538:
220:
857:(1755) that a more reliable English dictionary was produced. Many people today mistakenly believe that Johnson wrote the first English dictionary: a testimony to this legacy. By this stage, dictionaries had evolved to contain textual references for most words, and were arranged alphabetically, rather than by topic (a previously popular form of arrangement, which meant all animals would be grouped together, etc.). Johnson's masterwork could be judged as the first to bring all these elements together, creating the first "modern" dictionary.
484:
29:
926:, replacing "colour" with "color", substituting "wagon" for "waggon", and printing "center" instead of "centre". He also added American words, like "skunk" and "squash", which did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of seventy, Webster published his dictionary in 1828; it sold 2500 copies. In 1840, the second edition was published in two volumes. Webster's dictionary was acquired by G & C Merriam Co. in 1843, after his death, and has since been published in many revised editions.
1801:
3308:
2998:
40:
51:
1103:
of the simplest meanings of the simplest concepts. From these, other concepts can be explained and defined, in particular for those who are first learning a language. In
English, the commercial defining dictionaries typically include only one or two meanings of under 2000 words. With these, the rest
1200:
Because of the widespread use of dictionaries in schools, and their acceptance by many as language authorities, their treatment of the language does affect usage to some degree, with even the most descriptive dictionaries providing conservative continuity. In the long run, however, the meanings of
1169:
are descriptive, and attempt to describe the actual use of words. Most dictionaries of
English now apply the descriptive method to a word's definition, and then, outside of the definition itself, provide information alerting readers to attitudes which may influence their choices on words often
804:
was still lamenting in 1754, 150 years after
Cawdrey's publication, that it is "a sort of disgrace to our nation, that hitherto we have had no… standard of our language; our dictionaries at present being more properly what our neighbors the Dutch and the Germans call theirs, word-books, than
1270:(NLP) are built to be used by computer programs. The final user is a human being but the direct user is a program. Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper. The structure of the content is not linear, ordered entry by entry but has the form of a complex network (see
179:
dictionaries; the former reflect what is seen as correct use of the language while the latter reflect recorded actual use. Stylistic indications (e.g. "informal" or "vulgar") in many modern dictionaries are also considered by some to be less than objectively descriptive.
456:. A dictionary called "Bahşayiş Lügati", which is written in old Anatolian Turkish, served also as a dictionary between Oghuz Turkish, Arabic and Persian. But it is not clear who wrote the dictionary or in which century exactly it was published. It was written in
2921:
121:. Specialized dictionaries include words in specialist fields, rather than a comprehensive range of words in the language. Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no consensus whether
1021:, also referred to as a technical dictionary, is a dictionary that focuses upon a specific subject field, as opposed to a dictionary that comprehensively contains words from the lexicon of a specific language or languages. Following the description in
1381:
In many languages, such as the
English language, the pronunciation of some words is not consistently apparent from their spelling. In these languages, dictionaries usually provide the pronunciation. For example, the definition for the word
1196:
provides similar notes, but is more prescriptive, offering warnings and admonitions against the use of certain words considered by many to be offensive or illiterate, such as, "an offensive term for..." or "a taboo term meaning...".
203:, written in 1604, and monolingual dictionaries in other languages also began appearing in Europe at around this time. The systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest arose as a 20th-century enterprise, called
2716:
961:
In a general dictionary, each word may have multiple meanings. Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order, with the oldest usage first.
1057:
is a sub-field dictionary. In terms of the coverage distinction between "minimizing dictionaries" and "maximizing dictionaries", multi-field dictionaries tend to minimize coverage across subject fields (for instance,
504:, or according to the alphabetical order of the first letter (the system used in modern European language dictionaries). The modern system was mainly used in specialist dictionaries, such as those of terms from the
145:
and then establishing the terms used to designate them. In practice, the two approaches are used for both types. There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction, for instance
2564:
211:. The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy, with the practical dictionary-makers being sometimes accused by others of having an "astonishing" lack of method and critical-self reflection.
572:, a large grammatical work with an alphabetical lexicon, was widely adopted. It served as the basis for several bilingual dictionaries and was one of the earliest books (in 1460) to be printed. In 1502
2693:
757:
The earliest dictionaries in the
English language were glossaries of French, Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English. The word "dictionary" was invented by an Englishman called
1252:
is a specific kind of descriptive dictionary which describes the development of words and senses over time, usually using citations to original source material to support its conclusions.
2713:
1207:
It is often forgotten that (dictionaries) are artificial repositories, put together well after the languages they define. The roots of language are irrational and of a magical nature.
1776:
There exist a number of websites which operate as online dictionaries, usually with a specialized focus. Some of them have exclusively user driven content, often consisting of
833:
3798:
1134:, intent on forging a distinct identity for the American language, altered spellings and accentuated differences in meaning and pronunciation of some words. This is why
731:
1486:. The IPA is more commonly used within the British Commonwealth countries. Yet others use their own pronunciation respelling systems without diacritics: for example,
2568:
881:
The OED remains the most comprehensive and trusted
English language dictionary to this day, with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months.
