837:
40:
983:, it was standard for the Emperor to appoint a successful and politically promising individual as his successor. In modern historical analysis, this is treated by many authors as an "ideal" situation: the individual who was most capable was promoted to the position of princeps. Of the Antonine dynasty,
1254:
Digital
Reproduction of diagram found in The Anchor Atlas of World History, Vol. 1 (From the Stone Age to the Eve of the French Revolution) Paperback – December 17, 1974 by Werner Hilgemann, Hermann Kinder, Ernest A. Menze (Translator), Harald Bukor (Cartographer), Ruth Bukor
1432:
Flaig, Egon. 2011. “The
Transition from Republic to Principate: Loss of Legitimacy, Revolution, and Acceptance.” In The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, Edited by Jóhann Páll Arnason and Kurt A. Raaflaub. Ancient World, 67–84. Chichester:
938:) providing occasional public games, gladiators, horse races and artistic shows. Large distributions of food for the public and charitable institutions also served as popularity boosters, while the construction of public works provided paid employment for the poor.
800:
Although dynastic pretences crept in from the start, formalizing this in a monarchic style remained politically perilous; and
Octavian was undoubtedly correct to work through established Republican forms to consolidate his power. He began with the powers of a
706:
In a more limited and precise chronological sense, the term
Principate is applied either to the entire Empire (in the sense of the post-Republican Roman state), or specifically to the earlier of the two phases of Imperial government in the ancient
1037:
disappeared, like the territorial unity of the Empire, and new forms of pomp and awe were deliberately used in an attempt to insulate the emperor and the civil authority from the unbridled and mutinous soldiery of the mid-century.
825:, whom you have invested with such great discretionary power, ought to be the servant of the Senate, and often of the whole citizen body". Thereafter, however, the role of princeps became more institutionalised: as
932:
Generally speaking, it was expected of the
Emperor to be generous but not frivolous, not just as a good ruler but also with his personal fortune (as in the proverbial "bread and circuses" –
976:, but on a firmer basis, allowing Vespasian and future emperors to designate their own heir without those heirs having to earn the position through years of success and public favor.
1659:
590:
1041:
The political role of the Senate went into final eclipse, no more being heard of the division by the
Augustan Principate of the provinces between
970:
gradually gave way to the military role of the imperator. Rule was no longer a position (even notionally) extended on the basis of merit, or
1546:
2088:
2130:
2118:
627:) and an effort on the part of the early emperors, at least, to preserve the illusion of the formal continuance, in some aspects, of the
2177:
793:
called "an absolute monarchy disguised by the forms of a commonwealth" – as a more acceptable alternative to, for example, the early
833:
was "voted in a single day all the prerogatives which
Augustus over so long a span of time had been voted gradually and piecemeal".
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Kousser, Rachel
Meredith. 2005. “From Conquest to Civilization: The Rhetoric of Imperialism in the Early Principate.” In
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348:
966:. While many of the same cultural and political expectations remained, the civilian aspect of the Augustan ideal of the
1722:
170:
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too acquired his powers piecemeal, and was proud to emphasise his place as first citizen: "a good and healthful
2425:
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1461:
Edited by Jean-Jacques Aubert and
Zsuzsanna Várhelyi. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde; 216, 185–202. München: Saur.
1120:
773:. Augustus's purpose was probably to establish the political stability desperately needed after the exhausting
2921:
1464:
Melounová, Markéta. 2012. “Trials with
Religious and Political Charges from the Principate to the Dominate.”
880:
evolving to nearly absolute monarchy) by merit in the style that Augustus himself had gained the position of
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128:
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A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World: Essays in Honor of William V. Harris,
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Harlow, Mary and Laurence, Ray. 2017. “Augustus Senex: Old Age and the Remaking of the Principate.”
3041:
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1033:), in which the vestigial pretence of the old republican forms was largely abandoned. The title of
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society, as his political insurance as well as a moral duty. What specifically was expected of the
690:
had fostered the (quasi-Platonic) idea that authority should be invested in the worthiest citizen (
30:
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2445:
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1935:
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1049:. Lawyers developed a theory of the total delegation of authority into the hands of the emperor.
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694:), who would beneficently guide his peers, an ideal of the patriot statesman later taken up by
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876:. Initially, the theory implied the 'first citizen' had to earn his extraordinary position (
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as the very incarnation of all virtues attributed to the ideal ruler (much like a Greek
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Remembering the Roman Republic: Culture, Politics and History under the Principate.
