Western Roman Empire

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Italy, northern Gaul (except for large towns and cities), and to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered. The East fared better economically, especially as Emperors such as Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy. As a result, the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and to augment them with mercenaries, while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent. Even after major defeats, the East could, although not without difficulties, buy off its enemies with a ransom or "protection money". Numbering more than 300,000 soldiers, the Eastern Roman army of Justinian I was among the most powerful in the world.

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systems of Odoacer's kingdom, essentially those of the Western Roman Empire, and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans. The Senate continued to function as it always had, and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population, though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws. Western Roman administrative institutions, in particular those of Italy, thus continued to be used during "barbarian" rule and after the forces of the Eastern Roman empire re-conquered some of the formerly imperial territories. Some historians thus refer to the reorganizations of Italy and abolition of the old and separate Western Roman administrative units, such as the

3029: 2076: 4450: 2322: 2206:, and Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III. This was seen as a just cause of war by King Gaiseric, who set sail to attack Rome. Petronius and his supporters attempted to flee the city at the sight of the approaching Vandals, only to be stoned to death by a Roman mob. Petronius had reigned only 11 weeks. With the Vandals at the gates, Pope Leo I requested that the King not destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants, to which Gaiseric agreed and the city gates were opened to him. Though keeping his promise, Gaiseric looted great amounts of treasure and damaged objects of cultural significance such as the 1961:

soldiers to instead join with Alaric, who returned to Italy in 409 and met little opposition. Despite attempts by Honorius to reach a settlement and six legions of Eastern Roman soldiers sent to support him, the negotiations between Alaric and Honorius broke down in 410 and Alaric sacked the city of Rome. Though the sack was relatively mild and Rome was no longer the capital of even the Western Empire, the event shocked people across both halves of the Empire as this was the first time Rome (viewed at least as the symbolic heart of the Empire) had fallen to a foreign enemy since the

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outside foes such as the Sasanian Persians and the Huns. This view is consistent with the view that contemporary Romans of the 4th and 5th centuries continued to consider the Empire as a single unit, although more often than not with two rulers instead of one. The first time the Empire was divided geographically was during the reign of Diocletian, but there was precedent for multiple emperors. Before Diocletian and the Tetrarchy, there had been a number of periods where there were co-emperors, such as with

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and the Eastern emperor Zeno chose not to appoint a new Western emperor. Zeno, recognizing that no true Roman control remained over the territories legally governed by the Western court, instead chose to abolish the juridical division of the position of emperor and declared himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. Zeno became the first sole Roman emperor since the division after Theodosius I, 85 years prior, and the position would never again be divided. As such, the (eastern)

3296: 1920: 1826: 4779: 1666: 902: 1380: 3663:, Zeno only exercised true control over the largely intact Eastern Empire and over Italy as the nominal overlord of Odoacer. The reconquests under Justinian I would bring back large formerly Western Roman territories into Imperial control, and with them the Empire would begin to face the same problems it had faced under previous periods prior to the Tetrarchy when there had been only one ruler. Shortly after the reconquest of North Africa a usurper, 2955: 2286:. With Gaul back under Roman control, Majorian turned his eyes to the Vandals and Africa. Not only did the Vandals pose a constant danger to coastal Italy and trade in the Mediterranean, but the province they ruled was economically vital to the survival of the West. Majorian began a campaign to fully reconquer Hispania to use it as a base for the reconquest of Africa. Throughout 459, Majorian campaigned against the Suebi in northwestern Hispania. 3709:, and married his two daughters to them. Germanus had clear connections to the western provinces, and Maurice to the eastern provinces. It is possible that Tiberius was planning to divide the empire into western and eastern administrative units once more. If so, the plan was never realized. At the death of Tiberius, Maurice inherited the entire empire as Germanus had refused the throne. Maurice established a new type of administrative unit, the 3038: 2149:, Valentinian III's sister, offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted marriage that her brother was forcing her into. With a pretext to invade the West, Attila secured peace with the Eastern court and crossed the Rhine in early 451. With Attila wreaking havoc in Gaul, Aetius gathered a coalition of Roman and Germanic forces, including Visigoths and Burgundians, and prevented the Huns from taking the city of 3381: 2865:

to use the administrative systems of Odoacer's kingdom, essentially those of the Western Roman Empire, and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans. The senate continued to function as it always had and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population, though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws. As a subordinate, Theoderic did not have the right to issue his own

2559: 2721: 2661:. Syagrius was known as the "King of the Romans" by the Germanic peoples of the region and repeatedly claimed that he was merely governing a Roman province, not an independent realm. Under Clovis I from the 480s to 511, the Franks would come to develop into a great regional power. After their conquest of Soissons, the Franks defeated the Alemanni in 504 and conquered all Visigothic territory north of the 2898:. The Western imperial regalia, housed in Constantinople since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476, were returned to Ravenna by Emperor Anastasius in 497. Theoderic, by now Western emperor in all but name, could not, however, assume an imperial title, not only because the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished but also due to his "barbarian" heritage, which, like that of 981:. While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole, political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines. More often than not, Greek and Latin practices (and to some extent the languages themselves) would be combined in fields such as 2138:. By the 400s, Italy and Rome itself were dependent on the taxes and foodstuffs from these provinces, leading to an economic crisis. With Vandal fleets becoming an increasing danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean, Aetius coordinated a counterattack against the Vandals in 440, organizing a large army in Sicily. 2341:, who effectively became a "shadow emperor" following the depositions of Avitus and Majorian. Unable to take the throne for himself due to his barbarian heritage, Ricimer appointed a series of puppet emperors who could do little to halt the collapse of Roman authority and the loss of the territories re-conquered by Majorian. The first of these puppet emperors, 743:. Political instability in the Eastern heartlands, combined with foreign invasions, plague, and religious differences, made efforts to retain control of these territories difficult and they were gradually lost for good. Though the Eastern Empire retained territories in the south of Italy until the eleventh century, the influence that the Empire had over 570:, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court. Particularly during the period from AD 395 to 476, there were separate, coequal courts dividing the governance of the empire into the Western provinces and the Eastern provinces with a distinct 4046:, which was held in 308 in order to try to end the civil war in the Western Empire. Constantine invaded Licinius' section of the Western Empire in 313, and forced him to sign a treaty in which he forfeited his claim to the Western Empire, and only controlled the Eastern Empire. Licinius attempted twice to replace Constantine, first with 3094:. They were in constant conflict with the Exarchate of Ravenna, a polity established to replace the old Praetorian Prefecture of Italy and enforce Roman rule in Italy. The wealthiest parts of the province, including the cities of Rome and Ravenna, remained securely in Roman hands under the Exarchate throughout the seventh century. 2513:. Furthermore, the Western court had lacked true power and had been subject to Germanic aristocrats for decades, with most of its legal territory being under control of various barbarian kingdoms. With Odoacer recognising Julius Nepos, and later the Eastern emperor Zeno, as his sovereign, nominal Roman control continued in Italy. 1840:(and as such co-emperor with his father) on 23 January in 393, at the age of 9. Upon the death of Theodosius, Honorius inherited the throne of the West at the age of ten whilst his older brother Arcadius inherited the East. The western capital was initially Mediolanum, as it had been during previous divisions, but it was moved to 1869:

sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire. The West's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century, when Trier frequently served as a military capital of sorts for the Empire. Many leading Western generals were

3667:, appeared in the province (though he was quickly defeated). As such, the idea of dividing the Empire into two courts out of administrative necessity would see a limited revival during the period that the Eastern Empire controlled large parts of the former West, both by courtiers in the East and enemies in the West. 635:. Though the tetrarchic system would collapse in a matter of years, the East–West administrative division would endure in one form or another over the coming centuries. As such, the unofficial Western Roman Empire would exist intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries. Some emperors, such as 8044: 2145:. Turning against their former ally, the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire. Aetius transferred his forces to the Danube, though Attila concentrated on raiding the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans, providing temporary relief to the Western Empire. In 449, Attila received a message from 4798:

of Nepos, deposed him a year later in 475, forcing Nepos to flee Ravenna to his estates in Dalmatia. Orestes crowned his son Romulus as Western emperor, though the Eastern Empire and the Western possessions outside of Italy maintained recognition of Nepos as the legitimate Emperor. Nepos continued to

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April 467 by Leo I. Under Anthemius, the Western Empire, which had become increasingly isolated from the Eastern Empire, grew closer, although this collaboration came too late to save the Western Empire. Anthemius' friendly attitude towards the Eastern Empire angered Ricimer, who deposed him in March

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Magnus Maximus was elected emperor by his men in 383, in opposition to Gratian, and defeated him in battle in 383. Maximus was recognized as the Western emperor by Eastern emperor Theodosius I in 384, however this recognition was revoked by him when Maximus invaded Italy and deposed Valentinian II in

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After the death of Gratian, Valentinian II succeeded him, although he only controlled Italy itself, with all other Western Roman provinces recognizing Maximus. In 387 Maximus invaded Italy, to depose Valentinian. Valentinian fled to the court of Theodosius, where he succeeded in convincing Theodosius

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alongside Gratian and Valens who was emperor in the East. Gratian showed a strong preference for the barbarian mercenaries in his army, especially his Alanic guard, which inflamed the Roman population, to the point that in 383, Roman troops in Britain declared Magnus Maximus emperor, in opposition to

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After the death of Jovian, Valentinian I was elected. He divided the Empire between himself and his younger brother, Valens, giving himself the West and Valens the East. Valentinian spent much of his reign defending Gaul against repeated attacks by barbarian tribes, only leaving the region in 373. In

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who she had deposed. Leo III considered Irene to be a usurper and illegitimate to rule due to her gender and as such considered the imperial throne to be vacant. Thus, Charlemagne was not crowned as the ruler of the Western Roman Empire and successor to Romulus Augustulus, but rather as the successor

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Following the execution of the pro-Roman Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha and the refusal of Ostrogoth King Theodahad to renounce his control of Italy, Justinian ordered the expedition to move on to reconquer Italy, ancient heartland of the Empire. From 534 to 540, the Roman forces campaigned in Italy and

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in 401 upon the entry of the Visigothic king Alaric I into Italy. Ravenna, protected by abundant marshes and strong fortifications, was far easier to defend and had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but made it more difficult for the Roman military to defend the central parts of

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in 334, and became Eastern emperor in 337, after the death of Constantine I. After Constans was killed by the usurper Magnentius, Constantius laid claim to the Western Empire, and after defeating Magnentius took possession of it, becoming sole emperor. Constantius II died in 361, of a violent fever.

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and Africa on the death of Constantine I. After Constantine II was killed in 340, while attempting to invade Constans' territory in Italy, Constans took control of the entire Western Empire. Constans was contemptuous of his army, who as a result proclaimed Magnentius as emperor in 350. Constans fled

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by Constantius in 305, after the abdication of Maximian and Diocletian. After the death of Constantius in 306, Severus became Western emperor. Severus was forced to deal with the revolt of Maxentius, the son of Maximian. Maxentius invaded in early 307, and captured the Western Empire. He had Severus

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Though Marcellinus does not refer to the Empire as a whole after 395, only to its separate parts, he clearly identifies the term "Roman" as applying to the Empire as a whole. When using terms such as "us", "our generals", and "our emperor", Marcellinus distinguished both divisions of the Empire from

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following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, are spoken in Western Europe to this day, with the exception of Romanian, which developed from the Latin spoken in the eastern provinces and the early Eastern Empire. Their extent in Western Europe almost reflects the continental borders of the old

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provided a base for a later, modest imperial expansion, which reached its peak in the early eleventh century, with most of southern Italy under Roman rule of a sort. This, however, was undone by further civil wars in the Empire, and the slow conquest of the region by the Empire's former mercenaries,

800:

expanded, it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces. Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire. News of invasion, revolt, natural disasters, or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship

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representative of Western Roman emperor Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno abolished the title and position of Western Roman emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. The position of Roman emperor would never again be divided, though some new candidates

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July 455, with the support of the Visigoth King Theodoric II. While he held support from the Visigoths, his rule alienated both the Roman Senate and people. In 456 Ricimer, a senior officer, had Avitus deposed, and ruled the Western Empire through a series of puppet emperors until his death in 472.

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eventually recognized Charlemagne as an "Emperor", but as the slightly humiliating "Emperor of the Franks" rather than "Roman Emperor", a title he reserved for himself. For centuries to come, the "revived" Western court and the Eastern court, in direct succession to the Roman emperors of old, would

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and subject of the emperor in Constantinople. This position was recognized by Emperor Anastasius in 497, four years after Theoderic had defeated Odoacer. Though Theodoric acted as an independent ruler, he meticulously preserved the outward appearance of his subordinate position. Theoderic continued

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The deposition of Romulus Augustus and the rise of Odoacer as ruler of Italy in 476 received very little attention at the time. Overall, very little changed for the people; there was still a Roman emperor in Constantinople to whom Odoacer had subordinated himself. Interregna had been experienced at

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and Italy, during the sixth and seventh centuries. In many places, the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability. In some regions, notably Gaul and Italy, the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption, with barbarian rulers

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The authority of Julius Nepos as emperor was accepted not only by Odoacer in Italy, but by the Eastern Empire and Syagrius in Gaul (who had not recognized Romulus Augustulus). Nepos was murdered by his own soldiers in 480, a plot some attribute to Odoacer or the previous, deposed emperor Glycerius,

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By convention, the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476, when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus, but the historical record calls this determination into question. Indeed, the deposition of Romulus Augustus received very little attention in contemporary times. Romulus was a

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status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his viceroy of Italy. Zeno, however, insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the emperor of the Western Empire. Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy. This, however,

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and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him. When Aetius was at court in Ravenna delivering a financial account, Valentinian suddenly leaped from his seat and declared that he would no longer be the victim of Aetius' drunken depravities. Aetius attempted to defend himself from the charges, but

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king, into invading the Western Empire and sacking Rome, by breaking a marriage agreement made between Gaiseric and Valentinian III. Maximus and his son Palladius attempted to flee on 31 May 455, however they were apprehended by a group of peasants, and either killed by them, or by palace servants

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as the subject of Justinian in Constantinople. Belisarius, loyal to Justinian, feigned acceptance of the title to enter the city, whereupon he immediately relinquished it. Despite Belisarius relinquishing the title, the offer had made Justinian suspicious and Belisarius was ordered to return east.

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under Justinian. Belisarius, an accomplished general who had already successfully campaigned to restore Roman control over North Africa and large parts of Italy, including Rome itself, was offered the position of Western Roman emperor by the Ostrogoths during his siege of Ravenna (the Ostrogothic,

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crowned Charlemagne as "Roman Emperor" in 800, he both severed ties with the outraged Eastern Empire and established the precedent that no man in Western Europe would be emperor without a papal coronation. Although the power the Pope wielded changed significantly throughout the subsequent periods,

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At the time of the collapse of the Western Empire in 476–480, the Visigoths controlled large areas of southern Gaul as well as a majority of Hispania. Their increased domain had been partly conquered and partly awarded to them by the Western emperor Avitus in the 450s–60s. Justinian undertook some

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at the same time. Odoacer established his power with the loyal support of the Roman Senate, a legislative body that had continued even without an emperor residing in Italy. Indeed, the Senate seems to have increased in power under Odoacer. For the first time since the mid-3rd century, copper coins

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and Alans, and built two fleets, one at Ravenna, to combat the strong Vandalic fleet. Majorian personally led the army to wage war in Gaul, leaving Ricimer in Italy. The Gallic provinces and the Visigothic Kingdom had rebelled following the deposition of Avitus, refusing to acknowledge Majorian as

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Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric's men, and both tried to use Alaric against the other half. Alaric himself tried to establish a long-term territorial and official base, but was never able to do so. Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading

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Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close to Rome itself and also because of the disunity among the Germans. However, controlling both frontiers simultaneously during wartime was difficult. If the emperor was near the border in the East, the chances

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Charlemagne, and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors, were not, and did not claim to be, rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire. Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the

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Despite the fall, or abolition, of the Western Empire, many of the new kings of western Europe continued to operate firmly within a Roman administrative framework. This is especially true in the case of the Ostrogoths, who came to rule Italy after Odoacer. They continued to use the administrative

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in March 235 by his own troops, the Roman Empire sank into a 50-year period of civil war now known as the Crisis of the Third Century. During this period, the Empire saw the combined pressures of barbarian invasions and migrations into Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political

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in 507. Relations between the Franks and the Eastern Empire appear to have been positive, with Emperor Anastasius granting Clovis the title of consul following his victory against the Visigoths. At the time of its dissolution in the 800s, the Frankish Kingdom had lasted far longer than the other

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had banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century, the senatorial elite lost all experience of – and interest in – military life. In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service, but it also refused to approve

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Despite also suffering from barbarian incursions, the Eastern Empire had survived the fifth century mostly intact. The Western Roman Empire, less urbanized than the Eastern and more thinly populated, may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces. Southern

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to attack the Vandals. Before he could, the fleet was destroyed, allegedly by traitors paid by the Vandals. Deprived of his fleet, Majorian had to cancel his attack on the Vandals and conclude a peace with Gaiseric. Disbanding his barbarian forces, Majorian intended to return to Rome and issue

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that Stilicho was conspiring to overthrow him, and so arrested and executed Stilicho in 408. Olympius headed a conspiracy that orchestrated the deaths of key individuals related to the faction of Stilicho, including his son and the families of many of his federated troops. This led many of the

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Maxentius was proclaimed emperor in 306, in opposition to Valerius Severus, and ruled alongside his father Maximian. They succeeded in capturing the Western Empire in 307, and had Severus killed soon after. The Western Empire was invaded in 312 by Constantine, who on 28 October 312 decisively

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Constantius II focused most of his power in the East. Under his rule, the city of Byzantium – only recently re-founded as Constantinople – was fully developed as a capital. At Constantinople, the political, economic and military control of the Eastern Empire's resources would remain safe for

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in the East presented the greatest threat to the Empire. The Parthians were too remote and powerful to be conquered and there was a constant Parthian threat of invasion. The Parthians repelled several Roman invasions, and even after successful wars of conquest, such as those implemented by

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such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and a large number of minor languages and dialects. Today, more than 900 million people are native speakers of Romance languages worldwide. In addition, many Romance languages are used as lingua francas by non-native speakers.

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in 530, Justinian prepared an expedition led by Belisarius. It swiftly retook North Africa between June 533 and March 534, returning the wealthy province to Roman rule. Following the reconquest, Justinian swiftly reintroduced the Roman administrations of the province, establishing a new

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many points in the West before and the deposition of Romulus Augustus was nothing out of the ordinary. Odoacer saw his rule as entirely in the tradition of the Roman Empire, not unlike Ricimer, and he effectively ruled as an imperial "governor" of Italy and was even awarded the title of

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using and modifying the Roman systems already in place. The Germanic kingdoms in Italy, Hispania and Gaul continued to recognise the emperor in Constantinople as a somewhat nominal sovereign, the Visigoths minted coins in their names until the reign of Justinian I in the sixth century.

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Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire for long after its disappearance, and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation, rather than a fall.

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and the Middle Ages. Though military campaigns had been conducted by the Western court prior to 476 with the aim of recapturing lost territory, most notably under Majorian, the reconquests, if successful at all, were only momentary. It was as a result of the campaigns of the generals

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In addition to remaining as a concept for an administrative unit in the remaining Empire, the ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe. With the papal coronation of Charlemagne as

724:, many of them representing former Western Roman allies that had been granted lands in return for military assistance, would maintain a pretense of Roman continuity through the continued use of the old Roman administrative systems and nominal subservience to the Eastern Roman court. 2885:

and he married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I, himself. Through these alliances and occasional conflicts, the territory controlled by Theoderic in the early sixth century nearly constituted a restored Western Roman Empire. Ruler of Italy since 493, Theoderic became

2229:. Though supported by the Gallic provinces and the Visigoths, Avitus was resented in Italy due to ongoing food shortages caused by Vandal control of trade routes, and for using a Visigothic imperial guard. He disbanded his guard due to popular pressure, and the Suebian general 3815:

make competing claims to be rulers of the whole Roman Empire. With the Eastern Empire terming the Holy Roman Empire as an "Empire of the Franks", the term "Empire of the Greeks" was popularized in the Frankish court as a way to refer to the Empire centered in Constantinople.

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Olybrius was proclaimed emperor in April 472. His brief reign, lasting only five or six months, was dominated by Gundobad, who had replaced his uncle Ricimer as the true power behind the throne, after the former's death. Olybrius died in October or November 472, of edema.

1291: – the local governor of the German provinces – rebelled, and his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect. In the confusion that followed, an independent state known in modern historiography as the 3113:

Although other Eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West, none were as successful as Justinian. After 600, events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople's control, with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of

1948:

who invaded Gaul in 407. Britain was effectively abandoned by the empire by 410 due to the lack of resources and the need to look after more important frontiers. The weakening of the Rhine frontier allowed multiple barbarian tribes, including the Vandals, Alans and

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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, often referred to as "barbarian kingdoms", founded during its collapse continued to grow and prosper. Their beginnings, together with the end of the Western Roman Empire, mark the transition from

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in 1453, nearly a thousand years later. As 480 marks the end of the juridical division of the empire into two imperial courts, some historians refer to the death of Nepos and abolition of the Western Empire by Zeno as the end of the Western Roman Empire.

