J.E. 13612: 13610:0-8018-4175-5 13606: 13602: 13595: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13486: 13485:Potter (2009) 13481: 13474: 13473:Potter (2009) 13469: 13462: 13461:Potter (2009) 13457: 13450: 13449:Potter (2009) 13445: 13443: 13441: 13433: 13432:Potter (2009) 13428: 13421: 13420:Potter (2009) 13416: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13393: 13388: 13381: 13380:Potter (2009) 13376: 13369: 13368:Potter (2009) 13364: 13362: 13354: 13353:Potter (2009) 13349: 13342: 13341:Potter (2009) 13338: 13333: 13326: 13325:Potter (2009) 13321: 13314: 13313:Potter (2009) 13309: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13293: 13288: 13280: 13276: 13270: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13247:Potter (2009) 13243: 13241: 13233: 13229: 13228:Potter (2009) 13224: 13217: 13216:Potter (2009) 13212: 13205: 13204:Potter (2009) 13200: 13198: 13196: 13188: 13185:and his ally 13184: 13180: 13179:Potter (2009) 13175: 13168: 13167:Potter (2009) 13163: 13156: 13155:Potter (2009) 13151: 13144: 13139: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13060: 13054:, p. 51. 13053: 13048: 13041: 13040: 13036: 13031: 13024: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12996: 12989: 12984: 12982: 12974: 12969: 12962:(3): 346–362. 12961: 12957: 12950: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12923: 12916: 12911: 12903: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12878: 12872:, p. 16. 12871: 12866: 12860:, p. 80. 12859: 12854: 12848:, p. 16. 12847: 12843: 12838: 12831: 12826: 12820:, p. 76. 12819: 12818:Millar (2012) 12814: 12812: 12804: 12799: 12792: 12787: 12780: 12775: 12768: 12763: 12756: 12751: 12743: 12741:0-8078-5520-0 12737: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12716: 12715:Abbott (1901) 12711: 12704: 12703:Abbott (1901) 12699: 12692: 12691:Abbott (1901) 12687: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12658: 12651: 12650:Potter (2009) 12646: 12639: 12638:Potter (2009) 12634: 12626: 12624:0-8018-2158-4 12620: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12606:Potter (2009) 12603: 12599: 12594: 12587: 12582: 12575: 12570: 12562: 12556: 12551: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12493: 12491:0-5218-4860-1 12487: 12483: 12475: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12446: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12422: 12415: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12363:, p. 90. 12362: 12361:Millar (2012) 12357: 12351:, p. 91. 12350: 12349:Millar (2012) 12345: 12338: 12337:Millar (2012) 12333: 12325: 12318: 12312:, p. 96. 12311: 12310:Millar (2012) 12306: 12299: 12298:Millar (2012) 12295: 12290: 12283: 12277: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12229: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12177: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12153: 12147:, p. 88. 12146: 12145:Millar (2012) 12141: 12139: 12131: 12127: 12126:Millar (2012) 12123: 12118: 12110: 12108:0-8598-9632-3 12104: 12100: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12053: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12034: 12026: 12019: 12017: 12008: 12001: 11993: 11991:0-4720-8878-5 11987: 11983: 11979: 11973: 11966: 11962: 11961:Rawson (1987) 11957: 11950: 11949:Harris (1999) 11945: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11910: 11902: 11896: 11892: 11885: 11877: 11875:0-8133-3523-X 11871: 11867: 11863: 11857: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11825: 11817: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11794:McGinn (1998) 11790: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11759:, p. 10. 11758: 11753: 11746: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11700:, p. 21. 11699: 11694: 11687: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11664:0-1951-6132-7 11660: 11656: 11649: 11642: 11637: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11578: 11577:Harris (1999) 11573: 11567:, p. 15. 11566: 11561: 11555:, p. 12. 11554: 11549: 11547: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11496:De adulteriis 11493: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11426:Severy (2002) 11422: 11414: 11412:1-1343-9183-8 11408: 11404: 11397: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11360:0-1981-4939-5 11356: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11333: 11327:, p. 15. 11326: 11325:Rawson (1987) 11321: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11226:, p. 18. 11225: 11224:Rawson (1987) 11220: 11212: 11208: 11207:Southern, Pat 11201: 11194: 11187: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11164: 11163:Potter (2009) 11159: 11152: 11147: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11134:Institutiones 11130: 11126: 11121: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11098:Millar (2012) 11094: 11087: 11082: 11076:, p. 18. 11075: 11070: 11062: 11055: 11047: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11020: 11013: 11008: 11000: 10993: 10985: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10958: 10953: 10947:, p. 16. 10946: 10941: 10935:, p. 12. 10934: 10929: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10862:0-4151-3116-2 10858: 10855:. Routledge. 10854: 10847: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10815: 10805: 10797: 10789: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10735:, book I, 32 10734: 10729: 10722: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10668: 10659: 10653: 10648: 10640: 10638:0-4152-1285-5 10634: 10630: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10611: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10576: 10568: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10544: 10542: 10534: 10529: 10522: 10517: 10510: 10509:Rochette 2018 10506: 10505:Rochette 2023 10501: 10494: 10489: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10452: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10413: 10407:, p. 549 10406: 10405:Rochette 2012 10402: 10398: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10226: 10219: 10215: 10210: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10116: 10109: 10103: 10101:0-5209-4141-1 10097: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10039: 10031: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9953: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9905: 9902:. p. 9. 9901: 9894: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9848: 9846: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9823: 9818: 9816: 9808: 9803: 9796: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9756: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9718:Southern, Pat 9713:, p. 257 9712: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9680:, p. 29. 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9656:, p. 85. 9655: 9650: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9453: 9445: 9440: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9408: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9357:Potter, David 9352: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9281:, p. 50. 9280: 9275: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9235: 9231: 9230:Roman History 9227: 9221: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9161: 9159: 9151: 9136: 9134:9781472519801 9130: 9126: 9125: 9118: 9103: 9101:9781472519801 9097: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082:Rectrix Mundi 9074: 9059: 9057:9780241003909 9053: 9049: 9048: 9040: 9025: 9023:9788896543092 9019: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9002: 8987: 8985:9780709931218 8981: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8965: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8838: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8813:0-5200-8447-0 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8779: 8772: 8770: 8762: 8757: 8750: 8749:Potter (2009) 8745: 8743: 8741: 8733: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8451: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8334: 8327: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302:. Routledge. 