Internet - Knowledge

3437:. In 2014 the world's Internet users surpassed 3 billion or 44 percent of world population, but two-thirds came from the richest countries, with 78 percent of Europeans using the Internet, followed by 57 percent of the Americas. However, by 2018, Asia alone accounted for 51% of all Internet users, with 2.2 billion out of the 4.3 billion Internet users in the world. China's Internet users surpassed a major milestone in 2018, when the country's Internet regulatory authority, China Internet Network Information Centre, announced that China had 802 million users. China was followed by India, with some 700 million users, with the United States third with 275 million users. However, in terms of penetration, in 2022 China had a 70% penetration rate compared to India's 60% and the United States's 90%. In 2022, 54% of the world's Internet users were based in Asia, 14% in Europe, 7% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the 3399: 3387: 3969:

often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in the collective study via email, online chat rooms, and web-based message boards." In particular, the British government has raised concerns about the prospect of young British Muslims being indoctrinated into Islamic extremism by material on the Internet, being persuaded to join

2564:) connected by a link between their respective routers. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe. After the establishment of this pipe, most details of the communication are hidden from each process, as the underlying principles of communication are implemented in the lower protocol layers. In analogy, at the transport layer the communication appears as host-to-host, without knowledge of the application data structures and the connecting routers, while at the internetworking layer, individual network boundaries are traversed at each router. 1994: 51: 3478:

of opportunities to communicate (such as email). Men were more likely to use the Internet to pay bills, participate in auctions, and for recreation such as downloading music and videos. Men and women were equally likely to use the Internet for shopping and banking. In 2008, women significantly outnumbered men on most social networking services, such as Facebook and Myspace, although the ratios varied with age. Women watched more streaming content, whereas men downloaded more. Men were more likely to blog. Among those who blog, men were more likely to have a professional blog, whereas women were more likely to have a personal blog.

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networking services. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30% of

3602: 4507: 500: 10638: 1777: 3581: 4198: 3411: 1044: 3552: 3512: 2586: 4803: 444: 3530: 4817: 1748: 1565: 2673: 2553: 13770: 12684: 2536: 1277: 13780: 4637: 419: 2972: 3950:. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others. 13759: 3303:

features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access online media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical

13790: 12696: 2028:, the practice of Internet service providers allowing users free connectivity to access specific content or applications without cost, has offered opportunities to surmount economic hurdles but has also been accused by its critics as creating a two-tiered Internet. To address the issues with zero-rating, an alternative model has emerged in the concept of 'equal rating' and is being tested in experiments by 3847:, especially if reported by the media. However, this is not always the case, as any brand damage in the eyes of people with an opposing opinion to that presented by the organization could sometimes be outweighed by strengthening the brand in the eyes of others. Furthermore, if an organization or individual gives in to demands that others perceive as wrong-headed, that can then provoke a counter-backlash. 5656:. "To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting." 3882:, who sometimes pose as children themselves. Children may also encounter material that they may find upsetting, or material that their parents consider to be not age-appropriate. Due to naivety, they may also post personal information about themselves online, which could put them or their families at risk unless warned not to do so. Many parents choose to enable 4135:, and VoIP so that work may be performed from any location, most conveniently the worker's home. It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows workers to communicate over long distances, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. More workers have adequate bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home to their corporate 2520:, which connects nodes on the same physical link, and contains protocols that do not require routers for traversal to other links. The protocol suite does not explicitly specify hardware methods to transfer bits, or protocols to manage such hardware, but assumes that appropriate technology is available. Examples of that technology include 4694:. Less-developed countries are more vulnerable due to the small number of high-capacity links. Land cables are also vulnerable, as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia. Internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form of 2660:

all modern computer operating systems support both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructure, however, has been lagging in this development. Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts, e.g.,

3643:. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be significantly higher than other access methods. 3862:), due to concerns about such postings leading to mobs of large numbers of Internet users directing harassment at the specific individuals thereby identified. In particular, the Reddit rule forbidding the posting of personal information is widely understood to imply that all identifying photos and names must be 5056:"The manager of the ARPANET project, Lawrence Roberts, assembled a large team of computer scientists ... and he drew on the ideas of network experimenters in the United States and the United Kingdom. Cerf and Kahn also enlisted the help of computer scientists from England, France and the United States" 3675:. Further, the Internet allows researchers (especially those from the social and behavioral sciences) to conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories, with profound changes in reach and generalizability of findings as well as in communication between scientists and in the publication of results. 3815:

A risk for both individuals and organizations writing posts (especially public posts) on social networking services, is that especially foolish or controversial posts occasionally lead to an unexpected and possibly large-scale backlash on social media from other Internet users. This is also a risk in

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the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information emailed to them from offices all over

3464:. After English (27%), the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (25%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%). The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of 2659:

IPv6 is not directly interoperable by design with IPv4. In essence, it establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. Thus, translation facilities must exist for internetworking or nodes must have duplicate networking software for both networks. Essentially

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In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who

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The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and

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The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran.

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organizations that post stories and updates on behalf of the borrowers. Lenders can contribute as little as $ 25 to loans of their choice and receive their money back as borrowers repay. Kiva falls short of being a pure peer-to-peer charity, in that loans are disbursed before being funded by lenders

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systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific

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In a US study in 2005, the percentage of men using the Internet was very slightly ahead of the percentage of women, although this difference reversed in those under 30. Men logged on more often, spent more time online, and were more likely to be broadband users, whereas women tended to make more use

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to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide. Digital media streaming increases the demand for network bandwidth. For example, standard image quality needs 1 Mbit/s

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is the real-time delivery of digital media for immediate consumption or enjoyment by end users. Many radio and television broadcasters provide Internet feeds of their live audio and video productions. They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again

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software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of an organization or the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose while casual visitors view and read this content in HTML form. There may

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The benefits of subnetting an existing network vary with each deployment scenario. In the address allocation architecture of the Internet using CIDR and in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. Subnetting may also enhance routing efficiency or have advantages in

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as a result. While successes in each field of activity are pervasively visible and trumpeted, they are reserved for an extremely thin sliver of the world's most exceptional, leaving everyone else behind. Whereas, before the Internet, expectations of success in any field were supported by reasonable

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or supervise their children's online activities in an attempt to protect their children from inappropriate material on the Internet. The most popular social networking services, such as Facebook and Twitter, commonly forbid users under the age of 13. However, these policies are typically trivial to

4422:. Computers communicate over the Internet by breaking up messages (emails, images, videos, web pages, files, etc.) into small chunks called "packets", which are routed through a network of computers, until they reach their destination, where they are assembled back into a complete "message" again. 4374:, which includes malware attacks as well as other crimes committed by computer, was predicted to cost the world economy US$ 6 trillion in 2021, and is increasing at a rate of 15% per year. Since 2021, malware has been designed to target computer systems that run critical infrastructure such as the 3714:

system, or a social networking service, allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way while working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via email. These systems may allow files to be exchanged, drawings and images to be

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in customer premises and inexpensive VoIP network adapters provide the connection for traditional analog telephone sets. The voice quality of VoIP often exceeds that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include the situation that emergency services may not be universally available and

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While the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the standardization process of the software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the

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In Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden resources is supposed to contain only known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret. Many countries,

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The large amount of data gathered from packet capture requires surveillance software that filters and reports relevant information, such as the use of certain words or phrases, the access to certain types of web sites, or communicating via email or chat with certain parties. Agencies, such as the

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are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with more than two billion users. It uses an HTML5 based web player by default to stream and show video

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are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs. Large organizations, such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments, may perform the same function as ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing transit on behalf of their internal networks. Research networks

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is a new organizational form that involves, "highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and

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and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important

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or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film,

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and in Africa. The number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions increased from 3.9 billion in 2012 to 4.8 billion in 2016, two-thirds of the world's population, with more than half of subscriptions located in Asia and the Pacific. The number of subscriptions was predicted to rise to

1608:, IP addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet. 3790:

have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, pursue common interests, and connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like

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established connections to the Internet, delivering email and public access products to the half million users of the Internet. Just months later, on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that added to the core of the commercial

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found that zero-rated data plans exist in every country, although there is a great range in the frequency with which they are offered and actually used in each. The study looked at the top three to five carriers by market share in Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru and

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sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever-greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social

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probabilities of achievement at the village, suburb, city or even state level, the same expectations in the Internet world are virtually certain to bring disappointment today: there is always someone else, somewhere on the planet, who can do better and take the now one-and-only top spot.

1787:(ISPs) establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope. End-users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information, represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy. At the top of the routing hierarchy are the 1264:

sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. The NSFNet expanded into academic and research organizations in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan in 1988–89. Although other network protocols such as

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as the Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into remote locations and its employees' homes. By late 2010s Internet has been described as "the main source of scientific information "for the majority of the global North population".

972:; this has become less common. This reflects the tendency in English to capitalize new terms and move them to lowercase as they become familiar. The word is sometimes still capitalized to distinguish the global internet from smaller networks, though many publications, including the 3287:, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed—usually fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by 7882:

Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).

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network management when subnetworks are administratively controlled by different entities in a larger organization. Subnets may be arranged logically in a hierarchical architecture, partitioning an organization's network address space into a tree-like routing structure.

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posted to Reddit. However, the interpretation of this rule in relation to public Twitter posts is less clear, and in any case, like-minded people online have many other ways they can use to direct each other's attention to public social media posts they disagree with.

3231:-like voice applications for personal computers. VoIP systems now dominate many markets and are as easy to use and as convenient as a traditional telephone. The benefit has been substantial cost savings over traditional telephone calls, especially over long distances. 3887:

circumvent by registering an account with a false birth date, and a significant number of children aged under 13 join such sites anyway. Social networking services for younger children, which claim to provide better levels of protection for children, also exist.

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and many cost-free services are available. However, publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition. Many individuals and some companies and groups use

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is an important communications service available via the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties, analogous to mailing letters or memos, predates the creation of the Internet. Pictures, documents, and other files are sent as

3115:, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed media, books, encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale. 1604:(ICANN). ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including 2597:. IP addresses are used by the Internet infrastructure to direct internet packets to their destinations. They consist of fixed-length numbers, which are found within the packet. IP addresses are generally assigned to equipment either automatically via 5083:

But the ARPANET itself had now become an island, with no links to the other networks that had sprung up. By the early 1970s, researchers in France, the UK, and the U.S. began developing ways of connecting networks to each other, a process known as

1390:, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. 5008:... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities. 2497:

connects applications on different hosts with a logical channel through the network. It provides this service with a variety of possible characteristics, such as ordered, reliable delivery (TCP), and an unreliable datagram service (UDP).

