1001:. It has been suggested that Rome had been conquered by the Etruscans, but this is unlikely. The city was located in an easily defensible position, and its rapid growth attracted people from all over the region. The city's liberal policy of extending citizenship probably created an opportunity for a skillful leader to gain the throne. The reign of the first four kings was distinct from that of the last three. The first kings were elected. Between the reigns of the final three kings, however, the monarchy became hereditary, and thus the Senate became subordinated to the king. The fact that the monarchy became hereditary is obvious from the kinship among those three kings, as well as from the lack of interregna. The fact that the auspices did not revert to the Senate upon the deaths of those kings constituted a serious erosion of the Senate's authority, because it prevented the Senate from electing a monarch of its choosing. This violation of the Senate's sovereignty, rather than an intolerable tyranny, was probably what led the patricians in the Senate to overthrow the last king. The king may have sought the support of the plebeians, but the plebeians were no doubt exhausted from their continued military service and from their forced labor in the construction of public works, and were probably also embittered by their lack of political power. Therefore, they did not come to the aid of either the king or the Senate.
946:. His powers rested on law and legal precedent, and he could only receive these powers through the political process of a democratic election. In practice, he had no real restrictions on his power. When war broke out, he had the sole power to organize and levy troops, to select leaders for the army, and to conduct the campaign as he saw fit. He controlled all property held by the state, had the sole power to divide land and war spoils, was the chief representative of the city during dealings with either the gods or the leaders of other communities, and could unilaterally decree any new law. Sometimes he submitted his decrees to either the popular assembly or to the Senate for a ceremonial ratification, but a rejection did not prevent the enactment of the decree. The king chose several officers to assist him, and unilaterally granted them their powers. When the king left the city, an "urban prefect" presided over the city in his stead. The king also had two
846:"') would nominate a candidate to replace the king. After the Senate gave its initial approval of the nominee, he would then be formally elected by the people, and then receive the Senate's final approval. So while the king was officially elected by the people, it was effectively the Senate's decision. The Senate's most significant role outside of royal elections was as an advisory council to the king. While the king was not bound by the Senate's advice, the growing prestige of the Senate made its advice increasingly impolitic to ignore. Technically, the Senate could also make laws, though it would be incorrect to view the Senate's decrees as legislation in the modern sense. Only the king could decree new laws, although he would often involve both the Senate and the
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of conquests did occur during the late monarchy. As a result of these conquests, it became necessary to determine what was to be done with the conquered people. Often, some of the individuals whose towns had been conquered remained in those towns, while some others came to Rome. To acquire legal and economic standing, these newcomers adopted a condition of dependency toward either a patrician family, or toward the king (who himself was a patrician). Eventually, the individuals who were dependents of the king were released from their state of dependency, and became the first "
722:". As Rome grew, it needed more soldiers to continue its conquests. When the plebeians were released from their dependency, they were released from their curiae. When this occurred, they were freed from the requirement to serve in the army, but they also lost their political and economic standing. To bring these new plebeians back into the army, the patricians were forced to make concessions. While it is not known exactly what concessions were made, the fact that they were not granted any political power set the stage for what history knows as the
919:
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900:(the fifth or seventh day of the month), this assembly met to hear announcements. Appeals heard by the Curiate often dealt with questions concerning Roman family law. During two fixed days in the spring, the assembly was scheduled to meet to witness wills and adoptions. The assembly also had jurisdiction over the admission of new families to a curia, the transfer of families between two curiae, and the transfer of individuals from plebeian to patrician status (or vice versa).
32:
881:. During the years of the kingdom, all of the People of Rome were divided among a total of thirty curiae, the basic units of division in the two popular assemblies. The members in each curia would vote, and the majority therein would determine how that curia voted before the assembly. Thus a majority of the curiae (at least sixteen of the thirty) was needed during any vote in either the Curiate Assembly or the Calate Assembly.
741:", though this assembly was not immediately granted any political powers. In contrast, four tribes were created that encompassed the entire city of Rome, and while new tribes were to be created later, those tribes would encompass territory outside of the city of Rome. Membership in a tribe, unlike that in a curia, was open to both patricians and plebeians without regard to property qualification.