3596:
2738:
1539:
1483:
945:
874:
from 1884 onwards. A complete ten-volume first edition was not released until 1928. One of the main contributors to this modern dictionary was an ex-army surgeon,
283:(probably compiled sometime between 700 BCE to 200 BCE, possibly earlier) as a "dictionary", although modern scholarship considers it a calligraphic compendium of
2977:, Nov 1983, Vol. 8 Issue 18, pp. 451–461. An international appreciation of the importance of Webster's dictionaries in setting the norms of the English language.
1282:(CLIR) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size. In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries, an ISO standard called
524:
is the first handy dictionary in Arabic, which includes only words and their definitions, eliminating the supporting examples used in such dictionaries as the
3665:
2690:
1034:
2384:
Jack Lynch, "How
Johnson's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary" (delivered 25 August 2005 at the Johnson and the English Language conference, Birmingham)
580:
was published, originally a monolingual Latin dictionary, which over the course of the 16th century was enlarged to become a multilingual glossary. In 1532
3553:
895:
3036:
687:
appeared in 1843; this work remained the basic dictionary of Greek until the end of the 20th century. And in 1858 was published the first volume of the
3791:
3006:
2837:
2757:
3732:
3342:
2663:
1151:
714:
500:
dictionaries were compiled between the 8th and 14th centuries, organizing words in rhyme order (by the last syllable), by alphabetical order of the
1066:
537:
3638:
3624:
3477:
1654:
1165:
939:
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424:. His work contains about 7500 to 8000 words and it was written to teach non Turkic Muslims, especially the Abbasid Arabs, the Turkic language.
2245:
3021:
3436:
2102:
637:
2078:
1773:
Teaching users about words they don't already know has been, historically, an aim of lexicography, and modern dictionaries do this well."
604:
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1054:
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543:
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918:. His book contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. As a
3079:
598:, which served up to the 19th century as the basis of Greek lexicography. The first monolingual Spanish dictionary written was
922:, Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced spellings that became
3335:
2954:
2910:
2672:
2414:
2133:
2054:
1220:
is "at war with itself": whereas its coverage (lexical items) and glosses (definitions) are descriptive and colloquial, its
903:
it took twenty-seven years to complete. To evaluate the etymology of words, Webster learned twenty-six languages, including
3443:
1956:
1515:
1376:
1060:
853:
763:
653:
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1841:
1322:
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1046:
837:
346:
2386:
219:
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Sometimes the same dictionary can be descriptive in some domains and prescriptive in others. For example, according to
721:
3631:
3567:
3560:
2930:
2871:
2849:
2806:
2628:
2601:
2190:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 04 June 2023
1661:
1592:
1491:
973:
in most dictionaries. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but some newer dictionaries, like
187:
times around 2300 BCE, in the form of bilingual dictionaries, and the oldest surviving monolingual dictionaries are
3328:
3144:
2282:, edición integral e ilustrada de Ignacio Arellano y Rafael Zafra, Madrid, Iberoamericana-Vervuert, 2006, pg. XLIX.
1327:
3610:
2496:
1387:
1192:
800:. This dictionary, and the many imitators which followed it, was seen as unreliable and nowhere near definitive.
354:
2565:"The first English to Einglish and Sindhi Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms published – The Sindh Times"
1201:
words in
English are primarily determined by usage, and the language is being changed and created every day. As
3617:
3500:
3420:
3041:
2371:
1735:
979:
821:
2300:
3351:
813:
2769:
1070:) whereas single-field and sub-field dictionaries tend to maximize coverage within a limited subject field (
670:
was firstly published in 1777; it has formed the basis of all similar works that have since been published.
3706:
3546:
2708:
Imad
Zeroual, and Abdelhak Lakhouaja, "Data science in light of natural language processing: An overview."
1851:
1785:
1761:
The age of the
Internet brought online dictionaries to the desktop and, more recently, to the smart phone.
1756:
1740:
1730:
1639:
1186:
1121:
642:(still published, with the ninth edition not complete as of 2021). Between 1712 and 1721 was published the
170:
2660:
417:
3724:
3295:
3209:
2922:
The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary
1781:
1752:
1715:
1710:
1685:
1665:(especially the college edition, used as the official desk dictionary of many American press journalists)
1528:
1267:
1266:
In contrast to traditional dictionaries, which are designed to be used by human beings, dictionaries for
1261:
1050:
992:
20:
2881:
Nielsen, Sandro (2008). "The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use".
1986:
Nielsen, Sandro (2008). "The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Naming and Use".
3658:
3576:
3527:
3412:
3072:
2753:
1762:
1705:
1585:
1564:
984:
768:
684:
87:
444:, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî finished his work "Kitâbü'l-İdrâk li-lisâni'l-Etrâk", a dictionary about the
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3011:
2542:
2524:
1646:
1546:
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866:
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dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is usually understood to refer to a general purpose
3837:
3679:
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3428:
2821:
1467:
1283:
1150:
subsequently underwent a few spelling changes that did not affect American English; see further at
441:
389:
118:
828:
Blount's work, and the two criticised each other. This created more interest in the dictionaries.
599:
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1815:
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1038:
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915:
861:
726:
675:
421:
223:
Catalan-Latin dictionary from the year 1696 with more than 1000 pages. Gazophylacium Dictionary.
816:, published in 1656, contains more than 10,000 words along with their etymologies or histories.