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757:("first amongst the senators" / "first amongst the citizens") was first adopted by
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famously wrote that this was the happiest and most productive period in human
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earlier), such as clemency and justice, and military leadership, obliging the
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59:
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Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate.
1445:
The Julio-Claudian Succession: Reality and Perception of the Augustan model.
3274:
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1970:
1965:
1737:
1621:
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1478:
Williams, Kathryn Frances. 2009. “Tacitus' Germanicus and the Principate.”
1427:
Prinzipat und Dominat. Gedanken zur Periodisierung der römischen Kaiserzeit
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802:
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20:
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became a distinct entity within the broader – formally still republican –
665:. This reflects the principate emperors' assertion that they were merely "
3069:
2691:
2513:
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1797:
826:
397:
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The autocratic elements in the Principate tended to increase over time.
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firmly consolidated the trend to autocracy. He replaced the one-headed
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888:
849:
738:
721:
478:
208:
1524:
1418:
Aparicio Pérez, Antonio. 2009. “Taxation in Times of the Principate.”
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as sole heir. This early Principate phase began when Augustus claimed
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3319:
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3174:
3154:
3031:
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2711:
2599:
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2378:
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2046:
1930:
1905:
1784:
1015:
955:
857:
623:. The principate was characterised by the reign of a single emperor (
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331:
39:
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3149:
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1995:
1885:
1812:
1644:
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818:
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485:
375:
286:
197:
95:
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3249:
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2936:
2891:
2871:
2851:
2806:
2538:
2393:
2172:
1980:
1975:
1865:
988:
917:
seems to have varied according to the times, and the observers:
860:
self-rule inherited from the political period of the 'uncrowned'
471:
450:
301:
281:
929:
was criticized for his lavish spending on games and spectacles.
3314:
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2701:
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296:
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almost resulted in the Roman Empire's political collapse that
3099:
2821:
2548:
1840:
640:
729:, and continued (depending on the source) up to the rule of
3309:
2876:
2816:
2398:
1774:
991:, and credited the system of succession as the key factor.
922:
872:
856:
was still scrupulously masked by forms and conventions of
678:, traditionally the oldest or most honoured member of the
1870:
457:
404:
1471:
Raaflaub, Kurt A, Mark Toher, and G. W Bowersock. 1990.
809:; later added the role of the censor and finally became
682:, had the right to be heard first on any debate.
16:First period of the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 284)
3483:
1440:Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
639:'Principate' is etymologically derived from the
941:
634:
1540:
921:, who amassed a huge surplus for the city of
711:before Rome's military collapse in the West (
584:
1447:Mnemosyne. Supplements; 349. Leiden: Brill.
865:
765:"emperor" who chose, like the assassinated
619:in AD 284, after which it evolved into the
607:was the form of imperial government of the
1547:
1533:
591:
577:
1475:Berkeley: University of California Press.
1370:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1305:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1292:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1243:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1230:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1204:The Oxford History of the Classical World
954:became more formalised under the Emperor
835:
1554:
3484:
1528:
1152:A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
1059:Constitution of the late Roman Empire
870:("The Senate and people of Rome") or
844:Nevertheless, under this "Principate
1413:Aspects of Roman History. AD 14–117.
1396:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
1383:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
1357:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
1344:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
1331:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
1318:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol I
958:from AD 69 onwards. The position of
909:to play this designated role within
611:from the beginning of the reign of
13:
14:
3503:
1486:
925:, was criticized as a miser, but
1466:Series archaeologica et classica
1102:from the original on 2016-10-11.
38:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1115:, M. Cary & H.H. Scullard,
864:(509 BC–27 BC) under the motto
3492:Government of the Roman Empire
1196:
1183:
1170:
1165:A Handbook of Latin Literature
1157:
1144:
1125:
1106:
1084:
1071:
781:dictatorial regime within the
669:" among the citizens of Rome.
1:
1064:
1019:
769:, not to reintroduce a legal
2119:Frontiers and fortifications
1517:Resources in other libraries
1443:Gibson, A. G. G., ed. 2013.