8301: 8300: 8292: 8285: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8178: 8171: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8129: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8094: 8086: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8035: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7902:sling bullets 7899: 7893: 7886: 7885:Clifford Ando 7881: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7852:October Horse 7849: 7843: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7786: 7783:This was the 7780: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7705:United States 7702: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7599: 7598:St. Augustine 7595: 7590: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7542:Julius Caesar 7539: 7535: 7534:kings of Rome 7531: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7489: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7443:Constantine I 7440: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333:Europe portal 7323: 7320: 7309: 7306: 7295: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7193:Roman emperor 7190: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160:Maison Carrée 7157: 7154: 7144: 7135: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7053:Constantine I 7050: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914:Roman Britain 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6854:, the divine 6853: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6793:kings of Rome 6790: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6771: 6764: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535:Epigrammatist 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6475:Metamorphoses 6471: 6468: 6464: 6463:Homeric epics 6460: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395:calligraphers 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6378:(present-day 6377: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6280:mores maiorum 6272: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6188:copyright law 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6121:literacy rate 6114: 6110: 6105: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6003:(mosaic from 6002: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956:dancing bears 5952: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5590: 5589:heroic nudity 5586: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 130 AD 5550: 5541: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5393:Roman jewelry 5390: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5270:The singular 5266:, 4th century 5265: 5261: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:funeral games 5171: 5168: 5167:curse tablets 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136:Zliten mosaic 5132: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094:ludi scaenici 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5014:chariot races 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4645:crop rotation 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4587:paterfamilias 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524:exercise room 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512:chariot races 4509: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455:appurtenances 4450: 4448: 4447:Clifford Ando 4444: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4339: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4224:De aquaeductu 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168:Roman bridges 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154:Roman temples 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4001:, spices and 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3787:ruina montium 3781: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3597:issued under 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582:issued under 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571:Roman finance 3568: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3454:Roman economy 3445: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391:gross product 3384: 3379: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196:), including 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3120:Roman cavalry 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041:Roman legions 3038: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2867:(also called 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2811:Roman emperor 2802: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660:vir illustris 2656: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2620:tres militiae 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2476:priestly role 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2298:freedom (the 2296: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2281:family values 2278: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202:Fresco of an 2201: 2192: 2183: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2140:) or slaves ( 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:amphitheatres 2031: 2023: 2018: 2013: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1875:lingua franca 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755:Mediterranean 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743:Low Countries 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1698:to more than 1693: 1688:55–60 million 1684: 98–117 1678: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Constantinian 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341:Edward Gibbon 1338: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243:, from which 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1198: 1192: 1176: 1170: 1154: 1148: 1138: 98–117 1132: 1126: 1110: 1104: 1094: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1063:rectrix mundi 1059: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973:before being 972: 968: 967:Julius Caesar 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 948: 943: 942: 936: 935:Roman consuls 932: 928: 923: 919: 912: 911: 906: 901: 888: 884: 866: 865:Roman Kingdom 862: 855: 849: 839: 837: 833: 832:United States 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655:), the first 647: 643: 632: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 586: 575: 571: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 517: 516: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Mediterranean 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 425: 423: 420: 419: 411: 409: 406: 405: 402: 396: 393: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332:• 25 BC 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 287: 282: 278: 277:Classical era 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 255: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 226: 222: 214: 209: 206: 201: 197: 196:Imperial cult 194: 193: 191: 187: 181: 178: 176: 172: 169: 168: 166: 162: 153: 150: 145: 142: 141: 139: 135: 128: 123: 118: 117:Vassal states 108: 98: 93: 87: 86: 77: 70: 64: 52: 36: 29: 26: 22: 33418:Roman Empire 33381:Western Bloc 33181:AUSCANNZUKUS 33137:Contemporary 33086:Human rights 32932:Latin Church 32906:Christianity 32856: 32815:Conservatism 32660:contemporary 32497:Architecture 32433:World War II 32393:Emancipation 32388:Abolitionism 32276:Romanization 32271:Roman legacy 32252:Roman Empire 32251: 32076:World War II 31929:Early modern 31906:Kalmar Union 31777:Papal States 31695:Roman Empire 31694: 31573: 31564: 31557: 31550: 31543: 31535: 31530:On the Ocean 31528: 31521: 31513: 31510:Literature: 31298: 31280: 31261: 31254: 31244:Aotearoa One 31242: 31235: 31228: 31221: 31209: 31202: 31195: 31188: 31181: 31174: 31167: 31154: 31150: 31142: 31129:Experimental 31097:Museum ships 31064: 31057: 31030: 31002:Phoenician: 30993: 30988:Leontophoros 30986: 30950:Butuan boats 30945:Pontian boat 