688:
3290:
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3189:
2185:
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312:
163:
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375:
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2448:
2331:
2044:
1861:
1348:
1312:
1300:
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1249:
1213:
914:
Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris, France, and at the
875:
808:
In 1616, John Bullokar described the history of the dictionary with his "English Expositor".
647:
457:
404:, contained etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words. In the 12th century, The
2591:
618:, was published. It served as the model for similar works in French and English. In 1690 in
3713:
3264:
3154:
3049:
2971:
1765:
in 2013 noted that "Among the top ten lookups on Merriam-Webster Online at this moment are
1617:
1610:
1533:
1295:
1042:
680:
147:
107:
860:
Johnson's dictionary remained the English-language standard for over 150 years, until the
627:
428:
wrote a small Arabic dictionary called "Muḳaddimetü'l-edeb" for the Turkic-Khwarazm ruler
8:
3520:
3404:
3169:
2794:
1925:
1856:
1725:
1720:
1695:
1578:
1499:. Some online or electronic dictionaries provide audio recordings of words being spoken.
1364:
1275:
1096:
784:
473:
449:
405:
199:
2237:
1681:
Histories and descriptions of the dictionaries of other languages on Knowledge include:
1045:
covers a more specialized field (e.g. constitutional law). For example, the 23-language
700:
3690:
3485:
3311:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3214:
3149:
2765:
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1830:
1690:
1622:
1571:
1344:
1337:
1084:
966:
950:
501:
413:
381:
262:
188:
75:
129:
are two different fields of study. In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be
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2890:
2867:
2845:
2802:
2624:
2597:
2410:
2170:
2129:
2050:
1995:
1871:
1354:
1202:
776:
708:
667:
573:
564:
483:
284:
236:
232:
83:
44:
3737:
3649:
3587:
3199:
2916:
2519:
2158:
1846:
1699:
1633:
1431:
1393:
1135:
923:
907:(Anglo-Saxon), German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Hebrew, Arabic, and
793:
615:
477:
386:
359:
1083:, an alphabetical list of defined terms in a specialized field, such as medicine (
899:. In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary,
28:
3511:
3244:
2720:
2697:
2667:
2390:
2367:
1628:
1240:'what') is archaic, resulting in a combination that is unutterable in real life.
1172:
1147:
927:
919:
817:
758:
631:
581:
559:
433:
292:
248:
208:
1964:
878:, a convicted murderer who was confined to an asylum for the criminally insane.
3363:
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2859:
2799:
Manual of Specialised Lexicography: The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries
1551:
1520:
1026:
848:
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465:
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between 1863 and 1872. In the same year 1863 appeared the first volume of the
662:, which included quotes taken from literary works, was published in 1726. The
277:, is the earliest surviving monolingual dictionary; and some sources cite the
50:
3821:
2894:
2383:
2321:
Mark Forsyth. The etymologicon. // Icon Books Ltd. London N79DP, 2011. p. 128
2149:
Peter Bing (2003). "The unruly tongue: Philitas of Cos as scholar and poet".
1999:
1286:(LMF) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community.
1100:
569:
461:
401:
253:
103:
32:
2406:
Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage
2226:
Bahşāyiş Bin Çalıça, Bahşayiş Lügati: Hazırlayan: Fikret TURAN, Ankara 2017,
1224:
is prescriptive. This internal conflict results in absurd sentences such as
871:
3088:
3052:(directory of language-related works on Wikisource – includes dictionaries)
2497:"The most influential crowdsourcing project happened long before Knowledge"
1805:
1131:
890:
841:
829:
740:
520:(14th century) listed words in the alphabetical order of the radicals. The
288:
204:
138:
111:
79:
3320:
965:
In many languages, words can appear in many different forms, but only the
707:(Dictionary of Hungarian Language) by Gergely Czuczor and János Fogarasi.
695:; the work was completed in 1961. Between 1861 and 1874 was published the
516:(13th century, still the best-known large-scale dictionary of Arabic) and
311:
and other literary words, words from local dialects, and technical terms.
3359:
3120:
1881:
1824:
1466:(in American English). American English dictionaries often use their own
904:
469:
340:
279:
130:
126:
99:
2864:
The Bilingual LSP Dictionary: Principles and Practice for Legal Language
1228:(she'll tear me apart when she sees what I've done to the car). Whereas
658:(still published, with a new edition about every decade) in 1780; their
3742:
1800:
1777:
836:
contains a list of 11,500 words with careful distinctions, compiled by
825:
608:, published in 1611 in Madrid, Spain. In 1612 the first edition of the
555:
328:
324:
134:
122:
95:
2208:
Zeki Velidi Togan, Zimahşeri'nin Doğu Türkçesi İle Mukaddimetül Edeb'i
1190:
goes further, discussing issues separately in numerous "usage notes."
1120:
Lexicographers apply two basic philosophies to the defining of words:
319:
1st century CE) wrote the oldest surviving Homeric lexicon. The first
301:
3125:
2199:
Besim Atalay, Divanü Lügat-it Türk Dizini, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1986
1866:
1471:
743:
source for the spelling of German. The decision to start work on the
619:
505:
258:
228:
155:
337:. Written in verse, it listed around 10,000 words. According to the
3110:
2292:
2162:
1109:
1080:
996:
988:
974:
970:
908:
551:
445:
320:
91:
71:
39:
2997:
3747:
3115:
1820:
1603:
316:
159:
151:
142:
67:
2012:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, pp. 155–157
3057:
2441:"Lynch, "How Johnson's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary""
1255:
1221:
1041:
narrowly covers one particular subject field (e.g. law), and a
797:
509:
497:
453:
437:
397:
364:
63:
1455:
1417:
1170:
considered vulgar, offensive, erroneous, or easily confused.