994:
942:Redefinition under Vespasian
848:", the political reality of
7:
2178:Decorations and punishments
1052:
1004:Crisis of the Third Century
805:, combined with those of a
701:
635:Etymology and anticipations
617:Crisis of the Third Century
615:in 27 BC to the end of the
10:
3508:
3085:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1660:historiography of the fall
1405:
1193:(Penguin 2007) pp. 124–125
1167:(Methuen 1967) pp. 99, 235
891:developed a paternalistic
867:Senatus Populusque Romanus
744:
18:
3466:External wars and battles
3333:
3227:
3040:
2632:
2625:
2547:
2459:
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2191:
2069:
2019:
1958:
1949:
1831:
1783:
1703:
1620:
1590:
1581:
1563:
1512:Resources in your library
1228:Quoted in J Boardman ed.
1217:Abridged Decline and Fall
1178:Abridged Decline and Fall
1092:"Principate – government"
840:Principate under Augustus
761:(27 BC–AD 14), the first
427:Senatus consultum ultimum
322:Extraordinary magistrates
1436:Gallia, Andrew B. 2012.
1425:Bleicken, Jochen. 1978.
1281:(OUP 2000) pp. xxiii–xxv
1219:(Penguin 2005) pp. 70–71
759:Octavian Caesar Augustus
672:Under the Republic, the
31:Politics of ancient Rome
19:Not to be confused with
3461:Roman–Iranian relations
1936:Optimates and populares
1429:. Wiesbaden: Fr. Stein.
1411:Alston, Richard. 1998.
749:The title, in full, of
3471:Civil wars and revolts
2737:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2384:Conflict of the Orders
1743:Legislative assemblies
1191:A History of Histories
1079:The Governance of Rome
948:Julio-Claudian dynasty
866:
841:
188:Political institutions
3180:Simplicius of Cilicia
2932:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2161:Siege in Ancient Rome
1770:Executive magistrates
946:With the fall of the
839:
3190:Stephanus Byzantinus
3095:Eusebius of Caesaria
2957:Sidonius Apollinaris
2647:Ammianus Marcellinus
1986:Tribune of the plebs
1279:Lives of the Caesars
1266:Lives of the Caesars
1180:(Penguin 2005) p. 73
1154:(London 1891) p. 516
1047:senatorial provinces
807:tribune of the plebs
267:Ordinary magistrates
3366:Distinguished women
3017:Velleius Paterculus
2857:Nicolaus Damascenus
2837:Marcellus Empiricus
2226:Republican currency
1307:(1991) pp. 561, 573
3140:Phlegon of Tralles
2947:Seneca the Younger
2421:Naming conventions
2151:Personal equipment
1684:Later Roman Empire
1415:London: Routledge.
1043:imperial provinces
1029:ranking above two
964:Roman constitution
935:panem et circenses
842:
755:princeps civitatis
715:) in 476 left the
667:first among equals
663:head of government
500:Triumvir monetalis
434:Titles and honours
3479:
3478:
3441:Pontifices maximi
3223:
3222:
3080:Diogenes Laërtius
2902:Pliny the Younger
2657:Asconius Pedianus
2617:Romance languages
2489:Civil engineering
2231:Imperial currency
2104:Political control
2065:
2064:
1699:
1698:
1493:Library resources
1394:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1381:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1355:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1342:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1329:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1316:H M Gwatkin ed.,
1277:C Edwards Intro,
1268:(OUP 2000) p. xxi
1264:C Edwards Intro,
1215:D Wormersley ed,
1176:D Wormersley ed,
1113:A history of Rome
1002:It was after the
895:, presenting the
785:framework of the
684:Scipio Aemilianus
601:
600:
419:Quaestio perpetua
412:Senatus consultum
215:Roman citizenship
3499:
3431:Magistri equitum
3346:Cities and towns
3339:
3265:Constantinopolis
3075:Diodorus Siculus
3007:Valerius Maximus
2942:Seneca the Elder
2862:Nonius Marcellus
2630:
2629:
2183:Hippika gymnasia
2146:Infantry tactics
2052:Consular tribune
2042:Magister equitum
1991:Military tribune
1956:
1955:
1916:Pontifex maximus
1911:Princeps senatus
1901:Magister militum
1667:Byzantine Empire
1588:
1587:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1433:Wiley-Blackwell.