30883:Dufuna canoe 30822:Shipbuilding 30733:and theories 30703:Boris Rankov 30497: 30430:Economy and 30330:Incendiaries 30177: 30057: 29964:Indus Valley 29932:Tarumanagara 29859:Ubaid period 29777:Wadi al-Jarf 29692:Ostia Antica 29296:Fore-and-aft 29263:Shipbuilding 29238:Carvel built 29220:Construction 29178:Steering oar 29059:Sailing ship 28982:Obelisk ship 28940:Dugout canoe 28667:Architecture 28637:Quattrocento 28594:Social class 28574:Prostitution 28488:Demographics 28410:Trade unions 28353:Central Bank 28195:Human rights 28175:Constitution 27958:Contemporary 27928:World War II 27816:Italian Wars 27740:Early modern 27682:Papal States 27660:Italy under 27630: 27606:Ancient Rome 27292: 27285:Ancient Rome 27256:311–129 BCE 27242: 27235:336–301 BCE 27225:539–331 BCE 27215: 27208:626–539 BCE 27199:729–609 BCE 27189:911–729 BCE 27180: 27174: 27168: 27156: 27121: 27111: 27105: 27075: 27063: 27048: 27025: 27004: 26979: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26912:Timeline of 26842:(1861–1946) 26820:Papal States 26648:Transpadania 26221:Stato da Màr 25903:Papal States 25814:Lombard rule 25778:Early Modern 25766:(395–476 AD) 25758:Roman Empire 25757: 25738:Ancient Rome 25352:Contemporary 25202:Indo-Persian 25190:Nazi Germany 25134:Contemporary 25036:Vijayanagara 24935:Great Seljuk 24846:Thessalonica 24830: 24774:Golden Horde 24420: 24414:Carthaginian 24193:Neo-Assyrian 24178:Neo-Sumerian 24051:explorations 23979:Roman Crimea 23935:Roman Empire 23934: 23847:Vatican City 23800:Saudi Arabia 23772:North Africa 23477: 23362:Institutions 23226:Leptis Magna 23179:Major cities 23086:Philostratus 22873:Quadrigarius 22693:Rufus Festus 22556:Contemporary 22277:Romanization 22200:Architecture 21807:Collegiality 21656:Constitution 21572: 21507:Ancient Rome 21435:Online books 21426:Roman Empire 21425: 21395: 21383: 21379: 21375: 21353: 21334: 21330: 21312: 21290: 21268: 21246: 21222: 21201: 21179: 21164:. Retrieved 21135: 21119:. Retrieved 21094: 21078:. Retrieved 21042: 21022: 21000: 20974: 20955: 20934: 20910: 20891: 20851: 20847: 20822: 20818: 20799: 20780: 20758: 20722: 20718: 20699: 20679: 20675: 20653: 20634: 20615: 20596: 20577: 20541: 20537: 20515: 20493: 20482: 20466: 20442: 20420: 20401: 20382: 20363: 20341: 20332: 20313: 20294: 20272: 20250: 20224: 20213:Bowman, Alan 20194: 20169: 20164:Brown, Peter 20141: 20119: 20100: 20078: 20059: 20037: 20017: 20013: 19994: 19965: 19946: 19938: 19926: 19920: 19901: 19895: 19886: 19880: 19861: 19855: 19846: 19843:Briggs, Ward 19837: 19818: 19812: 19803: 19798: 19779: 19773: 19754: 19748: 19739: 19732: 19725:Rüpke (2007) 19720: 19708:. Retrieved 19691: 19687: 19665: 19659: 19632:. Retrieved 19615: 19611: 19601: 19582: 19576: 19556: 19544:Brown, Peter 19526: 19522: 19516: 19504:. Retrieved 19497:the original 19492: 19488: 19478:Brown, Peter 19472: 19451: 19440: 19431: 19417: 19390: 19372: 19369:Brown, Peter 19363: 19344: 19318: 19314: 19308: 19296: 19279: 19273: 19265:the original 19254: 19229: 19225: 19217: 19208: 19193: 19187: 19170: 19166: 19155: 19142:(26): 6–38. 19139: 19107: 19103: 19085: 19075: 19056: 19050: 19025: 19021: 19015: 19001: 18993: 18985: 18980:Rüpke (2007) 18975: 18966: 18960: 18955: 18946: 18940: 18935:, p. 4. 18933:Rüpke (2007) 18928: 18901: 18895: 18883: 18871:. Retrieved 18867: 18858: 18846: 18837: 18831: 18822: 18816: 18812: 18807:, p. 3. 18800: 18791: 18783: 18775: 18769: 18757: 18748: 18727: 18719: 18711: 18704: 18692: 18676: 18664: 18652: 18640: 18607: 18603: 18597: 18592:, p. 5. 18585: 18573: 18561: 18549: 18537: 18525: 18513: 18501: 18489: 18477: 18450: 18438: 18411: 18399: 18383: 18371: 18359: 18347: 18335: 18323: 18311: 18299:. Retrieved 18279: 18272: 18260: 18255:, p. 3. 18248: 18236: 18224: 18208: 18194: 18183: 18174: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18154: 18146: 18142: 18137: 18132:, p. 70 18121: 18107: 18101: 18095: 18086: 18074: 18062: 18050: 18042: 18032: 18022: 18014: 18010: 18006: 18002: 17998: 17994: 17990: 17978: 17947: 17935: 17927: 17915: 17897: 17889: 17880: 17864: 17852: 17840: 17828: 17819: 17813: 17801: 17789: 17771: 17753: 17747: 17735: 17718: 17714: 17689: 17680: 17671: 17662: 17656: 17647: 17643: 17639: 17633: 17621: 17609: 17597: 17588: 17582: 17570: 17553: 17549: 17512: 17488: 17484: 17478: 17469: 17460: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17398: 17394: 17388: 17368: 17361: 17337: 17331: 17319: 17307:. Retrieved 17298: 17289: 17277: 17265: 17238: 17226: 17214: 17205: 17202:Newby, Zahra 17196: 17184: 17172: 17163: 17157: 17145: 17133: 17124: 17118: 17106: 17097: 17091: 17066: 17062: 17056: 17044: 17035: 17032:Zanker, Paul 17026: 17019:Gazda (1991) 17014: 16998: 16986: 16974: 16955: 16949: 16930: 16924: 16912: 16904: 16896: 16884: 16860: 16854: 16842: 16818: 16814: 16804: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16767: 16746: 16735: 16729: 16723: 16704: 16698: 16689: 16683: 16674: 16668: 16657:, retrieved 16635: 16625: 16600: 16596: 16590: 16565: 16561: 16555: 16530: 16526: 16520: 16508: 16494: 16489: 16475: 16467: 16459: 16444: 16435: 16423: 16405: 16396: 16384: 16370: 16364: 16350: 16344: 16336: 16332: 16326: 16312: 16303: 16280: 16268: 16256: 16240: 16224: 16204: 16197:Rüpke (2007) 16190: 16182: 16173:Dyson (2010) 16168: 16152: 16136: 16129:Dyson (2010) 16124: 16117:Dyson (2010) 16104: 16095: 16086: 16067:Dyson (2010) 16062: 16053: 16039: 15997: 15985: 15973: 15964: 15958: 15951:Dyson (2010) 15946: 15933: 15925: 15915: 15906: 15897: 15885: 15858: 15839: 15829: 15817: 15808: 15802: 15787: 15777: 15768: 15762: 15753: 15747: 15735: 15723: 15703: 15691: 15677: 15669: 15660: 15636: 15630: 15618: 15606: 15597: 15587: 15563:(1): 61–95. 15560: 15556: 15546: 15537: 15531: 15512: 15506: 15497: 15491: 15482: 15474: 15468: 15435: 15431: 15422: 15410: 15398: 15386: 15344: 15338: 15304: 15298: 15282: 15277:, p. 2. 15270: 15258: 15246: 15221: 15217: 15211: 15199:. Retrieved 15192:the original 15163: 15159: 15131: 15122: 15116: 15109:Jones (2003) 15104: 15092: 15076: 15067: 15060: 15042: 15036: 15017: 14996: 14987: 14979: 14976:Raja, Rubina 14970: 14958: 14949: 14926: 14901: 14897: 14891: 14879: 14860: 14854: 14845: 14839: 14830: 14824: 14815: 14809: 14800: 14796: 14778: 14749:(1): 58–68. 14746: 14742: 14736: 14713: 14695: 14671: 14667: 14656:. Retrieved 14647: 14638: 14629: 14625: 14617: 14608: 14599: 14575: 14568:Jones (1960) 14563: 14556:Jones (1960) 14541:Jones (1960) 14536: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14489: 14473: 14461: 14449: 14437: 14429: 14426:Ray Laurence 14421: 14395: 14389: 14369: 14362: 14350: 14331: 14325: 14313: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14253: 14249: 14243: 14218: 14214: 14193:. Retrieved 14149: 14145: 14132: 14099: 14095: 14089: 14062: 14044: 14026: 14016: 13983: 13979: 13973: 13950: 13943: 13902: 13898: 13888: 13876: 13868: 13860: 13851: 13841: 13822: 13816: 13784: 13778: 13766: 13747: 13725: 13707: 13696: 13687: 13675:. Retrieved 13647: 13643: 13627: 13618: 13600: 13594: 13575: 13566: 13554:. Retrieved 13545: 13541: 13524: 13505: 13492: 13480: 13468: 13456: 13427: 13415: 13407: 13399: 13387: 13375: 13348: 13332: 13320: 13287: 13278: 13269: 13260: 13254: 13223: 13211: 13174: 13162: 13150: 13138: 13105: 13101: 13069: 13065: 13059: 13047: 13037: 13030: 13021: 13019: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12968: 12959: 12955: 12949: 12940: 12934: 12929:, p. 9. 12927:Bohec (2000) 12922: 12910: 12885: 12877: 12865: 12853: 12837: 12825: 12798: 12786: 12774: 12762: 12750: 12731: 12722: 12710: 12698: 12686: 12674:. Retrieved 12664: 12657: 12645: 12633: 12614: 12601: 12593: 12586:Bohec (2000) 12581: 12576:, p. 8. 12574:Bohec (2000) 12569: 12560: 12550: 12517: 12513: 12481: 12463: 12457: 12445: 12431: 12421: 12404:. Retrieved 12387: 12383: 12356: 12344: 12332: 12323: 12317: 12305: 12289: 12284:, p. 5. 