4042:, the size of worldwide e-commerce, when global business-to-business and -consumer transactions are combined, equate to $ 16 trillion for 2013. A report by Oxford Economics added those two together to estimate the total size of the 2040:, 15 out of 19 countries researched in Latin America had some kind of hybrid or zero-rated product offered. Some countries in the region had a handful of plans to choose from (across all mobile network operators) while others, such as 9083: 4723:

per gigabyte transferred (kWh/GB) to 136 kWh/GB. The researchers attributed these discrepancies mainly to the year of reference (i.e. whether efficiency gains over time had been taken into account) and to whether "end devices such as

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The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. As with any computer network, the Internet physically consists of

10182:, the OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa 2627:

number. IPv4 is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ≈4.3 billion (10) hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to

1764:, many of the network nodes are not necessarily Internet equipment per se, the internet packets are carried by other full-fledged networking protocols with the Internet acting as a homogeneous networking standard, running across 4221:

in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing for carrying out their mission, having given rise to

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also use HTTP for communication between software systems for information transfer, sharing and exchanging business data and logistics and is one of many languages or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet.

3188:, ready for transmission to a web browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become dynamic, creating a flexible design, layout, and content. Websites are often created using 3322:

are a low-cost extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture either is usually small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the

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he link (or hyperlink, or Web link) the basic hypertext construct. A link is a connection from one Web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the link has been one of the primary forces driving the success of the

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as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, encouraged worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and the merger of many networks using DARPA's

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Internet resources, hardware, and software components are the target of criminal or malicious attempts to gain unauthorized control to cause interruptions, commit fraud, engage in blackmail or access private information.

1701:, governments, and universities. Among other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet, including: the IETF, 885:

The Internet has no single centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. The overarching definitions of the two principal

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The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, including through

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have been the subject of controversy, according to a 2014 peer-reviewed research paper that found claims differing by a factor of 20,000 published in the literature during the preceding decade, ranging from 0.0064

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would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can access their emails, access their data using

1140:. Thereafter, the ARPANET gradually developed into a decentralized communications network, connecting remote centers and military bases in the United States. Other user networks and research networks, such as the 3759:(VPN) connection on the Internet. This can give the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including email and other applications, while away from the office. It has been referred to among 2837:

Traffic is exchanged between subnetworks through routers when the routing prefixes of the source address and the destination address differ. A router serves as a logical or physical boundary between the subnets.

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to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government offers opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access to government and for government provision of services directly to citizens.

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industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web. Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, in general, this has failed to stop their widespread popularity.

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specialize in users' videos and photographs. Social networking services are also widely used by businesses and other organizations to promote their brands, to market to their customers and to encourage posts to

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have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on

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is difficult to measure because no single point of measurement exists in the multi-tiered, non-hierarchical topology. Traffic data may be estimated from the aggregate volume through the peering points of the

3957:" thread. A 2017 book claimed that the Internet consolidates most aspects of human endeavor into singular arenas of which all of humanity are potential members and competitors, with fundamentally negative 6189: 2568:

The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP enables internetworking and, in essence, establishes the Internet itself. Two versions of the Internet Protocol exist,

11821: 2648:, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 uses 128 bits for the IP address and was standardized in 1998. 7285: 9030: 3296:

video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.

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at the link level between hosts and routers. Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host. Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop, and inspect the IP layer for routing purposes.

906:(IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. In November 2006, the Internet was included on 9188: 4414:, all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) are required to be available for unimpeded real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies. 6434: 10581: 1596:(IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. To maintain interoperability, the principal 10472: 3139:

to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information and be attracted to the corporation as a result.

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websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, helped people organize the political revolutions in Egypt, by helping activists organize protests, communicate grievances, and disseminate information.

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Between 2000 and 2009, the number of Internet users globally rose from 390 million to 1.9 billion. By 2010, 22% of the world's population had access to computers with 1 billion

9075: 2895:(IETF). The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. The resulting contributions and standards are published as 8011: 3722:

research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and

7260:"Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI). 2015. Models of Mobile Data Services in Developing Countries. Research brief. The Impacts of Emerging Mobile Data Services in Developing Countries" 1807:

from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet, though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity, or implement

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all U.S. telecommunications providers are required to install packet sniffing technology to allow Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to intercept all of their customers'

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Internet usage has been correlated to users' loneliness. Lonely people tend to use the Internet as an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with others, such as in the "

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that comprises many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (

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can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services.

2664:, and by technical specifications or protocols that describe the exchange of data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies. 8332: 8146: 3607: 3586: 5114:

We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning.

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are available to users to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks in order to limit access by children to pornographic material or depiction of violence.

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report saying brick-and-mortar retailers employ 47 people for every $ 10 million in sales while Amazon employs only 14. Similarly, the 700-employee room rental start-up

3445:, with 93% or more of the population with access. As of 2022, it was estimated that 5.4 billion people use the Internet, more than two-thirds of the world's population. 7959:, Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 25 May 2015. 7952: 5907: 388: 4739:, less than two percent of the energy used by humanity. This estimate included the energy needed to build, operate, and periodically replace the estimated 750 million 4084:, a long-time critic of the social transformations caused by the Internet, has focused on the economic effects of consolidation from Internet businesses. Keen cites a 2013 8565: 6087: 3448:

The prevalent language for communication via the Internet has always been English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as the language's role as a

2905:. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies. 9052: 5482: 9016: 2513:

and route their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks. The Internet Protocol layer code is independent of the type of network that it is physically running over.

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network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. Addresses in the range

1907:. Many hotels also have public terminals that are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usages, such as ticket booking, bank deposit, or 10498: 5409: 3840:

in response to posts they have made on social media, and Twitter in particular has been criticized in the past for not doing enough to aid victims of online abuse.

9261: 7698: 1643: 10125: 4370:'s 2018 Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR), malware variants number has increased to 669,947,865 in 2017, which is twice as many malware variants as in 2016. 2901:(RFC) documents on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the 1302:

created new economic opportunities for commercial involvement in the expansion of the network in its core and for delivering services to the public. In mid-1989,

9205: 8227: 6173: 4466:, spend billions of dollars per year to develop, purchase, implement, and operate systems for interception and analysis of data. Similar systems are operated by 4426:

intercepts these packets as they are traveling through the network, in order to examine their contents using other programs. A packet capture is an information

3686:. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups more easily to form. An example of this is the 1961:, where the Internet can then be accessed from places such as a park bench. Experiments have also been conducted with proprietary mobile wireless networks like 7274: 6549: 6448: 4467: 4296:

pioneered this concept in 2005, offering the first web-based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding. Kiva raises funds for local intermediary

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or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.

2478:, where communication is described in terms of the objects or data structures most appropriate for each application. For example, a web browser operates in a 9537: 4994: 3778:

Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to pursue their personal interests. People use

6030: 4592:, restrict access to content on the Internet within their territories, especially to political and religious content, with domain name and keyword filters. 3348:

The Internet has enabled new forms of social interaction, activities, and social associations. This phenomenon has given rise to the scholarly study of the

3223:

is a common communications service realized with the Internet. The name of the principal internetworking protocol, the Internet Protocol, lends its name to

13034: 10046: 5097: 5070: 3391: 9454: 7598: 6152: 3063:, enable users to navigate from one web page to another via the hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of 1269:

and PTT public data networks had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Commercial

10366: 7234: 5451: 3248:

that devices rely on a local power supply, while older traditional phones are powered from the local loop, and typically operate during a power failure.

1601: 899: 10577: 9176: 8949: 8071: 6624: 5265: 5038:

Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet

10441: 9700: 7144:

Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates). World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database

1256:(TCP/IP) was standardized, which facilitated worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the 1136: 10283: 7119:

StatCounter Global Stats finds that mobile and tablet devices accounted for 51.3% of Internet usage worldwide in October compared to 48.7% by desktop.

3926:. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from 2036:

in Africa. Equal rating prevents prioritization of one type of content and zero-rates all content up to a specified data cap. In a study published by

953:

was used in 1945 by the United States War Department in a radio operator's manual, and in 1974 as the shorthand form of Internetwork. Today, the term

13819: 10522: 5201: 5067:"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission, Precursor to Today's Internet" 4439: 4411: 2589:

A DNS resolver consults three name servers to resolve the domain name user-visible "www.wikipedia.org" to determine the IPv4 Address 207.142.131.234.

2539:

As user data is processed through the protocol stack, each abstraction layer adds encapsulation information at the sending host. Data is transmitted

2433: 10611: 10243: 8893: 8007: 5795: 10214: 7131: 7084: 3820:

behavior, if it is widely made known. The nature of this backlash can range widely from counter-arguments and public mockery, through insults and

1134:. In a sign of future growth, 15 sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film 13864: 13834: 13829: 10389: 1742: 8527: 8504: 4288:, allow small-scale donors to direct funds to individual projects of their choice. A popular twist on Internet-based philanthropy is the use of 7031: 8263: 7676: 6924: 3832:

describes the tendency of many individuals to behave more stridently or offensively online than they would in person. A significant number of

3729:

The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily from any access point. Access may be with

9321: 8763: 8417: 7990: 6519: 3557: 3442: 1738: 1394: 1096: 768:, marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet, and generated sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, 7114: 5684: 5666: 5508: 4249:, observing how network communication technologies provide something like a global civic forum. However, incidents of politically motivated 3468:, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as 3441:, 11% in Africa, 4% in the Middle East and 1% in Oceania. In 2019, Kuwait, Qatar, the Falkland Islands, Bermuda and Iceland had the highest 50: 13742: 13714: 13709: 12734: 9493: 8860:

Thornton, Patricia M. (2003). "The New Cybersects: Resistance and Repression in the Reform era". In Perry, Elizabeth; Selden, Mark (eds.).

7512: 6430: 2193: 1311:

Internet of later years. In March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between

9915: 8986: 8038: 6341: 2501:

Underlying these layers are the networking technologies that interconnect networks at their borders and exchange traffic across them. The

11908: 8786: 6095: 3498: 9893: 9031:"'Free Shipping Day' Promotion Spurs Late-Season Online Spending Surge, Improving Season-to-Date Growth Rate to 16 Percent vs. Year Ago" 7620: 5772: 8740: 8241: 6976: 3316:

link speed for SD 480p, HD 720p quality requires 2.5 Mbit/s, and the top-of-the-line HDX quality needs 4.5 Mbit/s for 1080p.

1334:, after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the 8688: 8289: 8143: 7168: 5877: 5730: 12155: 11991: 8480: 8394:

Leiner, B M.; Cerf, V G.; Clark, D D.; Kahn, R E.; Kleinrock, L; Lynch, D C.; Postel, J; Roberts, L G.; Wolff, S (10 December 2003).

6241: 4434:

tool. That is it gathers "messages" but it does not analyze them and figure out what they mean. Other programs are needed to perform

4260: 4160: 1550:. By 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet. 1100: 728: 7053: 6011: 1517:

Since 1995, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by email,

191: 6769: 6708: 1156: 1068: 7949: 5899: 10803: 6475: 2652:

has been ongoing since the mid-2000s and is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (

1829: 1718: 1230: 1127: 751:

initially served as a backbone for the interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the United States to enable

629: 19:

This article is about the worldwide computer network. For the global system of pages accessed through URLs via the Internet, see

1969:

can also access the Internet through the cellular carrier network. For Web browsing, these devices provide applications such as

13736: 11614: 11548: 11408: 9060: 4280:

charities, which allow individuals to contribute small amounts to charitable projects for other individuals. Websites, such as

3126:

online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial

1623: 1047:

A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969. The nodes at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) are among those depicted.