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Valentinian drew his sword and struck the weaponless Aetius on the head, killing him on the spot. On 16 March the following year, Valentinian himself was killed by supporters of the dead general, possibly acting for Petronius Maximus. With the end of the

544:, was assassinated in 480, when the title and notion of a separate Western Empire were abolished. Another suggested end date is the reorganization of the Italian peninsula and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Emperor 3064:

in 541. They were finally defeated following campaigns by the Roman general Narses, who also repelled invasions into Italy by the Franks and Alemanni, though some cities in northern Italy continued to hold out until the 560s. Justinian promulgated the

2252:

Majorian was the last Western emperor to attempt to recover the Western Empire with his own military forces. To prepare, Majorian significantly strengthened the Western Roman army by recruiting large numbers of barbarian mercenaries, among them the

1935:

The weakening of the frontiers in Britain and Gaul had dire consequences for the Empire. As the imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed, numerous usurpers arose in Britain, including

3464:. Church institutions slowly began to replace Roman ones in the West, even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century. As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes, many assimilated, and by the middle of the medieval period ( 1214:. All of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius) or murder (Gemellus and Britannicus). Marcus Aurelius ruled mostly from the West, while Verus spent most of his reign campaigning in the East, 4435:

387. Valentinian II fled to the Eastern Roman Empire, and convinced Theodosius I to invade the Western Roman Empire and restore him to the Western Roman throne, which he did in 388. Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia, and executed.

4117:(although Maximian himself was considered an usurper) and in 309 he proclaimed himself as the Western emperor, in opposition to Maxentius and Licinius. He ruled alone in the West from 312 and became sole Roman emperor following the defeat of 3342:

As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the new Germanic rulers who conquered its constituent provinces maintained most Roman laws and traditions. Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized, although most were followers of

2872:

Though acting as a subordinate in domestic affairs, Theodoric acted increasingly independent in his foreign policies. Seeking to counterbalance the influence of the Empire in the East, Theoderic married his daughters to the Visigothic king

2360:. The relationship between Anthemius and the East was good, Anthemius is the last Western emperor recorded in an Eastern law, and the two courts conducted a joint operation to retake Africa from the Vandals, culminating in the disastrous 4478:

Theodosius was proclaimed Eastern Emperor by Gratian on 19 January 379, after securing victory against invading barbarians along the Danube. He became sole emperor in August 394, after defeating the usurper Eugenius. Theodosius died of

4158:. Constantine II's relationship with Constans I was tense, and in 340, Constantine took advantage of Constans absence from Italy and invaded it. However, in the same year, he was ambushed by Constans' forces in Aquilea, and was killed. 3186:

recognized Charlemagne as an "Emperor". He refused to recognize him as a "Roman Emperor" (a title which Michael reserved for himself and his successors), instead recognizing him as the slightly less prestigious "Emperor of the Franks".

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to attack Maximus, and to reinstate himself as Western emperor, which was done after Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia. Valentinian continued to rule the Western Empire until 392, when he was probably murdered by Arbogast.

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When Julian died in 363, he left no heir, causing a succession crisis. The Roman Army elected Jovian as sole emperor. Jovian reigned only seven months, in which he signed a humiliating peace treaty with the Sasanian Empire, under

2168:

had launched an attack on the Hun homelands along the Danube, forced Attila to turn back and leave Italy. When Attila died unexpectedly in 453, the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the threat posed by the Huns.

2917:. After the collapse of Theoderic's control of the western Mediterranean, the Frankish Kingdom rose to become the most powerful of the barbarian kingdoms, having taken control of most of Gaul in the absence of Roman governance. 3181:

as "Roman Emperor" in AD 800. Though this coronation was strongly opposed by the Eastern Empire, there was little they could do as their influence in Western Europe decreased. After a series of small wars in the 810s, Emperor

1454:, was declared Western emperor by the British legions, but several other claimants arose and attempted to seize the Western Empire. In 308, Galerius revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the Western Empire between Constantine and 1658:, in which Emperor Valens also died. The defeat at Adrianople was shocking to the Romans, and forced them to negotiate with and settle the Visigoths within the borders of the Empire, where they would become semi-independent 1611:

centuries to come. The city was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes. The site had been acknowledged for its strategic importance already by emperors Septimius Severus and

1911:

when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402. Stilicho, hurrying back to aid in defending Italy, summoned legions in Gaul and Britain with which he managed to defeat Alaric twice before agreeing to allow him to retreat back to

1654:, were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle in the Balkans by the Eastern government. Mistreatment caused a full-scale rebellion, and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the 2509:

usurper in the eyes of the Eastern Roman Empire and the remaining territories of Western Roman control outside of Italy, with the previous emperor Julius Nepos still being alive and claiming to rule the Western Empire in

1352:

In 272, Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire. With the East secure, his attention turned to the West, invading the Gallic Empire a year later. Aurelian decisively defeated

2778:

in 483, another traditional position which continued to exist under Odoacer. Eleven further consuls were appointed by the Senate under Odoacer from 480 to 493 and one further Praetorian Prefect of Italy was appointed,

3428:

by ecclesiasticals. It remained the language of medicine, law, and diplomacy, as well as of intellectuals and scholarship, well into the 18th century. Since then the use of Latin has declined with the growth of other

1748:

with great loss of life. Again Theodosius I won, and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395. He was the last emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire before the West fragmented and collapsed.

10222: 2185:

in AD 460. During his four-year-long reign from 457 to 461, Majorian restored Western Roman authority in Hispania and most of Gaul. Despite his accomplishments, Roman rule in the west would last less than two more

1474:, and made it the capital of the Roman Empire. Although the Tetrarchy was ended, the concept of physically dividing the Roman Empire into East and a West continued, as happened after the deaths of Constantine and 1147:

were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa. This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors. By the time of the

4316:. In this agreement, Rome surrendered five provinces and 18 fortresses to the Sasanians, in exchange for a 30-year truce. Jovian died on 16 February 364, due to either indigestion or charcoal vapour inhalation. 3818:

Following the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title of "Emperor" became widespread among European monarchs. The

3069:

to reorganize the governance of Italy and the province was returned to Roman rule. The end of the conflict saw Italy devastated and considerably depopulated, which, combined with the disastrous effects of the

4702:

splitting off from the Western Empire, and establishing the Kingdom of Soissons. Libius Severus incited the hostility of the Vandals, who invaded Italy and Sicily. During these events, Libius Severus died on

2978:

With Emperor Zeno having juridically reunified the Empire into one imperial court, the remaining Eastern Roman Empire continued to lay claim to the areas previously controlled by the Western court throughout

2214:

is disputed, though with the Vandals plundering the city for a full fourteen days as opposed to the Visigothic sack of 410, where the Visigoths only spent three days in the city, it was likely more thorough.

2302:

on his way. Here, Ricimer deposed and arrested him in 461, having gathered significant aristocratic opposition against Majorian. After five days of beatings and torture, Majorian was beheaded near the river

2036:) to the Visigoths as a vassal federation. Honorius removed the local imperial governors, leaving the Visigoths and the provincial Roman inhabitants to conduct their own affairs. As such, the first of the " 2739:. Odoacer ruled using the Roman administrative systems already in place and continued to mint coins with the name and portrait of Julius Nepos until 480 and later with the name and portrait of the Eastern 2371:, an Italian senator and friend of Ricimer, on the grounds of treachery in 470 made Ricimer hostile to Anthemius. Following two years of ill feeling, Ricimer deposed and killed Anthemius in 472, elevating 3172:

The religious disagreements between Rome and Constantinople eventually led to the breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself, and the gradual transition of the Exarchate of Ravenna into the independent

2031:

With the Roman legions withdrawn, northern Gaul became increasingly subject to Frankish influence, the Franks naturally adopting a leading role in the region. In 418, Honorius granted southwestern Gaul

3491:

The Roman Senate survived the initial collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Its authority increased under the rule of Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths, evident by the Senate in 498 managing to install

2705:. It is possible that Masuna is the same man as the "Massonas" who allied himself with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire against the Vandals in 535. This Kingdom was defeated by the Eastern Roman 8045:"Milano – Capitale dell'impero romano, 286–402 d.c. (Mostra, Milano: Palazzo Reale, 24 Gennaio-22 Aprile 1990). Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 1990. p. 568, numerous b&w pls, figs maps, 40 colour pls" 3659:, established under Emperor Diocletian in 286 as the Tetrarchy, had been abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 following the loss of direct control over the western territories. Declaring himself the sole 3105:

in AD 717. Over the course of the seventh and eighth centuries, Islamic expansion had ended Roman rule in Africa and though some bastions of Roman rule remained, most of Italy was controlled by the

1802:

in large numbers in 406. Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408. While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation, the West began to collapse entirely. Alaric's men

9065:"Eduard Eichmann, Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland. Ein Beitrag zur, Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechts, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik" 4146:

of the Eastern Empire in late 317. In 335, Constantine I allotted the inheritance his sons would receive after his death, which would take place two years later in 337, giving Constantine II the

2932:

as king, hoping for his support. Instead, Amalasuntha was imprisoned and, even though Theodahad assured Emperor Justinian of her safety, she was executed shortly after. This served as an ideal

4539:

Honorius became Western emperor in 395, after the death of his father Theodosius. His reign was beset by barbarian invasions, and for much of his early reign, until 408, he was controlled by

2122:

in 435 before moving eastward. With Aetius occupied in Gaul, the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces, culminating in the

3484:. The Pope has consistently held the title of "Pontifex Maximus" since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day; this title formerly used by the high priest of 3177:, led by the Pope. In an attempt to gain support against the Lombards, the Pope called for aid from the Frankish Kingdom instead of the Eastern Empire, eventually crowning the Frankish king 3944:

in 293, under Maximian. Constantius became the Western emperor in 305, after the abdication of Maximian. Constantius died on 25 July 306, leaving a highly contested succession in his wake.

3472:. The first of the Barbarian kings to convert to the Church of Rome was Clovis I of the Franks; other kingdoms, such as the Visigoths, later followed suit to garner favor with the papacy. 3503:. Exactly when the senate disappeared is unclear, but the institution is known to have survived at least into the 6th century, inasmuch as gifts from the senate were received by Emperor 815:

autonomy in the name of the Roman Republic. Governors had several duties, including the command of armies, handling the taxes of the province and serving as the province's chief judges.

3697:

At the end of Emperor Tiberius II's reign in 582, the Eastern Roman Empire retained control over relatively large parts of the regions reconquered under Justinian. Tiberius chose two

16536: 2289:

The Vandals began to increasingly fear a Roman invasion. King Gaiseric tried to negotiate a peace with Majorian, who rejected the proposal. In the wake of this, Gaiseric devastated

3223:

willingly opened its gates to the emperor and after successes in taking other cities in the region, Manuel dreamed of a restored Roman Empire and a union between the churches of

3919:. He became Western emperor in 286, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy. On 1 May 305, both Maximian and Diocletian abdicated, leaving Constantius and Galerius as emperors. 1719:, a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome. The political situation was unstable. In 383, a powerful and popular general named 1487: 10230: 9064: 3781:, the last "Emperor" claiming succession from Charlemagne, died in 924, the concept of a papacy- and Germanic-based Roman Empire in the West would resurface in the form of the 12492: 2103:

allies. With their help Aetius undertook extensive campaigns in Gaul, defeating the Visigoths in 437 and 438 but suffering a defeat himself in 439, ending the conflict in a

1864:

Despite the moved capital, economic power remained focused on Rome and its rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular. After Emperor

1703:

More than in the East, there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the emperors in the western part of the Empire. In 379, Valentinian I's son and successor

2453:

in Italy, captured Ravenna, killed Orestes and deposed Romulus. Though Romulus was deposed, Nepos did not return to Italy and continued to reign as Western emperor from

1139:, the conquered territories were forsaken in attempts to ensure a lasting peace with the Parthians. The Parthian Empire would be succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, which 1182:

was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices. Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past—

2164:

and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila. This embassy, combined with a plague among Attila's troops, the threat of famine, and news that the Eastern emperor

2004:, Honorius defeated Gerontius and Maximus in 411 and shortly thereafter captured and executed Constantine III. With Constantius back in Italy, the Gallo-Roman senator 515: 501: 487: 473: 459: 445: 431: 417: 403: 389: 364: 9127:

Lascaratos, J.; Voros, D. (May 2000). "Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach To The Contribution of Ancient Surgery".

4678:

August 461, Majorian was compelled to abdicate, and reportedly died five days later of dysentery, although modern historians have asserted he was likely murdered by

2438:. Romulus Augustus was not recognised as Western emperor by the Eastern Court, who maintained that Nepos was the only legal Western emperor, reigning in exile from 2141:

However, the plans for retaking Africa had to be abandoned due to the immediate need to combat the invading Huns, who in 444 were united under their ambitious king

1768:

got the western half. Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively. Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half-Roman/half-barbarian

2202:

Petronius was not able to take effective control of the significantly weakened and unstable Empire. He broke the betrothal between Huneric, son of the Vandal king

16531: 16395: 3165:

around the same time and was the first Christian realm to be established in Iberia following the defeat of the Visigoths. Asturias would be transformed into the

3126:

in Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s. Thereafter, imperial attention declined, with Constantinople itself

2770:

Under Odoacer, Western consuls continued to be appointed as they had been under the Western Roman Empire and were accepted by the Eastern Court, the first being

1528:

The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single emperor, but, with the death of Constantine in 337, the empire was partitioned between his surviving male heirs.

607:

Though there were periods with more than one emperor ruling jointly before, the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was

2068:

acting as regent during her son's minority. Theodosius II, the Eastern emperor, had hesitated to announce the death of Honorius and in the ensuing interregnum,

10648: 4289:

in 355. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops shortly before Constantius' death. Julian died in March 363, of wounds sustained during the Battle of Samarra.

2566:(major kingdoms and the Roman Empire labelled below) of the western Mediterranean in 526, seven years before the campaigns of reconquest under Eastern emperor 2483: 2466:

was mainly an empty political gesture, as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Nepos. The murder of Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade

704:

dissolved the Western court and proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. The date of 476 was popularized by the 18th-century British historian

1334:, fending off Germanic incursions and restoring the security the Gallic provinces had enjoyed in the past, than in challenging the Roman central government. 2689:

A Mauro-Roman realm survived in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis until the early 8th century. An inscription on a fortification at the ruined city of

1458:. However, Constantine was more interested in conquering the whole empire so, by 314, began to compete against Licinius, finally defeating him in 324 at the 1341:(268–270), large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule. At roughly the same time, however, several eastern provinces seceded to form the 4815:

Romulus Augustus was crowned as Western emperor after his father Orestes deposed Julius Nepos. The rule of Romulus would be brief; in the autumn of 476 the

4583:

rose up, forcing Valentinian III to flee with his family to the court of the Eastern emperor Theodosius II. Joannes was defeated by Theodosius in Ravenna.

3468:

9th and 10th centuries) the central, western, and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the

3049:(left) was the first Eastern emperor to attempt to reconquer the territories of the West, undertaking successful campaigns in Africa and Italy in the 500s. 2415:

in the spring of 474 to depose Glycerius. At the arrival of Nepos in Italy, Glycerius abdicated without a fight and was allowed to live out his life as the

1039:

would be detached to crush the rebellion. While this process was simple in peacetime, it could be considerably more complicated in wartime. In a full-blown

16385: 4632:

Petronius Maximus became the Western Roman emperor on 17 March 455, after assassinating Valentinian III. During his short reign, he provoked Gaiseric, the

2825:, was able to negotiate a treaty in 493 between Odoacer and Theoderic whereby they agreed to rule Ravenna and Italy jointly. Theoderic entered Ravenna on 5 3831:, established in 1871, also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire. Both of these empires used the imperial title 1783:

who again rebelled in 408 following the massacre by Roman legions of thousands of barbarian families who were trying to assimilate into the Roman empire.

16526: 766:, which presented a revival of the Imperial title in Western Europe but was in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions. The 16260: 2869:, only edicts or clarifications. The army and military offices were exclusively staffed by the Goths, however, who largely settled in northern Italy. 12485: 2533:

after 480 are the successors of the western ones, albeit only in a juridical sense. These emperors would continue to rule the Roman Empire until the

2293:, part of his own kingdom, fearing that the Roman army would land there. Having regained control of Hispania, Majorian intended to use his fleet at 1976:

had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407, leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions, first by the

16521: 1779:

became the power behind the throne in the east. Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals, and their disagreements would be exploited by the Gothic leader

4834:

With the deposition of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer, direct Roman control ceased to exist in Italy. Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a

7788:

Aspects of the relationship between the central and Gallic empires in the mid to late third century ad with special reference to coinage studies

16400: 4819:

under the control of Odoacer rebelled when their demands for a third of the land of Italy were ignored. Orestes was captured and executed on 28

4543:, whose influence over Honorius would create a standard for puppet Western Emperors. After 408 his reign was greatly influenced by the general 1415:), as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century. This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions, the 14111: 10322: 2274:, Majorian decisively defeated the Visigoths under Theoderic II and forced them to relinquish their great conquests in Hispania and return to 1992:

who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards. After Honorius accepted Constantine as co-emperor, Constantine's general in Hispania,

1596:, until his murder by his own soldiers in 337. The West was unified in 340 under Constans, who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the 1083:", was often perceived as being of dubious loyalty, primarily due its role in court intrigues and in overthrowing several emperors, including 16425: 10535: 3675:

and previously Western Roman, capital) in 540. The Ostrogoths, desperate to avoid losing their control of Italy, offered the title and their

3086:

reconquered the south coast. These regions remained under Roman control throughout the reign of Justinian. Three years after his death, the

16556: 15770: 12478: 11077: 2416: 2160:

Attila regrouped and invaded Italy in 452. With Aetius not having enough forces to attack him, the road to Rome was open. Valentinian sent

1122:, Germanic tribes were an important enemy. Augustus, the first emperor, had tried to conquer them but had pulled back after the disastrous 1035:

Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire. Conquered tribes or oppressed cities would revolt, and the

11119: 11107: 4698:

Libius Severus was proclaimed Western emperor on 19 November 461. His rule, even as a puppet emperor, extended little beyond Italy, with

1876:

The reign of Honorius was, even by Western Roman standards, chaotic and plagued by both internal and external struggles. The Visigothic

11166: 10280: 2391:

to Western emperor. The Eastern Empire had rejected Olybrius and also rejected Glycerius, instead supporting a candidate of their own,

1642:. Stability was not achieved for long in either half, as the conflicts with outside forces (barbarian tribes) intensified. In 376, the 4042:

Licinius was made emperor of the Eastern Empire, and parts of the Western Empire, all of which was actually held by Maxentius, at the

3810:

soon after, and the Eastern Empire refused to recognize the Imperial title of Charlemagne. Following several wars in the 810s Emperor

592:

governed by two imperial courts for administrative expediency. The Western Empire collapsed in 476, and the Western imperial court in

16340: 10255: 9092: 1261:

divided the empire between them, the former ruling from the East and the latter from the West. However, Valerian was captured by the

10347: 16511: 16506: 16501: 15614: 11082: 3437:

was expanded due to the split of I into I and J, and of V into U, V, and, in places (especially Germanic languages and Polish), W.

818:

Prior to the establishment of the Empire, the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the

136: 15254: 12843: 12454: 11092: 4552: 4496: 3153:

The Roman Empire was not the only Christian nation affected by the Islamic conquests, the Visigothic Kingdom finally fell to the

1973: 1924: 8276:

The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325–1300

4841:

for the position of Western emperor were proposed during and after the Eastern Roman re-conquests of the sixth century, such as

2992:

on behalf of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 that long-lasting reconquests of Roman lands were witnessed.

2333:

The final collapse of the Empire in the West was marked by increasingly ineffectual puppet emperors dominated by their Germanic

15702: 12399: 11087: 10821: 2423: 2457:, with support from Constantinople. Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with the Eastern emperor 16280: 15064: 14446: 12369: 11194: 10721: 8775: 8014: 7828: 7756: 3767:" in AD 800, his realm was explicitly proclaimed as a restoration of the Roman Empire in Western Europe under the concept of 3127: 3115: 1215: 608: 1849:

moved the court back to Rome. Most western emperors from 450 until 475 reigned from Rome. The last de facto western emperor

1727:

to flee to the East for aid; in a destructive civil war the Eastern emperor Theodosius I restored him to power. In 392, the

16491: 13145: 12863: 12459: 12334: 11487: 8383: 4758:

After the death of both Olybrius and Ricimer, Glycerius was proclaimed Western emperor by the Western Roman army, on 3 or 5

3790: 3020:

and taking measures to decrease Vandal influence, eventually leading to the complete disappearance of the Vandalic people.

2905:

With the death of Theodoric in 526, his network of alliances began to collapse. The Visigoths regained autonomy under King

2709: 2233:

used the opportunity to depose Avitus, counting on popular discontent. After the deposition of Avitus, the Eastern emperor

1253:

instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. The idea of dividing the empire was first developed in this time;

44: 14970: 4794:

in Dalmatia as Western Roman emperor. Nepos, with support from the East, deposed Glycerius in the spring of 474. Orestes,

3078:

limited campaigns against them, recovering portions of the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula. Here, the province of

16481: 16476: 13658: 13401: 13349: 11040: 10098: 10073: 8569: 4762:

May 473. He was deposed by Julius Nepos in July 474, and sent to live in a monastery, where he remained until his death.