12265: 12259: 12247: 12242:3.169, 5.213 12235: 12223: 12211: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12117: 12098: 12095:Syme, Ronald 12085: 12073:. Retrieved 12069: 12060: 12040: 12033: 12024: 12006: 12000: 11981: 11972: 11956: 11944: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11890: 11884: 11865: 11856: 11848: 11834: 11824: 11815: 11807: 11801: 11789: 11770: 11764: 11752: 11740: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11693: 11681: 11672: 11654: 11648: 11643:, p. 7. 11636: 11627: 11621: 11589:(1): 27–43. 11586: 11582: 11572: 11560: 11536: 11526: 11512: 11503: 11495: 11485: 11481: 11470: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11428:, p. 4. 11421: 11402: 11396: 11387: 11375: 11369: 11350: 11344: 11332: 11320: 11298:(1–2): 296. 11295: 11291: 11283: 11274: 11262: 11253: 11247: 11231: 11219: 11210: 11199: 11193: 11179: 11170: 11158: 11146: 11138: 11132: 11120: 11111: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11069: 11060: 11054: 11045: 11037: 11031: 11019: 11007: 10998: 10992: 10983: 10959:, p. 9. 10952: 10940: 10928: 10909: 10888: 10879: 10852: 10846: 10813: 10803: 10795: 10787: 10779: 10773: 10764: 10750: 10744: 10736: 10733:Hist. Franc. 10732: 10728: 10721:Adams (2003) 10716: 10704: 10679: 10675: 10657: 10647: 10628: 10609: 10602:. Retrieved 10574: 10567: 10555: 10533:Adams (2003) 10528: 10516: 10500: 10493:Adams (2003) 10488: 10469: 10463: 10451: 10439:. Retrieved 10419: 10412: 10401:Freeman 2000 10392: 10375:In Catilinam 10373: 10364: 10352: 10340:. Retrieved 10313: 10310:"Literature" 10303: 10291:. Retrieved 10271: 10264: 10252:. Retrieved 10232: 10225: 10218:Adams (2003) 10209: 10197:. Retrieved 10161: 10152: 10133: 10127: 10115: 10091: 10082: 10070: 10058: 10046: 10037: 10029: 10021: 10015: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9926: 9922: 9911:. Retrieved 9899: 9886: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9839:, p. 1. 9837:Kelly (2007) 9802: 9790: 9778: 9763: 9755: 9746: 9740: 9721: 9710: 9702: 9685: 9673: 9668:, p. 3. 9666:Kelly (2007) 9661: 9654:Nicolle 2000 9649: 9637:. Retrieved 9628: 9613:. Retrieved 9604: 9594: 9585: 9578:. Retrieved 9569: 9556: 9547: 9540:. Retrieved 9531: 9515: 9503:. Retrieved 9474: 9460: 9439: 9427:. Retrieved 9417: 9407: 9388: 9379: 9360: 9351: 9339:. Retrieved 9335: 9326: 9314: 9295: 9292:Brown, Peter 9286: 9274: 9263:, retrieved 9254: 9241: 9229: 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9203: 9194: 9185: 9176: 9164:. Retrieved 9162:(in Italian) 9157: 9150: 9138:. Retrieved 9123: 9117: 9105:. Retrieved 9091: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9061:. Retrieved 9046: 9039: 9027:. Retrieved 9012: 9008: 9001: 8989:. Retrieved 8975: 8971: 8964: 8952:. Retrieved 8947: 8937: 8918: 8908: 8899: 8896:Syme, Ronald 8890: 8859: 8849: 8837: 8828: 8822: 8803: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8756: 8726: 8714:Kelly (2007) 8709: 8701: 8687: 8681: 8669:. Retrieved 8665:TheCollector 8664: 8655: 8643:. Retrieved 8618: 8614: 8604: 8592:. Retrieved 8585:the original 8580: 8576: 8527:(3/4): 125. 8524: 8520: 8492:. Retrieved 8472: 8450: 8438:. Retrieved 8418: 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8379: 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8340: 8333: 8325: 8318:. Retrieved 8298: 8291: 8283: 8276:. Retrieved 8256: 8249: 8241: 8234:. Retrieved 8214: 8207: 8199: 8184: 8177: 8169: 8162:. Retrieved 8142: 8135: 8127: 8120:. Retrieved 8100: 8093: 8074:. Retrieved 8054: 8029: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7979: 7958: 7952: 7929: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7897: 7892: 7880: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7846:Such as the 7842: 7834: 7830: 7814: 7809: 7797: 7792: 7784: 7779: 7762: 7745: 7735: 7731: 7727:Lusus Troiae 7725: 7720: 7711: 7687: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7637: 7627: 7621: 7613: 7601: 7589: 7579: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7525: 7497: 7488: 7481:Thessalonica 7469:Latin Empire 7459: 7452:Roman Senate 7436: 7411: 7398: 7388: 7262: 7260:) in 1861. 7257:Risorgimento 7255: 7245: 7178: 7169:, France, a 7162: 7155: 7109: 7097: 7084:Roman temple 7046: 6990:Roman Judaea 6987: 6956: 6935: 6928:family rites 6922: 6910:Sol Invictus 6882: 6878:Saudi Arabia 6859: 6849: 6835: 6828: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6768:The emperor 6678: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6631: 6596: 6582:Augustan age 6579: 6564: 6546: 6512: 6494:. The early 6473: 6456: 6435: 6431:Ovid's exile 6417:Latin poetry 6392: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6298: 6294:ludimagister 6292: 6289: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6237: 6232:recitationes 6230: 6228: 6205: 6203: 6175: 6167: 6165: 6159:" (e.g. the 6157:magic spells 6146: 6136: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6086: 6080: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6037:such as the 6022: 6016: 6010: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5974:story ballet 5967: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5926: 5863: 5824:Glassblowing 5817: 5811: 5788:compositions 5782: 5772:Opus sectile 5770: 5762: 5749: 5737: 5729:Roman mosaic 5686: 5669: 5642: 5627: 5594: 5578: 5569: 5566:Vibia Sabina 5484: 5462: 5445: 5439: 5434: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5352: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5318:, including 5291: 5288:knucklebones 5284:hoop rolling 5279:Ludus Magnus 5277: 5271: 5269: 5264:Roman Sicily 5225: 5208: 5196: 5172: 5158: 5155:sports riots 5148: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5063:amphitheatre 5056: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5021: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4975:Recitationes 4957: 4917: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4831: 4821: 4814: 4811:archimagirus 4810: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4766:Roman mosaic 4724: 4708: 4685: 4679: 4667: 4664:Cura Annonae 4661: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483:Ostia Antica 4478: 4452: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4418: 4396: 4376: 4365: 4341: 4334: 4275:steam engine 4267:public baths 4261: 4249:Aqua Claudia 4222: 4216: 4199:Pont du Gard 4184:Subiaco Dams 4166: 4131: 4089:pieced goods 4084: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4059:negotiatores 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4002: 3980: 3958: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3895:Mare Nostrum 3893: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3821: 3798: 3756: 3728: 3718: 3712:had to fund 3677:central bank 3673:money supply 3660: 3648: 3647:, one-tenth 3642: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3612: 3594: 3579: 3542: 3536: 3518: 3507: 3497: 3477: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3415: 3388: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3331: 3316: 3313:mos regionis 3312: 3305: 3288: 3278: 3221: 3210: 3191: 3179: 3172:Roman people 3156: 3124: 3107: 3105: 3085: 3075: 3044: 3031: 3025: 3011: 3007:Romanization 2995: 2942: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2895:transparency 2890: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2844: 2833:) wearing a 2795: 2787: 2777: 2743: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2618: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2578: 2573: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2519:Roman census 2514: 2510: 2508: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2453:Cinerary urn 2437: 2431: 2416: 2409: 2392:Servile Wars 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2361:Aquilian Law 2346: 2317: 2299: 2288: 2274: 2253: 2246: 2244:The archaic 2243: 2238: 2230: 2228: 2216: 2210:(60–79 AD), 2199: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130:jurist Gaius 2127: 2114:Legal status 2101: 2095: 2081: 2060: 2046: 2027: 1939:Proto-Basque 1887:Vulgar Latin 1884: 1863:enfranchised 1860: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1824: 1816: 1813:Jireček Line 1784: 1780: 1774: 1760:mare nostrum 1758: 1720: 1712: 1674: 1648: 