1105:
736:
429:
308:
244:
184:
2024:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, pp. 3–4
1901:
Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 2002
1835:
1458:
1449:
1420:
1411:
732:
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
273:
240:
1918:"The Features, Functions, and Limitations of Dictionaries"
1446:
1408:
1274:). Because most of these dictionaries are used to control
420:", a dictionary about the Turkic dialects, but especially
2617:
Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade; Wim van der Wurff (2009).
2046:
Lexicography: Dictionaries, compilers, critics, and users
2033:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, p. 7
1440:
1402:
703:. Between 1862 and 1874 was published the six volumes of
114:
reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.
2944:
2739:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1540:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1029:
categorize specialized dictionaries into three types: A
946:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2844:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2539:"Language Core Reference Sources – Texas State Library"
2217:
Ahmet Caferoğlu, Kitab Al Idrak Li Lisan Al Atrak, 1931
197:. The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was
937:
Controversy over the lack of usage advice in the 1961
1492:
1452:
1443:
1414:
1405:
1176:
is subtle, only adding italicized notations such as,
1142:
while the rest of the English-speaking world prefers
782:
The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was
436:
was finished and it served as a dictionary about the
1437:
1399:
739:
dictionary dates back to 1880, and is currently the
472:
compiled the Khaliq-e-bari, which mainly dealt with
295:(fl. 4th century BCE) wrote a pioneering vocabulary
137:, while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be
2645:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English Grammar
2071:"DCCLT – Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts"
1434:
1396:
805:dictionaries in the superior sense of that title."
512:, while most general use dictionaries, such as the
3792:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
1676:
1104:of English, and even the 4000 most common English
752:
392:are listed together with their translation in the
3733:Collaborative International Dictionary of English
2402:
2042:
1780:. Some of the more notable examples are given in
1152:American and British English spelling differences
792:in 1604. The only surviving copy is found at the
769:early non-alphabetical list of 8000 English words
247:) and dated to roughly 2300 BCE, the time of the
3819:
1067:Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms
896:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
884:
761:in 1220 – he had written a book
261:version of such bilingual Sumerian wordlists. A
117:A broad distinction is made between general and
2880:
2842:Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography
2820:. Technische Universität Berlin. Archived from
2793:
1985:
1655:Random House Dictionary of the English Language
1232:, literally 'she will kill me', is colloquial,
1115:
901:An American Dictionary of the English Language;
367:. The oldest existing Japanese dictionary, the
2661:Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary
2006:
1205:says in the prologue to "El otro, el mismo": "
1033:broadly covers several subject fields (e.g. a
338:
3336:
3073:
2901:Atkins, B.T.S. & Rundell, Michael (2008)
2732:
1507:
651:
400:alphabet. A 9th-century CE Irish dictionary,
379:, was also a glossary of written Chinese. In
183:The first recorded dictionaries date back to
94:languages), which may include information on
3437:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1256:Dictionaries for natural language processing
1157:Large 20th-century dictionaries such as the
940:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
844:published his "English Dictionary" in 1676.
820:wrote another dictionary in 1658, entitled "
712:
635:
634:. In 1694 appeared the first edition of the
3350:
2589:
2409:. Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
2036:
1055:African American National Biography Project
1002:
493:is an example of an illustrated dictionary.
396:language and phonetic transcription in the
3785:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
3343:
3329:
3080:
3066:
2915:
2903:The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography
2583:
2183:Sellheim, R., "al-K̲h̲alīl b. Aḥmad", in:
2148:
1600:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1243:
1226:hi taharóg otí kshetiré me asíti lamkhonít
1073:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
725:which was completed in 1998. Also in 1863
2818:"A Brief History of English Lexicography"
2435:
2433:
2280:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
2097:
2095:
1940:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1907:
802:Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield
611:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
605:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
544:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
2801:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
2593:Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary
2020:
2018:
1650:(descriptive) (well-known as OED/O.E.D.)
1090:
824:: Or a General Dictionary" which boldly
536:
482:
218:
49:
38:
27:
2858:
2752:
2596:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 8–11.
2361:A Brief History of English Lexicography
2125:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Lexicography
2121:
1558:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
558:or simpler Latin were in use (e.g. the
307:) which explained the meanings of rare
3820:
2945:P. G. J. van Sterkenburg, ed. (2003).
2836:
2815:
2430:
2248:from the original on 25 September 2019
2092:
1904:
1746:
363:is considered the first dictionary of
16:Collection of words and their meanings
3324:
3061:
2949:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2685:See for example Toyin Falola, et al.
2673:International Journal of Lexicography
2620:Current Issues in Late Modern English
2563:Times, The Sindh (24 February 2015).
2562:
2494:
2471:"The Oxford English Dictionary (OED)"
2015:
1916:Nordquist, Richard (August 9, 2019).