4547:, who briefly reigned as his co-emperor for a few months before dying of natural causes. He also faced the usurpation of 3446: 10297: 10198: 10173: 3590:, translating to "Western Empire", has sometimes been applied to the Western Roman Empire by modern historians as well. 2821:

and into Italy and defeated Odoacer in battle twice in 489. Following four years of hostilities between them, John, the

2763:). These coins were copied by Vandals in Africa and also formed the basis of the currency reform carried out by Emperor 15116: 14116: 13540: 13211: 10711: 10445: 10426: 10407: 10388: 10028: 10009: 9990: 9971: 9952: 9933: 9914: 9893: 9874: 9855: 9829: 9753: 9705: 9654: 9635: 9614: 9593: 9574: 9535: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9414: 9395: 9372: 9353: 9334: 9291: 9272: 9253: 9234: 9215: 9192: 9173: 9117: 9053: 9034: 8998: 8979: 8956: 8933: 8914: 8893: 8874: 8855: 8836: 8817: 8794: 8731: 8691: 8672: 8653: 8634: 8611: 8577: 8548: 8480: 8459: 8440: 8421: 8402: 8359: 8340: 8321: 8302: 8262: 8226: 8207: 8188: 8169: 8150: 8131: 8112: 8093: 8033: 7982: 7961: 7923: 7904: 7885: 7866: 7847: 7796: 7775: 7735: 7707: 7647: 7628: 7609: 7558: 7540: 7521: 4823:

August of the same year and Romulus was deposed by Odoacer a week later. Romulus was spared and allowed to live in the

3881: 3060:

captured Ravenna, the Ostrogothic and formerly Western Roman capital, in 540. The Gothic resistance revived under King

831: 791: 731:

re-imposed direct Imperial rule on large parts of the former Western Roman Empire, including the prosperous regions of

10419:

Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie : Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft?

10123: 4790:

The Eastern Roman Empire had rejected the coronation of both Olybrius and Glycerius, instead supporting Julius Nepos,

3789:

would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman emperors of old until the

2072:

was nominated as Western emperor. Joannes' rule was short and the forces of the East defeated and executed him in 425.

16496: 16445: 13760: 13652: 13260: 12379: 11139: 10706: 10701: 10677: 10528: 10148: 10046: 9801: 9315: 7590: 7582: 3066: 2780: 2207: 890:

was of Greek origin. The whole region, especially the major cities, had been largely assimilated into Greek culture,

805:, often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome's orders to be returned and acted upon. Therefore, provincial 647:

across the Roman Empire. On the death of Theodosius in 395, the empire was divided between his two infant sons, with

4395:

Gratian. Maximus landed troops in Gaul, and attacked Gratian's troops near Paris. Gratian was defeated, and fled to

3797:

Roman Empire to be "one and indivisible". The ruler of the Roman Empire at the time of Charlemagne's coronation was

3670:

The earliest attempt at crowning a new Western emperor after the abolition of the title occurred already during the

3377:. Civil law is by far the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in some form in about 150 countries. 2920:

Amalasuntha continued the policies of conciliation between the Goths and Romans, supporting the new Eastern emperor

1435:

his. On 1 May 305, Diocletian and Maximian abdicated, replaced by Galerius and Constantius, who, in turn, appointed

936:(modern Spain and Portugal). These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas, though 16275: 15636: 12501: 12394: 11067: 10716: 10643: 10501: 3348: 3235:. Despite initial successes and Papal support, the campaign was unsuccessful and Manuel was forced to return east. 2316: 2154: 709: 685: 4799:

rule as "Western emperor" in exile in Dalmatia until his murder in 480 and would be the last holder of the title.

3862: 3530:, a sixth-century Eastern Roman historian and a courtier of Justinian I, mentions the Western Roman Empire in his 1330:

still survives. It maintained Roman religion, language, and culture, and was far more concerned with fighting the

1071:, who were respectively the younger son and brother-in-law of Vespasian. Nero's rule was ended by a revolt of the 16375: 16310: 15355: 14742: 13670: 10660: 10593: 10461: 3538:, it is clear that Marcellinus made a clear divide between East and West, with mentions of a geographical east (" 3090:

invaded Italy. The Lombards conquered large parts of the devastated peninsula in the late 500s, establishing the

3017: 2771: 424: 13904: 10485: 7934: 4511:(Not recognized by Honorius and Eastern emperor; recognized only by Constantine III; not accepted by the Senate) 2364:

in 468. In addition Anthemius conducted failed campaigns against the Visigoths, hoping to halt their expansion.

1638:

emerged as emperor in 364. He immediately divided the Empire once again, giving the eastern half to his brother

15566: 13646: 13550: 13494: 12652: 11414: 11339: 11097: 9926:

Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

9425: 4176: 3416:

such as English and German. It survives in a "purer" form as the language of the Catholic Church; the Catholic

3135: 3007:

independent, often being enemies of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. With the pro-Roman Vandal king

2543: 2471: 1123: 382: 287: 8541:

The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476 (Christian Roman Empire)

4390:

in 367, however after his death in 375 his leading generals elevated his much younger son, Valentinian II, to

16471: 15719: 15180: 13535: 13469: 13268: 13000: 12923: 12774: 11910: 4147: 3355:

of Rome. Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws, they were more influenced by

2962:, by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire's lands, enlarged its territory considerably during 2909:

and the Ostrogoths' relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile under the reign of their new king

2630: 2625:. The practices of the barbarian kingdoms gradually replaced the old Roman institutions, specifically in the 1163:

were all usurping generals-turned-emperors whose rule would end with usurpation by another powerful general.

571: 126: 10475: 4449: 2075: 16330: 16315: 16210: 15175: 15059: 11750: 11354: 10806: 10521: 3690: 2345:, had no recognition outside of Italy, with the Eastern emperor Leo I and provincial governors in Gaul and 1993: 1853:

resided in Ravenna from 475 until his deposition in 476 and Ravenna would later be the capital of both the

540:

in AD 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire, the last Western Roman emperor

7972: 3713:, and organized the remaining western territories under his control into the Exarchate of Ravenna and the 3028: 16516: 15736: 15247: 15185: 14222: 13664: 13616: 13307: 12794: 12449: 12374: 12133: 11189: 11072: 10618: 2775: 2750:

in 480, Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins and established his own rule in

1737: 1243: 1148: 839: 787: 616: 9305: 3649:(right) were established by the Eastern Empire to better administer the reconquered Western territories. 3351:. This helped cement the loyalty of the local Roman populations, as well as the support of the powerful 2099:. Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire's military situation somewhat, relying heavily on his 15607: 15330: 13610: 13604: 13555: 13545: 12975: 12960: 12823: 12409: 12073: 11965: 11735: 11507: 11329: 11237: 11102: 11045: 10051: 3244: 2841: 2530: 2083:

depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force, with those defending the walls making a

1607:

and committed suicide, a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred under Constantius in 353.

1577: 1573: 1064: 1051:. To ensure a commander's loyalty, a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general's family 1048: 452: 251: 2670:

migration period barbarian kingdoms. Its divided successors would develop into the medieval states of

2008:

revolted after proclaiming himself emperor, with the support of the Gallic nobility and the barbarian

1358: 16561: 16255: 16215: 15656: 15143: 14291: 13855: 13722: 13005: 12429: 11522: 11477: 11404: 11324: 11272: 11262: 11214: 10561: 9793: 3195: 1945: 189: 3578:"). Furthermore, Marcellinus specifically designates some emperors and consuls as being "Eastern", " 2249:

and was subsequently proclaimed Western emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Leo.

16355: 16083: 15845: 15805: 15795: 15743: 15101: 15076: 14926: 14585: 14580: 13628: 12980: 12833: 12769: 12030: 11940: 11449: 11429: 11424: 11409: 11362: 11302: 11257: 11059: 10330: 4616:) were recognized in the East. In fact, these two emperors were installed by the Eastern emperor. 4130: 3671: 3366: 3316: 3256: 3131: 2949: 2801:

Though Odoacer ruled as a Roman governor would have and maintained himself as a subordinate to the

2658: 2649:, a rump state in Northern Gaul ruled by Syagrius, survived until 486 when it was conquered by the 2462: 2361: 2321: 2123: 2119: 2028:. Heraclianus attempted to invade Italy but failed and retreated to Carthage, where he was killed. 1553: 1505: 1403:(emperor) and gave him control of the Western Empire, while he continued to rule the East. In 293, 601: 438: 2999:

Unlike the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, the Vandals in Africa minted their own coinage and were both

2352:

Severus died in 465 and Leo I, with the consent of Ricimer, appointed the capable Eastern general

1318:), and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces, all of Hispania and 16566: 16486: 16133: 16041: 15340: 15335: 15168: 15049: 14590: 14543: 14486: 14185: 14129: 13877: 13716: 13391: 13283: 13245: 12740: 12670: 12439: 12419: 12359: 12349: 12339: 11745: 11434: 11334: 11314: 11229: 11219: 10924: 10864: 10844: 10556: 8943:

Hunt, Lynn; Martin, Thomas R.; Rosenwein, Barbara H.; Hsia, R. Po-chia; Smith, Bonnie G. (2001).

4229: 3726: 3504: 3228: 2294: 2290: 2021: 1845:

Italy from regular barbarian incursions. Ravenna would remain the western capital until 450 when

1581: 1100: 977: 917: 775: 671: 9945:

The Emperor Maurice and his historian : Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare

9365:

The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

1972:

Without Stilicho and following the sack of Rome, Honorius' reign grew more chaotic. The usurper

1234:

as joint heirs. However, Caracalla murdered his brother shortly after succeeding to the throne.

778:

further diminished any authority the emperor in Constantinople could hope to exert in the West.

16305: 16295: 15884: 15815: 15800: 15281: 15240: 15190: 15091: 15086: 14774: 14722: 14642: 14575: 14479: 14464: 14357: 14124: 14078: 13919: 13806: 13676: 13622: 13570: 13560: 13396: 13339: 13010: 12444: 12434: 12384: 12364: 12178: 12153: 12118: 12000: 11725: 11372: 11134: 10665: 8181:

The Romanization of Central Spain: complexity, diversity, and change in a Provincial Hinterland

3480:

the office itself has remained as the head of the Catholic Church and the head of state of the

2645:

Some territories under direct Roman control continued to exist in the West even after 480. The

2534: 2104: 1745: 1096: 752: 8904: 8006:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600

4608:

The following last emperors of the West were all accepted by the Senate but only two of them (

4005:

in 308, but rebelled in Gaul once again in 310. He was defeated by Constantine shortly after.

2936:

for Justinian, who prepared to invade and reclaim the Italian peninsula for the Roman Empire.

2829:

March and Odoacer was dead ten days later, killed by Theoderic after sharing a meal with him.

2434:. Later in the same year, Orestes crowned his own young son as Western emperor under the name 1114:

As the Empire expanded, two key frontiers revealed themselves. In the West, behind the rivers

16415: 16390: 16320: 16003: 15731: 15504: 15462: 15432: 15121: 15081: 14894: 14769: 13833: 13823: 13782: 13753: 13640: 13484: 13436: 13422: 13250: 12990: 12903: 12853: 12532: 12515: 12414: 12344: 12168: 11920: 11720: 11715: 11512: 11419: 11344: 11307: 11292: 11267: 11247: 11149: 10272: 7857:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2010).

7511: 4506: 4339: 4325: 4225: 4122: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4063: 3956: 3453:

continue to be used in some fields and situations, though they have largely been replaced by

2887: 2878: 2626: 1799: 1604: 1569: 1459: 1451: 1365:. Both Zenobia and the Tetrici were pardoned, although they were first paraded in a triumph. 863: 636: 15009: 10498:. Scholarly biographies of many Roman emperors, including those of the Western Roman Empire. 2060:

Honorius' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government installed

1622:, who had served as Constantius II's Caesar, assumed power. Julian was killed in 363 in the 1520:. After the death of Constantine I (337), this was the formal division of the Empire, until 16551: 16546: 16541: 16410: 16165: 16078: 16056: 15979: 15975: 15904: 15820: 15765: 15760: 15583: 15427: 15214: 15044: 15014: 14889: 14820: 14791: 14710: 13882: 13872: 13688: 13565: 13504: 13489: 13412: 13376: 13332: 13322: 13100: 13072: 12878: 12722: 12564: 12424: 12389: 12078: 11945: 11845: 11770: 11635: 11598: 10974: 10480: 10400:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

10247: 4824: 4043: 3837:(derived from the Latin word "Caesar"), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and 3642: 3421: 3361: 3252: 3232: 3162: 3143: 3139: 2764: 2499: 2118:

to cross from Spain to Tingitana in what is now Morocco in 429. They temporarily halted in

1885: 1858: 1655: 1561: 767: 466: 14994: 12068: 7700:

The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade

4330: 2157:, the Roman-Germanic coalition met and defeated the Hunnic forces, though Attila escaped. 1492: 629:, one in the East and one in the West, each with an appointed subordinate and heir titled 588:

did not consider the Empire to have been split into two empires but viewed it as a single

8: 16435: 16300: 16170: 15960: 15889: 15646: 15619: 15602: 15590: 15412: 15368: 14906: 14786: 14752: 14654: 14474: 14469: 14281: 14000: 13936: 13811: 13796: 13710: 13441: 13344: 13327: 13317: 13172: 13095: 12918: 12913: 12848: 12748: 12658: 12354: 12203: 12005: 11875: 11825: 11144: 10741: 10510:. Podcast concerning the Fall of the Western Roman Empire by PhD historian Patrick Wyman. 10355: 4051: 4029: 3923: 3902: 3778: 3714: 3646: 3500: 3496: 3158: 3071: 2924:

and allowing him to use Sicily as a staging point during the reconquest of Africa in the

2849: 2837: 2806: 2805:, the Eastern emperor Zeno began to increasingly see him as a rival. Thus, Zeno promised 2702: 2646: 2590: 2518: 2146: 1997: 1962: 1854: 1408: 1140: 883: 732: 713: 410: 14622: 14612: 7897:

Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians

4180:

toward Hispania, but was captured and executed by an agent of Magnentius on the border.

16155: 16071: 16061: 15894: 15857: 15787: 15726: 15709: 15663: 15573: 15487: 15301: 15019: 14999: 14982: 14933: 14798: 14607: 14558: 14491: 14409: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14296: 14266: 14158: 14056: 13924: 13899: 13634: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13499: 13464: 13459: 13417: 13381: 13240: 13135: 13057: 13030: 12970: 12873: 12858: 12696: 12676: 12404: 12128: 11935: 11790: 11730: 11650: 11593: 11457: 10693: 10672: 9904: 9684: 9625: 9546: 9490:

The Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor

9445: 9384: 9301: 9152: 9084: 8806: 8623: 8527: 8519: 8072: 8064: 7996: 7686: 4804: 4783: 4488: 4454: 4444: 4248: 4068: 3806:

of Constantine VI and as sole Roman Emperor. Irene was deposed and replaced by Emperor

3786: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3685: 3413: 3308: 2928:. With the death of Athalaric in 534, Amalasuntha crowned her cousin and only relative 2894:

in North Africa between 521 and 523. As such, his rule extended throughout the western

2845: 2679: 2637: 2600: 2563: 2522: 2504:, a 13th-century medieval map possibly copied from a 4th- or 5th-century Roman original 2435: 2375:

to the Western throne. During the brief reign of Olybrius, Ricimer died and his nephew

2234: 2211: 2196: 2177: 2100: 2041: 2037: 1928: 1850: 1830: 1820: 1803: 1765: 1683: 1276: 1254: 1156: 957: 819: 759: 721: 689: 648: 537: 291: 237: 20: 12043: 8703: 8470: 4555:, who took over Britain and Gaul around the same time. Honorius died of edema in 423. 4502:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor but recognized by Honorius; accepted by the Senate) 3166: 1427:) his capital, and Constantius made Trier his. In the East, Galerius made his capital 16285: 16187: 16175: 16160: 16140: 16051: 15998: 15970: 15952: 15755: 15631: 15624: 15437: 15385: 15363: 15291: 15128: 15024: 14960: 14955: 14884: 14781: 14496: 14424: 14419: 14261: 14190: 14173: 14168: 14163: 13963: 13914: 13479: 13474: 13407: 13366: 13360: 13201: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 12908: 12888: 12838: 12828: 12809: 12038: 11890: 11645: 11605: 11583: 10791: 10441: 10422: 10403: 10384: 10024: 10005: 9986: 9967: 9948: 9929: 9910: 9889: 9870: 9851: 9825: 9811: 9797: 9771: 9749: 9732: 9701: 9650: 9631: 9610: 9589: 9570: 9531: 9512: 9493: 9474: 9449: 9410: 9391: 9368: 9349: 9330: 9311: 9287: 9268: 9249: 9230: 9211: 9188: 9169: 9144: 9113: 9088: 9049: 9030: 9013: 8994: 8975: 8968: 8952: 8945: 8929: 8910: 8889: 8870: 8851: 8832: 8813: 8790: 8771: 8754: 8727: 8710: 8687: 8668: 8649: 8630: 8607: 8583: 8573: 8563: 8559: 8544: 8531: 8511: 8476: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8355: 8336: 8317: 8298: 8281: 8274: 8258: 8241: 8222: 8203: 8184: 8165: 8146: 8127: 8108: 8089: 8076: 8029: 8010: 7978: 7957: 7940: 7919: 7900: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7824: 7792: 7771: 7752: 7731: 7703: 7678: 7643: 7624: 7605: 7586: 7554: 7536: 7517: 4846: 4621: 4571:

Valentinian III was designated Honorius' heir in 421, although he was not proclaimed

4458: 3824: 3811: 3782: 3731: 3706: 3702: 3603: 3527: 3405: 3384: 3248: 3216: 3212: 3183: 3154: 3050: 2895: 2822: 2814: 2671: 2368: 2271: 2221:, a prominent general under Petronius, was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king 2191: 1941: 1623: 1338: 1280: 1249: 1223: 1199: 1136: 1040: 763: 508: 16430: 9667:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". 9044:

Kidner, Frank L.; Bucur, Maria; Mathisen, Ralph; McKee, Sally; Theodore, R. (2008).

3198:

by the Arabs during the course of the ninth century. In Italy, a few strongholds in

2832: 2199:, Petronius Maximus proclaimed himself emperor during the ensuing period of unrest. 1043:, the legions were far more numerous – as, for example, those led by 16046: 16036: 15862: 15810: 15714: 15578: 15467: 15417: 15395: 15390: 15321: 14977: 14764: 14759: 14715: 14702: 14632: 14600: 14595: 14459: 14454: 14436: 14397: 14330: 14313: 14254: 14244: 14239: 14180: 14136: 14106: 14066: 14049: 14032: 13995: 13746: 13696: 13278: 13273: 13196: 13130: 13125: 12995: 12965: 12933: 12789: 12734: 12713: 12691: 12470: 12103: 12063: 11995: 11930: 11855: 11850: 11622: 11545: 11492: 11287: 11282: 11171: 11030: 10979: 10939: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10889: 10811: 10758: 10751: 10736: 10731: 10655: 10583: 10206: 9783: 9724: 9676: 9562: 9554: 9437: 9156: 9136: 9076: 8750: 8503: 8056: 7670: 7568: 4858: 4425: 4299: 4273: 4254: 3751: 3485: 3401: 3325: 3312: 3268: 3147: 3123: 3102: 3097: 2959: 2802: 2650: 2609: 2404: 2326: 2033: 1937: 1787:

Goths under control, but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the

1776: 1772: 1733: 1712: 1708: 1692: 1631: 1619: 1450:

The Tetrarchy collapsed after the unexpected death of Constantius in 306. His son,

1444: 1440: 1399: 1342: 1307: 1266: 1219: 1091:. Following their example, the legions at the borders increasingly participated in 1072: 968: 625: 575: 3142:

attempted to restore order in the Empire, but his doctrinal reforms, known as the

2190:

Valentinian III was intimidated by Aetius and was encouraged by the Roman senator

2052: 16420: 16360: 16245: 16093: 16088: 16066: 15986: 15940: 15697: 15651: 15549: 15526: 15509: 15482: 15267: 15195: 15163: 15036: 15004: 14987: 14943: 14938: 14916: 14911: 14869: 14862: 14837: 14697: 14692: 14533: 14414: 14308: 14303: 14271: 14096: 14086: 13980: 13973: 13968: 13953: 13909: 13791: 13777: 13219: 13187: 13182: 13162: 13025: 12985: 12955: 12938: 12898: 12883: 12868: 12799: 12784: 12701: 12681: 12554: 12198: 12010: 11990: 11950: 11885: 11835: 11830: 11705: 11655: 11563: 11397: 11377: 11297: 10746: 10571: 9815: 9787: 9604: 8004: 7974:

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)

7954:

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)

7818: 7746: 4588: 4548: 4544: 4529: 4518: 4047: 4018: 3838: 3820: 3798: 3755: 3512: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3374: 3329: 3224: 3091: 2786: 2061: 2016:

for support. Athaulf defeated and executed Jovinus and his proclaimed co-emperor

2001: 1846: 1416: 1331: 1167: 1152: 1127: 949: 859: 835: 802: 201: 14617: 13077: 9080: 8741:

Gunderson, Gerald (1976). "Economic change and the demise of the Roman Empire".

4109:

of the Western Empire by his father's troops on 25 July 306 and was accepted as

2860:

Theoderic inherited Odoacer's role as acting viceroy for Italy and ostensibly a

2712:

in 578 and its coastal territories were incorporated into the Empire once more.