1638: 1621: 1606: 1598: 1592: 1560: 1534: 1502:disintegrate 1495: 1466:Theodosius I 1419: 1411:Christianity 1372:civil strife 1349: 1330: 1214: 1212: 1116: 96–98 1076: 1053:provinciarum 1042: 1035: 1021: 1012: 1006: 981:in 42 BC by 975:assassinated 969:was briefly 956: 951: 945: 939: 915: 908: 778:. Roman and 772:Christianity 736:architecture 717: 671:, involving 543: 520: 505:Roman Senate 474: 446:Roman Empire 445: 443: 377:Succeeded by 376: 371: 252: 215:from AD 380) 32:Roman Empire 25: 33321:Open Balkan 33139:integration 33069:Rule of law 33064:Natural law 33041:Agnosticism 33019:Hellenistic 32997:Anglo-Saxon 32927:Catholicism 32866:Atlanticism 32771:Rationalism 32577:Immigration 32560:Esotericism 32418:World War I 32383:Romanticism 32363:Reformation 32343:Renaissance 32321:Middle Ages 32286:Christendom 32215:Foundations 32061:World War I 32051:Nationalism 31939:Reformation 31924:Renaissance 31896:Black Death 31829:Kievan Rus' 31732:Middle Ages 31537:Argonautica 31524:(Herodotus) 31487:Flood myths 31384:Museums and 31328:conferences 31293:Vital Alsar 31131:archaeology 30940:Austronesia 30933:Hjortspring 30928:Rochelongue 30878:Pesse canoe 30832:Ship burial 30817:Sea Peoples 30750:Lighthouses 30745:Grave goods 30693:George Bass 30473:Spice trade 30070:exploration 29892:Philippines 29887:Austronesia 29880:Old Kingdom 29757:Trincomalee 29707:Prosphorion 29652:Myos Hormos 29496:Micronesian 29487:By region: 29459:Lighthouses 29267:By region: 29032:Quinquereme 28957:Kunlun ship 28950:Penteconter 28935:Dragon boat 28732:Italophilia 28692:Coat of arm 28642:Cinquecento 28518:Immigration 28468:Aristocracy 28333:Agriculture 28227:Nationality 28200:LGBT rights 28114:Earthquakes 27995:Mani pulite 27911:World War I 27854:Unification 27847:Late modern 27811:Renaissance 27656:Middle Ages 27649:Middle Ages 27626:Roman Italy 27393:Citizenship 27302:224–mid 7C 27266:129–63 BCE 27248:Macedonians 27143:city-states 27139:Neo-Hittite 27114:Sea Peoples 27030:city-states 27009:city-states 26952:Uruk period 26914:Mesopotamia 26868:(1947–1954) 26862:(1943–1945) 26856:(1920–1924) 26848:(1882–1960) 26832:unification 26822:(1814–1870) 26816:(1815–1866) 26810:(1816–1861) 26804:(1814–1860) 26798:(1859–1860) 26792:(1849–1850) 26786:(1848–1849) 26768:(1815–1859) 26762:(1814–1859) 26756:(1814–1859) 26750:(1814–1829) 26744:(1815–1847) 26738:(1815–1848) 26628:Parthenopea 26589:(1792–1815) 26547:(1647–1648) 26513:(1282–1816) 26495:(1324–1861) 26456:Agugliastra 26321:Longobardia 25958:independent 25808:Vandal rule 24940:Khwarezmian 24873:Carolingian 24678:Rashtrakuta 24382:Shaishunaga 24281:Hellenistic 24264:New Kingdom 24254:Old Kingdom 24078:Scandinavia 24011:Netherlands 24006:Mesopotamia 23837:Switzerland 23803:(Classical) 23785:(Classical) 23707:(Classical) 23687:(Classical) 23357:Geographers 23041:Dioscorides 23021:Cassius Dio 22643:Cassiodorus 22546:Renaissance 22152:Agriculture 22124:Auxiliaries 22065:Engineering 21902:Magistrates 21754:Citizenship 21749:Mos maiorum 21684:Late Empire 21386:(1): 67–83. 21243:Rüpke, Jörg 21166:22 December 20884:Morris, Ian 20360:Elsner, Jaś 19974:Wood (2011) 19933:Wood (2011) 19199:XV.44 18681:Laes (2011) 18657:Laes (2011) 18506:Laes (2011) 18494:Laes (2011) 18443:Laes (2011) 18416:Laes (2011) 18388:Laes (2011) 18364:Laes (2011) 18005:345; Ovid, 18003:Ars Poetica 17886:Beard, Mary 17833:Ando (2000) 17806:Ando (2000) 17794:Ando (2000) 16979:Vout (2009) 16889:Vout (2009) 16835:Vout (2009) 16809:Vout (2009) 16533:: 121–134. 16482:Ando (2000) 15903:Beard, Mary 15578:10419/47594 14797:Antike Welt 14580:Vout (2009) 14221:: 361–372. 14084:per capita. 13502:Morris, Ian 13392:Cassius Dio 13183:Mark Antony 13072:: 353–355. 13020:Section 3: 12676:11 February 12390:: 870–872. 12189:(1): 1–17. 10818:. pp. 9929:: 301–324. 9639:11 February 9601:"Mehmet II" 9580:11 February 9542:11 February 9505:11 February 9444:Bury (1923) 9429:19 February 9226:Dio Cassius 9166:20 November 9140:20 November 9107:20 November 9063:20 November 9029:20 November 8991:20 November 8954:20 November 8914:Eck, Werner 8862:. pp. 8856:"Imperator" 8015:: 199–213. 7189:Charlemagne 7105:Peter Brown 7082:in Rome, a 6848:and of the 6842:Public vows 6827:and games ( 6798:mos maiorum 6667:tessellated 6615:Cassius Dio 6551:influenced 6484:Greek myths 6467:Greek lyric 6361:illiteratus 6346:ars dicendi 6337:grammaticus 5846:, from the 5808:Roman glass 5679:(54–68 AD, 5524:Portraiture 5492:—including 5327:XII scripta 5316:board games 5010:horse races 4953:pastoralism 4803:fine dining 4794:thermopolia 4631:agriculture 4532:exfoliation 4459:public cult 4409:Aquae Sulis 4384:Aphrodisias 4253:Aqua Marcia 4209:'s list of 4162:Roman roads 4081:coloratores 3917:Roman miles 3903:Roman roads 3882:Itinerarium 3793:Las Médulas 3710:public debt 3667:led to the 3555:subsistence 3464:Roman glass 3318:ius gentium 3223:res privata 3218:procurators 3214:tax farmers 3193:apparitores 3188:Roman Egypt 3087:contubernia 2927:legionaries 2869:consecratio 2857:authority ( 2849:identified 2744:honestiores 2736:crucifixion 2728:honestiores 2704:honestiores 2696:honestiores 2669:lamprotatos 2665:clarissimus 2629:procurators 2548:Gordian III 2491:Census rank 2329:Roman Egypt 2325:Agriculture 2320:Roman Italy 2269:Herculaneum 2235:family name 2221:Hellenistic 2147:ius Latinum 2103:sodalitates 1871:Koine Greek 1763:—'our sea'. 1751:Nile Valley 1700:100 million 1446:Valentinian 1333:Cassius Dio 1325:Middle Ages 1019:proconsular 983:Mark Antony 931:magistrates 792:Renaissance 776:Christendom 687:. With the 675:and by the 563:Roman Peace 489:Mark Antony 372:Preceded by 58:AD 395–1453 33412:Categories 33341:Rio Treaty 32852:Relativism 32810:Liberalism 32776:Empiricism 32728:Philosophy 32716:Secularism 32667:Philosophy 32604:Literature 32398:Capitalism 31824:Viking Age 31639:Prehistory 31546:(Polybius) 31190:Hawaiʻiloa 31072:Nemi ships 30957:Black Sea‎ 30903:Khufu ship 30864:and relics 30762:Marine art 30755:Alexandria 30662:Fik Meijer 30645:Historians 30532:Indo-Roman 30345:Greek navy 30247:Salamis II 30237:Hellespont 30197:Artemisium 30187:Nile Delta 30150:Achaemenid 30043:Achaemenid 29912:Langkasuka 29907:Micronesia 29825:Prehistory 29752:Sounagoura 29580:Chittagong 29555:Barbarikon 29534:Alexandria 29476:Pilot boat 29426:Navigation 29258:Sewn-plank 29253:Lashed-lug 29131:Figurehead 29104:Components 29073:Propulsion 29027:Quadrireme 29008:Polyremes 28987:Outriggers 28802:Traditions 28792:Television 28777:Philosophy 28742:Literature 28682:Cathedrals 28652:Settecento 28513:Healthcare 28478:Corruption 28473:Censorship 28232:Parliament 28190:Government 27990:Maxi Trial 27938:Resistance 27667:Ostrogoths 27599:Messapians 27484:Villanovan 27474:Prehistory 27467:Prehistory 27026:and other 27005:and other 26699:Pontecorvo 26657:Monarchies 26643:Subalpinia 26608:Cispadania 26603:Cisalpinia 26585:Napoleonic 26292:(774–1139) 26204:(697–1797) 25906:(754–1870) 25868:(584–751) 25816:(568–774) 25510:Portuguese 25391:Revival Le 25381:Vietnamese 25024:Later Tran 24994:Vietnamese 24890:Singhasari 24878:Holy Roman 24502:Bulgarian 24438:Satavahana 24409:Phoenician 24345:Achaemenid 24306:Indo-Greek 24286:Macedonian 24200:Babylonian 23850:(Classical 23795:San Marino 23757:Montenegro 23732:Luxembourg 23695:(Classical 23644:(Classical 23522:Azerbaijan 23246:Mediolanum 23186:Alexandria 23151:Themistius 23116:Porphyrius 22943:Tertullian 22878:Quintilian 22868:Propertius 22763:Lactantius 22713:Fulgentius 22648:Censorinus 22470:Sanitation 22455:Metallurgy 22412:Technology 22377:Demography 22325:Patricians 22292:Spectacles 22250:Literature 22245:Hairstyles 22082:Technology 21832:Praefectus 21784:Government 21774:Litigation 21759:Auctoritas 21704:Centuriate 21591:Principate 21586:Pax Romana 21546:Foundation 21060:2268/35932 19196:. p. 18191:Quintilian 18165:61.3, and 18106:5.5262 (= 16901:Tertullian 16736:Gynecology 16402:Tertullian 15201:12 January 14831:The Romans 14648:Britannica 14596:Liu, Jinyu 14195:12 January 13905:: 84–102. 