9287: 8395: 6738: 5474: 3942:. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as 802:, paper mail, and newspapers, are reshaped, redefined, or even bypassed by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as 13731: 13721: 13701: 13503: 11687: 10747: 10728: 10671: 10545: 10253: 9520: 9373: 9346: 9116: 8933: 8869: 8844: 8616: 8559: 8535: 8512: 8456: 8326: 7896: 7007: 6959: 6818: 6671: 6602: 6319: 5995: 5856: 5766: 5724: 5653: 5162: 5031: 3992: 3615: 3594: 3421: 2426: 2153: 2002: 1119: 916: 10069: 8622: 8358: 7928: 5534: 5127: 12529: 11913: 11558: 10423: 9008: 8655: 6370: 4053:, there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce 4038:

seeks to add revenue streams using the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners. According to

3974: 3360:

to write about it, such as describing the Internet as a "means to connect individuals in a vast invisible net over all the

2283: 2278: 2248: 1682: 984:

found that, based on a study of around 2.5 billion printed and online sources, "Internet" was capitalized in 54% of cases.

12868: 10506: 8188: 8171: 7971: 7375: 6572: 5393: 3494: 2005:(ITU) estimated that, by the end of 2017, 48% of individual users regularly connect to the Internet, up from 34% in 2012. 13793: 13726: 13572: 11304: 8118: 8096: 6834: 4175:

has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web and ranks in the top 10 among all sites in terms of traffic.

3958: 3954: 3782:, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had 2108: 1706: 1257: 1180: 1076: 756: 732: 196: 9265: 8809: 7705: 2878:

that serves as the forwarding host (router) to other networks when no other route specification matches the destination

2018:

network. The limits that users face on accessing information via mobile applications coincide with a broader process of

13498: 10136: 8316: 7259: 4866: 3311:

is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a

2355: 2298: 2223: 1168: 676:, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, 472: 422: 10006:"American Council on Education vs. FCC, Decision, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit" 9209: 8376: 8219: 7273:

Gillwald, Alison; Chair, Chenai; Futter, Ariel; Koranteng, Kweku; Odufuwa, Fola; Walubengo, John (12 September 2016).

3149:, which is the sale of products and services directly via the Web, continues to grow. Online advertising is a form of 13592: 12110: 11334: 10693: 7830: 6651: 6273: 6224: 4600:, via the Internet but do not mandate filter software. Many free or commercially available software programs, called 4387: 4085: 3511: 2858:

to reach a node on a different subnetwork. Routing tables are maintained by manual configuration or automatically by

2365: 2335: 1915:

providing such access include Wi-Fi cafés, where users need to bring their own wireless devices, such as a laptop or

1187:

and standards by which multiple separate networks could become a single network or "a network of networks". In 1974,

1072: 784: 6545: 3646:

Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from

2454:, based on the first two components.) This is a suite of protocols that are ordered into a set of four conceptional 13377: 12925: 12727: 12699: 11299: 10192: 7852: 7196: 4596:

including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as

3773: 3184:

When the Web developed in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted in

2419: 2350: 2143: 1714: 1695:"assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world" 273: 10175: 5826: 4986: 4791:

emission per year, and argued for new "digital sobriety" regulations restricting the use and size of video files.

3733:, i.e. authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of 2052:

Philippines. Across the 181 plans examined, 13 percent were offering zero-rated services. Another study, covering

13839: 13488: 10038: 6932: 6399: 6069: 5354: 5234: 4691: 3742:

the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private

2892: 2608:(e.g. "en.wikipedia.org") instead of IP addresses because they are easier to remember; they are converted by the 1593: 903: 206: 10099: 10005: 9983: 7797:"What to know before buying a 'connected' TV – Technology & science – Tech and gadgets – Tech Holiday Guide" 7796: 5183: 5101: 13849: 13483: 12669: 11701: 10358: 9462: 7588: 6269: 6121: 4687: 4512: 4039: 3537: 3529: 3519: 3381: 2734: 2168: 2158: 787:

in the 1990s and beyond incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.

684:

technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked

10164: 7223: 6452: 5435: 5273: 4940:

and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship.

3977:", and then potentially committing acts of terrorism on returning to Britain after fighting in Syria or Iraq. 13508: 11984: 10960: 9953: 9811: 8960: 8583: 8060: 6628: 4277: 4213:

public that 'like' or 'share' activities on social media could result in imprisonment (observed 30 June 2014)

3505:

refers to a person using the Internet in order to engage in society, politics, and government participation.

3433:

searches every day, 300 million Internet users reading blogs, and 2 billion videos viewed daily on

3386: 3135:

or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage

2288: 2268: 2218: 1985:. Internet usage by mobile and tablet devices exceeded desktop worldwide for the first time in October 2016. 1375: 1038: 278: 256: 10305:

Albert, Réka; Jeong, Hawoong; Barabási, Albert-László (9 September 1999). "Diameter of the World-Wide Web".

9692: 5758:

The Illusion of Net Neutrality: Political Alarmism, Regulatory Creep and the Real Threat to Internet Freedom

4171:, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. The 13889: 13824: 13783: 13544: 13441: 12984: 12779: 12751: 11765: 11639: 11451: 10273: 9239: 4787:

alone accounted for 60% of this data transfer and therefore contributed to over 300 million tons of CO

4702:, whereby approximately 93% of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for 4470:

to identify and suppress dissidents. The required hardware and software were allegedly installed by German

4451: 4192: 3224: 2208: 2203: 2198: 1710: 1522: 1367: 10559: 5205: 2808:

operation to any IP address in the network, yields the routing prefix. Subnet masks are also expressed in

13854: 13844: 13773: 13280: 12720: 12476: 12034: 11756: 11693: 11446: 11375: 10796: 10603: 10578:"Is Netflix bad for the environment? How streaming video contributes to climate change | DW | 11.07.2019" 10259: 9564:"Zero-day malware detection using transferred generative adversarial networks based on deep autoencoders" 4703: 3984: 3829: 3263:

can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or

3020: 3012: 2756: 2702:-group in their IP addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields, the 2605: 2483: 2385: 2345: 2213: 1962: 1702: 1335: 1245: 1199:

at DARPA published a proposal for "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication". They used the term

969: 622: 236: 8885: 7080: 6627:. International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 5803: 4206: 2455: 1546:). It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way 13879: 13632: 13554: 13493: 13200: 11816: 11401: 10225: 9859: 9724:"Malware propagation in smart grid networks: metrics, simulation and comparison of three malware types" 7139: 4909: 4375: 2653: 1926: 1916: 1791:, large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with each other via very high speed 1611: 1270: 1151:

Early international collaborations for the ARPANET were rare. Connections were made in 1973 to Norway (

928: 581: 224: 121: 10393: 9772: 9563: 4100:

employed 1,000 full-time employees and was valued at $ 18.2 billion, about the same valuation as

3336:

files. Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile.

1670:

were delegated to assign IP address blocks and other Internet parameters to local registries, such as

1013:, is only one of a large number of Internet services, a collection of documents (web pages) and other 764:. The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s, as well as the advent of the 13404: 13365: 13210: 13110: 13039: 12972: 12799: 12494: 11046: 8524: 8501: 5302: 5021: 4617: 4612:

As the Internet is a heterogeneous network, its physical characteristics, including, for example the

4577: 3349: 3181:. Many common online advertising practices are controversial and increasingly subject to regulation. 3092: 2632:, which entered its final stage in 2011, when the global IPv4 address allocation pool was exhausted. 2019: 1784: 1726: 1671: 1534: 1511: 1339: 1164: 980: 847: 576: 393: 263: 186: 146: 24: 10778:, Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet 7978:, ICT Data and Statistics (IDS), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 25 May 2015. 7023: 4649: 3340:

claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily.

3271:

for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "

1993: 1892:

exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops. Various terms are used, such as

902:(ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the 13884: 13869: 13763: 13005: 12940: 12893: 12853: 12688: 12594: 12145: 12130: 11977: 11594: 9313: 8267: 7668: 6936: 6598: 4861: 4772: 4601: 4423: 4336: 4276:

The spread of low-cost Internet access in developing countries has opened up new possibilities for

4124: 4062: 3883: 2954: 2870:

to establish the most efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet. The

2238: 2178: 1569: 1273:(ISPs) emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. 1064: 1022: 514: 136: 8771: 8425: 7646: 6497: 5644: 3601: 3398: 2022:. Fragmentation restricts access to media content and tends to affect the poorest users the most. 13602: 13587: 13431: 13382: 13305: 13205: 12883: 12769: 12764: 12115: 12039: 11811: 11574: 11256: 11205: 11066: 11061: 9613: 9485: 5688: 5670: 5504: 5307: 5154: 4962: 4888: 4506: 4019: 3935: 3890:

The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining

3825: 3756: 3752: 3158: 2930: 2867: 2641: 2629: 2479: 2447: 2405: 2395: 2188: 2103: 2087: 1812: 1253: 1034: 761: 659: 603: 429: 383: 246: 241: 10701: 10637: 9923: 8925: 8919: 8472: 8034: 7519: 3015:(URIs), which provide a global system of named references. URIs symbolically identify services, 499: 13524: 13310: 13125: 13070: 13065: 12878: 12843: 12125: 12085: 10917: 10789: 6810: 6803: 6348: 5710:

Hauben, Michael; Hauben, Ronda (1997). "5 The Vision of Interactive Computing And the Future".

3687: 3683: 3624: 3264: 2273: 2123: 1965:, various high-speed data services over cellular networks, and fixed wireless services. Modern 1184: 720: 615: 465: 116: 8794: 7731: 5331:"United States Army Field Manual FM 24-6 Radio Operator's Manual Army Ground Forces June 1945" 3737:, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can 1776: 997:

are often used interchangeably; it is common to speak of "going on the Internet" when using a

13426: 13230: 13195: 13115: 13095: 13017: 12905: 12826: 12534: 12524: 12298: 12180: 12170: 12095: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12029: 11801: 11394: 11266: 9885: 7754: 7628: 5756: 5315: 4674:

providers, but traffic that stays local in large provider networks may not be accounted for.

4105: 3632: 3571: 3373: 3312: 3154: 3080: 2400: 2173: 2009:

connectivity has played an important role in expanding access in recent years, especially in

1379: 593: 561: 524: 151: 12759: 8748: 8249: 6984: 5053: 3580: 3327:, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video 2014:

5.7 billion users in 2020. As of 2018, 80% of the world's population were covered by a

1760:, media (such as cabling and radio links), repeaters, modems etc. However, as an example of 1486:

As technology advanced and commercial opportunities fueled reciprocal growth, the volume of

13340: 13300: 13270: 13027: 12962: 12784: 12263: 12150: 12049: 12044: 12024: 12014: 11609: 11604: 11215: 10648:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

10646: 10456: 10324: 9771:

Razak, Mohd Faizal Ab; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Salleh, Rosli; Firdaus, Ahmad (1 November 2016).

9612:

Razak, Mohd Faizal Ab; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Salleh, Rosli; Firdaus, Ahmad (1 November 2016).