1969:, the successor of Arcadius, declared three days of mourning in Constantinople. 1536:(Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, 16450: 16370: 16325: 16265: 16230: 16022: 15935: 15840: 15748: 15539: 15373: 15296: 15138: 15133: 15096: 15071: 15054: 14965: 14950: 14921: 14879: 14727: 14687: 14682: 14637: 14563: 14523: 14513: 14503: 14318: 14197: 14091: 13958: 13840: 13702: 13598: 13592: 13192: 13167: 13040: 13035: 13020: 13015: 12950: 12945: 12928: 12893: 12686: 12664: 12608: 12547: 12253: 11895: 11630: 11578: 11550: 11497: 11482: 11462: 11277: 11252: 11209: 11199: 11025: 10999: 10929: 10914: 10879: 10839: 10600: 9763: 9664: 8000: 7992: 7810: 7806: 4687: 4418: 4404: 4377: 4335: 4237: 3850: 3846: 3802: 3599: 3492: 3450: 3442: 3434: 3417: 3260: 3191: 2980: 2891: 2853: 2795: 2618: 2581: 2458: 2408: 2342: 2135: 2092: 2065: 1724: 1720: 1627: 1529: 1517: 1497: 1471: 1412: 1227: 1179: 986: 925: 906: 806: 797: 744: 701: 664: 631: 559: 396: 335: 261: 140: 112: 10106: 10081: 9558: 9069:

Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung

8507: 6032: 6030: 3683:. Justinian had expected to rule over a restored Roman Empire alone, with the 3619: 1618:

In 361, Constantius II became ill and died, and Constantius Chlorus' grandson

16465: 16405: 16290: 16205: 16150: 16010: 15930: 15825: 15675: 15668: 15561: 15514: 15407: 15263: 15219: 15106: 14901: 14874: 14847: 14825: 14803: 14570: 14553: 14538: 14382: 14335: 14323: 14249: 14141: 14015: 14010: 13985: 13867: 13386: 13224: 12728: 12602: 12574: 11785: 11755: 11670: 11204: 11181: 10994: 10849: 10834: 10781: 10588: 10305: 10181: 9775: 8515: 8369: 8285: 8245: 7820:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337

7814: 7682: 6567: 4348: 4151: 3867:

With junior colleagues and heirs are listed below the reign of each emperor.

3828: 3628: 3286: 3208: 3207:, who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 with the 2525:) also recognized Nepos as his sovereign and the legitimate Western emperor. 2430:

of Julius Nepos, took control of Ravenna and forced Nepos to flee by ship to

1966: 1635: 1501: 1319: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1191: 1036: 895: 705: 693: 170: 15232: 14647: 14627: 8587: 8373: 4365:

375, while meeting with the Quadi, he suffered a stroke brought on by rage.

3841:, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the 2840:

at its height in 523, following the annexation of the southern parts of the

1005: 16440: 16240: 16145: 15991: 15965: 15874: 15556: 15544: 15492: 15452: 15447: 15311: 15306: 15111: 14852: 14842: 14808: 14737: 14732: 14659: 14449: 14431: 14392: 14387: 14367: 14362: 14234: 14227: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14101: 14039: 14020: 14005: 13941: 12759: 12614: 12594: 12263: 12123: 11568: 11517: 11472: 11467: 11319: 11129: 11015: 10959: 10954: 10726: 10610: 10544: 10507: 10131: 9204: 9148: 7576: 6027: 4767: 4613: 4467: 4228:

in 351, but continued to rule Italy and Gaul until his final defeat at the

4214: 3807: 3747: 3481: 3476: 3438: 3397: 3333: 3174: 3118:

and then the rise of Islam. For a while, the West remained important, with

2945: 2925: 2683: 2675: 2546:, during the sixth century as the "true" fall of the Western Roman Empire. 2412: 2392: 2304: 2279: 2226: 2222: 2091:

After a violent struggle with several rivals, and against Placidia's wish,

1919: 1904: 1825: 1752: 1670: 1584:. The provinces of Thrace, Achaea and Macedonia were shortly controlled by 1537: 1475: 1436: 1327: 1187: 1175: 1171: 1068: 1028: 1014: 972: 945: 771: 697: 640: 585: 567: 541: 369: 304: 274: 225: 153: 122: 59: 10156: 10056: 9736: 9441: 9327:

Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa

9140: 8604:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876

8433:

The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne

7916:

Christianity in Roman Africa: The Development of Its Practices and Beliefs

7352: 4778: 3997:

defeated Maxentius, who drowned when his forces were pushed back into the

3534:, which primarily covers the Eastern Roman Empire from 379 to 534. In the 3295: 3138:

by the Umayyad Caliphate. Through reforms and military campaigns, Emperor

2817:

if he was able to defeat Odoacer. Theoderic led the Ostrogoths across the

1665: 16380: 16128: 16123: 16115: 16100: 15925: 15830: 15641: 15477: 15442: 15422: 15402: 15380: 15345: 14830: 14815: 14664: 14377: 14286: 14276: 14202: 13850: 13845: 13312: 13177: 12058: 11680: 11502: 11392: 10786: 9983:

Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD

9227:

Divine Heiress The Virgin Mary and the Making of Christian Constantinople

8808:

Pavia and Rome: The Lombard monarchy and the papacy in the eighth century

8200:

Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451

3842: 3739: 3508: 3178: 3119: 3046: 2963: 2921: 2914: 2818: 2622: 2567: 2488: 2357: 2025: 2017: 2009: 1549: 1545: 1362: 1211: 891: 887: 823: 755: 736: 728: 717: 597: 8523: 4524:(Not recognized by Honorius and Eastern emperor; accepted by the Senate) 1379: 975:. The Empire featured many distinct cultures, all experienced a gradual 15911: 15899: 15869: 15835: 15775: 15457: 14857: 14674: 14548: 14508: 14441: 12283: 12223: 12188: 11980: 11915: 11905: 11800: 11685: 11573: 11156: 11124: 10869: 10796: 10628: 10623: 9688: 9017: 8714: 7944: 7690: 7658: 7572: 5238: 4842: 4207: 4185: 3949: 3931: 3370: 3264: 3169:

in 924, which would develop into the predecessors of modern-day Spain.

2985: 2882: 2666: 2161: 2111: 1870: 1647: 1600: 1557: 1541: 1509: 1420: 1390: 1354: 1160: 1108: 990: 929: 901: 652: 612: 71: 10513: 9566: 8867:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

8572:(5th ed.). Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 8068: 6015: 2641:

6th-century Visigothic coin, struck in the name of Emperor Justinian I

2282:, where he defeated the Burgundians and reconquered the rebel city of 2150: 1711:, and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the 1524:

was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius.

696:. In 480, following the assassination of the previous Western emperor 16345: 16182: 15917: 15879: 15472: 15286: 14747: 14518: 14402: 14372: 14153: 14027: 13818: 12579: 12313: 12308: 12268: 12193: 12163: 12143: 12020: 11960: 11870: 11820: 11815: 11740: 11700: 11588: 11558: 11367: 11242: 11035: 10919: 10894: 10773: 5403: 4747: 4712: 4609: 4313: 3975: 3876: 3710: 3638: 3595: 3516: 3356: 2929: 2910: 2874: 2866: 2388: 2353: 2266: 2262: 1865: 1659: 1643: 1612: 1585: 1521: 1513: 1463: 1432: 1374: 1272: 1262: 1258: 1231: 1099:

and the eastern provinces would see significant participation in the

1092: 1044: 879: 680: 620: 578:

were coined in modern times to describe political entities that were

545: 494: 163: 9680: 9453: 8491: 7674: 6384: 3380: 3037: 2954: 1744:

as emperor. In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again

1740:

assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named

16335: 16031: 15852: 15680: 15595: 15534: 15497: 14148: 13931: 13889: 13828: 13297: 12779: 12584: 12527: 12273: 12258: 12248: 12233: 12148: 12138: 12108: 12098: 12093: 12083: 11985: 11900: 11780: 11765: 11695: 11675: 11665: 11660: 11640: 11439: 11020: 10984: 10874: 10801: 10633: 9821: 9728: 9715:

Tenney, Frank (1930). "Life and Literature in the Roman Republic".

8060: 7640:

Cassiodorus: Variae, Translated with commentary by S. J. B. Barnish

5118: 4828: 4730: 4699: 4663: 4633: 4540: 4196: 4162: 4155: 4118: 4010: 3983: 3895: 3886: 3344: 3272: 3199: 3106: 3087: 3083: 3008: 2906: 2751: 2747: 2728: 2662: 2654: 2514: 2510: 2467: 2454: 2439: 2431: 2400: 2376: 2372: 2283: 2246: 2242: 2203: 2182: 2127: 2115: 1957: 1780: 1761: 1741: 1696: 1565: 1455: 1404: 1394: 1384: 1288: 1203: 1195: 1183: 1104: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1060: 994: 933: 910: 855: 827: 811: 660: 580: 480: 213: 98: 9426:"Constantine and the Christian Empire: Roman Imperial Biographies" 9307:

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527

6760: 5082: 16250: 16105: 16017: 14061: 13990: 13946: 13801: 12559: 12520: 12293: 12288: 12278: 12243: 12238: 12228: 12173: 12158: 11975: 11970: 11955: 11925: 11880: 11860: 11840: 11795: 11527: 11382: 11161: 10969: 10964: 10854: 10495: 8787:

Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture

7786: 5022: 4836: 4679: 4580: 4560: 4370: 4355: 4096: 4054:

in 324, but they were both killed shortly after their elevation.

3916: 3853:

which had also claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire.

3736: 3720: 3664: 3204: 3053:(right) was the last, campaigning in southern Italy in the 1150s. 3012: 2899: 2791: 2724: 2493: 2446: 2346: 2338: 2299: 2230: 2165: 2069: 2013: 2005: 1913: 1841: 1788: 1704: 1634:, who ruled for only nine months. Following the death of Jovian, 1597: 1462:. After Constantine unified the empire, he refounded the city of 1428: 1346: 1284: 1170:(r. 161–180), who decided to rule alongside his adoptive brother 1052: 982: 953: 948:

were culturally dominant. Lepidus received the minor province of

851: 847: 675: 656: 593: 148: 79: 13862: 10223:"Legal System – The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency" 9386:

The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825

7475: 6678: 5966: 5964: 4674:

Majorian was proclaimed Western emperor on 28 December 456. On 7

4169:(Emperor of Italy and Africa: 337–340, Western emperor: 340–350) 3823:

laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria's

3602:

in 210–211, who inherited the imperial throne from their father

2720: 2558: 16270: 13894: 13769: 13067: 12303: 12183: 12113: 12053: 12048: 12015: 11775: 11760: 11710: 11690: 11112: 10989: 10884: 9817:

Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

8238:

History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest

7316: 4642: 4597: 3833: 3676: 3365:

collected on the orders of Justinian I, is the basis of modern

3352: 3276: 3079: 3061: 2989: 2694: 2690: 2384: 2254: 2218: 2142: 2084: 2080: 1981: 1908: 1728: 1639: 1533: 1488:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

1323: 1132: 1119: 1018: 961: 875: 867: 843: 740: 615:

following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the

589: 94: 9867:

The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization

9848:

Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480

8886:

The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395

8472:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol 3

7282: 7280: 7278: 7238: 7236: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7105: 7103: 7090: 7088: 7003: 7001: 6724: 6603: 3499:

of Italy and Emperor Anastasius supporting another candidate,

3134:, during which time Africa was finally lost once and for all, 1568:, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received 1287:) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions. Nevertheless, 16235: 16225: 16220: 15692: 15687: 14528: 13045: 12569: 12542: 12088: 11810: 11537: 10829: 8665:

The Age of Attila: Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians

7856: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6666: 6573: 6105: 5961: 5502: 4480: 4396: 4113:

by Galerius later that year. In 307 Maximian accepted him to

3998: 3606:, but Caracalla ruled alone after the murder of his brother. 3388: 3146:, were extremely unpopular in the West and were condemned by 2258: 2056:

Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire, 100–500 AD

1989: 1985: 1977: 1950: 1894: 1889: 1796: 1792: 1716: 1424: 1315: 1115: 1076: 941: 871: 762:

in 800 marked a new imperial line that would evolve into the

674:, the Roman army in the West suffered defeat at the hands of 19:"Western Empire" redirects here. For the Frankish state, see 8646:

The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower

7659:"Late Roman Prosopography: Between Theodosius and Justinian" 6408: 6396: 6141: 5951: 5949: 5466: 3609: 3074:, made it difficult to retain over the following centuries. 2902:

before him, would have barred him from assuming the throne.

16365: 12537: 12298: 11865: 11805: 11387: 10763: 8414:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

7275: 7233: 7204: 7100: 7085: 6998: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6483: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5750: 5748: 5432: 5430: 5226: 4566:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor; accepted by the Senate) 4551:, a senator who was proclaimed emperor at Rome in 409, and 3515:

in 630, probably with permission from the Eastern emperor,

3359:

and gradually incorporated it. Roman law, particularly the

3220: 1723:

seized power in the West and forced Gratian's half-brother

1651: 1207: 1056: 937: 921: 748: 574:

in the separate courts. The terms Western Roman Empire and

87: 13738: 7567: 7465: 7463: 7358: 7328: 7221: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6832: 6796: 6690: 6591: 6579: 6242: 6240: 6081: 5670: 5622: 5130: 3215:, who invaded southern Italy during a war with the Norman 3211:. The last emperor to attempt reconquests in the West was 2110:

Meanwhile, pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by

1907:. Stilicho managed to subdue Gildo but was campaigning in 1756:

The administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395 AD

10859: 9886:

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I

8395:

Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720

8375:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 1, c.500–c.700

7991: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7364: 7304: 7292: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7127: 7115: 7073: 7061: 7037: 7013: 6962: 6615: 6471: 6336: 6300: 6153: 6093: 5946: 5682: 5298: 5244: 5046: 4938: 4707:

November 465, possibly due to being poisoned by Ricimer.

3460:

A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the

3082:

would last until the 620s, when the Visigoths under King

2114:, the governor of Africa, induced the Vandals under King 2020:

in 413, around the same time as another usurper arose in

16537:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

9043: 6873: 6871: 6820: 6748: 6531: 6360: 6348: 6324: 6312: 6252: 6213: 6189: 6071: 6069: 6054: 6036: 5929: 5745: 5699: 5697: 5427: 5391: 5354: 5352: 5070: 3441:

is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any

1836:

Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius I, was declared

1194:

as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have

1000: 956:). Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus, while adding 16350: 9606:

Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation

8942: 8770:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. 7460: 7436: 6895: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6555: 6519: 6495: 6432: 6276: 6264: 6237: 6177: 6021: 6003: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5784: 5538: 5514: 5286: 5250: 5178: 4579:. In 423, after the death of Honorius, a usurper named 2012:

and Alans. Honorius turned to the Visigoths under King

1953:, to cross the river and enter Roman territory in 406. 1126:. Whilst the Germanic tribes were formidable foes, the 8086:

Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam

7340: 7248: 7192: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7139: 6883: 6844: 6736: 6420: 6129: 6042: 5993: 5991: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5854: 5842: 5796: 5733: 5610: 5586: 5369: 5367: 5310: 4986: 4911: 4875: 2881:. His sister Amalfrida was married to the Vandal king 2517:, who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an 2484:

Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

9265:

The Cambridge Companion Guide to the Age of Justinian

9025:

Kaylor, Noel Harold; Phillips, Philip Edward (2012).

7859:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume 1

7025: 6986: 6974: 6868: 6856: 6772: 6627: 6507: 6461: 6459: 6444: 6066: 5709: 5694: 5415: 5379: 5349: 5322: 5214: 5202: 5106: 4974: 4962: 4035:(Titular emperor of the West, ruled only in the East) 4024:(Titular emperor of the West, ruled only in the East) 3641:

within the Roman Empire in AD 600. The Exarchates of

2064:

as Western emperor in Ravenna by force of arms, with

12500: 10504:. Navigable and interactive map of the Roman Empire. 9010:

The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Mediaeval Europe

7805: 7487: 7448: 6808: 6784: 6707: 6639: 6543: 6372: 6288: 6201: 6165: 5910: 5871: 5869: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5772: 5760: 5478: 5166: 5142: 5088: 5058: 5028: 4998: 4950: 4928: 4926: 4831:, where he might have been alive as late as AD 507. 2383:. After only seven months of rule, Olybrius died of 1443:, respectively, as their caesars, thus creating the 651:

as his successor in the West governing briefly from

7840:

Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics

7376: 7049: 6225: 6117: 5988: 5881: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5721: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5598: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5490: 5454: 5442: 5364: 5339: 5337: 5274: 5190: 5010: 4899: 4600:, a friend of Aetius, whom Valentinian had killed. 3130:, renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s, and then 2422:The brief rule of Nepos in Italy ended in 475 when 1393:divided the Roman Empire when, in 286, he elevated 1151:, usurpation became a common method of succession: 916:Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West: 10002:The Rome That Did Not Fall the Phoenix in the East 9627:The Roman Army: a Social and Institutional History 9383: 9203: 9126: 8967: 8944: 8805: 8702: 8622: 8392: 8273: 7936:History of the Later Roman Empire Vols. I & II 6766: 6456: 5976: 5409: 5262: 5094: 4887: 4319: 4136:(Emperor of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania: 337–340) 4057: 3332:(a co-emperor with Honorius in 421), produced for 2794:with the name and portrait of the Eastern emperor 712:and is sometimes used to mark the transition from 10320: 9185:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine 7602:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 7533:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 6730: 5866: 5825: 5526: 4923: 4473:(Eastern emperor: 379–394, sole emperor: 394–395) 4243:(Eastern emperor: 337–351, Sole emperor: 351–361) 4224:Magnentius was defeated by Constantius II at the 3856: 3827:attempted to unite Germany under their rule. The 3507:in 578 and 580. The traditional senate building, 2047: 1965:of the 4th century BC. The Eastern Roman emperor 1017:in AD 117 at its greatest extent, at the time of 16463: 9107: 8468: 7748:Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times 7481: 6390: 5808: 5334: 5154: 5034: 3915:by Diocletian in 285, after Diocletian defeated 3863:List of Roman emperors § Dominate (284–476) 2727:'s Italy in AD 480, following the annexation of 1927:in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of 1923:Barbarian invasions and the invasion of usurper 13686: 8393:Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). 8352:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius 8252: 7657:Barnes, T. D. (1983). Martindale, J. R. (ed.). 7549: 7322: 6609: 4596:Valentinian III was killed on 16 March 455, by 4438: 2356:as Western emperor following an eighteen-month 2172: 1218:. Verus accompanied Marcus at the start of the 1166:The idea of co-emperorship was first tested by 1079:. The Praetorian Guard, a figurative "sword of 882:. These lands had previously been conquered by 16532:States and territories established in the 390s 9999: 9746:Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire 9024: 5970: 4720:Anthemius was proclaimed Western emperor on 12 4001:river. Maximian had relinquished the title of 3721:Later claims to the Imperial title in the West 3347:. They quickly changed their adherence to the 2852:and exerted hegemony over the Burgundians and 1669:The division of the Empire after the death of 1237: 928:(parts of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and 15262: 15248: 13754: 12486: 10529: 9248:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8492:"Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors" 8469:Gibbons, Edward; Womersley, David P. (1994). 4202:(Rival emperor; recognized by Constantius II) 2521:in northern Gaul (a realm today known as the 2181:The Western Roman Empire during the reign of 1764:inherited the eastern half while the younger 834:. Antony received the provinces in the East: 15211:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 12889:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 10435: 10345: 10270: 9964:The Great German Nation: Origins and Destiny 9789:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 9647:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 9046:Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture 8947:The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures 7509: 7286: 7215: 7109: 7094: 7007: 5436: 5076: 4386:Valentinian I elevated his son, Gratian, to 2087:. Western Roman Empire, early 5th century AD 971:, a victorious Octavian controlled a united 663:as his successor in the East governing from 10245: 10174:"Constantius II – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10124:"Libius Severus – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 9108:Knowles, David; Obolensky, Dimitri (1978). 8883: 8848:The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History 8643: 8620: 8449: 8083: 7914:Burns, J. Patout; Jensen, Robin M. (2014). 7913: 7334: 7227: 6672: 5676: 5628: 5304: 4917: 2497: 1532:, his third son and the second by his wife 1314:Its capital was Augusta Treverorum (modern 327:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) 16527:470s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 15255: 15241: 13761: 13747: 12493: 12479: 10536: 10522: 10121: 10000:Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1998). 9300: 9246:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 9027:A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages 8803: 8216: 6684: 6111: 6099: 5955: 5848: 5520: 5508: 4682:, who became the power behind the throne. 4653:Avitus was proclaimed Western emperor on 9 4399:, where he was murdered on 25 August 383. 2913:, a child under the regency of his mother 1174:. There was, however, much precedent. The 548:during the latter half of the 6th century. 43: 10348:"Sasanian Dynasty – Encyclopedia Iranica" 9782: 9525: 9310:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9281: 9201: 8430: 8411: 8378:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8349: 8314:Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? 8257:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8255:Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? 8009:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7823:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7242: 6621: 6477: 6342: 6060: 5904: 5472: 4603: 4292: 3610:Attempted restorations of a Western court 2693:from the year 508 identifies a man named 2134:October 439 and the establishment of the 1383:The organization of the Empire under the 1361:, and soon captured Tetricus and his son 1222:, but died shortly after. Decades later, 10221: 10047:"Gallienus – World History Encyclopedia" 9762: 9644: 9623: 9343: 9224: 9012:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 8761: 8681: 8601: 8452:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 8368: 8084:Cline, Eric H.; Graham, Mark W. (2011). 8042: 6701: 6561: 6537: 6513: 6414: 6402: 6366: 6354: 6147: 6075: 5328: 5232: 5184: 5136: 4881: 4777: 4448: 4329: 4067: 3880: 3730: 3379: 3096: 2953: 2831: 2785: 2719: 2636: 2557: 2487: 2320: 2176: 2074: 2051: 1918: 1824: 1751: 1664: 1504:: from west to east, the territories of 1491: 1378: 1297: 1004: 900: 623:in 286, with two senior emperors titled 16522:280s establishments in the Roman Empire 15035: 12844:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 10543: 10397: 10171: 10018: 9980: 9544: 9404: 9324: 9243: 9163: 9063:Klewitz, Hans-Walter (1 January 1943). 8864: 8845: 8826: 8709:. Cambridge England: University Press. 8489: 8178: 8140: 8121: 8102: 7744: 7637: 7510:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998). 7469: 7442: 7346: 7198: 7186: 7169: 7157: 7145: 6956: 6660: 6585: 6525: 6501: 6489: 6438: 6426: 6306: 6282: 6246: 6183: 6159: 6087: 6048: 5802: 5754: 5739: 5715: 5703: 5616: 5592: 5373: 5245:Cameron, Ward-Perkins & Whitby 2000 5016: 4968: 4944: 4893: 3400:combined with neighboring Germanic and 3396:Latin as a language did not disappear. 2813:of the Eastern Court, control over the 2426:, a former secretary of Attila and the 2403:. With the support of Eastern emperors 1956:Honorius was convinced by the minister 1901:Magister utriusque militiae per Africam 58:Western administrative division of the 16464: 10436:Merills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2007). 10099:"Glycerius – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10074:"Anthemius – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 9942: 9923: 9902: 9883: 9810: 9743: 9714: 9506: 9487: 9468: 9182: 8923: 8902: 8784: 8662: 8557: 8354:. University of North Carolina Press. 8271: 8253:Drinkwater, John; Elton, Hugh (2002). 8235: 8197: 7784: 7725: 7716: 7656: 7618: 7382: 7257: 6889: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6802: 6754: 6742: 6718: 6597: 6450: 6258: 5860: 5688: 5397: 5385: 5292: 5256: 5220: 5208: 5148: 5124: 5112: 5064: 5052: 5004: 4956: 3870: 3420:was spoken exclusively in Latin until 2939: 2574: The Roman Empire under Justinian 2553: 2367:The trial and subsequent execution of 2337:. The most pointed example of this is 1677:AD 395, superimposed on modern borders 1650:, who in turn were fleeing before the 1248:With the assassination of the emperor 536: Whilst the deposition of Emperor 15236: 13742: 12474: 10517: 10298:"Postumus – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10283:from the original on 22 February 2018 10258:from the original on 22 February 2018 10199:"Aurelian – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10149:"Majorian – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10096: 10071: 10044: 9961: 9695: 9663: 9602: 9583: 9551:Readings in the Sociology of Language 9381: 9362: 8988: 8965: 8740: 8721: 8700: 8538: 8311: 8159: 7894: 7875: 7768:Monumentum et instrumentum inscriptum 7697: 7530: 7493: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7370: 7310: 7298: 7269: 7133: 7121: 7079: 7067: 7043: 7031: 7019: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6877: 6862: 6814: 6778: 6648: 6633: 6549: 6378: 6270: 6231: 6135: 5982: 5940: 5875: 5836: 5778: 5766: 5532: 5484: 5448: 5316: 5280: 5172: 4992: 4980: 4905: 3970:put to death soon after his capture. 3655:The positions of Eastern and Western 3433:, especially English and French. The 3132:a period of chaos between 695 and 717 2890:in 511 and exerted hegemony over the 2477: 1411:were appointed as their subordinate ( 1269:, leaving Gallienus as sole emperor. 1095:. For instance, legions stationed in 1075:, who had been bribed in the name of 1001:Rebellions and political developments 596:disappeared by AD 554, at the end of 533: 10416: 10378: 10295: 10196: 10146: 9864: 9845: 9390:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9262: 9007: 8625:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 8496:Papers of the British School at Rome 8450:Gibbons, Edward; Bury, J.B. (1974). 8330: 8202:. Presses Universitaires de France. 8023: 7970: 7951: 7932: 7837: 7791:. Durham theses, Durham University. 7765: 7599: 7571:; Cameron, Alan; Schwartz, Seth R.; 7553:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012. 7454: 6790: 6330: 6318: 6294: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6171: 6123: 6009: 5997: 5923: 5892: 5819: 5790: 5727: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5604: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5496: 5460: 5421: 5358: 5196: 5160: 5100: 5040: 3791:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 3194:throughout the eighth century, with 2153:, forcing them into retreat. At the 2000:as emperor. With the aid of general 1903:, rebelled in 397 and initiated the 1814: 1481: 643:, governed, if briefly, as the sole 84:(401–403, 408–450, 457–461, 475–476) 16557:Historical transcontinental empires 10381:Westrom: Von Honorius bis Justinian 9062: 8333:Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425 8292: 8162:Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle 6465: 4932: 4810:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4753:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4736:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4693:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4669:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4648:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4627:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 13: 10372: 10327:droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr 10023:. University of California Press. 9471:The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395 8812:. American Philosophical Society. 8124:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 7581:. Philological Monographs No. 36. 5089:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 5029:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 4637:wishing to curry favor with them. 4213:(Rival emperor; recognized by the 3750:due to, and in opposition to, the 3511:, was rebuilt into a church under 2461:. Zeno eventually granted Odoacer 2278:status. Majorian then entered the 792:First division of the Roman Empire 747:had diminished significantly. The 619:. He introduced the system of the 49:The Western Roman Empire in AD 400 14: 16578: 16446:Western European and Others Group 13653:United Provinces of Central Italy 10455: 9423: 7583:American Philological Association 7578:Consuls of the Later Roman Empire 7055: 5343: 5268: 3965:Valerius Severus was elevated to 3889:, the first Western Roman emperor 3488:, one of whom was Julius Caesar. 2781:Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius 2715: 2208:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1496:Division of the Empire among the 1275:, Gallienus' infant son, and the 735:, the ancient Roman heartland of 566:was the western provinces of the 12502:List of historic states of Italy 10323:"The Code of Justinian – Book 1" 9553:. De Gruyter. pp. 660–672. 9110:The Middle Ages: The Middle Ages 8974:. University of Oklahoma Press. 8743:Explorations in Economic History 8667:. University of Michigan Press. 7513:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 4342:'s second generation of emperors 3627: 3618: 3424:. As such it was also used as a 3387:, languages that developed from 3349:state church of the Roman Empire 3294: 3285: 3036: 3027: 2496:, Western Roman capital, on the 2317:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2155:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 1588:, nephew of Constantine I and a 1226:(r. 193–211) appointed his sons 710:fall of the Western Roman Empire 513: 499: 485: 471: 457: 443: 429: 415: 401: 387: 362: 16:Western half of the Roman Empire 16512:5th century in the Roman Empire 16507:4th century in the Roman Empire 16502:3rd century in the Roman Empire 13635:Provisional Government of Milan 10502:Digital Map of the Roman Empire 9906:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir 9166:Medieval Civilization: 400–1500 8991:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium 8397:. Manchester University Press. 8217:Deliyannis, Deborah M. (2010). 8143:Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 7728:The Roman Government of Britain 4320:Valentinianic dynasty (364–392) 4058:Constantinian dynasty (309–363) 3689:explicitly designating the new 3522: 3486:the Roman polytheistic religion 3196:the island slowly being overrun 3018:Praetorian Prefecture of Africa 2743:, rather than in his own name. 2703:Kingdom of the Moors and Romans 2349:all refusing to recognize him. 1707:declined to wear the mantle of 708:as a demarcating event for the 425:Kingdom of the Moors and Romans 12834:City of Fiume and its District 10038: 9588:. Cambridge University Press. 9586:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice 9407:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 9367:. Cambridge University Press. 9267:. Cambridge University Press. 9187:. Cambridge University Press. 8993:. Cambridge University Press. 8909:. Princeton University Press. 8831:. Cambridge University Press. 8789:. Cambridge University Press. 8350:Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). 8316:. Cambridge University Press. 8221:. Cambridge University Press. 8088:. Cambridge University Press. 8026:Fighting Emperors of Byzantium 7977:. Cambridge University Press. 7918:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 7642:. Liverpool University Press. 7535:. Cambridge University Press. 6767:Fouracre & Gerberding 1996 4263:Constantius II was proclaimed 4177:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 4142:Constantine II was proclaimed 3857:List of Western Roman emperors 2772:Caecina Decius Maximus Basilus 2544:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 2245:defeated an invading force of 2048:Escalating barbarian conflicts 1124:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 1: 13269:County of Apulia and Calabria 12775:Campagna e Marittima Province 9547:"Lingua Francas of the World" 9405:Norwich, John Julius (1989). 7785:Bourne, Richard John (2000). 5127:, pp. 117, 153 note 157. 4864: 4148:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul 4105:Constantine I was proclaimed 3546:") and of an imperial east (" 3465: 3449:writing system in the world. 2774:in 480. Basilus was made the 2237:did not select a new western 1674: 1615:, more than a century prior. 1419:: in the West, Maximian made 781: 11108:Frontiers and fortifications 10486:Resources in other libraries 10402:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 9545:Samarin, William J. (1968). 9382:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). 9202:Levillain, Philippe (2002). 8906:The Formation of Christendom 8755:10.1016/0014-4983(76)90004-8 8724:The Fall of the Roman Empire 8644:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2010). 8621:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 8606:. Cornell University Press. 8179:Curchin, Leonard A. (2004). 7939:. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 7899:. Indiana University Press. 7880:. Indiana University Press. 7770:(in German). Franz Steiner. 7623:. Harvard University Press. 7482:Gibbons & Womersley 1994 6391:Knowles & Obolensky 1978 4869: 4439:Theodosian dynasty (392–455) 4191:(Not recognized in the East) 3940:Constantius was elevated to 3691:Praetorian Prefect of Africa 2755:were issued with the legend 2699:Regnum Maurorum et Romanarum 2225:and accepted as such by the 2173:Internal unrest and Majorian 1603:. After Magnentius lost the 1368: 1326:, and a partial list of its 727:In the 6th century, Emperor 720:. Odoacer's Italy and other 7: 16492:Former monarchies of Europe 13768: 13671:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 13665:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 13617:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 12795:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 11167:Decorations and punishments 10273:"Pontifex Maximus – Livius" 10248:"Governor (Roman) – Livius" 9985:. Oxford University Press. 9928:. Oxford University Press. 9903:Weigel, Richard D. (1992). 9645:Southern, Patricia (2015). 9630:. Oxford University Press. 9526:Ravegnani, Giorgio (2004). 9509:Ancient Rome: A New History 9286:. Oxford University Press. 9244:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). 9225:Limberis, Vasiliki (2012). 9206:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 9081:10.7767/zrgka.1943.32.1.509 8869:. Oxford University Press. 8804:Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). 8558:Glazer, Steven A. (1996) . 8431:Frassetto, Michael (2013). 8412:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 8335:. Oxford University Press. 8164:. Oxford University Press. 7971:Bury, John Bagnell (2015). 7952:Bury, John Bagnell (2005). 7933:Bury, John Bagnell (1923). 7878:A History of the Ostrogoths 7730:. Oxford University Press. 7726:Birley, Anthony R. (2005). 7619:Barnes, Timothy D. (2006). 7516:. Oxford University Press. 7323:Drinkwater & Elton 2002 4852: 3190:Imperial rule continued in 2844:. Theoderic ruled both the 2776:praetorian prefect of Italy 2746:When Nepos was murdered in 2411:, Julius Nepos crossed the 2310: 1470:("New Rome"), later called 1244:Crisis of the Third Century 1238:Crisis of the Third Century 1149:Crisis of the Third Century 788:History of the Roman Empire 617:Crisis of the Third Century 91:(403–408, 450–457, 461–475) 10: 16583: 16482:Former countries in Africa 16477:Former countries in Europe 13611:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 13605:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 13006:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 12976:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 12961:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 12074:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10649:historiography of the fall 10052:World History Encyclopedia 9981:Wienand, Johannes (2014). 9884:Watson, Alexander (2014). 9424:Odahl, Charles M. (2006). 8884:Hebblewhite, Mark (2016). 8829:The Western Empire, 425–76 8602:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). 8240:. Literary Licensing LLC. 8236:Downey, Glanville (1961). 7698:Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). 7502: 5971:Williams & Friell 1998 4575:, only given the title of 4442: 4323: 4061: 3874: 3860: 3724: 3554:") and an imperial west (" 3245:Legacy of the Roman Empire 3242: 3219:in the 1150s. The city of 3128:being besieged in the 670s 2943: 2877:and the Burgundian prince 2481: 2314: 1818: 1809: 1682: Western Court under 1485: 1372: 1345:, under the rule of Queen 1241: 1065:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 785: 584:independent; contemporary 453:Kingdom of the Burgundians 18: 16216:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 16196: 16114: 15951: 15786: 15657:Standard Average European 15525: 15354: 15274: 15204: 15156: 14673: 14077: 13776: 13723:Free Territory of Trieste 13583: 13513: 13452: 13435: 13359: 13296: 13259: 13241:Principality of Benevento 13233: 13210: 13155: 13144: 13086: 13056: 12808: 12758: 12712: 12643: 12630: 12593: 12508: 12455:External wars and battles 12322: 12216: 12029: 11621: 11614: 11536: 11448: 11353: 11228: 11180: 11058: 11008: 10947: 10938: 10820: 10772: 10692: 10609: 10579: 10570: 10552: 10481:Resources in your library 9794:Stanford University Press 9603:Smith, Andrew M. (2013). 9559:10.1515/9783110805376.660 9430:Byzantinische Zeitschrift 9363:Nicol, Donald M. (2002). 9282:MacGeorge, Penny (2002). 9164:Le Goff, Jacques (1994). 8989:Kaegi, Walter E. (2004). 8762:Haarmann, Harald (2004). 8629:. Yale University Press. 8508:10.1017/S0068246200001781 8219:Ravenna in late antiquity 7895:Burns, Thomas S. (1994). 7876:Burns, Thomas S. (1991). 3911:Maximian was elevated to 3679:to Belisarius as Western 3586:" respectively. The term 3238: 2449:, leader of the Germanic 1760:Theodosius I's older son 1662:under their own leaders. 529: 341: 331: 323: 318: 314: 301: 284: 271: 267: 257: 247: 243: 231: 219: 207: 195: 183: 179: 169: 159: 147: 132: 118: 108: 67: 54: 42: 37: 30: 16497:Former empires in Africa 16356:Lancaster House Treaties 15846:Christian existentialism 15806:Ancient Roman philosophy 15796:Ancient Greek philosophy 13629:Italian United Provinces 12981:Principality of Piombino 12770:Patrimony of Saint Peter 10508:The Fall of Rome Podcast 10496:De Imperatoribus Romanis 10019:Wolfram, Herwig (1990). 9943:Whitby, Michael (1988). 9924:Whaley, Joachim (2012). 9792:. Stanford, California: 9325:Merills, Andrew (2016). 9129:World Journal of Surgery 8966:Jones, A. H. M. (1992). 8926:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis 8888:. Taylor & Francis. 8726:. Simon & Schuster. 8490:Gillett, Andrew (2001). 8280:. Simon & Schuster. 8198:Dagron, Gilbert (1984). 8049:Journal of Roman Studies 7745:Bennett, Julian (1997). 7717:Birley, Anthony (2000). 7638:Barnish, S.J.B. (1992). 