1767:holistic, pragmatic, caveat, esoteric
3799:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's
3446:A Dictionary of the English Language
2974:Revue Française d'Etudes Americaines
2488:
2463:
2342:from the original on 11 October 2017
1516:A Dictionary of the English Language
1377:Pronunciation respelling for English
1061:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
1015:Manual of Specialized Lexicographies
854:A Dictionary of the English Language
638:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
554:with equivalents for Latin words in
148:bilingual (translation) dictionaries
3286:International scientific vocabulary
2905:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2403:John P. Considine (27 March 2008).
2370:, Peter Erdmann and See-Young Cho,
1895:
1842:Dictionary Society of North America
1280:cross-lingual information retrieval
1047:Inter-Active Terminology for Europe
983:are dictionary software running on
788:, written by English schoolteacher
715:Dictionnaire de la langue française
650:published the first edition of the
227:The oldest known dictionaries were
43:A multi-volume Latin dictionary by
13:
3673:Dictionary of Newfoundland English
2964:
2235:
1811:Comparison of English dictionaries
1672:Comparison of English dictionaries
722:Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal
452:languages spoken in Egypt and the
14:
3849:
3639:Webster's Third New International
2981:
2947:A practical guide to lexicography
2689:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2018)
2303:from the original on 2 March 2013
1593:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1049:is a multi-field dictionary, the
767:to help with Latin "diction". An
654:Diccionario de la lengua española
622:was published, posthumously, the
464:period and not the late medieval
355:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi's
169:There is also a contrast between
35:dictionaries in various languages
3306:
3087:
2996:
2816:Erdmann, Peter; Cho, See-Young.
2687:Historical dictionary of Nigeria
2332:"1582 – Mulcaster's Elementarie"
1838:, the dictionary server protocol
1799:
1430:
1392:
1370:
1323:Monolingual learner's dictionary
1218:Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary
943:spurred publication of the 1969
893:published his first dictionary,
864:began writing and releasing the
697:Dizionario della lingua italiana
646:written by Raphael Bluteau. The
353:glossary of Chinese characters.
2972:The Norm in American English",
2746:
2726:
2702:
2679:
2650:
2637:
2610:
2556:
2531:
2513:
2396:
2377:
2354:
2324:
2315:
2285:
2273:
2260:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2177:
2142:
2115:
2081:from the original on 2022-04-01
1677:Dictionaries of other languages
1388:International Phonetic Alphabet
834:essay on philosophical language
753:English dictionaries in Britain
251:. The early 2nd millennium BCE
3501:Dictionary of American English
3421:The New World of English Words
3205:Language-for-specific-purposes
3042:New International Encyclopedia
2742:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
2623:. Peter Lang. pp. 41–42.
2122:Jackson, Howard (2022-02-24).
2063:
2027:
1979:
1736:Scottish Language Dictionaries
1662:Webster's New World Dictionary
1289:
980:New Oxford American Dictionary
949:, the first dictionary to use
822:The New World of English Words
644:Vocabulario portughez e latino
468:period. In India around 1320,
1:
2925:. New York: HarperPerennial.
2787:
2495:Dirda, Michael (2023-10-12).
2372:Technische Universität Berlin
1328:Advanced learner's dictionary
885:American English dictionaries
368:
331:
266:
191:
54:Dictionary definition entries
3771:Cambridge Advanced Learner's
2988:Glossary of dictionary terms
1852:Foreign language writing aid
1786:Category:Online dictionaries
1757:Category:Online dictionaries
1741:Sindhi Language Dictionaries
1731:Scottish Gaelic dictionaries
1640:Oxford Dictionary of English
1484:American Heritage Dictionary
1116:Prescriptive vs. descriptive
1023:The Bilingual LSP Dictionary
7:
3296:List of online dictionaries
2797:; Tarp, Sven, eds. (1995).
1791:
1782:List of online dictionaries
1753:List of online dictionaries
1529:American College Dictionary
1502:
1268:natural language processing
1262:Machine-readable dictionary
1095:The simplest dictionary, a
1053:is a single-field, and the
1051:American National Biography
440:-Turkic language. While in
432:. In the 14th century, the
339:
302:
207:, and largely initiated by
21:Dictionary (disambiguation)
10:
3854:
3666:Dictionary of Canadianisms
3413:The English Schoole-Master
3012:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2758:"The Role of a Dictionary"
2043:R. R. K. Hartmann (2003).
1750:
1669:
1586:Collins English Dictionary
1565:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1508:Major English dictionaries
1374:
1259:
1006:
967:undeclined or unconjugated
664:Totius Latinitatis lexicon
660:Diccionario de Autoridades
257:glossary is the canonical
214:
18:
3806:Oxford Advanced Learner's
3756:
3723:
3689:
3648:
3586:
3510:
3396:
3387:Middle English Dictionary
3380:Dictionary of Old English
3373:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
3358:
3304:
3278:
3134:
3095:
2939:The Surgeon of Crowthorne
2866:. Tübingeb: Gunter Narr.
2710:Procedia Computer Science
2525:The Surgeon of Crowthorne
2128:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2049:. Routledge. p. 21.