733:. Per the legends, Tullius abolished the old system whereby the army was organized on the basis of the hereditary curiae, and replaced it with one based on land ownership. As part of his reorganization, two new types of unit were created; the army was divided into "centuries", and later reorganizations made the army more efficient through the use of "
675:". The two assemblies were designed to mirror the ethnic divisions of the city and, as such, the assemblies were organized according to curia. The vehicle through which the early Romans expressed their aristocratic impulses was a council of town elders, which became the Roman Senate. The elders of this council were known as
717:
The second epoch spans the reigns of the last three legendary kings. This epoch was more consequential than the first, which was due partly to the significant degree of territorial expansion that occurred. Regardless of whether these legends are true, it is likely that, as the legends claim, a series
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to facilitate the selection of a new king. Once the interrex found a suitable nominee for the kingship, he presented this nominee to the senate for an initial approval. If the Senate voted in favor of the nominee, that man (women were excluded as nominees) stood for formal election before the People
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could express their opinions. In it, the people were organized according to their respective curiae. However, the popular assembly did have other functions. For example, it was a forum used by citizens to hear announcements. It could also serve as a trial court for both civil and criminal matters.
638:
The period of the kingdom can be divided into two epochs based on the legends. While the specific legends were probably not true, they were likely based on historical fact. It is likely that, before the founding of the republic, Rome had actually been ruled by a succession of kings. The first
611:, which was dominated by the aristocracy, served as the advisory council to the king. Often, the king asked the Senate to vote on various matters, but he was free to ignore any advice they gave him. The king could also request a vote on various matters by the popular assembly (the "
868:
The legislative assemblies were political institutions in the ancient Roman
Kingdom. While one, the Curiate Assembly, had some legislative powers, these involved nothing more than a right to symbolically ratify decrees issued by the Roman King. The functions of the other, the
663:" families belonged to these ethnic groups. In an attempt to add a level of organization to the city, these patrician families were divided into units called "curiae". The vehicle through which the early Romans expressed their democratic impulses was known as a "committee" (
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as general assistants, while several other officers assisted the king during treason cases. In war, the king occasionally commanded only the infantry, and delegated command over the cavalry to the commander of his personal bodyguards, the tribune of the
888:) was the only popular assembly with any political significance during the period of the Roman Kingdom, and was organized on the basis of the thirty curiae. The king presided over the assembly, and submitted decrees to it for ratification. On the
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of Rome in the
Curiate Assembly (the popular assembly). After the nominee was elected by the Curiate, the Senate ratified the election by passing a decree. The interrex then formally declared the nominee to be king. The new king then took the
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that settled Italy in the centuries before the legendary founding of Rome in 753 BC were structured into tribal communities. These communities would often include an aristocratic board of tribal elders. The early Roman family was called a
955:. The king sometimes deferred to precedent, often simply out of practical necessity. While the king could unilaterally declare war, for example, he typically wanted to have such declarations ratified by the popular assembly.
737:". The centuries were organized on the basis of property ownership, and any individual, patrician or plebeian, could become a member of a century. These centuries formed the basis of a new assembly called the "
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The
Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes
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held three principal responsibilities: it functioned as the ultimate repository for the executive power, served as counsel to the king, and functioned as a legislative body in concert with the
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Executive
Magistrates were elected officials of the ancient Roman Kingdom. During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the king was the principal executive magistrate. He was the chief
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During the years of the monarchy, the Senate's most important function was to select new kings. The period between the death of one king and the election of the next, was called an
643:", the religious institutions were established, and the Senate and the assemblies evolved into formal institutions. The city fought several wars of conquest, the port of
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legendary epoch spans the reigns of the first four legendary kings. During this time, the political foundations of the city were laid, the city was organized into "
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Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
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To bring the plebeians back into the army, the army was reorganized. The legends give credit for this reorganization to King
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was founded, and the Tiber River was bridged. The early Romans were divided into three ethnic groups: the Ramnes (
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Considerations on the Causes of the
Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, by Montesquieu
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The Roman Senate was a political institution starting in the ancient Roman
Kingdom. The
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The period between the death of one king and the election of the next was known as an
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came to recognize the need for a single leader. Therefore, they elected a Roman king (
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Constitution of the Roman Republic" (Oxford University Press, 1999)
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Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An
Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius
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Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)
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Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
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Romulus, Victor over Acron, hauls the rich booty to the temple of Jupiter, by
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or "assembly"). The two principal assemblies that formed were known as the "
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1492:. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.