7621:Constantine and Eusebius 7287:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7216:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7110:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7095:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7008:Adkins & Adkins 1998 3801:, the mother of emperor 3752:Roman Empire in the East 3580:Orientalibus principibus 3404:, giving rise to modern 3317:Anicius Petronius Probus 3257:Civil law (legal system) 3144:Iconoclastic Controversy 3116:war with Sasanian Persia 2241:. The prominent general 1466:in modern-day Turkey as 909:before the conquests of 846:(roughly modern Greece, 770:between the churches of 439:Kingdom of the Visigoths 273:• Death of Emperor 16134:Equality before the law 15341:Romano-Germanic culture 13717:Italian Social Republic 13392:Principality of Taranto 13284:Principality of Taranto 13246:Principality of Salerno 13001:Bishopric of Tarantasia 12824:Bishopric of Bressanone 12741:Duchy of the Pentapolis 12450:Roman–Iranian relations 10925:Optimates and populares 10398:Heather, Peter (2003). 9846:Vagi, David L. (2000). 9696:Tames, Richard (1972). 9344:Moorhead, John (1994). 8903:Herrin, Judith (1987). 8865:Heather, Peter (2007). 8846:Heather, Peter (2005). 8827:Heather, Peter (2000). 8722:Grant, Michael (1997). 8701:Grant, Michael (1954). 8565:A Country Study: Turkey 8141:Collins, Roger (2010). 8122:Collins, Roger (1989). 8103:Collins, Roger (1983). 7531:Amory, Patrick (1997). 7335:Burns & Jensen 2014 5629:Cline & Graham 2011 5305:Gibbons & Bury 1974 4230:Battle of Mons Seleucus 4175:Constans was given the 4091:(Sole emperor: 324–337) 3727:Problem of two emperors 3564:Occidentalis respublica 3011:having been deposed by 2270:lawful emperor. At the 1143:with the Roman Empire. 832:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 532: 109:Official languages 16296:Eastern European Group 15885:Continental philosophy 15816:Judeo-Christian ethics 15801:Hellenistic philosophy 15282:Cradle of civilization 13623:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13397:Terra Sancti Benedicti 13301:(from the 9th century) 13011:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12460:Civil wars and revolts 11726:Sextus Pompeius Festus 11373:Conflict of the Orders 10732:Legislative assemblies 10379:Börm, Henning (2018). 10302:www.roman-emperors.org 10203:www.roman-emperors.org 10178:www.roman-emperors.org 10153:www.roman-emperors.org 10128:www.roman-emperors.org 10103:www.roman-emperors.org 10078:www.roman-emperors.org 9669:Social Science History 9624:Southern, Pat (2007). 9584:Satow, Ernest (2011). 9530:(in Italian). Mulino. 9507:Potter, David (2014). 9488:Potter, David (2008). 9469:Potter, David (2004). 9008:Katz, Solomon (1955). 8970:The Later Roman Empire 8764:Geschichte der Schrift 8145:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8107:. St. Martin's Press. 7956:. Adamant Media Corp. 7766:Börm, Henning (2008). 7600:Ball, Warwick (2001). 5410:Lascaratos & Voros 4787: 4604:Non-dynastic (455–480) 4462: 4343: 4293:Non-dynastic (363–364) 4285:Julian was proclaimed 4150:, which also included 4080: 3890: 3759: 3576:principatum Occidentis 3412:Latin also influenced 3393: 3231:, separated since the 3110: 2975: 2857: 2798: 2731: 2642: 2627:praetorian prefectures 2613: 2535:Fall of Constantinople 2505: 2498: 2330: 2210:. The severity of the 2187: 2088: 2057: 1932: 1833: 1757: 1700: 1525: 1387: 1311: 1049:First Jewish–Roman War 1032: 913: 803:mounted postal service 700:, the Eastern emperor 16416:Three Seas Initiative 16391:Pacific Islands Forum 16256:British–Irish Council 16004:Greek Orthodox Church 15463:Industrial Revolution 15433:Scientific Revolution 15181:Medieval great powers 13641:Republic of San Marco 13423:Crown Colony of Malta 13251:Principality of Capua 12991:Marquisate of Saluzzo 12854:County of Santa Fiora 12516:Etruscan civilization 12169:Simplicius of Cilicia 11921:Quintus Curtius Rufus 11150:Siege in Ancient Rome 10759:Executive magistrates 10421:. Walter de Gruyter. 10352:www.iranicaonline.org 9962:White, Craig (2007). 9865:Vogt, Joseph (1993). 9744:Thomas, Hugh (2010). 9528:I bizantini in Italia 9442:10.1515/BYZS.2006.260 9263:Maas, Micael (2005). 9183:Lenski, Noel (2007). 9141:10.1007/s002689910100 8785:Haldon, J.F. (1997). 8682:Gottlieb, H. (2006). 8663:Gordon, C.D. (2013). 8272:Durant, Will (1950). 8160:Croke, Brian (2001). 8043:Christie, N. (1991). 6731:The Code of Justinian 6687:, pp. 1199–1200. 4781: 4452: 4340:Valentinianic dynasty 4333: 4326:Valentinianic dynasty 4226:Battle of Mursa Major 4123:Battle of Chrysopolis 4078:Constantinian dynasty 4076:, the founder of the 4071: 4064:Constantinian dynasty 3884: 3777:collapsed in 888 and 3765:Emperor of the Romans 3742:, who was crowned as 3734: 3556:Occidentalie imperium 3495:as pope despite both 3383: 3373:is based on Germanic 3243:Further information: 3100: 2957: 2944:Further information: 2888:king of the Visigoths 2835: 2790:Solidus minted under 2789: 2723: 2640: 2561: 2491: 2470:, annexing it to his 2324: 2298:reforms, stopping at 2261:, Burgundians, Huns, 2180: 2078: 2055: 1922: 1828: 1755: 1668: 1646:, fleeing before the 1630:and was succeeded by 1605:Battle of Mursa Major 1495: 1460:Battle of Chrysopolis 1382: 1301: 1141:continued hostilities 1008: 969:defeat of Mark Antony 904: 894:often serving as the 786:Further information: 692:and became the first 684:. Odoacer forced the 119:Common languages 16472:Western Roman Empire 16411:Special Relationship 15821:Christian philosophy 15766:Western Christianity 15428:Age of Enlightenment 15302:Hellenistic Kingdoms 15191:European colonialism 15176:Ancient great powers 13437:French Revolutionary 13377:State of the Presidi 13101:Republic of Florence 13073:Domini di Terraferma 12723:Exarchate of Ravenna 12621:Western Roman Empire 12565:Nuragic civilization 12179:Stephanus Byzantinus 12084:Eusebius of Caesaria 11946:Sidonius Apollinaris 11636:Ammianus Marcellinus 10975:Tribune of the plebs 10467:Western Roman Empire 10417:Kolb, Frank (1987). 10346:Shapur Shahbazi, A. 10184:on 11 September 2017 10147:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10122:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10097:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10072:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10021:History of the Goths 9850:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 9048:. Houghton Mifflin. 8924:Hughes, Ian (2012). 8684:Linguistic Influence 8539:Given, John (2014). 8331:Elton, Hugh (1996). 8312:Elton, Hugh (1992). 8293:Eck, Werner (2002). 8105:Early Medieval Spain 7861:. Cengage Learning. 4825:Castellum Lucullanum 4044:Council of Carnuntum 3584:Orientalium consulum 3552:Orientale respublica 3362:Corpus Juris Civilis 3253:Corpus Juris Civilis 3163:Pelagius of Asturias 3103:Eastern Roman Empire 2960:Eastern Roman Empire 2950:Gothic War (535–554) 2850:Ostrogothic kingdoms 2836:Map of the realm of 2682:(initially known as 2674:(initially known as 2500:Tabula Peutingeriana 2445:On 4 September 476, 2387:. Gundobad elevated 2327:Eastern Roman Empire 2095:rose to the rank of 1859:Exarchate of Ravenna 1656:Battle of Adrianople 1556:received Britannia, 1431:and Diocletian made 1279:Silvanus resided in 886:; thus, much of the 768:Great Schism of 1054 576:Eastern Roman Empire 564:Western Roman Empire 467:Kingdom of the Suebi 32:Western Roman Empire 16436:West Nordic Council 16301:Eastern Partnership 15890:Analytic philosophy 15591:Classical tradition 15413:Early modern period 15369:Classical antiquity 15364:European Bronze Age 15186:Modern great powers 13711:Free State of Fiume 13659:Kingdom of Sardinia 13402:Neapolitan Republic 13350:Kingdom of Sardinia 13345:Republic of Sassari 13173:Catepanate of Italy 13096:Republic of Cospaia 12919:Duchy of Montferrat 12914:March of Montferrat 12849:County of Guastalla 12749:Exarchate of Africa 12355:Distinguished women 12006:Velleius Paterculus 11846:Nicolaus Damascenus 11826:Marcellus Empiricus 11215:Republican currency 10440:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10358:on 17 November 2017 10333:on 25 February 2018 10197:Körner, Christian. 10109:on 3 September 2017 10045:Donald L., Wasson. 9947:. Clarendon Press. 9717:Classical Philology 9456:on 22 February 2018 9302:Martindale, John R. 9284:Late Roman warlords 9095:on 22 February 2018 8648:. Orion Books Ltd. 8295:The Age of Augustus 8024:Carr, John (2015). 7997:Ward-Perkins, Bryan 7842:. Wakefield Press. 7838:Bray, John (1997). 7551:Annuario Pontificio 7433:, pp. 322–323. 7421:, pp. 319–321. 7409:, pp. 317–319. 7397:, pp. 315–317. 7373:, pp. 310–312. 7359:Bagnall et al. 1987 7313:, pp. 298–302. 7301:, pp. 282–285. 7272:, pp. 270–274. 7136:, pp. 251–254. 7124:, pp. 242–246. 7082:, pp. 247–248. 7070:, pp. 240–242. 7046:, pp. 235–236. 7022:, pp. 224–225. 6971:, pp. 217–218. 6841:, pp. 260–261. 6805:, pp. 536–540. 6610:Annuario Pontificio 6600:, pp. 517–551. 6574:Bulliet et al. 2010 6492:, pp. 112–113. 6417:, pp. 275–276. 6405:, pp. 256–258. 6393:, pp. 108–109. 6333:, pp. 139–140. 6321:, pp. 125–132. 6222:, pp. 461–462. 6198:, pp. 422–424. 6150:, pp. 107–115. 6114:, pp. 509–510. 6090:, pp. 199–224. 6039:, pp. 198–203. 6012:, pp. 422–424. 5943:, pp. 288–297. 5793:, pp. 324–325. 5691:, pp. 102–103. 5547:, pp. 148–149. 5511:, pp. 153–156. 5475:, pp. 214–217. 5412:, pp. 615–619. 5235:, pp. 141–142. 5055:, pp. 249–250. 4947:, pp. 662–663. 3871:Tetrarchy (286–313) 3787:Holy Roman Emperors 3746:in the year 800 by 3744:Imperator Romanorum 3715:Exarchate of Africa 3447:most widely adopted 3159:Kingdom of Asturias 3120:Emperor Constans II 3072:Plague of Justinian 2940:Imperial reconquest 2838:Theodoric the Great 2809:of the Ostrogoths, 2807:Theoderic the Great 2591:Ostrogothic Kingdom 2554:Political aftermath 1888:, rebelled in 395. 1855:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1409:Constantius Chlorus 964:) to his holdings. 884:Alexander the Great 572:imperial succession 411:Kingdom of Soissons 16517:286 establishments 15895:Post-structuralism 15858:Christian humanism 15488:Universal suffrage 13541:Lucca and Piombino 13418:Malta Protectorate 13382:Duke of San Donato 13136:Republic of Ancona 13058:Republic of Venice 12971:Duchy of Mirandola 12859:Duchy of Guastalla 12697:Duchy of Tridentum 12677:Duchy of Benevento 12644:Barbarian kingdoms 12129:Phlegon of Tralles 11936:Seneca the Younger 11410:Naming conventions 11140:Personal equipment 10673:Later Roman Empire 10233:on 1 December 2017 9768:The Goths in Spain 8768:History of Writing 8560:Metz, Helen Chapin 8543:. Arx Publishing. 6588:, pp. 14, 21. 6037:Kidner et al. 2008 5400:, pp. 15, 19. 4788: 4784:Romulus Augustulus 4773:(In exile 475–480) 4463: 4445:Theodosian dynasty 4344: 4338:, a member of the 4249:Constantius Gallus 4081: 3891: 3775:Carolingian Empire 3770:translatio imperii 3760: 3686:Codex Justinianeus 3588:Hesperium Imperium 3572:Hesperium imperium 3560:Occidentale regnum 3548:Orientale imperium 3414:Germanic languages 3394: 3111: 3067:Pragmatic Sanction 2976: 2966:'s reign from 527 2858: 2842:Burgundian kingdom 2799: 2732: 2659:Battle of Soissons 2647:Domain of Soissons 2643: 2614: 2601:Visigothic Kingdom 2564:Barbarian kingdoms 2523:Domain of Soissons 2506: 2478:Fall of the Empire 2362:Battle of Cape Bon 2331: 2212:Vandal sack of 455 2197:Theodosian dynasty 2188: 2089: 2058: 2042:Visigothic Kingdom 2038:barbarian kingdoms 1933: 1851:Romulus Augustulus 1834: 1821:Honorius (emperor) 1758: 1701: 1526: 1388: 1312: 1277:praetorian prefect 1202:do so as well; as 1157:Trebonianus Gallus 1033: 914: 820:Second Triumvirate 751:coronation of the 722:barbarian kingdoms 690:Romulus Augustulus 670:In 476, after the 538:Romulus Augustulus 238:Romulus Augustulus 127:regional languages 21:Carolingian Empire 16459: 16458: 16286:Council of Europe 16188:International law 16141:Constitutionalism 15999:Eastern Orthodoxy 15505:Post–Cold War era 15438:Age of Revolution 15292:Greco-Roman world 15230: 15229: 15152: 15151: 15117:Polish–Lithuanian 14292:Gurjara-Pratihara 13736: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13579: 13578: 13546:Massa and Carrara 13431: 13430: 13408:Hospitaller Malta 13367:Kingdom of Naples 13361:Kingdom of Sicily 13292: 13291: 13202:Duchy of Sorrento 13121:Republic of Genoa 13116:Republic of Siena 13111:Republic of Massa 13106:Republic of Lucca 12839:County of Gorizia 12829:Corsican Republic 12810:Holy Roman Empire 12468: 12467: 12430:Pontifices maximi 12212: 12211: 12069:Diogenes Laërtius 11891:Pliny the Younger 11646:Asconius Pedianus 11606:Romance languages 11478:Civil engineering 11220:Imperial currency 11093:Political control 11054: 11053: 10688: 10687: 10462:Library resources 10321:Scott, Samuel P. 10296:Polfer, Michael. 10271:Lendering, Jona. 10246:Lendering, Jona. 10172:Michael, DiMaio. 10159:on 22 August 2017 9784:Treadgold, Warren 9748:. Penguin Books. 9700:. Pan Books Ltd. 9698:Last of the Tsars 9112:. Paulist Press. 8928:. Pen and Sword. 8777:978-3-406-47998-4 8475:. Penguin Books. 8028:. Pen and Sword. 8016:978-0-5213-2591-2 7830:978-0-5213-0199-2 7758:978-0-415-16524-2 7569:Bagnall, Roger S. 7245:, pp. 36–37. 7058:, pp. 79–80. 6829:, pp. 54–56. 6757:, pp. 17–20. 6704:, pp. 84–86. 6675:, pp. 68–69. 6309:, pp. 11–12. 6273:, pp. 43–68. 6261:, pp. 17–19. 6162:, pp. 35–37. 5757:, pp. 17–18. 5424:, pp. 88–89. 5361:, pp. 40–43. 5319:, pp. 47–48. 5295:, pp. 61–62. 5271:, pp. 78–79. 5259:, pp. 27–28. 5139:, p. 99–118. 4995:, pp. 30–45. 4983:, pp. 91–94. 4811: 4774: 4754: 4737: 4725:or April of 472. 4694: 4670: 4649: 4628: 4622:Petronius Maximus 4577:nobilissimus puer 4567: 4525: 4512: 4503: 4474: 4459:Jean-Paul Laurens 4457:, as depicted by 4306: 4280: 4244: 4218: 4203: 4192: 4170: 4137: 4092: 4036: 4025: 3990: 3812:Michael I Rangabe 3783:Holy Roman Empire 3705:and the governor 3604:Septimius Severus 3528:Marcellinus Comes 3406:Romance languages 3385:Romance languages 3249:Romance languages 3217:Kingdom of Sicily 3213:Manuel I Komnenos 3157:in the 720s. The 3155:Umayyad Caliphate 3051:Manuel I Komnenos 2823:Bishop of Ravenna 2815:Italian peninsula 2379:succeeded him as 2272:Battle of Arelate 2192:Petronius Maximus 1815:Reign of Honorius 1624:Battle of Samarra 1552:, and Cyrenaica; 1482:Further divisions 1359:Battle of Châlons 1339:Claudius Gothicus 1322:. It had its own 1310:Empires in AD 271 1281:Colonia Agrippina 1250:Alexander Severus 1224:Septimius Severus 1200:Tiberius Gemellus 1186:planned to leave 1137:Septimius Severus 1059:effectively held 1041:military campaign 924:(modern France), 850:and the coast of 764:Holy Roman Empire 678:and his Germanic 672:Battle of Ravenna 609:institutionalized 556: 555: 525: 524: 521: 520: 509:Sub-Roman Britain 375: 374: 303:• Murder of 275:Theodosius I 104: 92: 85: 77: 63: 16574: 16562:Christian states 16331:EU Customs Union 15863:Secular humanism 15811:Christian ethics 15761:East–West Schism 15744:Physical culture 15468:Great Divergence 15418:Age of Discovery 15257: 15250: 15243: 15234: 15233: 15033: 15032: 14698:Austro-Hungarian 14398:Chagatai Khanate 13763: 13756: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13697:Kingdom of Italy 13684: 13683: 13450: 13449: 13279:County of Sicily 13274:County of Aversa 13197:Byzantine Sicily 13183:Theme of Lucania 13153: 13152: 13131:Republic of Pisa 13126:Republic of Noli 12996:Duchy of Spoleto 12966:Duchy of Merania 12864:Kingdom of Italy 12790:Duchy of Ferrara 12735:Duchy of Perugia 12714:Byzantine Empire 12692:Duchy of Spoleto 12659:Ostrogothic rule 12641: 12640: 12509:Pre-Roman period 12495: 12488: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12420:Magistri equitum 12335:Cities and towns 12328: 12254:Constantinopolis 12064:Diodorus Siculus 11996:Valerius Maximus 11931:Seneca the Elder 11851:Nonius Marcellus 11619: 11618: 11172:Hippika gymnasia 11135:Infantry tactics 11041:Consular tribune 11031:Magister equitum 10980:Military tribune 10945: 10944: 10905:Pontifex maximus 10900:Princeps senatus 10890:Magister militum 10656:Byzantine Empire 10577: 10576: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10515: 10514: 10451: 10432: 10413: 10394: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10354:. Archived from 10342: 10340: 10338: 10329:. Archived from 10317: 10315: 10313: 10308:on 5 August 2017 10304:. Archived from 10292: 10290: 10288: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10229:. Archived from 10218: 10216: 10214: 10205:. Archived from 10193: 10191: 10189: 10180:. Archived from 10168: 10166: 10164: 10155:. Archived from 10143: 10141: 10139: 10134:on 27 April 2018 10130:. Archived from 10118: 10116: 10114: 10105:. Archived from 10093: 10091: 10089: 10080:. Archived from 10068: 10066: 10064: 10059:on 13 April 2021 10055:. Archived from 10034: 10015: 9996: 9977: 9958: 9939: 9920: 9899: 9880: 9861: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9807: 9779: 9759: 9740: 9711: 9692: 9675:(3/4): 115–138. 9660: 9641: 9620: 9599: 9580: 9541: 9522: 9511:. W. W. Norton. 9503: 9484: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9452:. Archived from 9420: 9401: 9389: 9378: 9359: 9340: 9321: 9297: 9278: 9259: 9240: 9221: 9209: 9198: 9179: 9168:. B. Blackwell. 9160: 9123: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9091:. Archived from 9059: 9040: 9021: 9004: 8985: 8973: 8962: 8950: 8939: 8920: 8899: 8880: 8861: 8842: 8823: 8811: 8800: 8781: 8758: 8737: 8718: 8708: 8705:Roman Literature 8697: 8678: 8659: 8640: 8628: 8617: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8554: 8535: 8486: 8465: 8446: 8427: 8408: 8389: 8385:978-1-13905393-8 8365: 8346: 8327: 8308: 8289: 8279: 8268: 8249: 8232: 8213: 8194: 8175: 8156: 8137: 8118: 8099: 8080: 8039: 8020: 7988: 7967: 7948: 7929: 7910: 7891: 7872: 7853: 7834: 7802: 7781: 7762: 7741: 7722: 7713: 7694: 7653: 7634: 7615: 7596: 7564: 7546: 7527: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7228:Hebblewhite 2016 7225: 7219: 7213: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7098: 7092: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6705: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6673:Goldsworthy 2009 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6025: 6022:Hunt et al. 2001 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5953: 5944: 5938: 5927: 5921: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5677:Goldsworthy 2010 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5437:Pontifex Maximus 5434: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5077:Sasanian Dynasty 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4859:Low Roman Empire 4822: 4809: 4805:Romulus Augustus 4796:magister militum 4792:magister militum 4772: 4761: 4752: 4735: 4723: 4706: 4692: 4677: 4668: 4656: 4647: 4626: 4565: 4523: 4510: 4501: 4483:in January 395. 4472: 4334:Bust of Emperor 4304: 4278: 4242: 4212: 4201: 4190: 4168: 4135: 4090: 4050:in 316 and then 4034: 4023: 3988: 3885:Bust of Emperor 3631: 3622: 3568:Hesperium regnum 3467: 3402:Celtic languages 3326:Consular diptych 3313:consular diptych 3309:Emperor Honorius 3298: 3289: 3269:Bust (sculpture) 3209:conquest of Bari 3148:Pope Gregory III 3040: 3031: 2828: 2803:remaining Empire 2761:Senatus Consulto 2707:magister militum 2697:as the king of " 2610:Frankish Kingdom 2607: 2598: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2503: 2472:Kingdom of Italy 2436:Romulus Augustus 2428:magister militum 2417:Bishop of Salona 2397:magister militum 2381:magister militum 2335:magistri militum 2325:The Western and 2133: 2097:magister militum 2034:Gallia Aquitania 1980:and then by the 1963:Gallic invasions 1882:magister militum 1829:Gold solidus of 1773:Flavius Stilicho 1770:magister militum 1734:magister militum 1713:Altar of Victory 1709:Pontifex Maximus 1690: 1681: 1676: 1560:, Hispania, and 1445:Second Tetrarchy 1441:Valerius Severus 1343:Palmyrene Empire 1337:In the reign of 1267:Battle of Edessa 1220:Marcomannic Wars 1103:between Emperor 1101:civil war of 218 1073:Praetorian Guard 1026: 1012: 985:(e.g., those by 952:(roughly modern 920:(modern Italy), 866:(roughly modern 549: 517: 516: 503: 502: 489: 488: 475: 474: 461: 460: 447: 446: 433: 432: 419: 418: 405: 404: 391: 390: 383:Kingdom of Italy 379: 378: 366: 365: 359: 358: 343: 342: 171:Notable Emperors 102: 90: 83: 75: 62: 47: 28: 27: 16582: 16581: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16421:UKUSA Agreement 16361:Lublin Triangle 16246:Baltic Assembly 16198: 16192: 16110: 15947: 15782: 15652:Eurolinguistics 15521: 15510:Information age 15483:Interwar period 15350: 15270: 15261: 15231: 15226: 15215:American Empire 15200: 15196:African empires 15148: 15031: 14723:Central African 14669: 14487:Romano-Germanic 14073: 13807:Middle Assyrian 13780: 13772: 13767: 13737: 13728: 13682: 13585: 13584:Post-Napoleonic 13575: 13509: 13445: 13439: 13427: 13369: 13365: 13364:(1130–1816) and 13363: 13355: 13300: 13288: 13255: 13229: 13220:Emirate of Bari 13206: 13193:Theme of Sicily 13188:Duchy of Naples 13163:Duchy of Amalfi 13148: 13140: 13088: 13087:Other Republics 13082: 13060: 13052: 13046:County of Tenda 13026:County of Savoy 12986:Duchy of Reggio 12956:Duchy of Mantua 12884:March of Friuli 12816: 12814: 12812: 12804: 12800:Duchy of Urbino 12785:Duchy of Castro 12762: 12754: 12708: 12702:Duchy of Tuscia 12682:Duchy of Friuli 12645: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12626: 12605:(753 BC–509 BC) 12589: 12504: 12499: 12469: 12464: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12208: 12044:Aëtius of Amida 12025: 12011:Verrius Flaccus 11991:Valerius Antias 11951:Silius Italicus 11886:Pliny the Elder 11831:Marcus Aurelius 11706:Cornelius Nepos 11656:Aurelius Victor 11610: 11532: 11444: 11378:Secessio plebis 11349: 11224: 11176: 11050: 11004: 10934: 10816: 10768: 10684: 10605: 10566: 10548: 10542: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10448: 10429: 10410: 10391: 10375: 10373:Further reading 10370: 10361: 10359: 10336: 10334: 10311: 10309: 10286: 10284: 10261: 10259: 10236: 10234: 10212: 10210: 10187: 10185: 10162: 10160: 10137: 10135: 10112: 10110: 10087: 10085: 10084:on 30 July 2017 10062: 10060: 10041: 10031: 10012: 9993: 9974: 9966:. AuthorHouse. 9955: 9936: 9917: 9896: 9888:. Basic Books. 9877: 9858: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9812:Tucker, Spencer 9804: 9764:Thompson, E. A. 9756: 9708: 9681:10.2307/1170959 9665:Taagepera, Rein 9657: 9638: 9617: 9596: 9577: 9538: 9519: 9500: 9481: 9459: 9457: 9417: 9398: 9375: 9356: 9337: 9318: 9294: 9275: 9256: 9237: 9218: 9195: 9176: 9120: 9098: 9096: 9056: 9037: 9001: 8982: 8959: 8936: 8917: 8896: 8877: 8858: 8839: 8820: 8797: 8778: 8734: 8694: 8675: 8656: 8637: 8614: 8592: 8590: 8580: 8570:Country Studies 8551: 8483: 8462: 8443: 8424: 8405: 8386: 8362: 8343: 8324: 8305: 8265: 8229: 8210: 8191: 8172: 8153: 8134: 8115: 8096: 8036: 8017: 8003:, eds. (2000). 8001:Whitby, Michael 7993:Cameron, Averil 7985: 7964: 7926: 7907: 7888: 7869: 7850: 7831: 7817:, eds. (2005). 7811:Cameron, Averil 7807:Bowman, Alan K. 7799: 7778: 7759: 7738: 7719:Marcus Aurelius 7710: 7702:. W.W. Norton. 7675:10.2307/1088953 7650: 7631: 7612: 7593: 7585:. p. 446. 7561: 7543: 7524: 7505: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6708: 6700: 6691: 6685:Martindale 1980 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6138:, p. 254f. 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6112:Martindale 1980 6110: 6106: 6100:Martindale 1980 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5956:Martindale 1980 5954: 5947: 5939: 5930: 5926:, p. 47ff. 5922: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5882: 5874: 5867: 5863:, p. 122f. 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5826: 5818: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5521:Hallenbeck 1982 5519: 5515: 5509:Deliyannis 2010 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211:, pp. 6–7. 