1647:Oxford English Dictionary
1386:might be followed by the
1160:Oxford English Dictionary
867:Oxford English Dictionary
746:Svenska Akademiens ordbok
595:Thesaurus linguae graecae
586:Thesaurus linguae latinae
531:Oxford English Dictionary
349:was the long-lost 682 CE
239:wordlists, discovered in
3778:Collins COBUILD Advanced
3429:A New English Dictionary
2937:(published in the UK as
2393:Retrieved July 12, 2008,
2293:"OSA – Om svar anhålles"
2104:Dictionary – MSN Encarta
1888:
1468:pronunciation respelling
1428:(in British English) or
1284:Lexical Markup Framework
1003:Specialized dictionaries
956:
119:specialized dictionaries
70:of one or more specific
3352:Dictionaries of English
3027:Encyclopædia Britannica
2992:Oxford University Press
2475:Encyclopedia Britannica
1816:Centre for Lexicography
1318:Encyclopedic dictionary
1244:Historical dictionaries
1079:Another variant is the
1039:single-field dictionary
932:Encyclopedia Britannica
916:University of Cambridge
862:Oxford University Press
727:Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl
676:A Greek-English Lexicon
231:tablets with bilingual
3625:Random House Webster's
3291:List of lexicographers
3030:(11th ed.). 1911.
2389:29 August 2019 at the
2268:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2186:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2075:oracc.museum.upenn.edu
1877:Vocable (lexicography)
1547:Black's Law Dictionary
1138:now uses the spelling
1031:multi-field dictionary
1019:specialized dictionary
1009:Specialized dictionary
991:. There are also many
713:
705:A magyar nyelv szótára
652:
636:
624:Dictionnaire Universel
547:
494:
313:Apollonius the Sophist
270: 3rd century BCE
224:
195: 3rd century BCE
164:monolingual dictionary
55:
47:
36:
3494:World Book Dictionary
3220:Monolingual learner's
3001:Texts on Wikisource:
2445:andromeda.rutgers.edu
2266:"Ḳāmūs", J. Eckmann,
1862:Lists of dictionaries
1751:Further information:
1721:Japanese dictionaries
1670:Further information:
1349:Conceptual dictionary
1313:Electronic dictionary
1301:Collegiate dictionary
1272:Diathesis alternation
1260:Further information:
1250:historical dictionary
1091:Defining dictionaries
876:William Chester Minor
785:A Table Alphabeticall
673:The first edition of
648:Royal Spanish Academy
600:Sebastián Covarrubias
540:
486:
458:old Anatolian Turkish
418:Divan-u Lügat'it Türk
335: 4th century CE
222:
200:A Table Alphabeticall
53:
42:
31:
3454:Webster's Dictionary
2795:Bergenholtz, Henning
2590:Phil Benson (2002).
1691:Chinese dictionaries
1618:Macquarie Dictionary
1611:Macmillan Dictionary
1534:Clarence L. Barnhart
1490:may be respelled as
1478:is respelled as "dĭk
1360:Satirical dictionary
1307:Learner's dictionary
1296:Bilingual dictionary
1276:machine translations
1043:sub-field dictionary
969:form appears as the
689:Deutsches Wörterbuch
681:Henry George Liddell
588:and in 1572 his son
550:In medieval Europe,
487:The French-language
189:Chinese dictionaries
141:, first identifying
19:For other uses, see
3700:Australian National
3632:Webster's New World
3618:New Oxford American
3478:Imperial Dictionary
3405:Catholicon Anglicum
3260:Spelling dictionary
3170:Defining vocabulary
3050:Wikisource:Language
2657:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2297:g3.spraakdata.gu.se
2151:Classical Philology
1857:Lexicographic error
1747:Online dictionaries
1726:Polish dictionaries
1716:German dictionaries
1711:French dictionaries
1696:Dehkhoda Dictionary
1686:Arabic dictionaries
1579:Chambers Dictionary
1365:Phonetic dictionary
1178:sometimes offensive
1097:defining dictionary
1035:business dictionary
995:accessible via the
993:online dictionaries
749:was taken in 1787.
416:finished his work "
376:Tenrei Banshō Meigi
347:Japanese dictionary
3691:Australian English
3486:Century Dictionary
3312:Linguistics portal
3145:Advanced learner's
2970:Guy Jean Forgue, "
2766:The New York Times
2719:2022-02-22 at the
2712:127 (2018): 82-91
2696:2022-04-01 at the
2676:12.4, pp. 325-346.
2666:2016-10-11 at the
2571:on 11 October 2017
2366:2008-03-09 at the
1831:Corpus linguistics
1706:Dutch dictionaries
1632:, a dictionary of
1623:Australian English
1621:, a dictionary of
1572:Century Dictionary
1482:shə-nĕr′ē" in the
1345:Reverse dictionary
1338:Rhyming dictionary
1214:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1112:, can be defined.
1085:medical dictionary
951:corpus linguistics
889:In 1806, American
548:
495:
382:Frahang-i Pahlavig
299:(Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι,
285:Chinese characters
263:Chinese dictionary
225:
150:, dictionaries of
133:, mapping word to
88:radical and stroke
56:
48:
37:
3815:
3814:
3707:Australian Oxford
3604:American Regional
3597:American Heritage
3318:
3317:
2956:978-1-58811-381-8
2917:Winchester, Simon
2911:978-0-19-927771-1
2838:Landau, Sidney I.