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1021:
981:Antonine dynasty
869:
812:pontifex maximus
751:princeps senatus
717:Byzantine Empire
675:princeps senatus
593:
586:
579:
535:Pontifex maximus
528:Princeps senatus
514:Magister militum
349:Consular tribune
343:Magister equitum
171:Augustan reforms
42:
26:
25:
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3497:
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3335:
3329:
3219:
3055:AĂ«tius of Amida
3036:
3022:Verrius Flaccus
3002:Valerius Antias
2962:Silius Italicus
2897:Pliny the Elder
2842:Marcus Aurelius
2717:Cornelius Nepos
2667:Aurelius Victor
2621:
2543:
2455:
2389:Secessio plebis
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2015:
1945:
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1452:Greece and Rome
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1376:
1368:J Boardman ed.
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1363:
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1303:J Boardman ed,
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1241:J Boardman ed.
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1202:J Boardman ed.
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1089:
1085:
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1072:
1067:
1055:
1022:
997:
944:
747:
735:Maximinus Thrax
725:for himself as
704:
637:
597:
568:
564:Other countries
555:
424:
381:
316:
261:
226:
182:
159:Sullan republic
124:
120:
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102:
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1891:Vigintisexviri
1888:
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1487:External links
1485:
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1081:(1973) p. 370
1077:K Lowenstein,
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2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2469:Amphitheatres
2467:
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2458:
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2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Deforestation
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Siege engines
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Establishment
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:Extraordinary
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Promagistrate
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Twelve Tables
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1372:(1991) p. 808
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1294:(1991) p. 561
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:(1991) p. 549
1244:
1238:
1232:(1991) p. 540
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1206:(1991) p. 538
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1150:O Seyffeert,
1147:
1141:
1140:9781846683800
1137:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023: AD 300
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
992:
990:
986:
985:Edward Gibbon
982:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
939:
937:
936:
930:
928:
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920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:stricto sensu
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
813:
808:
804:
798:
796:
795:Roman Kingdom
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Julius Caesar
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
659:head of state
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
572:
571:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
378:
377:
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
323:
320:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
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2605:Contemporary
2326:Romanization
2249:Architecture
1856:Collegiality
1705:Constitution
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2692:Cassiodorus
2595:Renaissance
2201:Agriculture
2173:Auxiliaries
2114:Engineering
1951:Magistrates
1803:Citizenship
1798:Mos maiorum
1733:Late Empire
827:Dio Cassius
398:Mos maiorum
178:Late Empire
121:AD 395–1453
3295:Mediolanum
3235:Alexandria
3200:Themistius
3165:Porphyrius
2992:Tertullian
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2697:Censorinus
2519:Sanitation
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2426:Demography
2374:Patricians
2341:Spectacles
2299:Literature
2294:Hairstyles
2131:Technology
1881:Praefectus
1833:Government
1823:Litigation
1808:Auctoritas
1753:Centuriate
1640:Principate
1635:Pax Romana
1595:Foundation
1498:Principate
1189:J Burrow,
1163:H J Rose,
1121:0333278305
1065:References
1012:principate
1008:Diocletian
979:Under the
973:auctoritas
952:principate
889:propaganda
882:auctoritas
858:oligarchic
850:autocratic
775:civil wars
739:Diocletian
722:auctoritas
688:his circle
649:, meaning
605:Principate
479:Praefectus
387:Public law
242:Centuriate
232:Assemblies
209:Auctoritas
112:AD 395–476
99:AD 284–641
89:Principate
64:753–509 BC
3451:Quaestors
3381:Empresses
3371:Dynasties
3361:Dictators
3336:and other
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3280:Londinium
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2977:Symmachus
2972:Suetonius
2882:Petronius
2867:Obsequens
2832:Macrobius
2827:Lucretius
2752:Frontinus
2727:Eutropius
2712:Columella
2662:Augustine
2652:Appuleius
2600:Neo-Latin
2575:Classical
2566:Versions
2474:Aqueducts
2416:Patronage
2336:Sexuality
2309:Mythology
2284:Education
2274:Cosmetics
2099:Campaigns
2094:Structure
2047:Decemviri
1906:Imperator
1605:overthrow
1016:Tetrarchy
1014:with the
995:Tetrarchy
956:Vespasian
887:Imperial
815:as well.