9334: 8678: 8293: 7569: 7495: 7454: 7417: 7337: 7159: 6879: 5942: 5873: 5711: 5368: 5248: 4589: 4393: 4366:

Malware poses serious problems to individuals and businesses on the Internet. According to

4289: 4197: 3931: 3911: 3855: 3760: 3486: 3377: 3267:(FTP) server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a 3178: 3108: 3056: 2897: 2809: 2699: 2183: 1974: 1218: 1043: 871: 539: 529: 348: 166: 156: 6252: 4217:

The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of

3551: 2737:(CIDR) notation written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character ( 1382:

to offer online Internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994. In 1996,

8: 13874: 13350: 13290: 13049: 13011: 12809: 12794: 12489: 12311: 11533: 11350: 11036: 10950: 7057: 6015: 4695: 4581: 4487: 4293: 4250: 4184: 4054: 4050: 4007: 3996: 3410: 3162: 3088: 3048: 1929:. Commercial Wi-Fi services that cover large areas are available in many cities, such as 1559: 1238: 1192: 1052: 811: 179: 86: 31: 11162: 10460: 10328: 9106: 7776:

Booth, C (2010). "Chapter 2: IP Phones, Software VoIP, and Integrated and Mobile VoIP".

6883: 6776: 6716: 5946: 5530: 3804:". "Black hat" social media techniques are also employed by some organizations, such as 3678:

The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills have made

1780:

Packet routing across the Internet involves several tiers of Internet service providers.

1107:

and dynamic routing concepts proposed by Baran were incorporated into the design of the

13859: 13577: 13534: 13465: 13335: 13265: 13240: 13175: 13022: 12743: 12446: 11629: 11518: 11508: 11329: 11271: 11195: 11107: 11097: 11020: 10934: 10912: 10826: 10753: 10551: 10340: 10314: 9753: 9587: 9423: 9390: 9157: 6905: 6677: 6393: 6061: 5966: 5618: 5296: 4933: 4871: 4443: 4351:

that reports on the activity and typing of users. Usually, these activities constitute

4228: 4156: 4128: 3923: 3895: 3718: 3672: 3659: 3651: 3332: 3220: 3189: 3170: 3142: 2946: 2934: 2609: 2585: 2390: 2118: 1869: 1757: 1383: 1355: 1312: 1299: 1131: 1118:

ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the

1060: 895: 875: 807: 701: 681: 534: 231: 7987: 6483: 6311: 4438:

and sift through intercepted data looking for important/useful information. Under the

4240: 13814: 13617: 13539: 13453: 13436: 13399: 13245: 13075: 13044: 12910: 12804: 12499: 12361: 12356: 12160: 12019: 11872: 11659: 11579: 11538: 11528: 11492: 11309: 11127: 11102: 11015: 10922: 10902: 10866: 10846: 10831: 10743: 10724: 10720: 10706: 10697: 10667: 10660: 10541: 10249: 9792: 9757: 9745: 9673: 9579: 9516: 9509: 9410: 9369: 9342: 9149: 9112: 8929: 8865: 8840: 8612: 8555: 8452: 8322: 7892: 7003: 6955: 6909: 6897: 6870: 6814: 6667: 6220: 6181: 6144: 6053: 5991: 5958: 5852: 5762: 5720: 5649: 5610: 5443: 5401: 5158: 5027: 5023:

Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995

4937: 4768: 4725: 4715: 4699: 4683: 4597: 4397: 4310: 4223: 4188: 4172: 4074: 3965: 3891: 3730: 3723: 3711: 3563: 3490: 3288: 3100: 3096: 3036: 3000: 2902: 2875: 2661: 2506: 2475: 2318: 2094: 1792: 1547: 1530: 1518: 1160: 1123: 839: 838:. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interaction through 769: 727:

on the Internet arose from research and development commissioned in the 1970s by the

588: 519: 458: 363: 333: 251: 161: 81: 13285: 10242:

Deibert, Ronald J.; Palfrey, John G.; Rohozinski, Rafal; Zittrain, Jonathan (2010).

10193:"Enemies of the Internet 2014: Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance" 9591: 9161: 8153:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013. 6681: 5970: 5622: 4802: 443: 13622: 13582: 13562: 13529: 13458: 13416: 13330: 13185: 13170: 13145: 13120: 13080: 12930: 12789: 12774: 12629: 12288: 12203: 12135: 11852: 11456: 11355: 11324: 11277: 11220: 11185: 11157: 11132: 11076: 11010: 10856: 10841: 10555: 10533: 10464: 10344: 10332: 9784: 9735: 9663: 9625: 9571: 9418: 9402: 9294: 9141: 8915: 8403: 7559: 7485: 7444: 7407: 7346: 7327: 7161:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

6887: 6866:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 6659: 6584: 6403: 6136: 6065: 6045: 5950: 5602: 5358: 5238: 4764: 4666: 4491: 4435: 4419: 4407: 4093: 4070: 3988: 3844: 3206: 3174: 2859: 2604:

However, the network also supports other addressing systems. Users generally enter

2467: 2459: 2010: 1873: 1804: 1690: 1543: 1487: 1387: 1209: 1176: 1112: 1080: 958: 863: 752: 716: 677: 663: 655: 571: 488: 211: 131: 111: 10970: 10757: 9288:"The Role of the Internet in Democratic Transition: Case Study of the Arab Spring" 5590: 4645: 1885: 13250: 13105: 12873: 12848: 12836: 12624: 12574: 12441: 12391: 12381: 12000: 11728: 11707: 11654: 11624: 11543: 11523: 11513: 11365: 11230: 11200: 11152: 10929: 10415: 10179: 10168: 10077: 9363: 9336: 8645: 8606: 8531: 8508: 8362: 8354: 8150: 7994: 7975: 7956: 7920: 7704:. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Internet Advertising Bureau. April 2013. Archived from 5985: 5187: 5135: 4808: 4497: 4101: 4043: 3939: 3915: 3907: 3801: 3748: 3695: 3636: 3502: 3299: 3244: 3173:. In 2011, Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of 3044: 2980: 2942: 2922: 2914: 2871: 2649: 2494: 2259: 1912: 1845: 1761: 1538: 1499: 1323: 1172: 932: 851: 835: 819: 724: 689: 673: 668: 448: 343: 76: 7498: 7475: 7457: 7438: 7420: 7401: 7358: 7354: 7350: 6656:

2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology

6652:"From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - over 60 years of innovation" 6366: 5930: 5251: 5228: 4816: 2471: 2463: 1747: 13448: 13320: 13295: 13255: 13225: 13100: 12935: 12888: 12863: 12821: 12509: 12426: 12336: 12140: 12080: 11461: 11190: 11172: 11137: 11092: 11071: 10955: 10468: 9788: 9629: 9406: 9235: 8196: 8163: 8088: 7968: 7912: 7572: 7549: 7371: 7340: 7317: 7132:"World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2020 (24th Edition/July 2020)" 6742: 5371: 5348: 4876: 4784: 4752: 4671: 4501: 4415: 4367: 4328: 4264: 4132: 4058: 3943: 3879: 3699: 3655: 3575: 3461: 3453: 3280: 3079:

and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page.

3040: 2966: 2723: 2502: 2309: 2073: 1908: 1889: 1800: 1788: 1751:

2007 map showing submarine fiberoptic telecommunication cables around the world

1639: 1581: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1370:

was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks

1213: 1006: 993: 855: 843: 765: 740: 693: 651: 566: 358: 126: 106: 101: 20: 10711:, Vincent Zegna & Mike Pepper, Sonet Digital, November 2005, pp. 1–7. 9740: 9723: 9575: 9145: 8122: 6842: 6663: 6140: 5330: 3493:, the Internet in general or surrounding political affairs and rights such as 3279:

networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user

2891:

architectural design of the Internet software systems has been assumed by the

1911:. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to the Internet via local computer networks. 1564: 1319:, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. 13808: 13597: 13370: 13360: 13275: 13165: 13160: 13150: 13135: 12957: 12816: 12484: 12331: 12321: 12306: 12283: 12231: 12188: 12105: 12090: 11780: 11735: 11553: 11261: 11240: 10836: 10812: 9796: 9749: 9677: 9583: 9414: 8813: 8810:"The Relationship Between Internet Use and Loneliness Among College Students" 7471: 7434: 7397: 6185: 6148: 6057: 5962: 5614: 5447: 5405: 4836: 4780: 4760: 4720: 4360: 4332: 4245: 4152: 3980: 3875: 3679: 3449: 3260: 3228: 3214: 3112: 3104: 3064: 3060: 2976: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2656:) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion. 2037: 1970: 1946: 1930: 1861: 1857: 1765: 1698: 1697:. Its members include individuals (anyone may join) as well as corporations, 1686: 1647: 1627: 1295: 1261: 1141: 1092: 773: 736: 398: 353: 323: 301: 91: 10537: 9538:"Cyberwarfare Will Explode In 2020 (Because It's Cheap, Easy And Effective)" 8008:"Google Earth demonstrates how technology benefits RI's civil society, govt" 6925:"ICANN and Non-Territorial Sovereignty: Government Without the Nation State" 6892: 6865: 6203:

included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.

5987:

Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology

4378:. Malware can be designed to evade antivirus software detection algorithms. 13475: 13315: 13260: 13190: 13155: 13090: 12989: 12979: 12831: 12654: 12614: 12514: 12504: 12406: 12258: 12248: 12208: 11842: 11796: 11417: 11370: 11360: 11142: 11051: 11041: 10907: 10881: 10692:, a peer-reviewed journal on the Internet by the University Library of the 10655: 10642: 10278: 9668: 9651: 9153: 8380: 7107:"Mobile and Tablet Internet Usage Exceeds Desktop for First Time Worldwide" 6901: 5844: 4831: 4822: 4747:

and 100 million servers worldwide as well as the energy that routers,

4585: 4297: 4285: 4281: 4256: 4233: 3809: 3324: 3276: 3259:

is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A

3256: 2938: 2918: 2789:

is a large address block with 2 addresses, having a 32-bit routing prefix.

2228: 2065: 2048: 1950: 1919:. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. 1667: 1327: 1222: 1056: 1014: 974: 879: 867: 859: 815: 712: 705: 554: 544: 318: 313: 56: 10435: 10433: 9335:

Ronald Deibert; John Palfrey; Rafal Rohozinski; Jonathan Zittrain (2008).

7997:, Market Information and Statistics, International Telecommunication Union 6685: 13675: 13325: 13235: 13220: 13180: 13140: 12999: 12539: 12346: 12100: 11893: 11857: 11619: 11487: 11235: 11056: 10993: 10965: 10886: 10604:""Climate crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video": Our new report" 10319: 8604: 7054:"Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet: History of the Internet" 6242:"NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report 1987–1995" 6161:

S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.

5900:"Internet Pioneers Discuss the Future of Money, Books, and Paper in 1972" 5190:, Timothy B. Lee, Vox Conversations, 2 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014. 4923:

Despite the name, TCP/IP also includes UDP traffic, which is significant.

4744: 4686:

or outage can be caused by local signaling interruptions. Disruptions of

4403: 4327:

is malicious software used and distributed via the Internet. It includes

4253:

have now been recorded in many countries, including western democracies.