2416:978-0-521-88674-1
2135:978-1-350-18172-4
2056:978-0-415-25366-6
1872:Dreaming of Words
1355:Visual dictionary
1203:Jorge Luis Borges
1187:American Heritage
1013:According to the
920:spelling reformer
847:It was not until
777:Richard Mulcaster
668:Egidio Forcellini
628:Antoine Furetière
574:Ambrogio Calepino
518:al-Qamus al-Muhit
422:Karakhanid Turkic
327:, was written by
84:Semitic languages
74:, often arranged
45:Egidio Forcellini
3845:
3738:Urban Dictionary
3650:Canadian English
3588:American English
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3210:Machine-readable
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3031:
3016:
3000:
2960:
2936:
2898:
2877:
2855:
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2831:
2829:
2812:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2756:(May 17, 2013).
2750:
2744:
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2706:
2700:
2683:
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2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2567:. Archived from
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2535:
2529:
2520:Simon Winchester
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
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2458:
2456:
2447:. Archived from
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2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:, 2nd ed., Brill
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:"Chasing Khusro"
2233:
2227:
2224:
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2215:
2209:
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2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:, Second Edition
2181:
2175:
2174:
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2119:
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2112:
2107:. Archived from
2099:
2090:
2089:
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2086:
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2060:
2040:
2034:
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2025:
2022:
2013:
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2004:
2003:
1983:
1977:
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1972:
1963:. Archived from
1953:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1924:. Archived from
1913:
1902:
1899:
1847:Fictitious entry
1806:Books portal
1804:
1803:
1700:Persian Language
1634:American English
1495:
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1422:
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1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1309:(mostly British)
1136:American English
930:was acquired by
924:American English
794:Bodleian Library
718:
701:Niccolò Tommaseo
657:
641:
373:
370:
344:
336:
333:
323:dictionary, the
305:
297:Disorderly Words
271:
268:
196:
193:
80:consonantal root
62:is a listing of
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3838:Reference works
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3752:
3719:
3685:
3659:Canadian Oxford
3644:
3582:
3512:British English
3506:
3392:
3354:
3349:
3319:
3314:
3300:
3274:
3130:
3098:reference works
3091:
3086:
3034:
3019:
3004:
2984:
2967:
2965:Further reading
2957:
2933:
2874:
2860:Nielsen, Sandro
2852:
2827:
2825:
2824:on 9 March 2008
2809:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2751:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2721:Wayback Machine
2707:
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2698:Wayback Machine
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2668:Wayback Machine
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2501:Washington Post
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2391:Wayback Machine
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1984:
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1968:
1967:on July 8, 2022
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1954:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1928:on May 26, 2022
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1905:
1900:
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1886:
1827:of English text
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1379:
1373:
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1258:
1246:
1184:(nonstandard).
1173:Merriam-Webster
1166:Webster's Third
1148:British English
1118:
1093:
1011:
1005:
959:
928:Merriam-Webster
887:
818:Edward Phillips
759:John of Garland
755:
582:Robert Estienne
570:Johannes Balbus
560:Leiden Glossary
434:Codex Cumanicus
414:Mahmud Kashgari
371:
334:
303:Átaktoi glôssai
293:Philitas of Cos
269:
249:Akkadian Empire
217:
209:Ladislav Zgusta
194:
139:onomasiological
112:lexicographical
110:, etc. It is a
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3471:New Dictionary
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2236:Rashid, Omar.
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2163:10.1086/422370
2157:(4): 330–348.
2141:
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2111:on 2009-10-29.
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1552:law dictionary
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1524:
1523:(prescriptive)
1521:Samuel Johnson
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1474:, for example
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1236:(a variant of
1230:hi taharóg otí
1146:. (Similarly,
1117:
1114:
1092:
1089:
1027:lexicographers
1007:Main article:
1004:
1001:
958:
955:
886:
883:
849:Samuel Johnson
790:Robert Cawdrey
754:
751:
729:published the
711:published the
693:Brothers Grimm
592:published the
590:Henri Estienne
584:published the
522:Qamus al-Muhit
514:Lisan al-`Arab
490:Petit Larousse
426:Al-Zamakhshari
394:Middle Persian
216:
213:
131:semasiological
104:pronunciations
76:alphabetically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3850:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3680:Gage Canadian
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
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3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3469:Richardson's
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
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3426:
3423:
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3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
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3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
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3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
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3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2932:0-06-099486-X
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2873:3-8233-4533-8