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4918:Roman Governors 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4855: 4820: 4759: 4721: 4704: 4675: 4654: 4606: 4589:Valentinian III 4549:Priscus Attalus 4530:Constantius III 4519:Priscus Attalus 4497:Constantine III 4447: 4441: 4328: 4322: 4295: 4066: 4060: 4048:Valerius Valens 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3851:Ottoman Empires 3845:along with the 3843:First World War 3839:Austria-Hungary 3821:Austrian Empire 3799:Irene of Athens 3754:being ruled by 3729: 3723: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3612: 3525: 3513:Pope Honorius I 3470:Vicar of Christ 3462:Catholic Church 3455:Arabic numerals 3375:Anglo-Saxon law 3369:. In contrast, 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3330:Constantius III 3320: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3279: 3241: 3167:Kingdom of León 3161:was founded by 3136:being conquered 3092:Lombard Kingdom 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3032: 2952: 2942: 2826: 2718: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2556: 2486: 2480: 2319: 2313: 2295:Carthaginiensis 2175: 2131: 2107:with a treaty. 2105:status quo ante 2062:Valentinian III 2050: 1974:Constantine III 1946:Constantine III 1925:Constantine III 1847:Valentinian III 1823: 1817: 1812: 1699: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1490: 1484: 1417:First Tetrarchy 1397:to the rank of 1377: 1371: 1332:Germanic tribes 1246: 1240: 1216:against Parthia 1168:Marcus Aurelius 1153:Philip the Arab 1128:Parthian Empire 1055:. To this end, 1031: 1024: 1022: 1010: 1003: 940:tribes such as 794: 784: 688:of the emperor 552: 514: 500: 486: 472: 458: 444: 430: 416: 402: 388: 363: 307: 297:4 September 476 294: 277: 234: 233:• 475–476 222: 221:• 474–480 210: 209:• 457–461 202:Valentinian III 198: 197:• 425–455 186: 185:• 395–423 101: 93: 86: 82: 78: 74: 50: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16580: 16570: 16569: 16567:Former empires 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16487:Italian states 16484: 16479: 16474: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16451:Westernization 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16431:Visegrád Group 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16371:Nordic Council 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16266:Bucharest Nine 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16231:Arctic Council 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16202: 16200: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16143: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16126: 16120: 16118: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16015: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16007: 16006: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15909: 15908: 15907: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15860: 15850: 15849: 15848: 15841:Existentialism 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15792: 15790: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15741: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15724: 15723: 15722: 15712: 15707: 15706: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15685: 15684: 15683: 15673: 15672: 15671: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15654: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15628: 15627: 15617: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15576: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15559: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15531: 15529: 15523: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15405: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15374:Late antiquity 15366: 15360: 15358: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15289: 15284: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15271: 15260: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15237: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15052: 15047: 15041: 15039: 15030: 15029: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 14997: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14980: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14953: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14931: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14828: 14818: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14806: 14796: 14795: 14794: 14789: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14772: 14762: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14725: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14679: 14677: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14610: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14494: 14484: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14407: 14406: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14328: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14237: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14195: 14194: 14193: 14188: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14151: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14083: 14081: 14079:Post-classical 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14059: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14047: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13934: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13878:Middle Kingdom 13875: 13865: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13834:Neo-Babylonian 13831: 13826: 13824:Old Babylonian 13816: 13815: 13814: 13809: 13799: 13794: 13788: 13786: 13774: 13773: 13766: 13765: 13758: 13751: 13743: 13734: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13706: 13703:Italian Empire 13693: 13691: 13681: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13647:Roman Republic 13644: 13638: 13632: 13626: 13620: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13599:Duchy of Lucca 13596: 13593:Duchy of Genoa 13589: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13456: 13454: 13447: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13373: 13371: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13353: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13304: 13302: 13294: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13265: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13237: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13216: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13168:Duchy of Gaeta 13165: 13159: 13157: 13150: 13146:Southern Italy 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13092: 13090: 13089:(c. 1000–1797) 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13064: 13062: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13043: 13041:County of Nice 13038: 13036:Duchy of Aosta 13033: 13028: 13023: 13016:Savoyard state 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12951:Duchy of Milan 12948: 12946:Duchy of Ivrea 12943: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12719: 12717: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12687:Duchy of Ivrea 12684: 12679: 12668: 12662: 12656: 12653:Odoacer's rule 12649: 12647: 12638: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12618: 12617:(27 BC–395 AD) 12612: 12611:(509 BC–27 BC) 12609:Roman Republic 12606: 12599: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12548:Cisalpine Gaul 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12498: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12475: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12220: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11896:Pomponius Mela 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11631:Aelius Donatus 11627: 11625: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11599:Ecclesiastical 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11454: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11342: 11340:Toys and games 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11186: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11064: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10951: 10949: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10880:Vigintisexviri 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10840:Cursus honorum 10837: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10778: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10698: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10639:Western Empire 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456:External links 10454: 10453: 10452: 10447:978-1405160681 10446: 10433: 10428:978-3110109344 10427: 10414: 10409:978-1843830337 10408: 10395: 10390:978-3170332164 10389: 10383:. Kohlhammer. 10374: 10371: 10369: 10368: 10343: 10318: 10293: 10277:www.livius.org 10268: 10252:www.livius.org 10243: 10219: 10209:on 9 July 2017 10194: 10169: 10144: 10119: 10094: 10069: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10030:978-0520069831 10029: 10016: 10011:978-0203982310 10010: 9997: 9992:978-0199768998 9991: 9978: 9973:978-1434325495 9972: 9959: 9954:978-0198229452 9953: 9940: 9935:978-0199688821 9934: 9921: 9916:978-0415076807 9915: 9900: 9895:978-0465018727 9894: 9881: 9876:978-0297813927 9875: 9869:. Weidenfeld. 9862: 9857:978-1579583163 9856: 9843: 9831:978-1598844290 9830: 9808: 9802: 9780: 9760: 9755:978-0141034485 9754: 9741: 9729:10.1086/361560 9712: 9707:978-0330029025 9706: 9693: 9661: 9656:978-1317496946 9655: 9642: 9637:978-0195328783 9636: 9621: 9616:978-0199861101 9615: 9600: 9595:978-1108028868 9594: 9581: 9576:978-3110805376 9575: 9542: 9537:978-8815096906 9536: 9523: 9518:978-0500291245 9517: 9504: 9499:978-1780877501 9498: 9485: 9480:978-0415100588 9479: 9466: 9421: 9416:978-0394537788 9415: 9402: 9397:978-0812212396 9396: 9379: 9374:978-0521894098 9373: 9360: 9355:978-0582063037 9354: 9341: 9336:978-1138252684 9335: 9322: 9316: 9304:, ed. 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(2005). 8370:Fouracre, Paul 8366: 8361:978-0807877456 8360: 8347: 8342:978-0198152415 8341: 8328: 8323:978-0521414852 8322: 8309: 8304:978-1405151498 8303: 8290: 8269: 8264:978-0521529334 8263: 8250: 8233: 8228:978-0521836722 8227: 8214: 8209:978-2130389026 8208: 8195: 8190:978-0415620079 8189: 8176: 8171:978-0198150015 8170: 8157: 8152:978-1137014283 8151: 8138: 8133:978-0631194057 8132: 8119: 8114:978-0312224646 8113: 8100: 8095:978-0521717809 8094: 8081: 8061:10.2307/300550 8040: 8035:978-1783831166 8034: 8021: 8015: 7989: 7984:978-1316219133 7983: 7968: 7963:978-1402183683 7962: 7949: 7930: 7925:978-1467440370 7924: 7911: 7906:978-0253312884 7905: 7892: 7887:978-0253206008 7886: 7873: 7868:978-1439084748 7867: 7854: 7849:978-1862543379 7848: 7835: 7829: 7815:Garnsey, Peter 7803: 7798:978-1841712505 7797: 7782: 7777:978-3515092395 7776: 7763: 7757: 7742: 7737:978-0199252374 7736: 7723: 7714: 7709:978-0393059755 7708: 7695: 7669:(3): 248–270. 7654: 7649:978-0853234364 7648: 7635: 7630:978-0674165311 7629: 7616: 7611:978-0415243575 7610: 7597: 7591: 7573:Worp, Klaas A. 7565: 7560:978-8820987220 7559: 7547: 7542:978-0511523069 7541: 7528: 7523:978-0195123326 7522: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7486: 7484:, p. 402. 7474: 7472:, p. 385. 7459: 7457:, p. 274. 7447: 7445:, p. 171. 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7387: 7375: 7363: 7361:, p. 446. 7351: 7339: 7327: 7325:, p. 116. 7315: 7303: 7291: 7274: 7262: 7260:, p. 450. 7247: 7243:Errington 2006 7232: 7220: 7203: 7191: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7099: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7034:, p. 226. 7024: 7012: 6997: 6995:, p. 224. 6985: 6983:, p. 223. 6973: 6961: 6959:, p. 384. 6894: 6892:, p. 342. 6882: 6880:, p. 210. 6867: 6865:, p. 209. 6855: 6853:, p. 344. 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6793:, p. 449. 6783: 6781:, p. 139. 6771: 6769:, p. 345. 6759: 6747: 6745:, p. 156. 6735: 6723: 6706: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6663:, p. 260. 6653: 6638: 6636:, p. 196. 6626: 6624:, p. 907. 6622:Levillain 2002 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6576:, p. 192. 6566: 6554: 6542: 6540:, p. 196. 6530: 6528:, p. 666. 6518: 6506: 6504:, p. 116. 6494: 6482: 6480:, p. 203. 6478:Ravegnani 2004 6470: 6455: 6443: 6441:, p. 238. 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6369:, p. 325. 6359: 6357:, p. 165. 6347: 6345:, p. 216. 6343:Treadgold 1997 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6297:, p. 118. 6287: 6285:, p. 512. 6275: 6263: 6251: 6249:, p. 215. 6236: 6224: 6212: 6210:, p. 459. 6200: 6188: 6186:, p. 283. 6176: 6174:, p. 422. 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6126:, p. 410. 6116: 6104: 6102:, p. 734. 6092: 6080: 6065: 6063:, p. 203. 6061:Frassetto 2013 6053: 6051:, p. 191. 6041: 6026: 6024:, p. 256. 6014: 6002: 6000:, p. 278. 5987: 5975: 5973:, p. 187. 5960: 5958:, p. 514. 5945: 5928: 5909: 5905:MacGeorge 2002 5897: 5895:, p. 408. 5880: 5865: 5853: 5849:Libius Severus 5841: 5824: 5807: 5805:, p. 379. 5795: 5783: 5781:, p. 128. 5771: 5769:, p. 126. 5759: 5744: 5742:, p. 339. 5732: 5730:, p. 292. 5720: 5708: 5693: 5681: 5679:, p. 305. 5669: 5667:, p. 154. 5657: 5655:, p. 146. 5645: 5643:, p. 145. 5633: 5631:, p. 303. 5621: 5619:, p. 136. 5609: 5607:, p. 113. 5597: 5595:, p. 195. 5585: 5583:, p. 138. 5573: 5571:, p. 109. 5561: 5559:, p. 108. 5549: 5537: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5499:, p. 110. 5489: 5487:, p. 244. 5477: 5473:Frassetto 2003 5465: 5463:, p. 179. 5453: 5441: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5388:, p. 195. 5378: 5363: 5348: 5346:, p. 275. 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5223:, p. 282. 5213: 5201: 5199:, p. 386. 5189: 5187:, p. 176. 5177: 5175:, p. 179. 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5115:, p. 322. 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4971:, p. 130. 4961: 4959:, p. 88f. 4949: 4937: 4935:, p. 15f. 4922: 4910: 4908:, p. 125. 4898: 4886: 4884:, p. 236. 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4813: 4812: 4776: 4775: 4756: 4755: 4739: 4738: 4718: 4717: 4696: 4695: 4688:Libius Severus 4672: 4671: 4651: 4650: 4630: 4629: 4605: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4569: 4568: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4476: 4475: 4443:Main article: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419:Magnus Maximus 4410: 4409: 4405:Valentinian II 4384: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378:Valentinian II 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4336:Valentinian II 4324:Main article: 4321: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4305:(Sole emperor) 4294: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4279:(Sole emperor) 4261: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4238:Constantius II 4222: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4204: 4173: 4172: 4140: 4139: 4131:Constantine II 4103: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4062:Main article: 4059: 4056: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4026: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3989:(Second reign) 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3875:Main article: 3872: 3869: 3858: 3855: 3803:Constantine VI 3722: 3719: 3701:, the general 3636: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3542:") and west (" 3524: 3521: 3451:Roman numerals 3443:writing system 3435:Latin alphabet 3431:lingua francas 3336:in 413 or 417. 3303: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3261:Latin alphabet 3240: 3237: 3233:schism of 1054 3229:Constantinople 3045: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3022: 2981:Late Antiquity 2941: 2938: 2717: 2716:Germanic Italy 2714: 2619:Late Antiquity 2604: 2595: 2585: 2582:Vandal Kingdom 2576: 2570: 2555: 2552: 2531:Roman emperors 2479: 2476: 2343:Libius Severus 2312: 2309: 2257:, Ostrogoths, 2174: 2171: 2136:Vandal Kingdom 2066:Galla Placidia 2049: 2046: 2044:, was formed. 1880:under Alaric, 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1725:Valentinian II 1721:Magnus Maximus 1687: 1678: 1628:Persian Empire 1554:Constantine II 1518:Constantius II 1506:Constantine II 1483: 1480: 1472:Constantinople 1373:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1067:, Governor of 1023: 1009: 1002: 999: 987:Cato the Elder 926:Gallia Belgica 907:Roman Republic 798:Roman Republic 783: 780: 776:Constantinople 745:Western Europe 665:Constantinople 560:historiography 554: 553: 551: 550: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 511: 505: 504: 497: 491: 490: 483: 477: 476: 469: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 441: 435: 434: 427: 421: 420: 413: 407: 406: 399: 397:Roman Dalmatia 393: 392: 385: 376: 373: 372: 367: 355: 354: 349: 339: 338: 336:Roman currency 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 302: 299: 298: 295: 285: 282: 281: 280:17 January 395 278: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 262:Late antiquity 259: 258:Historical era 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 205: 204: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 134: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 69: 65: 64: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16579: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16396:PROSUR/PROSUL 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Craiova Group 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16206:ABCANZ Armies 16204: 16203: 16201: 16195: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16117: 16113: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16011:Protestantism 16009: 16005: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15997: 15993: 15990: 15989: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15931:Sovereigntism 15929: 15927: 15924: 15920: 15919: 15915: 15914: 15913: 15910: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15826:Scholasticism 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15789: 15785: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15745: 15742: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15690: 15689: 15686: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15528: 15524: 15516: 15515:War on terror 15513: 15511: 15508: 15507: 15506: 15503: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15408:Modern period 15406: 15404: 15401: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15379: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15357: 15353: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15264:Western world 15258: 15253: 15251: 15246: 15244: 15239: 15238: 15235: 15221: 15220:Soviet empire 15218: 15216: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15205:Miscellaneous 15203: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15034: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14804:German Empire 14802: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14780: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14544:Turco-Persian 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13839: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13764: 13759: 13757: 13752: 13750: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13685: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13582: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13434: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13387:Duchy of Sora 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13358: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13225:Muslim Sicily 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12750: 12747: 12742: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12730: 12729:Duchy of Rome 12727: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12657: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12629: 12622: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12604: 12603:Roman Kingdom 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12592: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575:Magna Graecia 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12496: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11786:Julius Paulus 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11721:Fabius Pictor 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11458:Amphitheatres 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11195:Deforestation 11193: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11145:Siege engines 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11078:Establishment 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009:Extraordinary 11007: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10995:Promagistrate 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:Twelve Tables 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10509: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10319: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10244: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10170: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10042: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004:. Routledge. 10003: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9909:. Routledge. 9908: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9887: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9833: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9803:0-8047-2630-2 9799: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9770:. Clarendon. 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649:. Routledge. 9648: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473:. Routledge. 9472: 9467: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9388: 9387: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9329:. Routledge. 9328: 9323: 9319: 9317:0-521-20159-4 9313: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229:. Routledge. 9228: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9210:. Routledge. 9208: 9207: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8850:. Macmillan. 8849: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8729: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454:. AMS Press. 8453: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297:. Blackwell. 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8183:. Routledge. 8182: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126:. Blackwell. 8125: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7751:. Routledge. 7750: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604:. Routledge. 7603: 7598: 7594: 7592:1-55540-099-X 7588: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7496:, p. 74. 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7349:, p. 88. 7348: 7343: 7337:, p. 64. 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7289:, p. 35. 7288: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7230:, p. 20. 7229: 7224: 7218:, p. 34. 7217: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7201:, p. 34. 7200: 7195: 7189:, p. 32. 7188: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7172:, p. 31. 7171: 7166: 7160:, p. 30. 7159: 7154: 7148:, p. 29. 7147: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7112:, p. 33. 7111: 7106: 7104: 7097:, p. 32. 7096: 7091: 7089: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7010:, p. 30. 7009: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6817:, p. 55. 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6703: 6702:Moorhead 1994 6698: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6651:, p. 78. 6650: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6612:, p. 23. 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6564:, p. 96. 6563: 6562:Haarmann 2004 6558: 6552:, p. 59. 6551: 6546: 6539: 6538:Gottlieb 2006 6534: 6527: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6474: 6468:, p. 33. 