4218: 4116: 4081: 4066: 4015: 3947: 3867: 3821: 3779: 3743: 3734: 3703: 3501:

refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet,

3268: 3240: 3232: 3210: 3024: 3016: 2950: 2805: 2694:. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called 2033: 2025: 1808: 1663: 1605: 1573: 1366:, and the first Web pages that described the project itself. In 1991 the 1343: 1331: 1104: 998: 509: 328: 141: 96: 10200: 8713: 7200: 5095: 4771:(a French think tank funded by corporate sponsors), nearly 4% of global 2672: 2593:

For locating individual computers on the network, the Internet provides

822:

websites. Newspapers, books, and other print publishing have adapted to

779:

were connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by

13680: 13387: 13085: 12994: 12950: 12920: 12898: 12659: 12644: 12604: 12544: 12461: 12431: 12411: 12396: 12366: 12351: 12268: 11903: 11806: 11589: 11584: 11477: 11314: 11147: 10998: 10871: 10851: 10430: 10245:

Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace

10172: 9650:

Xiao, Fei; Sun, Yi; Du, Donggao; Li, Xuelei; Luo, Min (21 March 2020).

8548:

Reips, U.-D. (2008). "How Internet-mediated research changes science".

7822: 7545: 7313: 6031:"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom" 5830: 5475:"One of the internet's inventors thinks it should still be capitalized" 4841: 4748: 4732: 4471: 4371: 4352: 4340: 4035: 3837: 3328: 3284: 3272: 3166: 3146: 3076: 3068: 3052: 3004: 2988: 2926: 2879: 2866:

that points toward an ISP providing transit, while ISP routers use the

2691: 2682: 2612:(DNS) into IP addresses which are more efficient for routing purposes. 2594: 2552: 2517: 2510: 2376: 2006: 1966: 1958: 1922: 1768:

hardware, with the packets guided to their destinations by IP routers.

1597: 1526: 1490:

started experiencing similar characteristics as that of the scaling of

1363: 1359: 1307: 1084: 1083:, one of the fundamental Internet technologies, started in the work of 891: 887: 799: 268: 10442:"Assessing Internet energy intensity: A review of methods and results" 9975: 9389:

Manoharan, Aroon P.; Melitski, James; Holzer, Marc (20 January 2022).

6739:"Brazil, Russia, India and China to Lead Internet Growth Through 2011" 6277: 6115: 6113: 6049: 5606: 5178: 4644:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

4402:

The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of

4046:

at $ 20.4 trillion, equivalent to roughly 13.8% of global sales.

1884:). The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and 1126:(now SRI International) on 29 October 1969. The third site was at the 13665: 13130: 12945: 12712: 12609: 12569: 12549: 12519: 12466: 12421: 12376: 12326: 12278: 12243: 12226: 12221: 11934: 11749: 11742: 11644: 11482: 11436: 11294: 11003: 10876: 10861: 10110: 10104: 10012: 9391:"Digital Governance: An Assessment of Performance and Best Practices" 9132:

Nancy T. Lombardo (June 2008). "Putting Wikis to Work in Libraries".

7916: 7800: 7564: 7490: 7449: 7412: 7332: 6617: 6573:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" 6408: 5363: 5243: 4882: 4164: 4120: 4023: 3970: 3668: 3438: 3150: 3136: 3072: 3032: 3008: 2996: 1982: 1853: 1825: 1651: 1276: 1188: 1018: 978:

since 2016, recommend the lowercase form in every case. In 2016, the

908: 791: 685: 9722:

Eder-Neuhauser, Peter; Zseby, Tanja; Fabini, Joachim (1 June 2019).

5230:

The Tao of IETF: A Novice's Guide to Internet Engineering Task Force

4355:. Defense theorists have also speculated about the possibilities of 3019:, databases, and the documents and resources that they can provide. 2698:. Computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with an identical 2535: 1981:

and a wide variety of other Internet software may be installed from

13650: 13567: 13392: 13215: 12579: 12386: 12316: 12253: 12236: 12215: 11944: 11634: 11431: 11210: 10770: 10161: 9945: 9338:

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering

8683: 8650: 8551:

Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications

8447:

Mossberger, Karen; Tolbert, Caroline J.; McNeal, Ramona S. (2011).

8242:"Rapleaf Study Reveals Gender and Age Data of Social Network Users" 7593: 6110: 4856: 4851: 4736: 4613: 4210: 4136: 4031: 3863: 3833: 3805: 3792: 3787: 3663: 3647: 3640: 3628: 3470: 3123: 3084: 2971: 2525: 2069: 2041: 1903: 1655: 1303: 1196: 1145: 1002: 831: 827: 823: 780: 776: 711:

The origins of the Internet date back to research that enabled the

11969: 10336: 9365:

Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy

8579: 8035:"There are now 3 billion Internet users, mostly in rich countries" 6520:"Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services" 6088:"Brief History of the Internet: The Initial Internetting Concepts" 5954: 2509:(IP) which enables computers to identify and locate each other by 13655: 13640: 12858: 12639: 12619: 12589: 12584: 12416: 12401: 12341: 12273: 12193: 12165: 11954: 11949: 11721: 11714: 11649: 11319: 11225: 11180: 9652:"A Novel Malware Classification Method Based on Crucial Behavior" 8164:"World Internet Users Statistics and 2023 World Population Stats" 8089:"World Internet Users Statistics and 2019 World Population Stats" 7888: 7699:"IAB Internet advertising revenue report: 2012 full year results" 6765: 4846: 4356: 4348: 4324: 4202: 3859: 3783: 3654:, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of 3482: 3465: 3434: 3337: 3308: 3304: 3119: 2801: 2061: 2029: 1978: 1954: 1942: 1821: 1796: 1674:, from a designated pool of addresses set aside for each region. 1615: 1371: 1108: 964:

When it came into common use, most publications treated the word

748: 338: 60: 30:"The Internet" redirects here. For the American music group, see 10781: 10241: 9562:

Kim, Jin-Young; Bu, Seok-Jun; Cho, Sung-Bae (1 September 2018).

9231: 8864:(2 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 149–150. 8525:"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 8502:"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 8137: 7513:"Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Address Depletion" 7319:

Internet Protocol, DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification

5931:"The Internet and the Rise of the New Network Cities, 1969–1999" 4690:

may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas, such as in the

3558:

Internet users in 2021 as a percentage of a country's population

3474:(incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain. 2556:

Conceptual data flow in a simple network topology of two hosts (

13685: 13645: 12967: 12664: 12634: 12599: 12564: 12559: 12456: 12451: 12371: 12198: 11867: 11770: 11386: 9773:"The rise of "malware": Bibliometric analysis of malware study" 9693:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025" 9614:"The rise of "malware": Bibliometric analysis of malware study" 9104: 8264:"Women Ahead of Men in Online Tv, Dvr, Games, And Social Media" 7191: 7189: 7081:"Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto" 7000:

Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance

4740: 4344: 4168: 4092:

was valued at $ 10 billion in 2014, about half as much as

4089: 3927: 3903: 3851: 3796: 3456:. Early computer systems were limited to the characters in the 3430: 3357: 3353: 3319: 3283:, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by 3007:, applications, and other resources, logically interrelated by 2624: 2451: 2339: 2233: 2132: 2112: 1938: 1934: 1659: 1619: 1347: 1281: 1226: 1152: 744: 10775: 10740:

Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry

10687: 10530:

Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks

9076:"Book review: 'The Internet Is Not the Answer' by Andrew Keen" 6437:

from the original on 29 January 2017 – via Google Books.

5713:

Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet

4767:. According to a non-peer-reviewed study published in 2018 by 3157:

marketing messages to consumers. It includes email marketing,

2741:), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 2486:(HTTP) and an application-germane data structure, such as the 735:

in collaboration with universities and researchers across the

13670: 13607: 12915: 12649: 12554: 12436: 11939: 11929: 11847: 11826: 11599: 9361: 9328: 8518: 8495: 8449:

Digital Citizenship – The Internet, Society and Participation

4756: 4569: 4475: 4410:

on the Internet. In the United States for example, under the

4027: 3738: 3691: 3457: 3361: 3201: 2521: 2360: 2138: 2057: 2053: 1865: 1849: 1833: 1817: 1722: 1689:

until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016. The

1631: 1507: 1249: 1183:

and commercial initiatives led to the development of various

961:, though it may also refer to any group of smaller networks. 803: 795: 697: 308: 201: 10499:"Internet responsible for 2 per cent of global energy usage" 7669:"The Difference Between the Internet and the World Wide Web" 7275:"Much Ado About Nothing? Zero Rating in the African Context" 7272: 7186: 957:

most commonly refers to the global system of interconnected

13612: 11898: 11888: 11862: 11682: 9009:"E-commerce will make the shopping mall a retail wasteland" 8554:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–294. 8119:"World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population Stats" 7881: 7555: 7481: 7323: 6298: 5026:. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–4. 4783:

and the necessary infrastructure. The study also said that

4573: 4459: 4147: 4097: 3987:

is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life.

3236: 3185: 3127: 2984: 2645: 2620: 2598: 2574: 2570: 2487: 2328: 2323: 2293: 2243: 2163: 2128: 1635: 1614:(RIRs) were established for five regions of the world. The 1589: 1585: 1316: 1266: 1234: 1088: 549: 296: 10100:"First round in Internet war goes to Iranian intelligence" 9886:"Internet Eavesdropping: A Brave New World of Wiretapping" 8979:"How the Internet Reinforces Inequality in the Real World" 5347:

Cerf, Vint; Dalal, Yogen; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974).

4301:

and borrowers do not communicate with lenders themselves.

4163:

uses a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding

4049:

While much has been written of the economic advantages of

3023:(HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web. 2458:

by the scope of their operation, originally documented in

1717:(IRSG). On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored 1679:

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

1063:

proposed the idea of a universal network while working at

11775: 9812:"Obfuscation tool 'BatCloak' can evade 80% of AV engines" 9721: 8950:"The New Digital Economy: How it will transform business" 6841:. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 22 June 2011. Archived from 6763: 4463: 4455: 4239:

Many have understood the Internet as an extension of the

3902:

being conducted on university servers, and humor-related

3899: 3715:

shared, or voice and video contact between team members.

3707: 3403: 3292: 2953:, and content is often accessed through high-performance 2529: 2446:

The Internet standards describe a framework known as the

2148: 2044:, offered as many as 30 pre-paid and 34 post-paid plans. 1351: 10359:"Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia" 8646:"Twitter 'report abuse' button calls after rape threats" 8144:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012" 4167:

relevant to examination of pending patent applications.

4108:

combined, which together employed almost 60,000 people.

3795:

foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and

1644:

Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry

10162:"Summarized global Internet filtering data spreadsheet" 9770: 9611: 9388: 8807: 8446: 7642: 7543: 6599:"Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2023" 6591: 6505: 6316:

16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan

5849:

Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet

5645:

The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide

5350:

Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol

3481:

Several neologisms exist that refer to Internet users:

2775:

belong to this network. The IPv6 address specification

2015: 1881: 1877: 1498:, doubling every 18 months. This growth, formalized as 10416:"Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest" 9837: 8921:

The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains

4159:, departmental documentation, and committee work. The 3999:

with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.