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:0-521-78040-3
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2808:90-272-1612-6
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2772:on 2013-05-18
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2647:(2005), p. 84
2646:
2640:
2632:
2630:9783039116607
2626:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2603:9780203205716
2599:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2545:on 2010-04-25
2544:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:David Skinner
1758:
1754:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:systems with
1469:
1463:
1425:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:Pronunciation
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:core glossary
1099:, provides a
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
954:
952:
948:
947:
942:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
882:
879:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
843:
839:
838:William Lloyd
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Thomas Blount
811:
810:Glossographia
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
780:
778:
775:, created by
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
750:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
723:
717:
716:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
655:
649:
645:
640:
639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
546:
545:
539:
535:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
491:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Sanas Cormaic
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372: 835 CE
366:
362:
361:
360:Kitab al-'Ayn
356:
352:
348:
343:
342:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
212:
210:
206:
202:
201:
190:
186:
181:
178:
177:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
52:
46:
41:
34:
33:Langenscheidt
30:
26:
22:
3833:Lexicography
3828:Dictionaries
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3575:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3462:
3461:Worcester's
3452:
3445:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3250:Single-field
3185:Etymological
3180:Encyclopedic
3160:Biographical
3137:dictionaries
3136:
3105:
3089:Lexicography
3040:
3025:
3010:
2973:
2946:
2938:
2920:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2863:
2841:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:the original
2798:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2761:
2748:
2737:
2734:"dictionary"
2728:
2709:
2704:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2652:
2644:
2643:Ned Halley,
2639:
2619:
2612:
2592:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:the original
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2533:
2523:
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2477:. 1998-07-20
2474:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2444:
2420:. Retrieved
2405:
2398:
2379:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2184:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2109:the original
2103:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1971:November 13,
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1960:
1957:"Dictionary"
1932:November 13,
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1897:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1496:-shə-nerr-ee
1487:
1479:
1475:
1383:
1380:
1265:
1247:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:vocalization
1217:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1132:Noah Webster
1126:
1123:prescriptive
1122:
1119:
1094:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1022:
1014:
1012:
978:
964:
960:
944:
938:
936:
913:
900:
894:
891:Noah Webster
888:
880:
865:
859:
852:
846:
842:Elisha Coles
830:John Wilkins
809:
807:
783:
781:
772:
764:Dictionarius
762:
756:
744:
741:prescriptive
730:
720:
709:Émile Littré
704:
696:
685:Robert Scott
674:
672:
663:
659:
643:
623:
609:
603:
593:
585:
578:Dictionarium
577:
563:
549:
542:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
496:
488:
442:Mamluk Egypt
380:
374:
358:
357:8th century
350:
345:, the first
300:
296:
289:Zhou dynasty
278:
272:
254:Urra=hubullu
252:
226:
205:lexicography
198:
182:
175:
172:prescriptive
171:
168:
116:
59:
57:
25:
3489:(1889–1891)
3481:(1847–1850)
3255:Specialized
3225:Multi-field
3190:Explanatory
3121:Phrase book
2889:: 170–189.
2828:17 December
2762:Opinionator
1994:: 170–189.
1882:Thumb index
1290:Other types
1127:descriptive
905:Old English
826:plagiarized
773:Elementarie
470:Amir Khusro
390:heterograms
341:Nihon Shoki
280:Shizhoupian
176:descriptive
127:terminology
108:translation
100:etymologies
96:definitions
92:logographic
3822:Categories
3743:Wiktionary
3463:Dictionary
3444:Johnson's
3195:Historical
3175:Electronic
3165:Conceptual
3106:Dictionary
3037:Dictionary
3022:Dictionary
3007:Dictionary
2788:References
2776:2020-08-13
2575:13 October
2549:2010-08-22
2506:2024-09-14
2481:2024-09-14
2455:13 October
2346:13 October
2307:13 October
2085:2022-03-01
1961:Britannica
1823:, a large
1778:neologisms
1771:bourgeois.
1488:dictionary
1476:dictionary
1472:diacritics
1384:dictionary
1303:(American)
1163:(OED) and
568:(1287) by
565:Catholicon
556:vernacular
552:glossaries
474:Hindustani
406:Karakhanid
329:Amarasimha
259:Babylonian
135:definition
123:lexicology
60:dictionary
3714:Macquarie
3265:Sub-field
3155:Bilingual
3135:Types of
3126:Thesaurus
3096:Types of
2895:1684-4904
2840:(2001) .
2336:www.bl.uk
2242:The Hindu
2171:162304317
2000:1684-4904
1922:ThoughtCo
1867:Thesaurus
1390:spelling
1334:By sound
1110:metaphors
989:computers
934:in 1964.
872:fascicles
870:in short
779:in 1582.
620:Rotterdam
460:from the
325:Amarakośa
291:bronzes.
229:cuneiform
98:, usage,
72:languages
66:from the
3758:Learners
3521:Chambers
3397:Historic
3111:Glossary
2919:(1998).
2862:(1994).
2717:Archived
2694:Archived
2664:Archived
2659:(1999).
2387:Archived
2364:Archived
2340:Archived
2301:Archived
2252:5 August
2246:Archived
2079:Archived
1792:See also
1503:Examples
1081:glossary
997:Internet
977:and the
975:StarDict
971:headword
909:Sanskrit
771:was the
528:and the
502:radicals
450:Turcoman
412:scholar
321:Sanskrit
243:(modern
237:Akkadian
233:Sumerian
185:Sumerian
156:thesauri
152:synonyms
143:concepts
3748:Wordnik
3611:Encarta
3577:Penguin
3568:Shorter
3561:Concise
3554:Compact
3528:Collins
3240:Rhyming
3235:Reverse
3230:Picture
3215:Medical
3150:Anagram
3116:Lexicon
3045:. 1905.
3015:. 1921.
2990:by the
2883:Lexikos
2691:excerpt
2374:, 1999.
1988:Lexikos
1821:COBUILD
1604:Longman
1193:Encarta
832:' 1668
691:by the
616:Italian
562:). The
478:Persian
466:Ottoman
446:Kipchak
387:Aramaic
309:Homeric
215:History
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