13677:12 January 13556:13 January 13002:The Romans 12406:13 January 11537:York Space 11500:Modestinus 11384:, Ch. IV; 11292:Philologus 10397:Adams 2003 8645:30 October 8594:5 February 7940:References 7854:sacrifice. 7798:centonarii 7703:, and the 7682:in 197 AD. 7594:Prudentius 7448:new senate 7425:Mediolanum 7205:Third Rome 7038:Diocletian 6936:coniuratio 6788:pax deorum 6719:See also: 6691:Prudentius 6671:Saturnalia 6638:Tertullian 6515:Silver Age 6496:Principate 6425:Statue in 6415:See also: 6405:Literature 6359:In Latin, 6350:eloquentia 6326:grammatici 6180:plagiarism 6083:gladiators 5969:pantomimus 5784:Figurative 5717:erotic art 5713:spectacles 5645:sarcophagi 5630:terracotta 5490:Public art 5458:Tertullian 5435:toga picta 5348:Saturnalia 5340:backgammon 5334:(dice) or 5321:latrunculi 5300:terracotta 5250:Recreation 5203:presented 5179:sacrifices 5125:Nika riots 5079:pancratium 5077:, and the 5050:initiation 5023:venationes 4965:See also: 4961:Spectacles 4937:sacralized 4868:triclinium 4762:Still life 4747:See also: 4636:latifundia 4536:ball court 4372:horologium 4362:an obelisk 4305:Daily life 4271:hypocausts 4188:Anio Novus 4156:developed 4132:The chief 4085:Centonarii 4063:mercatores 4047:latifundia 3997:, marble, 3987:fish sauce 3945:See also: 3905:, called " 3753:Diocletian 3669:debasement 3665:fiat money 3624:sestertius 3580:Sestertius 3565:See also: 3535:. Guilds ( 3525:plutocracy 3442:resistance 3127:Roman navy 3014:Pax Romana 2998:Punic Wars 2996:After the 2879:Principate 2865:apotheosis 2860:auctoritas 2809:See also: 2732:humiliores 2700:humiliores 2585:Cappadocia 2495:See also: 2405:castration 2379:manumitted 2077:equestrian 2038:racetracks 1943:Aquitanian 1856:Punic Wars 1811:See also: 1704:Alexandria 1696:70 million 1670:Crag Lough 1650:Res Gestae 1407:Diocletian 1297:See also: 1216:Pax Romana 1084:Pax Romana 1077:Pax Romana 1028:Principate 959:civil wars 859:See also: 808:technology 788:Romanesque 744:philosophy 740:literature 699:in 476 by 631:Diocletian 550:Pax Romana 531:senatorial 349:Sestertius 336:56,800,000 322:Population 236:Government 225:Demonym(s) 213:officially 200:polytheism 155:(330–1453) 33286:Five Eyes 33281:EU–UK TCA 33123:Democracy 33012:Old Norse 32901:Abrahamic 32858:Peritrope 32840:Tolerance 32820:Socialism 32650:Mythology 32638:Classical 32587:Languages 32565:Astrology 32413:Modernism 32227:Old World 31871:Feudalism 31842:Catalonia 31559:Geography 31497:Gilgamesh 31386:memorials 31310:Viracocha 31223:Faʻafaite 31176:Sarimanok 31082:Yassi Ada 30995:Syracusia 30918:Canaanite 30893:Moor Sand 30363:By region 30325:Grappling 30297:Naulochus 30287:Myonessus 30242:Echinades 30227:Arginusae 30222:Cynossema 30207:Naupactus 30202:Eurymedon 30036:Classical 30011:Phoenicia 30006:Mycenaean 29969:Tamilakam 29952:Polynesia 29942:Srivijaya 29737:Satingpra 29697:Palembang 29681:Cattigara 29623:(Kadaram) 29606:Jambukola 29600:Guangzhou 29541:(Podouke) 29539:Arikamedu 29501:Polynesia 29434:Celestial 29347:Armaments 29333:Spritsail 29291:Crab claw 29233:Careening 29200:Sternpost 29054:Reed boat 28997:Catamaran 28972:Multihull 28762:Mythology 28737:Libraries 28657:Ottocento 28599:Terrorism 28540:Languages 28493:Education 28415:Transport 28365:Companies 28272:Provinces 28242:President 28207:Judiciary 28180:Elections 28092:Volcanoes 28087:Volcanism 28080:Apennines 28065:Mountains 28033:Peninsula 28016:Geography 27947:Civil War 27672:Byzantium 27579:Etruscans 27514:Canegrate 27509:Golasecca 27494:Rinaldone 27489:Terramare 27479:Neolithic 27217:Chaldeans 27134:Phoenicia 27072:Karduniaš 26674:Guastalla 26664:Benevento 26596:Republics 26451:Judicates 26299:Byzantine 25956:and other 25894:(585–698) 25886:(554–752) 25880:(554–752) 25874:(533–751) 25859:(584–751) 25810:(435–534) 25804:(493–553) 25798:(476–493) 25789:(476–774) 25723:Iapygians 25503:Couronian 25141:Ethiopian 25129:Manchukuo 25084:Brazilian 24930:Ghaznavid 24900:Srivijaya 24851:Trebizond 24836:Byzantine 24818:North Sea 24813:Norwegian 24801:Almoravid 24784:Ilkhanate 24754:Majapahit 24727:Muromachi 24636:Solomonic 24621:Ethiopian 24535:Caliphate 24468:Aragonese 24296:Ptolemaic 23886:Medieval) 23878:Medieval) 23742:Macedonia 23670:Medieval) 23662:Medieval) 23648:Medieval) 23625:Medieval) 23617:Medieval) 23579:Medieval) 23565:Medieval) 23498:Medieval) 23402:Quaestors 23332:Empresses 23322:Dynasties 23312:Dictators 23287:and other 23276:Volubilis 23271:Vindobona 23231:Londinium 23156:Theodoret 23126:Procopius 23106:Polyaenus 23081:Pausanias 22983:Vitruvius 22928:Symmachus 22923:Suetonius 22833:Petronius 22818:Obsequens 22783:Macrobius 22778:Lucretius 22703:Frontinus 22678:Eutropius 22663:Columella 22613:Augustine 22603:Appuleius 22551:Neo-Latin 22526:Classical 22517:Versions 22425:Aqueducts 22367:Patronage 22287:Sexuality 22260:Mythology 22235:Education 22225:Cosmetics 22050:Campaigns 22045:Structure 21998:Decemviri 21857:Imperator 21556:overthrow 21249:. Wiley. 21121:17 August 21111:1720-9331 20876:159799017 20854:: 76–96. 20747:162096359 20725:: 59–74. 20698:(2003) . 20566:162766304 20544:: 62–75. 19246:161356789 19192:Tacitus. 19132:161858491 19042:161203730 18632:163530509 18610:: 44–63. 18301:30 August 18180:Suetonius 18155:Epistulae 18141:Tacitus, 18096:Epistulae 18031:Martial. 18015:Epistulae 17991:Epistulae 17715:Mnemosyne 17164:Roman Art 17083:163488573 17034:(1998) . 16905:De Pallio 16617:248520932 16582:162861940 16371:Panegyric 16309:Suetonius 16094:(1995) . 15783:Suetonius 15496:Juvenal. 15460:163672978 15238:161983440 14918:161937987 14771:111915102 14688:143379839 14658:26 August 14632:: 81–128. 14235:232346123 14124:176767223 14008:154629776 13935:161980467 13919:0075-4358 13664:202968244 13650:: 61–91. 13187:Cleopatra 13130:161535316 13108:: 33–50. 13102:Britannia 13094:164155025 13066:Britannia 12613:(1979) . 12542:163071557 12520:: 44–73. 12384:Athenaeum 12130:quaestors 11980:(2002) . 11732:145609520 11613:162250553 11596:0706.4406 11511:(2002) . 11490:, citing 11480:(2011). " 11312:163347317 10782:. Krakow. 10604:17 August 10441:17 August 10342:17 August 10293:17 August 10254:17 August 10199:17 August 10189:258920619 9943:165770409 9387:(1974) . 8541:0145-5532 8085:help page 8021:0570-734X 7945:Citations 7916:caesareum 7848:Consualia 7827:Bituriges 7802:Jinyu Liu 7701:Caribbean 7671:conubium, 7666:peregrina 7643:diglossia 7629:oikouménē 7607:See also 7550:Imperator 7538:Imperator 7477:Trebizond 7433:Nicomedia 7404:Euphrates 7002:Jerusalem 6817:libations 6807:do ut des 6675:Macrobius 6654:Augustine 6603:Suetonius 6586:historian 6527:Petronius 6500:satirists 6498:produced 6427:Constanța 6285:pedagogue 6255:Education 6142:solecisms 6053:hydraulis 5828:Rhineland 5701:catacombs 5494:sculpture 5486:Greek art 5477:Roman art 5425:, with a 5312:harpastum 5292:astragali 5159:naufragia 5108:Colosseum 5084:naumachia 5075:wrestling 5067:footraces 5018:Troy Game 4996:circenses 4905:shellfish 4885:wild game 4854:olive oil 4714:pandemics 4710:Epidemics 4614:peristyle 4540:hypocaust 4436:civitates 4430:municipia 4322:from the 4320:Cityscape 4283:aeolipile 4257:tolerance 4229:Frontinus 4219:aqueducts 4136:were the 4127:Colosseum 4067:vestiarii 4026:fullonica 3995:glassware 3977:commodity 3969:Silk Road 3935:mansiones 3927:mansiones 3847:Caliphate 3805:Macedonia 3411:monetized 3407:fisheries 3236:Roman law 3174:governed 3147:Black Sea 3131:frontiers 3092:logistics 3082:centuries 2944:donativum 2910:salutatio 2903:consilium 2891:consilium 2748:martyrdom 2721:scourging 2713:honestior 2561:sestertii 2531:decurions 2153:peregrini 2057:patronage 1927:Palmyrene 1852:Latinitas 1847:Latinitas 1801:Languages 1795:barbarian 1747:Black Sea 1731:Euphrates 1640:Geography 1549:Mehmed II 1500:began to 1454:Mardonius 1388:Classical 1368:invasions 1352:Caracalla 1245:Vespasian 1040:monarch. 995:Cleopatra 947:imperator 889:) in 1453 836:republics 780:Greek art 715:in 1453. 661:Byzantium 612:Palmyrene 493:Cleopatra 472:in 1453. 