3767: 1225:

and others with important influences on the resulting

898:(DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the 9264:. Miller-mccune.com. 23 February 2011. Archived from 8061:"Statistical Report on Internet Development in China" 7885:

The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images

5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5294: 4981: 4979: 4178: 4014:) encompasses business processes spanning the entire 3910:

have sections devoted to games and funny videos. The

3843:

For organizations, such a backlash can cause overall

3650:, through school and high-school revision guides and 3118:

The Web has enabled individuals and organizations to

2792:

For IPv4, a network may also be characterized by its

2482:

application model and exchanges information with the

10440:

Coroama, Vlad C.; Hilty, Lorenz M. (February 2014).

9355: 8605:

Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (2020).

7755:"What's News: Electronic-mail delivery gets started" 7028:

IANA Stewardship Transition Coordination Group (ICG)

6625:"Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050"" 6564: 5069:. SRI International. 27 October 2009. Archived from 4798: 4731:

In 2011, academic researchers estimated the overall

3995:, for instance improving skills of scan-reading and 3922:

Another area of leisure activity on the Internet is

1816:

tend to interconnect with large subnetworks such as

1244:

Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the

1148:, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 10304: 9728:

Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques

9174: 8393: 7470: 7433: 7396: 3153:and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver 1602:

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

900:

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

10659: 10109: 10039:"Government funds chat room surveillance research" 10030: 9938: 9908: 9883: 9508: 6802: 6498:"The website of the world's first-ever web server" 6122:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" 5378: 5333:. United States War Department. 18 September 2023. 5295: 4976: 4926: 4335:which copy themselves automatically, software for 3458:American Standard Code for Information Interchange 1656:Réseaux IP Européens – Network Coordination Centre 1137:Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing 10521:Raghavan, Barath; Ma, Justin (14 November 2011). 9131: 8465: 7969:"Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007" 7477:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification 7440:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification 7403:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification 6367:"Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia" 5687:. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from 5669:. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from 5436:"Should You Be Capitalizing the Word 'Internet'?" 5346: 5096:by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba (1993). 4440:Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act 4412:Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act 2917:, most prominently the World Wide Web, including 2676:Creating a subnet by dividing the host identifier 1997:Number of mobile cellular subscriptions 2012–2016 1342:(HTML), the first Web browser (which was also an 13806: 9314:"Wired and Shrewd, Young Egyptians Guide Revolt" 8862:Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance 2949:that provide these services are today hosted in 790:Most traditional communication media, including 10185: 9946:"CALEA: The Perils of Wiretapping the Internet" 9884:Diffie, Whitfield; Susan Landau (August 2008). 9877: 9302:, Davit Chokoshvili, Master's Thesis, June 2011 8193:Internet World Stats, Miniwatts Marketing Group 6864:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (April 2011). 6274:"A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN" 5935:Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 4513:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 3836:women have been the target of various forms of 3608:Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 3227:(VoIP). The idea began in the early 1990s with 1743:List of countries by Internet connection speeds 10154: 9968: 8741:"Do It Yourself! Amateur Porn Stars Make Bank" 6571:Harris, Susan R.; Gerich, Elise (April 1996). 5754: 4096:, which employs 152,000 people. At that time, 3774:Social networking service § Social impact 3587:Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 3402:Internet users per 100 population members and 2640:Because of the growth of the Internet and the 12728: 11985: 11402: 10797: 10532:. Cambridge, MA.: ACM SIGCOMM. pp. 1–6. 10266: 9860:"How Ransomware Can Evade Antivirus Software" 9486:"Confusion on Where Money Lent via Kiva Goes" 9177:"Knowledge and the Future of Legal Education" 8976: 8708: 8706: 8679:"5 Fun and Safe Social Networks for Children" 8183: 8181: 7950:"Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014" 7589:"How to Find Your Default Gateway IP Address" 5871: 5226: 4620:that depend on its large-scale organization. 4061:. Electronic commerce may be responsible for 3485:(as in "citizen of the net") refers to those 3161:(SEM), social media marketing, many types of 3122:ideas and information to a potentially large 2995:The World Wide Web is a global collection of 2427: 1739:List of countries by number of Internet users 1693:(ISOC) was founded in 1992 with a mission to 854:has grown exponentially for major retailers, 715:of computer resources and the development of 623: 466: 10641: This article incorporates text from a 10439: 9777:Journal of Network and Computer Applications 9618:Journal of Network and Computer Applications 9105:MM Wanderley; D Birnbaum; J Malloch (2006). 7911: 6863: 6570: 5709: 3755:session into their office PC using a secure 3352:. The early Internet left an impact on some 2908: 2076:to be the most commonly zero-rated content. 1103:in 1967, packet switching from the proposed 866:" presence to serve a larger market or even 16:Global system of connected computer networks 13743:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 10207: 9649: 9311: 7136:International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 7024:"ICG Applauds Transfer of IANA Stewardship" 6835:"World Internet Users and Population Stats" 4960: 4728:and servers are included" in the analysis. 4142: 3682:work dramatically easier, with the help of 3443:Internet penetration by the number of users 3145:on popular web pages can be lucrative, and 13779: 12735: 12721: 11992: 11978: 11409: 11395: 10804: 10790: 10520: 10118: 10061: 9254: 8703: 8266:. Entrepreneur. 1 May 2008. Archived from 8178: 8111: 8032: 6770:"The size and growth rate of the Internet" 5827:"Roads and Crossroads of Internet History" 5337: 5227:Hoffman, P.; Harris, S. (September 2006). 5199: 5177:"#3 1982: the ARPANET community grows" in 4735:by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 4331:which are copied with the help of humans, 4263:devices, such as the Internet, to provide 3874:Children also face dangers online such as 3690:, which has produced, among other things, 3307:to on-demand popular multimedia services. 2434: 2420: 2079: 1811:to achieve redundancy and load balancing. 1729:(IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues. 630: 616: 473: 459: 418: 10381: 10318: 10067: 9739: 9667: 9422: 9312:Kirkpatrick, David D. (9 February 2011). 9053:"The Death of the American Shopping Mall" 8473:"Usage of content languages for websites" 7769: 7563: 7489: 7448: 7411: 7331: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7154: 7152: 7078: 6891: 6407: 6268: 5818: 5796:"So, who really did invent the Internet?" 5362: 5342: 5340: 5242: 5202:"How Stuff Works: Who owns the Internet?" 4616:of connections, vary widely. It exhibits 4161:United States Patent and Trademark Office 3611:as a percentage of a country's population 3590:as a percentage of a country's population 3031:World Wide Web browser software, such as 2516:At the bottom of the architecture is the 1848:by users include dial-up with a computer 1685:, had final approval over changes to the 1101:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles 729:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 13820:1969 establishments in the United States 10714: 9980:Electronic Frontier Foundation (website) 9950:Electronic Frontier Foundation (website) 9920:Electronic Frontier Foundation (website) 9561: 9362:Larry Diamond; Marc F. Plattner (2012). 9111:. IRCAM – Centre Pompidou. p. 180. 8859: 7794: 7231:Global Commission on Internet Governance 7111:StatCounter: Global Stats, Press Release 6974: 6601:. Telecommunication Development Bureau, 6158:from the original on 13 September 2006. 6119: 6028: 5928: 5685:"Inductee Details – Donald Watts Davies" 5659: 5588: 5429: 5427: 4505: 4363:using similar methods on a large scale. 4196: 3600: 3579: 3550: 3409: 3397: 3390:Share of population using the Internet. 3385: 2970: 2671: 2584: 2551: 2534: 1992: 1775: 1746: 1600:of the Internet are administered by the 1563: 1275: 1221:repeated this use. Cerf and Kahn credit 1069:Information Processing Techniques Office 1042: 10666:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 10523:"The energy and emergy of the internet" 10070:"FBI turns to broad new wiretap method" 9684: 9452: 9262:"The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects" 9208:. S23Wiki. 3 April 2008. Archived from 9168: 8738: 8676: 8368: 8217: 7857:YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog 7752: 7691: 7464: 7427: 7390: 7221: 6997: 6949: 6473: 6038:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5595:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 5582: 5559: 5507:. Pews Research Center. 11 March 2014. 5433: 5394:"It's Official: The 'Internet' Is Over" 5391: 5320:nineteenth-century use as an adjective. 5125: 5043: 4418:is the monitoring of data traffic on a 3854:, have rules forbidding the posting of 3824:, to, in extreme cases, rape and death 3639:allow users to connect to the Internet 3091:and scientific demonstrations. Through 1988: 1830:national research and education network 1719:World Summit on the Information Society 1632:Asia–Pacific Network Information Centre 1233:and commercial providers developed the 1128:University of California, Santa Barbara 1091:in the early 1960s and, independently, 868:sell goods and services entirely online 862:, as it enables firms to extend their " 13865:Promotion and marketing communications 13835:Computer-related introductions in 1989 13830:Computer-related introductions in 1969 13807: 12742: 11615:Knowledge representation and reasoning 11549:Semantic service-oriented architecture 10654: 10575: 10478:from the original on 23 September 2020 10449:Environmental Impact Assessment Review 10274:"Finland censors anti-censorship site" 10224:. Paris. 12 March 2012. Archived from 10199:. Paris. 11 March 2014. Archived from 9809: 9690: 9506: 9073: 9019:from the original on 19 February 2013. 8834: 8764:"Top Online Game Trends of the Decade" 8374: 7863:from the original on 10 September 2018 7551:Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure 7537: 7372:"IPv4 Address Report, daily generated" 7303: 7174:from the original on 20 September 2018 7149: 6977:"Bush administration annexes internet" 6827: 6649: 6643: 6476:"The Original HTTP as defined in 1991" 6239: 6214: 5843: 5824: 5636: 5485:from the original on 27 September 2020 5151:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History 5148: 5049: 4002: 1624:American Registry for Internet Numbers 826:technology or have been reshaped into 12716: 11973: 11390: 10785: 10496: 10426:from the original on 23 January 2012. 