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The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
1485:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23.
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A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
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What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us
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Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution
1524:. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.
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literally means "board of old men." The prehistoric
599:'s unwritten constitution originated mainly through
1617:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
842:. When a king died, a member of the Senate (the "
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634:History of the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
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1699:The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero
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1619:. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
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792:were aggregating to form a community, the
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1610:The Development of the Roman Constitution
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1631:Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9ā13.
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850:(the popular assembly) in the process.
713:, fleeing from the burning city of Troy
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1500:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
894:(the first day of the month), and the
1983:
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1598:. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
1534:. The University of Michigan Press (
769:, which means "old man". Therefore,
13:
1663:
1546:
14:
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1558:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
993:The first Etruscan King of Rome,
763:term, "senÄtus," is derived from
630:History of the Roman Constitution
1670:Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two
1483:The Senate of the Roman Republic
30:
3947:Government of the Roman Kingdom
1488:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
989:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
1653:The Emperor in the Roman World
1:
3952:Constitutions of ancient Rome
1459:
831:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
695:, and the elders advised the
2574:Frontiers and fortifications
1594:Johnston, Harold Whetstone.
1577:Resources in other libraries
1466:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
7:
2633:Decorations and punishments
1502:. Oxford University Press (
1004:
979:) by the popular assembly.
755:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
10:
3968:
3540:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2115:historiography of the fall
1655:, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
1612:. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
1591:. William Pickering. 1853.
986:
907:
857:
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1688:Secondary source material
1572:Resources in your library
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419:Senatus consultum ultimum
314:Extraordinary magistrates
1645:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
1638:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
1603:Roman Constitutional Law
1123:
23:Politics of ancient Rome
3916:RomanāIranian relations
2391:Optimates and populares
983:The end of the monarchy
938:, chief judge, and the
3926:Civil wars and revolts
3192:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2839:Conflict of the Orders
2198:Legislative assemblies
1957:Conflict of the Orders
1636:The Later Roman Empire
923:
884:The Curiate Assembly (
854:Legislative Assemblies
833:
724:Conflict of the Orders
714:
624:Constitutional history
180:Political institutions
3635:Simplicius of Cilicia
3387:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2616:Siege in Ancient Rome
2225:Executive magistrates
1481:Byrd, Robert (1995).
921:
904:Executive Magistrates
828:
705:
3645:Stephanus Byzantinus
3550:Eusebius of Caesaria
3412:Sidonius Apollinaris
3102:Ammianus Marcellinus
2441:Tribune of the plebs
1470:. Elibron Classics (
814:. The senate of the
259:Ordinary magistrates
3821:Distinguished women
3472:Velleius Paterculus
3312:Nicolaus Damascenus
3292:Marcellus Empiricus
2681:Republican currency
1874:reforms of Augustus
1077:Master of the Horse
739:Centuriate Assembly
3595:Phlegon of Tralles
3402:Seneca the Younger
2876:Naming conventions
2606:Personal equipment
2139:Later Roman Empire
1740:Roman Constitution
1680:2007-02-05 at the
1643:The Roman Republic
1601:Mommsen, Theodor.
995:Tarquinius Priscus
940:commander in chief
924:
834:
802:). Over time, the
715:
492:Triumvir monetalis
426:Titles and honours
3934:
3933:
3896:Pontifices maximi
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3677:
3535:Diogenes Laƫrtius
3357:Pliny the Younger
3112:Asconius Pedianus
3072:Romance languages
2944:Civil engineering
2686:Imperial currency
2559:Political control
2520:
2519:
2154:
2153:
1977:
1976:
1924:(post Diocletian)
1914:(post Diocletian)
1869:reforms of Caesar
1615:Von Fritz, Kurt.
1553:Library resources
1528:Taylor, Lily Ross
1516:Polybius (1823).
997:, succeeded king
910:Roman Magistrates
659:). The original "
593:
592:
411:Quaestio perpetua
404:Senatus consultum
207:Roman citizenship
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3886:Magistri equitum
3801:Cities and towns
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3720:Constantinopolis
3530:Diodorus Siculus
3462:Valerius Maximus
3397:Seneca the Elder
3317:Nonius Marcellus
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3084:
2638:Hippika gymnasia
2601:Infantry tactics
2507:Consular tribune
2497:Magister equitum
2446:Military tribune
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2371:Pontifex maximus
2366:Princeps senatus
2356:Magister militum
2122:Byzantine Empire
2043:
2042:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1864:reforms of Sulla
1733:
1726:
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1608:Tighe, Ambrose.