240:Autocracy 189:Religion 81:Imperial 42:(unified) 33346:Schengen 33276:Eurozone 33116:Property 33111:Religion 33002:Frankish 32992:Germanic 32972:Paganism 32893:Religion 32881:European 32793:Humanism 32696:Religion 32655:Painting 32621:Internet 32572:Folklore 32543:Clothing 32514:Calendar 32490:Cyrillic 32475:Alphabet 32438:Cold War 32110:See also 32081:Cold War 31876:Crusades 31846:Valencia 31575:Tākitimu 31478:Legend: 31436:Roskilde 31315:Tangaroa 31256:Olympias 31230:Gaualofa 31169:Hōkūleʻa 31144:Kon-Tiki 30977:Ashkelon 30913:Uluburun 30872:Earliest 30638:Scholars 30520:shipping 30320:Boarding 30232:Mytilene 30217:Syracuse 30182:Alashiya 30145:Egyptian 30129:Military 30120:Timeline 30098:Sardinia 30021:Carthage 29937:Kalingga 29897:Sa Huỳnh 29832:Timeline 29782:Zanzibar 29732:Sarapion 29727:Rhacotis 29657:Martaban 29602:(Canton) 29595:Godavaya 29590:Giao Chỉ 29560:Barygaza 29550:Avalites 29471:Piloting 29359:Catapult 29354:Ballista 29328:Mast-aft 29141:Planking 29080:Paddling 29037:Hexareme 29002:Trimaran 28967:Longship 28915:Balangay 28840:Category 28727:Internet 28717:Folklore 28647:Seicento 28632:Trecento 28627:Duecento 28589:Religion 28550:Regional 28528:Italians 28503:Gambling 28395:Taxation 28222:Military 28163:Politics 27965:Republic 27752:Florence 27677:Lombards 27616:Republic 27562:Samnites 27557:Picentes 27499:Apennine 27458:Railways 27438:Military 27386:By topic 27370:Overview 27354:articles 27158:Arameans 27152:Damascus 27123:Arameans 27077:Kassites 27065:Hurrians 26633:Piedmont 26483:Oristano 26476:Logudoro 26466:Cagliari 26441:Sardinia 26174:Piedmont 25923:Holy See 25774:Medieval 25728:Picentes 25671:Samnites 25483:Japanese 25446:Scottish 25426:American 25418:Colonial 25347:Imperial 25315:Moroccan 25251:Japanese 25229:Afsharid 25088:Burmese 25074:Austrian 25029:Later Le 25004:Early Le 24989:Venetian 24915:Tiwanaku 24828:Hellenic 24791:Moroccan 24722:Kamakura 24712:Japanese 24695:Saffarid 24648:Georgian 24562:Chalukya 24540:Rashidun 24530:Calakmul 24498:Bruneian 24377:Haryanka 24355:Sasanian 24350:Parthian 24301:Bactrian 24291:Seleucid 24271:Goguryeo 24249:Egyptian 24183:Assyrian 24173:Akkadian 24164:Colonies 24102:See also 24026:Scotland 24021:Slovakia 23943:Occupied 23823:Slovenia 23818:Slovakia 23808:Scotland 23782:Portugal 23631:Guernsey 23407:Tribunes 23397:Praetors 23347:Generals 23327:Emperors 23236:Lugdunum 23221:Eboracum 23211:Carthage 23196:Aquileia 23111:Polybius 23101:Plutarch 23071:Libanius 23061:Josephus 23056:Herodian 22948:Tibullus 22863:Priscian 22838:Phaedrus 22798:Manilius 22743:Jordanes 22728:Hydatius 22658:Claudian 22638:Catullus 22628:Boëthius 22623:Ausonius 22541:Medieval 22513:Alphabet 22485:Theatres 22460:Numerals 22445:Concrete 22435:Circuses 22402:Bagaudae 22392:Adoption 22387:Marriage 22360:Assembly 22265:Religion 22240:Folklore 22220:Clothing 22215:Calendar 22172:Currency 22162:Commerce 22060:Strategy 22022:Military 22008:Triumvir 21988:Dictator 21983:Interrex 21962:Governor 21947:Quaestor 21910:Ordinary 21892:Province 21882:Tetrarch 21872:Augustus 21837:Vicarius 21827:Officium 21764:Imperium 21714:Plebeian 21674:Republic 21596:Dominate 21563:Republic 21524:Timeline 21394:(2011). 21380:Historia 21325:(2009). 21289:(1997). 21267:(1988). 21245:(2007). 21200:(2003). 21178:(1987). 21160:Archived 21115:Archived 21080:13 April 21074:Archived 20999:(1999). 20931:(1991). 20890:(2009). 20779:(2008). 20757:(2007). 20514:(1989). 20492:(2005). 20463:(2009). 20441:(2003). 20293:(1994). 20271:(1991). 20249:(1999). 20140:(2000). 20099:(1997). 20058:(2000). 20036:(1997). 19993:(1901). 19704:Archived 19700:41443760 19628:Archived 19624:25017472 19554:(eds.). 19480:(1993). 19448:(1976). 19430:(eds.). 19371:(2003). 19232:: 1–13. 18873:4 August 18747:(1998). 18295:Archived 18184:Domitian 18167:Caligula 18163:Tiberius 18159:Augustus 18145:2.1 and 18143:Agricola 18033:Epigrams 17995:Epigrams 17936:Epigrams 17679:(1984). 17640:cinaedus 17468:(1994). 17303:Archived 16659:4 August 16632:"dicing" 16443:(1995). 15838:(1999). 15188:31943417 14978:(2012). 14848:. Brill. 14718:Springer 14652:Archived 14616:(1982). 14602:. Brill. 14598:(2009). 14528:33380115 14186:Archived 14182:45080402 14174:17797222 13986:: 1–32. 13668:Archived 13615:quoting 13574:(2007). 13550:Archived 13536:(2009). 13410:13.31.2. 13394:55.31.4. 13277:(2000). 12956:Historia 12670:Archived 12598:Plutarch 12400:Archived 12097:(1999). 12075:4 August 11864:(2001). 11492:Papinian 11282:(1987). 11209:(2006). 11178:(1979), 10908:(2015). 10871:34514667 10598:Archived 10435:Archived 10336:Archived 10287:Archived 10248:Archived 10193:Archived 10090:(2006). 10007:29142013 9904:Archived 9720:(2001). 9701:(2011). 9633:Archived 9609:Archived 9574:Archived 9564:(1776). 9536:Archived 9523:(1776). 9499:Archived 9423:Archived 9415:(1923). 9359:(2004). 9341:4 August 9294:(1971). 9259:archived 9249:(1776), 9210:4 August 9184:(2000). 8898:(1939). 8794:(1999). 8725:(2000). 8639:Archived 8494:26 April 8488:Archived 8440:26 April 8434:Archived 8401:26 April 8395:Archived 8362:26 April 8356:Archived 8320:26 April 8314:Archived 8278:26 April 8272:Archived 8236:26 April 8230:Archived 8164:26 April 8158:Archived 8122:26 April 8116:Archived 8076:26 April 8070:Archived 7978:(2011). 7873:: 45–75. 7850:and the 7819:Avaricum 7772:Hispania 7675:conubium 7561:Augustus 7530:Augustus 7358:("Great 7291:See also 7265:founders 7250:and the 7225:Ottomans 7187:crowned 7112:heretics 7088:Augustus 7080:Pantheon 7026:Bithynia 7014:Domitian 6856:tutelary 6705:Religion 6695:Claudian 6687:Ausonius 6619:Plutarch 6611:Josephus 6557:Domitian 6502:such as 6332:rhetores 6224:Domitian 6138:Numeracy 6000:tympanum 5978:libretto 5935:travesti 5894:cage cup 5765:tesserae 5689:Etruscan 5672:Zephyrus 5655:Painting 5465:Dominate 5450:trousers 5377:Clothing 5359:Plutarch 5187:Thracian 5163:chthonic 5127:in 532. 5120:theatres 5116:circuses 4949:gluttony 4941:paganism 4897:flamingo 4891:such as 4873:gustatio 4846:Aurelian 4824:calories 4816:collegia 4799:Carryout 4783:cauponae 4778:tabernae 4616:garden. 4605:tabernae 4502:latrinae 4479:latrinae 4461:and its 4423:coloniae 4326:(60s AD) 4287:cylinder 4251:and the 4239:, using 4237:gradient 4158:Etruscan 4150:concrete 4076:fullones 4035:collegia 3973:Egyptian 3925:(plural 3845:and the 3825:allowed 3749:Aurelian 3733:Commodus 3729:denarius 3721:Antonine 3714:deficits 3649:denarius 3634:denarius 3603:Victoria 3538:collegia 3485:land use 3462:A green 3423:portoria 3418:poll tax 3367:Taxation 3350:and the 3285:blondish 3180:imperium 3030:and the 2951:Military 2883:Dominate 2851:emperors 2730:, while 2717:humilior 2709:dignitas 2674:dignitas 2654:dignitas 2625:prefects 2536:curiales 2513:(plural 2471:patronus 2466:libertas 2444:Freedmen 2375:peculium 2371:peculium 2366:conubium 2285:Adultery 2249:marriage 2223:original 2097:collegia 2069:marriage 2061:amicitia 1989:Domitian 1631:Augustus 1627:Republic 1551:and his 1528:warlord 1526:Germanic 1422:tetrarch 1396:Aurelian 1337:Commodus 1323:and the 1233:Claudius 1229:Caligula 1225:Tiberius 1037:de facto 1032:Tiberius 1023:imperium 1014:princeps 1008:Augustus 987:Octavian 941:imperium 883:Republic 728:religion 724:language 695:and the 620:Aurelian 585:Commodus 535:imperial 522:Augustus 515:imperium 509:Octavian 507:granted 458:Octavian 454:Republic 345:Currency 286:Timeline 198:-driven 109:'s death 33191:Benelux 33096:Thought 33046:Atheism 32987:Finnish 32963:Culture 32958:Judaism 32920:Eastern 32916:Western 32911:Culture 32845:Paradox 32711:Decline 32672:Science 32548:History 32536:Studies 32519:Cuisine 32507:Periods 32467:Culture 32296:History 32262:Eastern 32257:Western 32208:culture 31951:Baroque 31850:Majorca 31762:Francia 31515:Odyssey 31492:Genesis 31289:Others 31088:Lists: 31077:Marausa 31027:Roman: 31017:Punic: 30982:Kyrenia 30973:Greek: 30969:Marsala 30962:Sinop D 30837:Tacking 30571:History 30458:Meluhha 30448:Fishing 30443:Whaling 30350:Ramming 30272:Aegates 30267:Drepana 30262:Ecnomus 30192:Salamis 30180: 30170:Battles 30048:Nabatea 30031:Archaic 30001:Nuragic 29991:Somalia 29842:Oceania 29837:Britain 29814:History 29747:Socotra 29717:Qandala 29702:Piraeus 