10286:from the original on 20 February 2008 10068:McCullagh, Declan (30 January 2007). 9896:from the original on 13 November 2008 9496:from the original on 29 January 2017. 9483: 9437: 9324:from the original on 29 January 2017. 9108:New Interfaces For Musical Expression 8784: 8761: 8691:from the original on 20 December 2014 8658:from the original on 4 September 2014 8643: 8625:from the original on 23 November 2020 8547: 8536:International Telecommunication Union 8513:International Telecommunication Union 8379:. Columbia University. Archived from 8335:from the original on 5 September 2017 8314: 8218:Fallows, Deborah (28 December 2005). 8099:from the original on 24 November 2017 8041:from the original on 28 November 2014 7833:from the original on 11 November 2017 7775: 7729: 7601:from the original on 25 February 2019 7291:from the original on 16 December 2020 6922: 6800: 6603:International Telecommunication Union 6552:from the original on 21 December 2018 6526:from the original on 21 December 2018 6391: 6217:Linking LANs: A Micro Manager's Guide 5793: 5589:Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). 5472: 5434:Herring, Susan C. (19 October 2015). 5424: 5200:Strickland, Jonathan (3 March 2008). 5128:"Internet History – One Page Summary" 5019: 4139:and internal communication networks. 4073:businesses resulting in increases in 3991:believes that Internet use has other 3786:. Social networking services such as 3616:International Telecommunication Union 3595:International Telecommunication Union 3422:International Telecommunication Union 2642:depletion of available IPv4 addresses 2003:International Telecommunication Union 1120:University of California, Los Angeles 13789: 12695: 10036: 9656:Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9535: 9484:Strom, Stephanie (9 November 2009). 9134:Medical Reference Services Quarterly 9086:from the original on 20 January 2015 8914: 8896:from the original on 20 October 2012 8739:Goldman, Russell (22 January 2008). 8580:"The Virtual Private Nightmare: VPN" 8220:"How Women and Men Use the Internet" 8014:from the original on 29 October 2012 7931:from the original on 12 October 2019 7795:Morrison, Geoff (18 November 2010). 6706: 6373:from the original on 9 February 2021 6322:from the original on 1 February 2006 5910:from the original on 17 October 2020 5775:from the original on 10 January 2021 5454:from the original on 31 October 2020 5412:from the original on 14 October 2020 5316:participating institution membership 4997:from the original on 8 November 2020 4630: 4520: 4034:service, and business relationship. 3906:groups receiving much traffic. Many 2547: 1683:United States Department of Commerce 11999: 10737: 10369:from the original on 25 August 2013 9976:"CALEA: Frequently Asked Questions" 9835: 8839:. HarperCollins. pp. 235–236. 8787:"Internet Game Timeline: 1963–2004" 8174:from the original on 19 March 2024. 8077:from the original on 12 April 2019. 7224:"Zero-rating in Emerging Economies" 7079:Pasternak, Sean B. (7 March 2006). 6129:IEEE Transactions on Communications 5983: 5755:Zelnick, Bob; Zelnick, Eva (2013). 5736:from the original on 3 January 2021 5562:"DARPA and the Internet Revolution" 5537:from the original on 6 October 2008 4963:"Internet Traffic Characterization" 4568:Some governments, such as those of 3955:I am lonely will anyone speak to me 3768:Social networking and entertainment 3706:). Internet chat, whether using an 1707:Internet Engineering Steering Group 1258:National Science Foundation Network 1181:International Network Working Group 1167:(UCL), which provided a gateway to 941:was used as early as 1849, meaning 757:National Science Foundation Network 733:United States Department of Defense 13: 11676:Syntax and supporting technologies 10681: 10576:Cwienk, Jeannette (11 July 2019). 9956:from the original on 16 March 2009 9691:Morgan, Steve (13 November 2020). 9175:Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). 9074:Harris, Michael (2 January 2015). 9059:. 26 December 2012. Archived from 9037:. 23 December 2012. Archived from 8677:Kessler, Sarah (11 October 2010). 7753:Luckett, Herbert P. (March 1973). 7586: 7369: 7240:from the original on 12 April 2019 7087:from the original on 10 April 2006 6929:Internet and Public Policy Project 6364: 6192:from the original on 19 April 2020 6085: 5874:"From the ARPANET to the Internet" 5392:Corbett, Philip B. (1 June 2016). 4867:Index of Internet-related articles 4660:Global Internet Traffic as of 2018 4179:Politics and political revolutions 3416:Internet users per 100 inhabitants 2820:is the subnet mask for the prefix 2623:(IPv4) defines an IP address as a 2047:A study of eight countries in the 1616:African Network Information Center 1529:, and the World Wide Web with its 14: 13901: 12111:Distributed file system for cloud 12040:Integration platform as a service 10811: 10764: 10694:University of Illinois at Chicago 10614:from the original on 21 July 2019 10584:from the original on 12 July 2019 10387: 10037:Hill, Michael (11 October 2004). 9703:from the original on 5 March 2022 9455:"Kiva Is Not Quite What It Seems" 9453:Roodman, David (2 October 2009). 9242:from the original on 2 March 2015 9191:from the original on 3 July 2014. 8977:Badger, Emily (6 February 2013). 8886:"Net abuse hits small city firms" 8483:from the original on 17 July 2012 8396:"A Brief History of the Internet" 8230:from the original on 8 June 2023. 7649:from the original on 18 June 2009 7378:from the original on 1 April 2009 7222:Galpaya, Helani (12 April 2019). 7113:. 1 November 2016. Archived from 7034:from the original on 12 July 2017 5880:from the original on 21 July 2009 5511:from the original on 29 July 2015 5473:Coren, Michael J. (2 June 2016). 5272:. 27 October 2006. Archived from 5180:40 maps that explain the internet 5013: 4623: 4388:Computer and network surveillance 4086:Institute for Local Self-Reliance 3406:per capita for selected countries 2960: 1732: 1073:Advanced Research Projects Agency 63:through a portion of the Internet 13788: 13778: 13769: 13768: 13757: 13378:Free-space optical communication 12694: 12683: 12682: 11416: 11300:Concentration of media ownership 10636: 10596: 10569: 10514: 10490: 10408: 10351: 10298: 10235: 10092: 10049:from the original on 11 May 2010 9998: 9857: 9851: 9829: 9803: 9764: 9715: 9643: 9605: 9555: 9529: 9500: 9477: 9446: 9431: 9382: 9305: 9280: 9224: 9198: 9125: 9098: 9067: 9045: 9023: 9001: 8970: 8942: 8908: 8892:. Edinburgh. 11 September 2003. 8878: 8853: 8828: 8812:. Boston College. Archived from 8801: 8778: 8762:Spohn, Dave (15 December 2009). 8755: 8732: 8670: 8637: 8598: 8586:from the original on 15 May 2011 8572: 8541: 8440: 8410: 8387: 8347: 8308: 8282: 8256: 8234: 8211: 8156: 8081: 8053: 8026: 8000: 7981: 7962: 7675:. QuinStreet Inc. 24 June 2010. 6975:McCarthy, Kieren (1 July 2005). 5990:. Edward Elgar. pp. 51–55. 4936:does not check for filtering of 4815: 4801: 4635: 4376:electricity distribution network 4119:is facilitated by tools such as 3528: 3510: 3343: 3251: 3196: 2722:is an identifier for a specific 1771: 1715:Internet Research Steering Group 719:in the 1960s. The set of rules ( 662:(TCP/IP) to communicate between 498: 442: 417: 274:Internet Message Access Protocol 49: 10717:The Rise of the Network Society 10135:. November 2018. Archived from 9986:from the original on 1 May 2009 9836:Nam, Nguyen (10 January 2023). 8808:Carole Hughes; Boston College. 8534:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 8511:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 8375:Hauben, Michael (5 June 1996). 8195:. 18 March 2012. Archived from 8033:Steve Dent (25 November 2014). 7943: 7905: 7875: 7853:"YouTube now defaults to HTML5" 7845: 7815: 7788: 7746: 7723: 7679:from the original on 2 May 2014 7661: 7635: 7613: 7580: 7505: 7363: 7266: 7252: 7215: 7199:. 11 March 2019. Archived from 7124: 7099: 7072: 7046: 7016: 6991: 6968: 6954:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 65. 6943: 6933:Georgia Institute of Technology 6916: 6857: 6794: 6775:. AT&T Labs. Archived from 6757: 6731: 6700: 6546:"History – About us – OP Group" 6538: 6522:(Press release). 21 June 1995. 6512: 6490: 6467: 6451:. February 1990. Archived from 6441: 6423: 6392:Zakon, Robert (November 1997). 6385: 6358: 6334: 6304: 6292: 6262: 6233: 6208: 6166: 6079: 6022: 6004: 5977: 5922: 5892: 5865: 5837: 5787: 5748: 5703: 5667:"Inductee Details – Paul Baran" 5553: 5523: 5497: 5466: 5323: 5288: 5258: 5220: 5193: 5171: 5142: 4692:2008 submarine cable disruption 4688:submarine communications cables 4381: 4271: 2893:Internet Engineering Task Force 2690:is a logical subdivision of an 2580: 1594:Internet Engineering Task Force 1527:two-way interactive video calls 1502:, was catalyzed by advances in 904:Internet Engineering Task Force 12670:Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand 10497:Giles, Jim (26 October 2011). 10108:. 28 June 2009. Archived from 8248:. 29 July 2008. Archived from 8121:. 30 June 2023. Archived from 7730:Brown, Ron (26 October 1972). 7627:. 30 June 2020. Archived from 7197:"GSMA The Mobile Economy 2019" 6658:. Vol. 49. pp. 1–6. 5126:Stewart, Bill (January 2000). 5119: 5089: 5059: 4954: 4917: 4902: 4779:could be attributed to global 4763:devices use when transmitting 4607: 4111: 4040:International Data Corporation 3973:groups such as the so-called " 3880:approaches by sexual predators 3858:of individuals (also known as 3382:Languages used on the Internet 3067:, including graphics, sounds, 2812:like an address. For example, 2735:Classless Inter-Domain Routing 922: 1: 11790:Schemas, ontologies and rules 10011:. 9 June 2006. Archived from 9459:Center for Global Development 9293:. 5 July 2012. Archived from 8959:. 2 July 2011. Archived from 8644:Moore, Keith (27 July 2013). 7732:"Fax invades the mail market" 7437:; R. Hinden (December 1998). 7400:; R. Hinden (December 1995). 6709:"How the web went world wide" 5533:. World Wide Web Consortium. 5098:"How the Internet Came to Be" 4947: 4709: 4481: 3177:and nearly exceeded those of 2987:and became the world's first 2854:in their operating system to 2667: 2020:fragmentation of the Internet 1803:and lower-level networks buy 1553: 1376:Stanford Federal Credit Union 1285: 1055:began developing systems for 1039:History of the World Wide Web 783:in the 1980s, the subsequent 279:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 257:Transmission Control Protocol 13764:Telecommunication portal 13545:Telecommunications equipment 9810:Spring, Tom (12 June 2023). 9232:"Alexa Web Search – Top 500" 8321:. Happy About. p. 130. 8318:Scrappy Information Security 8292:. Technorati. Archived from 8189:"Top Ten Internet Languages" 8010:. Antara News. 26 May 2011. 6741:. Clickz.com. Archived from 6707:Ward, Mark (3 August 2006). 6219:. McGraw-Hill. p. 200. 5800:The Internet History Project 5149:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). 