521:Imperator
369:Decemviri
362:Triumviri
332:Corrector
73:509–27 BC
3486:Category
3456:Tribunes
3446:Praetors
3396:Generals
3376:Emperors
3285:Lugdunum
3270:Eboracum
3260:Carthage
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3150:Plutarch
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3110:Josephus
3105:Herodian
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2847:Manilius
2792:Jordanes
2777:Hydatius
2707:Claudian
2687:Catullus
2677:Boëthius
2672:Ausonius
2590:Medieval
2562:Alphabet
2534:Theatres
2509:Numerals
2494:Concrete
2484:Circuses
2451:Bagaudae
2441:Adoption
2436:Marriage
2409:Assembly
2314:Religion
2289:Folklore
2269:Clothing
2264:Calendar
2221:Currency
2211:Commerce
2109:Strategy
2071:Military
2057:Triumvir
2037:Dictator
2032:Interrex
2011:Governor
1996:Quaestor
1959:Ordinary
1941:Province
1931:Tetrarch
1921:Augustus
1886:Vicarius
1876:Officium
1813:Imperium
1763:Plebeian
1723:Republic
1645:Dominate
1612:Republic
1573:Timeline
1100:Archived
1053:See also
1035:princeps
1031:Caesares
968:princeps
960:princeps
927:Caligula
919:Tiberius
915:princeps
907:princeps
902:tyrannos
897:princeps
893:ideology
878:de facto
831:Caligula
829:put it,
823:princeps
819:Tiberius
779:de facto
771:monarchy
737:, or of
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727:princeps
702:Duration
692:princeps
646:princeps
625:princeps
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613:Augustus
551:Tetrarch
541:Augustus
486:Vicarius
465:Officium
376:Interrex
337:Dictator
312:Governor
287:Quaestor
252:Plebeian
198:Imperium
154:Republic
129:Timeline
96:Dominate
3426:Legions
3386:Fiction
3356:Consuls
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3305:Ravenna
3300:Pompeii
3290:Lutetia
3255:Bononia
3250:Berytus
3240:Antioch
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3210:Zonaras
3185:Sozomen
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3145:Photius
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2967:Statius
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2892:Plautus
2872:Orosius
2852:Martial
2807:Juvenal
2782:Hyginus
2767:Gellius
2626:Writers
2557:History
2539:Thermae
2529:Temples
2479:Bridges
2446:Slavery
2394:Equites
2366:Society
2346:Theatre
2319:Deities
2279:Cuisine
2259:Bathing
2241:Culture
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2193:Economy
2084:Borders
2079:History
1981:Tribune
1976:Praetor
1866:Legatus
1861:Emperor
1748:Curiate
1718:Kingdom
1713:History
1689:History
1672:decline
1630:History
1600:Kingdom
1583:History
1568:Outline
1480:Latomus
1406:Sources
1027:Augusti
989:history
854:Emperor
789:– what
745:History
472:Praeses
451:Legatus
442:Emperor
302:Tribune
282:Praetor
247:Curiate
149:Kingdom
117:Eastern
108:Western
51:Periods
3436:Nomina
3421:Legacy
3401:Gentes
3338:topics
3334:Lists
3315:Smyrna
3195:Strabo
3125:Lucian
3115:Julian
3065:Arrian
3060:Appian
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2802:Justin
2787:Jerome
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2722:Ennius
2702:Cicero
2682:Caesar
2580:Vulgar
2404:Tribes
2331:Romans
2141:Legion
2124:castra
2001:Aedile
1971:Censor
1966:Consul
1926:Caesar
1896:Lictor
1818:Status
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1738:Senate
1728:Empire
1622:Empire
1558:topics
1495:about
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696:Cicero
680:Senate
546:Caesar
507:Lictor
307:Censor
297:Aedile
277:Consul
257:Tribal
166:Empire
3100:Galen
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2822:Lucan
2634:Latin
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2524:Ships
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2431:Women
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2304:Music
1846:Forum
1841:Curia
911:Roman
777:by a
763:Roman
733:, of
655:first
651:chief
643:word
641:Latin
3416:Laws
3391:Film
3310:Roma
2877:Ovid
2817:Livy
2585:Late
2399:Gens
2356:Wine
2168:Navy
2136:Army
1775:SPQR
1677:fall
1655:fall
1136:ISBN
1132:SPQR
1117:ISBN
1045:and
923:Rome
873:SPQR
686:and
603:The
2570:Old
2254:Art
2027:Rex
1871:Dux
1785:Law
661:or
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458:Dux
405:Ius
355:Rex
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