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1097:Pontifex Maximus
1092:Byzantine Senate
1032:Plebeian Council
877:"), were purely
860:Roman assemblies
848:Curiate Assembly
669:Curiate Assembly
655:), and Luceres (
613:Curiate Assembly
585:
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571:
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506:Magister militum
341:Consular tribune
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163:Augustan reforms
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3510:AĆ«tius of Amida
3491:
3477:Verrius Flaccus
3457:Valerius Antias
3417:Silius Italicus
3352:Pliny the Elder
3297:Marcus Aurelius
3172:Cornelius Nepos
3122:Aurelius Victor
3076:
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2844:Secessio plebis
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1587:Ihne, Wilhelm.
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871:Calate Assembly
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2346:Vigintisexviri
2343:
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2306:Cursus honorum
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1087:Cursus honorum
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1072:Roman Dictator
1069:
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1017:Roman Republic
1014:
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1003:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
905:
902:
875:Comitia Calata
855:
852:
820:people of Rome
775:Indo-Europeans
746:
743:
625:
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617:People of Rome
591:
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485:Vigintisexviri
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84:27 BC ā AD 284
77:
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74:27 BC ā AD 395
66:
61:Roman Republic
57:
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9:
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3278:
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3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Julius Paulus
3250:
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3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3190:
3188:
3187:Fabius Pictor
3185:
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3018:
3015:
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2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Amphitheatres
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
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2832:
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2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Deforestation
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Siege engines
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Establishment
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:Extraordinary
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Promagistrate
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Twelve Tables
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:Miscellaneous
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1808:Roman Kingdom
1805:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:M. Crawford,
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:The Histories
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1541:
1540:0-472-08125-X
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:James Hampton
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:0-19-926108-3
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:0-543-92749-0
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Promagistrate
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Roman Kingdom
1010:
1009:
1002:
1000:
999:Ancus Marcius
996:
990:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
963:
962:
956:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
920:
915:
911:
901:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
827:
823:
821:
817:
816:Roman Kingdom
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
791:
787:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
767:
762:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Roman Kingdom
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
564:
563:
557:
554:
553:
551:
550:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
510:
508:
507:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
487:
486:
482:
480:
479:
475:
473:
472:
468:
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
413:
412:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
391:
387:
386:
384:
383:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
319:
318:
315:
312:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Promagistrate
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
264:
263:
260:
257:
256:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
228:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
181:
178:
177:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
122:
118:
117:
111:
110:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
52:Roman Kingdom
49:
48:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3866:Institutions
3730:Leptis Magna
3683:Major cities
3590:Philostratus
3377:Quadrigarius
3197:Rufus Festus
3060:Contemporary
2781:Romanization
2704:Architecture
2311:Collegiality
2172:
2160:Constitution
2011:Ancient Rome
1919:Constitution
1901:Roman Empire
1859:Constitution
1821:Constitution
1820:
1761:Constitution
1748:Ancient Rome
1652:
1642:
1635:
1634:A. Cameron,
1622:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1567:Online books
1557:
1531:
1517:
1499:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1453:Abbott, 9-10
1449:
1404:
1381:
1318:
1267:
1258:
1209:
1184:
1131:
1117:Acta Senatus
1082:Roman Senate
1057:Roman censor
1047:Roman consul
1022:Roman Empire
992:
974:
959:
957:
925:
895:
889:
885:
883:
874:
867:
837:
835:
811:
807:
803:
800:Roman Senate
793:
789:
783:
779:
770:
764:
758:
751:Roman Senate
728:
716:
696:
692:
691:elected the
688:
687:(king). The
684:
680:
676:
664:
637:
609:Roman Senate
594:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
417:
409:
402:
395:
388:
366:
359:
352:
345:
333:
211:
199:
195:Collegiality
140:
131:Constitution
119:
108:
99:
70:Roman Empire
68:
59:
50:
15:
3861:Geographers
3545:Dioscorides
3525:Cassius Dio
3147:Cassiodorus
3050:Renaissance
2656:Agriculture
2628:Auxiliaries
2569:Engineering
2406:Magistrates
2258:Citizenship
2253:Mos maiorum
2188:Late Empire
1939:Magistrates
1891:Magistrates
1836:Magistrates
1798:Magistrates
1651:F. Millar,
1605:. 1871-1888
1213:Abbott, 7-8
961:interregnum
839:interregnum
671:" and the "
651:), Tities (
390:Mos maiorum
170:Late Empire
113:AD 395ā1453
3941:Categories
3750:Mediolanum
3690:Alexandria
3655:Themistius
3620:Porphyrius
3447:Tertullian
3382:Quintilian
3372:Propertius
3267:Lactantius
3217:Fulgentius
3152:Censorinus
2974:Sanitation
2959:Metallurgy
2916:Technology
2881:Demography
2829:Patricians
2796:Spectacles
2754:Literature
2749:Hairstyles
2586:Technology
2336:Praefectus
2288:Government
2278:Litigation
2263:Auctoritas
2208:Centuriate
2095:Principate
2090:Pax Romana
2050:Foundation
1967:Obligation
1934:Assemblies
1886:Assemblies
1831:Assemblies
1781:Centuriate
1771:Assemblies
1460:References
1444:Abbott, 15
1428:Abbott, 19
1399:Abbott, 18
1376:Abbott, 14
1356:Abbott, 17
1344:Abbott, 10
1313:Abbott, 16
1295:Abbott, 12
1271:Abbott, 21
1241:Abbott, 20
471:Praefectus
379:Public law
234:Centuriate
224:Assemblies
201:Auctoritas
104:AD 395ā476
91:AD 284ā641
81:Principate
56:753ā509 BC
3906:Quaestors
3836:Empresses
3826:Dynasties
3816:Dictators
3791:and other
3780:Volubilis
3775:Vindobona
3735:Londinium
3660:Theodoret
3630:Procopius
3610:Polyaenus
3585:Pausanias
3487:Vitruvius
3432:Symmachus
3427:Suetonius
3337:Petronius
3322:Obsequens
3287:Macrobius
3282:Lucretius
3207:Frontinus
3182:Eutropius
3167:Columella
3117:Augustine
3107:Appuleius
3055:Neo-Latin
3030:Classical
3021:Versions
2929:Aqueducts
2871:Patronage
2791:Sexuality
2764:Mythology
2739:Education
2729:Cosmetics
2554:Campaigns
2549:Structure
2502:Decemviri
2361:Imperator
2060:overthrow
1962:Roman law
1283:Abbott, 1
1262:Abbott, 4
1253:Abbott, 9
1229:Abbott, 8
1204:Abbott, 7
1188:Abbott, 5
1179:Abbott, 3
1163:Abbott, 6
1135:Byrd, 161
1027:Roman Law
948:quaestors
928:executive
879:religious
720:plebeians
661:patrician
657:Etruscans
601:precedent
513:Imperator
361:Decemviri
354:Triumviri
324:Corrector
65:509ā27 BC
3911:Tribunes
3901:Praetors
3851:Generals
3831:Emperors
3740:Lugdunum
3725:Eboracum
3715:Carthage
3700:Aquileia
3615:Polybius
3605:Plutarch
3575:Libanius
3565:Josephus
3560:Herodian
3452:Tibullus
3367:Priscian
3342:Phaedrus
3302:Manilius
3247:Jordanes
3232:Hydatius
3162:Claudian
3142:Catullus
3132:Boƫthius
3127:Ausonius
3045:Medieval
3017:Alphabet
2989:Theatres
2964:Numerals
2949:Concrete
2939:Circuses
2906:Bagaudae
2896:Adoption
2891:Marriage
2864:Assembly
2769:Religion
2744:Folklore
2724:Clothing
2719:Calendar
2676:Currency
2666:Commerce
2564:Strategy
2526:Military
2512:Triumvir
2492:Dictator
2487:Interrex
2466:Governor
2451:Quaestor
2414:Ordinary
2396:Province
2386:Tetrarch
2376:Augustus
2341:Vicarius
2331:Officium
2268:Imperium
2218:Plebeian
2178:Republic
2100:Dominate
2067:Republic
2028:Timeline
1791:Plebeian
1678:Archived
1627:Polybius
1530:(1966).
1498:(1999).