6467: 6462: 6460: 6453:, p. 21. 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6429:, p. 49. 6428: 6423: 6416: 6415:Fouracre 2005 6411: 6404: 6403:Fouracre 2005 6399: 6392: 6387: 6381:, p. 31. 6380: 6375: 6368: 6367:Thompson 1969 6363: 6356: 6355:Fouracre 2005 6351: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6148:Moorhead 1994 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6076:Goldberg 2006 6072: 6070: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5907:, p. 62. 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5718:, p. 15. 5717: 5712: 5706:, p. 11. 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5451:, p. 68. 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5329:Limberis 2012 5325: 5318: 5313: 5307:, p. 14. 5306: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5283:, p. 59. 5282: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5247:, p. 42. 5246: 5241: 5234: 5233:Southern 2007 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5185:Southern 2015 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5151:, p. 14. 5150: 5145: 5138: 5137:Southern 2015 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5103:, p. 38. 5102: 5097: 5091:, p. 38. 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5067:, p. 75. 5066: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5007:, p. 35. 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4882:Christie 1991 4878: 4874: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4780: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4436: 4428:: 383/384–388 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4349:Valentinian I 4346: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4086:Constantine I 4083: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074:Constantine I 4070: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3958: 3957:Constantine I 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3925:Constantius I 3922: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3903:Constantius I 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3829:German Empire 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773:. Though the 3772: 3771: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737:Frankish king 3733: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3621: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3426:lingua franca 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3335: 3334:his consulate 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896:Mediterranean 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2767:in the East. 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2592: 2583: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2184: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996:, proclaimed 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1967:Theodosius II 1964: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1693:Eastern Court 1685: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Valentinian I 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Constantine I 1500:appointed by 1499: 1494: 1489: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1293:Gallic Empire 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:Lucius Caesar 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1029:vassal states 1020: 1016: 1007: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 908: 903: 899: 897: 896:lingua franca 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 813: 808: 804: 799: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Roman Emperor 757: 754: 753:Frankish king 750: 746: 742: 739:and parts of 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:Edward Gibbon 703: 699: 695: 694:King of Italy 691: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 637:Constantine I 634: 633: 628: 627: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 582: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528: 512: 510: 507: 506: 498: 496: 493: 492: 484: 482: 479: 478: 470: 468: 465: 464: 456: 454: 451: 450: 442: 440: 437: 436: 428: 426: 423: 422: 414: 412: 409: 408: 400: 398: 395: 394: 386: 384: 381: 380: 377: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 340: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 306: 300: 296: 293: 289: 283: 279: 276: 270: 266: 263: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 215: 212: 206: 203: 200: 194: 191: 188: 182: 178: 174: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 100: 96: 89: 81: 73: 70: 66: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 16441:Western Bloc 16241:AUSCANNZUKUS 16197:Contemporary 16146:Human rights 15992:Latin Church 15966:Christianity 15916: 15875:Conservatism 15720:contemporary 15557:Architecture 15493:World War II 15453:Emancipation 15448:Abolitionism 15336:Romanization 15331:Roman legacy 15316: 15312:Roman Empire 14971:Contemporary 14821:Indo-Persian 14809:Nazi Germany 14753:Contemporary 14655:Vijayanagara 14554:Great Seljuk 14465:Thessalonica 14393:Golden Horde 14044: 14033:Carthaginian 13812:Neo-Assyrian 13797:Neo-Sumerian 13699:(1861–1946) 13677:Papal States 13505:Transpadania 13078:Stato da Màr 12760:Papal States 12671:Lombard rule 12635:Early Modern 12623:(395–476 AD) 12620: 12615:Roman Empire 12595:Ancient Rome 12400:Institutions 12264:Leptis Magna 12217:Major cities 12124:Philostratus 11911:Quadrigarius 11731:Rufus Festus 11594:Contemporary 11315:Romanization 11238:Architecture 10845:Collegiality 10694:Constitution 10638: 10545:Ancient Rome 10476:Online books 10466: 10437: 10418: 10399: 10380: 10360:. 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Routledge. 7718: 7699: 7666: 7662: 7639: 7620: 7601: 7577: 7550: 7532: 7512: 7489: 7477: 7470:Norwich 1989 7450: 7443:Norwich 1989 7438: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7366: 7354: 7347:Collins 2010 7342: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7265: 7223: 7199:Norwich 1989 7194: 7187:Norwich 1989 7170:Norwich 1989 7165: 7158:Norwich 1989 7153: 7146:Norwich 1989 7141: 7129: 7117: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 6988: 6976: 6964: 6957:Norwich 1989 6885: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6721:, p. 7. 6680: 6668: 6661:Wienand 2014 6656: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6586:Le Goff 1994 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6526:Samarin 1968 6521: 6514:Legal system 6509: 6502:Norwich 1989 6497: 6490:Norwich 1989 6485: 6473: 6446: 6439:Collins 1983 6434: 6427:Collins 1989 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6307:Merills 2016 6302: 6290: 6283:Luttwak 2009 6278: 6266: 6254: 6247:Norwich 1989 6234:, p. 8. 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6184:Wolfram 1990 6179: 6167: 6160:Barnish 1992 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6088:Merills 2016 6083: 6078:, p. 6. 6056: 6049:Heather 2005 6044: 6017: 6005: 5985:, p. 9. 5978: 5900: 5856: 5844: 5803:Heather 2000 5798: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5755:Heather 2000 5740:Heather 2007 5735: 5723: 5716:Heather 2000 5711: 5704:Heather 2000 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5617:Norwich 1989 5612: 5600: 5593:Heather 2005 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5523:, p. 7. 5516: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5331:, p. 9. 5324: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5031:, p. 1. 5024: 5017:Bennett 1997 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4969:Curchin 2004 4964: 4952: 4945:Samarin 1968 4940: 4913: 4901: 4894:Gillett 2001 4889: 4877: 4835: 4833: 4816: 4814: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4768:Julius Nepos 4766: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4729: 4719: 4711: 4697: 4686: 4673: 4662: 4652: 4641: 4631: 4620: 4614:Julius Nepos 4607: 4595: 4587: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4559: 4538: 4528: 4517: 4495: 4487: 4477: 4468:Theodosius I 4466: 4433: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4369: 4363: 4347: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4264: 4262: 4236: 4223: 4215:Roman Senate 4206: 4195: 4184: 4174: 4163: 4143: 4141: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4084: 4041: 4028: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3982: 3974: 3966: 3964: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3912: 3910: 3894: 3866: 3832: 3817: 3795: 3785:in 962. The 3768: 3761: 3748:Pope Leo III 3743: 3735:Denarius of 3698: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3637:Maps of the 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523:Nomenclature 3490: 3482:Vatican City 3477:Pope Leo III 3474: 3459: 3439:Latin script 3430: 3425: 3411: 3398:Vulgar Latin 3395: 3360: 3341: 3322:On the right 3321: 3304: 3189: 3175:Papal States 3171: 3152: 3122:ruling from 3112: 3076: 3058: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2946:Vandalic War 2933: 2926:Vandalic War 2919: 2904: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2810: 2800: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2706: 2698: 2688: 2684:East Francia 2676:West Francia 2644: 2615: 2548: 2540: 2527: 2507: 2492:The city of 2450: 2444: 2427: 2421: 2413:Adriatic Sea 2396: 2393:Julius Nepos 2380: 2366: 2351: 2334: 2332: 2288: 2280:Rhone Valley 2275: 2251: 2238: 2227:Roman Senate 2223:Theodoric II 2217: 2201: 2189: 2159: 2140: 2109: 2096: 2090: 2059: 2030: 1971: 1955: 1934: 1905:Gildonic War 1900: 1893: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1863: 1837: 1835: 1800:invaded Gaul 1785: 1769: 1759: 1732: 1702: 1671:Theodosius I 1626:against the 1617: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1576:, Pannonia, 1527: 1476:Theodosius I 1467: 1449: 1437:Maximinus II 1398: 1389: 1351: 1336: 1313: 1271: 1257:and his son 1247: 1172:Lucius Verus 1165: 1145: 1113: 1034: 1015:Roman Empire 978:Romanization 976: 973:Roman Empire 966: 946:Celtiberians 915: 817: 810: 795: 733:North Africa 726: 698:Julius Nepos 679: 669: 644: 641:Theodosius I 630: 624: 606: 579: 568:Roman Empire 563: 557: 542:Julius Nepos 534: 370:Roman Empire 352:Succeeded by 351: 346: 305:Julius Nepos 252:Roman Senate 226:Julius Nepos 137:Christianity 123:Vulgar Latin 60:Roman Empire 25: 16552:5th century 16547:4th century 16542:3rd century 16381:Open Balkan 16199:integration 16129:Rule of law 16124:Natural law 16101:Agnosticism 16079:Hellenistic 16057:Anglo-Saxon 15987:Catholicism 15926:Atlanticism 15831:Rationalism 15637:Immigration 15620:Esotericism 15478:World War I 15443:Romanticism 15423:Reformation 15403:Renaissance 15381:Middle Ages 15346:Christendom 15275:Foundations 14559:Khwarezmian 14492:Carolingian 14297:Rashtrakuta 14001:Shaishunaga 13900:Hellenistic 13883:New Kingdom 13873:Old Kingdom 13725:(1947–1954) 13719:(1943–1945) 13713:(1920–1924) 13705:(1882–1960) 13689:unification 13679:(1814–1870) 13673:(1815–1866) 13667:(1816–1861) 13661:(1814–1860) 13655:(1859–1860) 13649:(1849–1850) 13643:(1848–1849) 13625:(1815–1859) 13619:(1814–1859) 13613:(1814–1859) 13607:(1814–1829) 13601:(1815–1847) 13595:(1815–1848) 13485:Parthenopea 13446:(1792–1815) 13404:(1647–1648) 13370:(1282–1816) 13352:(1324–1861) 13313:Agugliastra 13178:Longobardia 12815:independent 12665:Vandal rule 12395:Geographers 12079:Dioscorides 12059:Cassius Dio 11681:Cassiodorus 11584:Renaissance 11190:Agriculture 11162:Auxiliaries 11103:Engineering 10940:Magistrates 10792:Citizenship 10787:Mos maiorum 10722:Late Empire 10438:The Vandals 10362:23 February 10337:25 February 10312:23 February 10287:21 February 10262:15 February 10237:24 February 10227:www.cia.gov 10213:23 February 10188:23 February 10163:23 February 10113:23 February 10088:23 February 10039:Web sources 9609:. OUP USA. 9492:. Quercus. 9460:15 February 9348:. Longman. 9099:21 February 8951:. Bedford. 8502:: 131–167. 8055:: 236–237. 7383:Barnes 1983 7258:Birley 2005 6890:Potter 2008 6851:Potter 2008 6839:Potter 2008 6827:Glazer 1996 6803:Watson 2014 6755:Whaley 2012 6743:Herrin 1987 6719:Whitby 1988 6598:Durant 1950 6451:Thomas 2010 6259:Haldon 1997 5861:Gordon 2013 5689:Hughes 2012 5398:Dagron 1984 5386:Potter 2008 5374:Constantius 5293:Lenski 2007 5257:Barnes 2006 5221:Potter 2014 5209:Barnes 2006 5149:Bourne 2000 5125:Birley 2000 5113:Potter 2004 5065:Tucker 2010 5053:Downey 1961 5005:Tenney 1930 4957:Weigel 1992 4845:in 540 and 4782:Solidus of 4553:Constantine 4545:Constantius 4507:Constans II 3740:Charlemagne 3672:Gothic Wars 3645:(left) and 3509:Curia Julia 3505:Tiberius II 3445:and is the 3305:On the left 3179:Charlemagne 3101:Map of the 3047:Justinian I 2934:casus belli 2922:Justinian I 2915:Amalasuntha 2819:Julian Alps 2783:(486–493). 2665:other than 2653:under King 2623:Middle Ages 2568:Justinian I 2562:Map of the 2358:interregnum 2026:Heraclianus 2018:Sebastianus 2010:Burgundians 2002:Constantius 1944:(407), and 1940:(406–407), 1804:sacked Rome 1717:Roman Curia 1530:Constantius 1452:Constantine 1363:Tetricus II 1302:The Roman, 1212:Britannicus 888:aristocracy 824:Mark Antony 756:Charlemagne 729:Justinian I 718:Middle Ages 611:by emperor 347:Preceded by 290:of Emperor 248:Legislature 38:395–476/480 16466:Categories 16401:Rio Treaty 15912:Relativism 15870:Liberalism 15836:Empiricism 15788:Philosophy 15776:Secularism 15727:Philosophy 15664:Literature 15458:Capitalism 15129:Portuguese 15010:Revival Le 15000:Vietnamese 14643:Later Tran 14613:Vietnamese 14509:Singhasari 14497:Holy Roman 14121:Bulgarian 14057:Satavahana 14028:Phoenician 13964:Achaemenid 13925:Indo-Greek 13905:Macedonian 13819:Babylonian 13556:Pontecorvo 13514:Monarchies 13500:Subalpinia 13465:Cispadania 13460:Cisalpinia 13442:Napoleonic 13149:(774–1139) 13061:(697–1797) 12763:(754–1870) 12725:(584–751) 12673:(568–774) 12284:Mediolanum 12224:Alexandria 12189:Themistius 12154:Porphyrius 11981:Tertullian 11916:Quintilian 11906:Propertius 11801:Lactantius 11751:Fulgentius 11686:Censorinus 11508:Sanitation 11493:Metallurgy 11450:Technology 11415:Demography 11363:Patricians 11330:Spectacles 11288:Literature 11283:Hairstyles 11120:Technology 10870:Praefectus 10822:Government 10812:Litigation 10797:Auctoritas 10742:Centuriate 10629:Principate 10624:Pax Romana 10584:Foundation 10138:8 December 10063:8 December 9837:16 January 9567:1807/67629 9018:B002S62FYI 8715:B0000CMLNV 7945:B00L5PD1PA 7494:Burns 1991 7431:Grant 1997 7419:Grant 1997 7407:Grant 1997 7395:Grant 1997 7371:Grant 1997 7311:Grant 1997 7299:Grant 1997 7270:Grant 1997 7134:Grant 1997 7122:Grant 1997 7080:Grant 1997 7068:Grant 1997 7044:Grant 1997 7032:Grant 1997 7020:Grant 1997 6993:Grant 1997 6981:Grant 1997 6969:Grant 1997 6878:Grant 1997 6863:Grant 1997 6815:Tames 1972 6779:White 2007 6649:Croke 2001 6634:Kaegi 2004 6550:Satow 2011 6379:Noble 1984 6232:Amory 1997 6136:Jones 1992 5983:Nicol 2002 5941:Elton 1992 5779:Given 2014 5767:Given 2014 5485:Burns 1994 5449:Bauer 2010 5317:Grant 1997 5281:Jones 1992 5173:Smith 2013 4993:Grant 1954 4981:Grant 1954 4865:References 4843:Belisarius 4808:: 475–476 4771:: 474–475 4751:: 473–474 4691:: 461–465 4667:: 457–461 4646:: 455–456 4564:: 423–425 4522:: 409–410 4509:: 409–411 4500:: 409–411 4492:: 395–423 4471:: 394–395 4422:: 383–388 4374:: 375–383 4352:: 364–375 4303:: 363–364 4277:: 361–363 4208:Nepotianus 4186:Magnentius 4164:Constans I 4089:: 306–337 4014:: 308–313 3987:: 306–308 3979:: 306–312 3953:: 306–307 3950:Severus II 3932:Severus II 3928:: 305–306 3899:: 286–305 3861:See also: 3808:Nikephoros 3758:, a woman. 3725:See also: 3639:Exarchates 3501:Laurentius 3371:common law 3265:Literature 2986:Belisarius 2883:Thrasamund 2846:Visigothic 2765:Anastasius 2667:Septimania 2657:after the 2608: The 2599: The 2589: The 2580: The 2482:See also: 2315:See also: 2291:Mauretania 2162:Pope Leo I 2151:Aurelianum 2112:Bonifacius 1988:, and the 1871:barbarians 1731:and pagan 1648:Ostrogoths 1601:Magnentius 1572:, Africa, 1562:Mauretania 1542:Asia Minor 1510:Constans I 1486:See also: 1421:Mediolanum 1391:Diocletian 1355:Tetricus I 1161:Aemilianus 1109:Elagabalus 1093:civil wars 991:philosophy 930:Luxembourg 782:Background 686:abdication 655:then from 653:Mediolanum 613:Diocletian 602:Gothic War 558:In modern 288:Deposition 160:Government 149:Demonym(s) 125:and other 72:Mediolanum 16346:Five Eyes 16341:EU–UK TCA 16183:Democracy 16072:Old Norse 15961:Abrahamic 15918:Peritrope 15900:Tolerance 15880:Socialism 15710:Mythology 15698:Classical 15647:Languages 15625:Astrology 15473:Modernism 15287:Old World 15122:Couronian 14760:Ethiopian 14748:Manchukuo 14703:Brazilian 14549:Ghaznavid 14519:Srivijaya 14470:Trebizond 14455:Byzantine 14437:North Sea 14432:Norwegian 14420:Almoravid 14403:Ilkhanate 14373:Majapahit 14346:Muromachi 14255:Solomonic 14240:Ethiopian 14154:Caliphate 14087:Aragonese 13915:Ptolemaic 13531:Guastalla 13521:Benevento 13453:Republics 13308:Judicates 13156:Byzantine 12813:and other 12751:(585–698) 12743:(554–752) 12737:(554–752) 12731:(533–751) 12716:(584–751) 12667:(435–534) 12661:(493–553) 12655:(476–493) 12646:(476–774) 12580:Iapygians 12440:Quaestors 12370:Empresses 12360:Dynasties 12350:Dictators 12325:and other 12314:Volubilis 12309:Vindobona 12269:Londinium 12194:Theodoret 12164:Procopius 12144:Polyaenus 12119:Pausanias 12021:Vitruvius 11966:Symmachus 11961:Suetonius 11871:Petronius 11856:Obsequens 11821:Macrobius 11816:Lucretius 11741:Frontinus 11716:Eutropius 11701:Columella 11651:Augustine 11641:Appuleius 11589:Neo-Latin 11564:Classical 11555:Versions 11463:Aqueducts 11405:Patronage 11325:Sexuality 11298:Mythology 11273:Education 11263:Cosmetics 11088:Campaigns 11083:Structure 11036:Decemviri 10895:Imperator 10594:overthrow 9776:186003872 9723:: 60–61. 9450:191436869 9409:. Knopf. 9346:Justinian 9089:183386465 9029:. Brill. 8532:129373675 8516:0068-2462 8286:769104576 8246:859619733 8077:163458742 7683:0031-8299 7455:Bury 1923 6791:Ball 2001 6331:Bury 2005 6319:Bury 2005 6295:Maas 2005 6271:Gunderson 6220:Bury 2005 6208:Bury 2005 6196:Bury 2005 6172:Bury 1923 6124:Bury 2005 6010:Bury 1923 5998:Bury 2015 5924:Börm 2008 5893:Bury 2005 5876:Glycerius 5837:Anthemius 5791:Bury 2005 5728:Bury 2005 5665:Bury 2005 5653:Bury 2005 5641:Bury 2005 5605:Bury 2005 5581:Bury 2005 5569:Bury 2005 5557:Bury 2005 5545:Hugh 1996 5533:Gallienus 5497:Bury 2005 5461:Vogt 1993 5422:Katz 1955 5359:Carr 2015 5197:Vagi 2000 5101:Bray 1997 4906:Taagepera 4870:Citations 4817:foederati 4748:Glycerius 4716:: 467–472 4713:Anthemius 4610:Anthemius 4592:: 425–455 4408:: 383–392 4380:: 375–383 4358:: 367–375 4314:Shapur II 4257:: 355–361 4251:: 351–354 4152:Britannia 4099:: 317–326 4052:Martinian 4030:Martinian 3976:Maxentius 3959:: 306–307 3934:: 305–306 3905:: 293–305 3877:Tetrarchy 3825:Habsburgs 3793:in 1806. 3711:Exarchate 3596:Caracalla 3536:Chronicle 3532:Chronicle 3517:Heraclius 3497:Theodoric 3493:Symmachus 3367:civil law 3357:Roman law 3184:Michael I 2964:Justinian 2930:Theodahad 2911:Athalaric 2879:Sigismund 2875:Alaric II 2862:patricius 2811:foederati 2737:patricius 2710:Gennadius 2463:patrician 2451:foederati 2389:Glycerius 2354:Anthemius 2276:foederati 2267:Scythians 2265:, Suebi, 2263:Bastarnae 1994:Gerontius 1931:, 407–409 1886:Illyricum 1878:foederati 1866:Gallienus 1715:from the 1660:foederati 1644:Visigoths 1613:Caracalla 1592:, not an 1586:Dalmatius 1578:Macedonia 1574:Illyricum 1522:Dalmatius 1514:Dalmatius 1468:Nova Roma 1464:Byzantium 1433:Nicomedia 1385:Tetrarchy 1375:Tetrarchy 1369:Tetrarchy 1320:Britannia 1308:Palmyrene 1295:emerged. 1273:Saloninus 1263:Sassanids 1259:Gallienus 1232:Caracalla 1176:consulate 1045:Vespasian 967:Upon the 880:Cyrenaica 840:Macedonia 807:governors 714:Antiquity 681:foederati 621:Tetrarchy 598:Justinian 546:Justinian 495:Alamannia 310:9 May 480 164:Autocracy 133:Religion 103:(475–480) 76:(395–401) 16406:Schengen 16336:Eurozone 16176:Property 16171:Religion 16062:Frankish 16052:Germanic 16032:Paganism 15953:Religion 15941:European 15853:Humanism 15756:Religion 15715:Painting 15681:Internet 15632:Folklore 15603:Clothing 15574:Calendar 15550:Cyrillic 15535:Alphabet 15498:Cold War 15102:Japanese 15065:Scottish 15045:American 15037:Colonial 14966:Imperial 14934:Moroccan 14870:Japanese 14848:Afsharid 14707:Burmese 14693:Austrian 14648:Later Le 14623:Early Le 14608:Venetian 14534:Tiwanaku 14447:Hellenic 14410:Moroccan 14341:Kamakura 14331:Japanese 14314:Saffarid 14267:Georgian 14181:Chalukya 14159:Rashidun 14149:Calakmul 14117:Bruneian 13996:Haryanka 13974:Sasanian 13969:Parthian 13920:Bactrian 13910:Seleucid 13890:Goguryeo 13868:Egyptian 13802:Assyrian 13792:Akkadian 13783:Colonies 13490:Piedmont 13340:Oristano 13333:Logudoro 13323:Cagliari 13298:Sardinia 13031:Piedmont 12780:Holy See 12631:Medieval 12585:Picentes 12528:Samnites 12445:Tribunes 12435:Praetors 12385:Generals 12365:Emperors 12274:Lugdunum 12259:Eboracum 12249:Carthage 12234:Aquileia 12149:Polybius 12139:Plutarch 12109:Libanius 12099:Josephus 12094:Herodian 11986:Tibullus 11901:Priscian 11876:Phaedrus 11836:Manilius 11781:Jordanes 11766:Hydatius 11696:Claudian 11676:Catullus 11666:Boëthius 11661:Ausonius 11579:Medieval 11551:Alphabet 11523:Theatres 11498:Numerals 11483:Concrete 11473:Circuses 11440:Bagaudae 11430:Adoption 11425:Marriage 11398:Assembly 11303:Religion 11278:Folklore 11258:Clothing 11253:Calendar 11210:Currency 11200:Commerce 11098:Strategy 11060:Military 11046:Triumvir 11026:Dictator 11021:Interrex 11000:Governor 10985:Quaestor 10948:Ordinary 10930:Province 10920:Tetrarch 10910:Augustus 10875:Vicarius 10865:Officium 10802:Imperium 10752:Plebeian 10712:Republic 10634:Dominate 10601:Republic 10562:Timeline 10281:Archived 10256:Archived 9822:ABC-CLIO 9814:(2010). 9786:(1997). 9766:(1969). 9149:10787086 8593:22 April 8588:33898522 8524:40311008 7575:(1987). 5820:Majorian 5161:Postumus 5041:Aurelian 4933:Eck 2002 4853:See also 4849:in 582. 4847:Germanus 4829:Campania 4731:Olybrius 4700:Aegidius 4664:Majorian 4541:Stilicho 4489:Honorius 4455:Honorius 4453:Emperor 4392:augustus 4388:augustus 4241:351–361 4197:Vetranio 4189:350–353 4167:337–350 4156:Hispania 4134:337–340 4119:Licinius 4115:augustus 4107:augustus 4072:Bust of 4019:Valens I 4011:Licinius 4003:augustus 3984:Maximian 3896:Maximian 3887:Maximian 3779:Berengar 3707:Germanus 3699:Caesares 3681:Augustus 3661:Augustus 3657:Augustus 3544:Occidens 3345:Arianism 3273:Concrete 3200:Calabria 3124:Syracuse 3107:Lombards 3088:Lombards 3084:Suintila 3009:Hilderic 3001:de facto 2972:(orange) 2907:Amalaric 2752:Dalmatia 2748:Dalmatia 2741:Augustus 2729:Dalmatia 2663:Pyrenees 2655:Clovis I 2593:of Italy 2515:Syagrius 2511:Dalmatia 2468:Dalmatia 2455:Dalmatia 2440:Dalmatia 2432:Dalmatia 2401:Dalmatia 2377:Gundobad 2373:Olybrius 2311:Collapse 2284:Lugdunum 2247:Alemanni 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15596:Studies 15579:Cuisine 15567:Periods 15527:Culture 15356:History 15322:Eastern 15317:Western 15268:culture 15169:largest 15164:Empires 15144:Swedish 15139:Spanish 15134:Russian 15097:Italian 15072:Chinese 15060:English 15055:British 15050:Belgian 15025:Vietnam 15015:Tay son 14961:Tsarist 14956:Russian 14951:Ottoman 14917:Dzungar 14912:Khoshut 14885:Mexican 14880:Maratha 14863:Pahlavi 14843:Safavid 14838:Iranian 14765:Haitian 14728:Chinese 14688:Ashanti 14660:Wagadou 14586:Eastern 14581:Western 14564:Timurid 14524:Tibetan 14514:Songhai 14504:Serbian 14425:Almohad 14415:Idrisid 14319:Samanid 14309:Tahirid 14304:Iranian 14282:Kannauj 14262:Genoese 14198:Chinese 14191:Eastern 14186:Western 14174:Fatimid 14169:Abbasid 14164:Umayyad 14137:Burmese 14097:Ayyubid 14092:Angevin 14062:Xianbei 14050:Eastern 14045:Western 13991:Magadha 13954:Iranian 13947:Xiongnu 13932:Hittite 13841:Chinese 13829:Kassite 13778:Ancient 13770:Empires 13571:Corsica 13561:Tuscany 13526:Etruria 13475:Liguria 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