29672:Muziris 29642:Madurai 29637:Manthai 29575:Canopus 29545:Arsinoe 29517:harbors 29466:History 29454:Coastal 29384:Sambuca 29369:Dolphin 29283:Rigging 29095:Poling 29085:Sailing 29022:Trireme 28962:Liburna 28925:Coracle 28895:Vessels 28797:Theatre 28772:Palaces 28752:Museums 28722:Gardens 28707:Fashion 28697:Cuisine 28677:Castles 28619:Culture 28569:Poverty 28545:Italian 28456:Society 28437:Welfare 28405:Tourism 28375:Exports 28343:Banking 28323:Economy 28311:Economy 28267:Regions 28149:Valleys 28119:Islands 28099:Beaches 28070:Prealps 28050:Geology 28038:Climate 27702:Normans 27662:Odoacer 27611:Kingdom 27594:Ligures 27530:Ancient 27504:Nuragic 27453:Postage 27428:Judaism 27418:Genetic 27408:Fashion 27403:Economy 27362:History 27060:Mitanni 27028:Amorite 27007:Amorite 26981:Gutians 26714:Corsica 26704:Tuscany 26669:Etruria 26618:Liguria 26471:Gallura 26461:Arborea 26377:Lombard 26077:Tuscany 26067:Trieste 25703:Ligures 25664:Etruria 25550:largest 25545:Empires 25525:Swedish 25520:Spanish 25515:Russian 25478:Italian 25453:Chinese 25441:English 25436:British 25431:Belgian 25406:Vietnam 25396:Tay son 25342:Tsarist 25337:Russian 25332:Ottoman 25298:Dzungar 25293:Khoshut 25266:Mexican 25261:Maratha 25244:Pahlavi 25224:Safavid 25219:Iranian 25146:Haitian 25109:Chinese 25069:Ashanti 25041:Wagadou 24967:Eastern 24962:Western 24945:Timurid 24905:Tibetan 24895:Songhai 24885:Serbian 24806:Almohad 24796:Idrisid 24700:Samanid 24690:Tahirid 24685:Iranian 24663:Kannauj 24643:Genoese 24579:Chinese 24572:Eastern 24567:Western 24555:Fatimid 24550:Abbasid 24545:Umayyad 24518:Burmese 24478:Ayyubid 24473:Angevin 24443:Xianbei 24431:Eastern 24426:Western 24372:Magadha 24335:Iranian 24328:Xiongnu 24313:Hittite 24222:Chinese 24210:Kassite 24159:Ancient 24151:Empires 24083:Somalia 24073:Ireland 24001:Germany 23996:Georgia 23984:Cherson 23974:Assyria 23864:Tunisia 23859:Ukraine 23790:Romania 23762:Morocco 23747:Moldova 23636:Hungary 23608:Germany 23603:Georgia 23570:Croatia 23537:Belgium 23532:Balkans 23527:Austria 23508:Andorra 23503:Algeria 23377:Legions 23337:Fiction 23307:Consuls 23302:Climate 23256:Ravenna 23251:Pompeii 23241:Lutetia 23206:Bononia 23201:Berytus 23191:Antioch 23166:Zosimus 23161:Zonaras 23136:Sozomen 23121:Priscus 23096:Photius 22938:Terence 22933:Tacitus 22918:Statius 22903:Servius 22888:Sallust 22843:Plautus 22823:Orosius 22803:Martial 22758:Juvenal 22733:Hyginus 22718:Gellius 22577:Writers 22508:History 22490:Thermae 22480:Temples 22430:Bridges 22397:Slavery 22345:Equites 22317:Society 22297:Theatre 22270:Deities 22230:Cuisine 22210:Bathing 22192:Culture 22167:Finance 22144:Economy 22035:Borders 22030:History 21932:Tribune 21927:Praetor 21817:Legatus 21812:Emperor 21699:Curiate 21669:Kingdom 21664:History 21640:History 21623:decline 21581:History 21551:Kingdom 21534:History 21519:Outline 20839:1087296 20819:Phoenix 20688:2591177 19983:Sources 19806:. 2008. 19259:Pliny. 19216:(425). 18147:Annales 18112:2927); 18007:Tristia 17999:Carmina 17447:1192603 17427:Phoenix 17415:4350348 17309:16 June 16740:Soranus 16369:Pliny. 14763:3102810 14278:6986654 14258:Bibcode 14250:Science 14154:Bibcode 14146:Science 14104:Bibcode 14096:Science 14025:(ed.). 14000:3184857 13871:6.17.3. 13869:Annales 13865:Tacitus 13408:Annales 13404:Tacitus 13039:Annales 13035:Tacitus 12602:Moralia 11482:Stuprum 9998:5721147 9983:(136). 9913:25 July 9615:3 April 9528:(ebook) 9497:. BBC. 9265:27 June 9234:72.36.4 8635:1971891 8549:1170959 7867:Stadion 7823:Bourges 7815:oppidum 7732:equites 7570:emperor 7518: 7438:de jure 7429:Ravenna 7237:Romaioi 7163:(right) 7006:Tacitus 7000:out of 6953:Judaism 6906:Mithras 6650:Vulgate 6584:is the 6575:Tacitus 6543:Statius 6539:Martial 6508:Juvenal 6504:Persius 6399:scribes 6376:Berytus 6367:paideia 6271:loculus 6214:did in 6184:forgery 6176:volumen 6168:volumen 6153:votives 6088:infames 6040:cithara 6005:Pompeii 5995:cymbala 5842:Silver 5751:Mosaics 5697:palaces 5676:Chloris 5634:reliefs 5621:On the 5454:pallium 5242:. Even 4992:Juvenal 4945:fasting 4913:gourmet 4909:Apicius 4893:peacock 4881:foodies 4842:risotto 4838:polenta 4828:legumes 4788:popinae 4773:brazier 4672:Juvenal 4610:insulae 4592:clients 4578:balneum 4507:nymphea 4497:thermae 4491:insulae 4481:) from 4449:noted: 4388:Ephesus 4370:) of a 4299:gearing 4245:toilets 4241:gravity 4071:fullers 3999:papyrus 3991:pottery 3758:solidus 3725:Severan 3701:deposit 3685:capital 3661:pecunia 3653:Bullion 3595:Solidus 3584:Hadrian 3543:corpora 3499:castrum 3474:, China 3472:Guangxi 3448:Economy 3403:in kind 3327:appeals 3299:papyrus 3290:volumen 3280:rotulus 3271:Pompeii 3267:frescos 3206:legates 3202:scribes 3198:lictors 3116:Tacitus 3108:auxilia 3078:cohorts 3072:embassy 3046:auxilia 3033:vigiles 2990:Hadrian 2979:Pompeii 2975:Victory 2973:Winged 2935:adopted 2799:limited 2667:(Greek 2640:ordines 2606:equites 2527:ordines 2515:ordines 2480:Hadrian 2424:pirates 2401:eunuchs 2290:stuprum 2258:divorce 2254:univira 2214:, Italy 2212:Pompeii 2022:Pompeii 2006:Society 1915:Aramaic 1911:Gaulish 1903:jurists 1835:papyrus 1786:limites 1777:Hadrian 1745:to the 1708:Antioch 1613:Jupiter 1553:Ottoman 1530:Odoacer 1524:to the 1413:, the " 1269:Hadrian 1153:Hadrian 997:at the 952:emperor 842:History 701:Odoacer 691:to the 600:plagues 557: 539:legates 495:at the 361:nomisma 357:solidus 254:Emperor 251:• 137:Capital 63:Eastern 51:Western 33211:CANZUK 33101:Speech 33029:Slavic 33007:Gothic 32982:Celtic 32977:Baltic 32876:Values 32677:Values 32237:Greece 31838:Aragon 31817:Amalfi 31802:Venice 31790:Second 31566:Aeneid 31282:Viking 31263:Regina 31032:Alkedo 30888:Abydos 30862:Wrecks 30731:Topics 30561:Piracy 30515:Greece 30375:Odisha 30307:Actium 30302:Mycale 30137:Navies 30026:Greece 30016:Olmecs 29984:Pandya 29959:Minoan 29922:Champa 29902:Lapita 29847:Remote 29767:Tyndis 29722:Quilon 29667:Muscat 29632:Lothal 29627:Korkai 29611:Jeddah 29585:Essina 29529:Adulis 29439:Charts 29374:Harpax 29364:Corvus 29338:Square 29306:Settee 29301:Lateen 29210:Tiller 29205:Strake 29173:Rudder 29163:Paddle 29111:Anchor 29090:Towing 29012:Bireme 28945:Galley 28920:Bangka 28828: 28702:Design 28687:Cinema 28662:Anthem 28584:Racism 28533:People 28508:Health 28370:Energy 28360:Brands 28287:Comune 28282:Cities 28144:Rivers 28104:Canals 27787:Amalfi 27772:Venice 27631:Empire 27572:Veneti 27547:Latins 27519:Latial 27352: 26780:(1848) 26774:(1831) 26729:states 26694:Naples 26404:Norman 26211:Dogado 26082:Verona 26047:Mantua 26042:Istria 26022:Finale 26012:Ancona 25960:states 25780:states 25698:Veneti 25676:Latins 25488:Mongol 25473:German 25468:French 25458:Danish 25401:Dainam 25376:Tongan 25364:Somali 25359:Sokoto 25325:'Alawi 25303:Kalmyk 25283:Mongol 25276:Second 25256:Korean 25207:Mughal 25197:Indian 25180:German 25173:Second 25163:French 25156:Second 25092:Second 25064:Afghan 25056:Modern 24982:Kyrgyz 24977:Uighur 24972:Second 24952:Turkic 24920:Toltec 24856:Epirus 24841:Nicaea 24764:Mongol 24717:Yamato 24653:Huetar 24511:Second 24448:Rouran 24397:Shunga 24392:Maurya 24367:Kushan 24340:Median 24318:Hunnic 24276:Harsha 24016:Persia 23952:Arabia 23813:Serbia 23752:Monaco 23712:Kuwait 23704:Kosovo 23692:Jordan 23684:Jersey 23589:France 23387:Nomina 23372:Legacy 23352:Gentes 23289:topics 23285:Lists 23266:Smyrna 23146:Strabo 23076:Lucian 23066:Julian 23016:Arrian 23011:Appian 23001:Aelian 22978:Vergil 22753:Justin 22738:Jerome 22723:Horace 22708:Fronto 22698:Florus 22673:Ennius 22653:Cicero 22633:Caesar 22531:Vulgar 22355:Tribes 22282:Romans 22092:Legion 22075:castra 21952:Aedile 21922:Censor 21917:Consul 21877:Caesar 21847:Lictor 21769:Status 21709:Tribal 21689:Senate 21679:Empire 21573:Empire 21509:topics 21423:about 21402: 21360: 21314:Aeneid 21309:Virgil 21297: 21275: 21253: 21231: 21208: 21186: 21152: 21109: 21066: 21029: 21007: 20981: 20962: 20943: 20917: 20898: 20874: 20868:300073 20866: 20837: 20806: 20787: 20765: 20745: 20739:298927 20737: 20706: 20686: 20660: 20641: 20622: 20603: 20584: 20564: 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