1408:Byrd, 33
1385:Byrd, 20
1322:Byrd, 42
1107:Interrex
1062:Quaestor
1037:Centuria
1005:See also
976:imperium
971:auspices
966:interrex
936:lawgiver
934:, chief
930:, chief
844:interrex
543:Tetrarch
533:Augustus
478:Vicarius
457:Officium
368:Interrex
329:Dictator
304:Governor
279:Quaestor
244:Plebeian
190:Imperium
146:Republic
121:Timeline
88:Dominate
3881:Legions
3841:Fiction
3811:Consuls
3806:Climate
3760:Ravenna
3755:Pompeii
3745:Lutetia
3710:Bononia
3705:Berytus
3695:Antioch
3670:Zosimus
3665:Zonaras
3640:Sozomen
3625:Priscus
3600:Photius
3442:Terence
3437:Tacitus
3422:Statius
3407:Servius
3392:Sallust
3347:Plautus
3327:Orosius
3307:Martial
3262:Juvenal
3237:Hyginus
3222:Gellius
3081:Writers
3012:History
2994:Thermae
2984:Temples
2934:Bridges
2901:Slavery
2849:Equites
2821:Society
2801:Theatre
2774:Deities
2734:Cuisine
2714:Bathing
2696:Culture
2671:Finance
2648:Economy
2539:Borders
2534:History
2436:Tribune
2431:Praetor
2321:Legatus
2316:Emperor
2203:Curiate
2173:Kingdom
2168:History
2144:History
2127:decline
2085:History
2055:Kingdom
2038:History
2023:Outline
1909:History
1854:History
1816:History
1776:Curiate
1756:History
1052:Praetor
953:Celeres
942:of the
891:calends
689:populus
681:populus
665:comitia
653:Sabines
464:Praeses
443:Legatus
434:Emperor
294:Tribune
274:Praetor
239:Curiate
141:Kingdom
109:Eastern
100:Western
43:Periods
3891:Nomina
3876:Legacy
3856:Gentes
3793:topics
3789:Lists
3770:Smyrna
3650:Strabo
3580:Lucian
3570:Julian
3520:Arrian
3515:Appian
3505:Aelian
3482:Vergil
3257:Justin
3242:Jerome
3227:Horace
3212:Fronto
3202:Florus
3177:Ennius
3157:Cicero
3137:Caesar
3035:Vulgar
2859:Tribes
2786:Romans
2596:Legion
2579:castra
2456:Aedile
2426:Censor
2421:Consul
2381:Caesar
2351:Lictor
2273:Status
2213:Tribal
2193:Senate
2183:Empire
2077:Empire
2013:topics
1929:Senate
1881:Senate
1826:Senate
1786:Tribal
1766:Senate
1555:about
1538:
1506:
1474:
1067:Aedile
932:priest
812:patres
804:patres
795:patres
790:gentes
771:senate
745:Senate
735:tribes
711:Aeneid
707:Aeneas
677:patres
649:Latins
641:curiae
538:Caesar
499:Lictor
299:Censor
289:Aedile
269:Consul
249:Tribal
158:Empire
3555:Galen
3497:Greek
3467:Varro
3277:Lucan
3089:Latin
3004:Latin
2979:Ships
2969:Roads
2954:Domes
2886:Women
2834:Plebs
2759:Music
2301:Forum
2296:Curia
1520:. By
1124:Notes
1042:Curia
897:nones
785:pater
766:senex
761:Latin
645:Ostia
3871:Laws
3846:Film
3765:Roma
3332:Ovid
3272:Livy
3040:Late
2854:Gens
2811:Wine
2623:Navy
2591:Army
2230:SPQR
2132:fall
2110:fall
1536:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1472:ISBN
944:army
912:and
862:and
780:gens
753:and
632:and
605:king
595:The
3025:Old
2709:Art
2482:Rex
2326:Dux
2240:Law
1625:by
808:rex
697:rex
693:rex
685:rex
450:Dux
397:Ius
347:Rex
3943::
1542:).
1510:).
1478:).
1433:^
1413:^
1390:^
1361:^
1349:^
1327:^
1300:^
1288:^
1276:^
1246:^
1234:^
1218:^
1193:^
1168:^
1140:^
873:("
822:.
726:.
699:.
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1732:e
1725:t
1718:v
584:e
577:t
570:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