4714:Estimates of the Internet's 4698:, as in the blockage of the 4561: Unclassified / No data 4452:Information Awareness Office 4261:technological communications 4193:Social media use in politics 3225:voice over Internet Protocol 3013:Uniform Resource Identifiers 2862:. End-nodes typically use a 1711:Internet Research Task Force 1612:Regional Internet registries 1523:Voice over Internet Protocol 1417:World population (billions) 1368:Commercial Internet eXchange 1260:(NSFNet) provided access to 1237:standard and deployed it on 1097:National Physical Laboratory 1075:(ARPA) of the United States 7: 13281:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 12035:Infrastructure as a service 10390:"Egypt Leaves the Internet" 9697:Cybercrime magazine website 8785:Spohn, Dave (2 June 2011). 8714:"Communication in our life" 8582:. Librenix. 4 August 2004. 6998:Mueller, Milton L. (2010). 6120:Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). 4794: 4304: 3985:Internet addiction disorder 3830:online disinhibition effect 3021:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 2757:Internet Protocol version 4 2621:Internet Protocol version 4 2484:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1927:wireless community networks 1703:Internet Architecture Board 1576:, California, United States 1336:HyperText Transfer Protocol 1246:National Science Foundation 1124:Stanford Research Institute 894:(IP address) space and the 237:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 10: 13906: 12985:Telecommunications history 11817:Semantic Web Rule Language 10630: 10469:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.12.004 9789:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.08.022 9699:. Cybersecurity ventures. 9630:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.08.022 9407:10.1007/s11115-021-00584-8 9395:Public Organization Review 9181:Journal of Legal Education 8290:"State of the Blogosphere" 7799:. NBC News. Archived from 7778:Library Technology Reports 6715:. BBC News. Archived from 6449:"INTERNET MONTHLY REPORTS" 6312:"Internet History in Asia" 6174:"The internet's fifth man" 5929:Townsend, Anthony (2001). 4932:Due to legal concerns the 4677: 4495: 4485: 4391: 4385: 4319: 4308: 4182: 3816:relation to controversial 3771: 3569: 3520:Internet users by language 3371: 2964: 2913:The Internet carries many 2850:Computers and routers use 2845: 2493:Below this top layer, the 1785:Internet service providers 1736: 1672:Internet service providers 1568:ICANN headquarters in the 1557: 1535:social networking services 1271:Internet service providers 1115:network proposed by ARPA. 1032: 1028: 929:Capitalization of Internet 926: 882:across entire industries. 848:social networking services 818:, digital newspapers, and 225:Information infrastructure 29: 18: 13752: 13694: 13631: 13593:Public Switched Telephone 13553: 13517: 13474: 13415: 13405:telecommunication circuit 13366:Fiber-optic communication 13349: 13111:Francis Blake (telephone) 13058: 12906:Optical telecommunication 12750: 12678: 12495:Abiquo Enterprise Edition 12475: 12297: 12179: 12073: 12007: 11922: 11881: 11835: 11789: 11675: 11668: 11567: 11501: 11470: 11424: 11343: 11287: 11249: 11171: 11120: 11085: 11029: 10986: 10979: 10943: 10895: 10819: 10715:Castells, Manuel (2010). 10392:. Renesys. Archived from 10222:Reporters Without Borders 10197:Reporters Without Borders 10126:"Freedom on the Net 2018" 9741:10.1007/s11416-018-0325-y 9576:10.1016/j.ins.2018.04.092 9515:. Indianapolis: Que Pub. 9442:. Routledge. p. 180. 9146:10.1080/02763860802114223 8837:Barking Up the Wrong Tree 8538:. Retrieved 29 June 2013. 8515:. Retrieved 29 June 2013. 7474:; R. Hinden (July 2017). 7443:. Network Working Group. 7406:. Network Working Group. 7002:. MIT Press. p. 61. 6809:. Prentice Hall. p. 6768:, A.M. (2 October 1998). 6664:10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093 6342:"The History of NORDUnet" 6240:Frazer, Karen D. 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After the 1065:Bolt Beranek & Newman 981:Oxford English Dictionary 892:Internet Protocol address 264:Internet service provider 25:Internet (disambiguation) 13504:Orbital angular-momentum 12941:Satellite communications 12780:Communications satellite 12131:Native cloud application 11923:Microformat vocabularies 11595:Information architecture 11376:Society of the Spectacle 10645:work. . Text taken from 9507:Gralla, Preston (2007). 9440:Encyclopedia of the City 7316:, ed. (September 1981). 6950:Packard, Ashley (2010). 6713:Technology Correspondent 6014:. NORSAR. Archived from 5984:Kim, Byung-Keun (2005). 5851:. Simon & Schuster. 5825:Gromov, Gregory (1995). 5020:Yates, David M. (1997). 4895: 4862:Internet industry jargon 4704:anti-government protests 4602:content-control software 4424:Packet Capture Appliance 4143:Collaborative publishing 4125:virtual private networks 3959:impacts on mental health 3936:role-playing video games 3546: 3367: 3209:. Email messages can be 3083:can include animations, 2931:multiplayer online games 1852:via telephone circuits, 1813:Internet exchange points 1592:) is an activity of the 1510:light wave systems, and 1395:Worldwide Internet users 1250:Computer Science Network 1095:at the United Kingdom's 1067:and, later, leading the 582:Municipal wireless (MWN) 137:Right to Internet access 13383:Molecular communication 13206:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 13035:Undersea telegraph line 12770:Cable protection system 12655:Virtual Machine Manager 12116:Hardware virtualization 11812:Rule Interchange Format 11575:Collective intelligence 11257:Influence of mass media 11062:Narcotizing dysfunction 10742:, U of Illinois Press, 10738:Yeo, ShinJoung (2023), 10538:10.1145/2070562.2070571 10167:10 January 2012 at the 9194:(subscription required) 8924:. W.W. Norton. p. 8315:Seese, Michael (2009). 8149:9 February 2014 at the 7138:. 2017a. Archived from 6893:10.1126/science.1200970 6801:Comer, Douglas (2006). 6029:Kirstein, P.T. (1999). 5642:F. J. Corbató, et al., 5560:Waldrop, Mitch (2015). 5308:Oxford University Press 5155:Oxford University Press 4889:Outline of the Internet 4020:supply chain management 3850:Some websites, such as 3757:virtual private network 3625:mobile Internet devices 3159:search engine marketing 2885: 2868:Border Gateway Protocol 2804:that when applied by a 2635: 2630:IPv4 address exhaustion 2615: 2448:Internet protocol suite 2088:Internet protocol suite 2080:Internet Protocol Suite 1354:files), the first HTTP 1254:Internet Protocol Suite 1059:of computer resources. 1035:History of the Internet 878:on the Internet affect 762:Internet protocol suite 721:communication protocols 660:Internet protocol suite 604:Interplanetary Internet 384:History of the Internet 247:Internet protocol suite 242:Internet exchange point 13840:Cultural globalization 13525:Communication protocol 13311:Charles Sumner Tainter 13126:Walter Houser Brattain 13071:Edwin Howard Armstrong 12879:Information revolution 12126:Mobile cloud computing 12096:Cloud storage gateways 12086:Cloud-native computing 10918:Freedom of information 10708:The Internet Explained 10662:Inventing the Internet 10178:26 August 2011 at the 10171:, 8 November 2011 and 9511:How the Internet Works 8377:"The Net and Netizens" 8093:internetworldstats.com 7056:. ISOC. Archived from 6650:Jindal, R. P. (2009). 5872:Hauben, Ronda (2001). 4987:"A Flaw in the Design" 4785:online video streaming 4565: 4564: 4214: 3993:effects on individuals 3688:free software movement 3684:collaborative software 3633:handheld game consoles 3619: 3598: 3567: 3426: 3407: 3395: 3265:File Transfer Protocol 2992: 2726:or network interface. 2677: 2644:, a new version of IP 2590: 2565: 2544: 1998: 1898:public access terminal 1890:Internet access points 1781: 1752: 1577: 1291: 1252:(CSNET). In 1982, the 1048: 117:Freedom of information 23:. For other uses, see 13850:Mass media technology 13499:Polarization-division 13231:Narinder Singh Kapany 13196:Erna Schneider Hoover 13116:Jagadish Chandra Bose 13096:Alexander Graham Bell 12827:online video platform 12171:Virtual private cloud 12065:Software as a service 12060:Security as a service 12055:Platform as a service 12030:Function as a service 11305:Exploitation of women 9982:. 20 September 2007. 9438:Caves, R. W. (2004). 9057:The Atlantic – Cities 8835:Barker, Eric (2017). 8774:on 29 September 2011. 8608:Collaborative Society 8361:21 April 2012 at the 7988:Internet users graphs 7921:"Technology Adoption" 6987:on 19 September 2011. 6433:. 25 September 1989. 6215:Schatt, Stan (1991). 5591:"Time-Sharing at MIT" 4518: 4509: 4468:Iranian secret police 4207:2014 Thai coup d'état 4200: 4106:The Hertz Corporation 3932:first-person shooters 3761:system administrators 3604: 3583: 3572:Global digital divide 3554: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3374:Global Internet usage 3313:portable media player 2974: 2755:is the prefix of the 2675: 2601:, or are configured. 2588: 2555: 2538: 1996: 1894:public Internet kiosk 1779: 1750: 1567: 1380:financial institution 1279: 1179:. ARPA projects, the 1079:(DoD). Research into 1077:Department of Defense 1046: 927:Further information: 890:on the Internet, the 755:. The funding of the 666:and devices. It is a 13341:Vladimir K. Zworykin 13301:Almon Brown Strowger 13271:Charles Grafton Page 12926:Prepaid mobile phone 12854:Electrical telegraph 12151:Serverless computing 12050:Network as a service 12045:Backend as a service 12025:Desktop as a service 12015:Content as a service 11610:Knowledge management 11605:Knowledge extraction 10771:The Internet Society 10282:. 18 February 2008. 10114:on 21 December 2013. 10045:. Associated Press. 9669:10.1155/2020/6804290 9568:Information Sciences 9063:on 15 February 2013. 8751:on 30 December 2011. 8530:26 July 2019 at the 8507:26 July 2019 at the 8400:the Internet Society 8270:on 16 September 2008 8168:Internet World Stats 7577:Updated by RFC 6918. 7117:on 1 November 2016. 6923:Klein, Hans (2004). 6839:Internet World Stats 6299:Réseaux IP Européens 6258:on 10 February 2015. 6180:. 30 November 2013. 5186:6 March 2017 at the 5104:on 26 September 2017 4590:United Arab Emirates 4548: Little or none 4394:Signals intelligence 4290:peer-to-peer lending 3912:Internet pornography 3856:personal information 3652:virtual universities 3378:English in computing 3179:broadcast television 3081:Client-side software 3011:and referenced with 2898:Request for Comments 2810:dot-decimal notation 2733:may be expressed in 2700:most-significant bit 2474:. At the top is the 2011:Asia and the Pacific 1989:Mobile communication 1925:efforts have led to 1451:In developing world 1239:public data networks 1171:, forming the first 872:Business-to-business 167:Virtual volunteering 13890:Main topic articles 13825:American inventions 13291:Johann Philipp Reis 13050:Wireless revolution 13012:The Telephone Cases 12869:Hydraulic telegraph 12490:Amazon Web Services 12312:Amazon Web Services 11882:Common vocabularies 11836:Semantic annotation 11534:Semantic publishing 11351:Advanced capitalism 11037:Cult of personality 10951:Advanced capitalism 10461:2014EIARv..45...63C 10422:. 28 January 2011. 10329:1999Natur.401..130A 10160:OpenNet Initiative 10018:on 7 September 2012 9890:Scientific American 9570:. 460–461: 83–102. 9465:on 10 February 2010 9268:on 27 February 2011 9080:The Washington Post 9041:on 28 January 2013. 9015:. 17 January 2013. 8989:on 11 February 2013 8422:Oxford Dictionaries 8357:", Dictionary.com. 8224:Pew Research Center 7974:17 May 2015 at the 7955:28 May 2015 at the 7803:on 12 February 2020 7631:on 26 October 2020. 7060:on 27 November 2011 6884:2011Sci...332...60H 6719:on 21 November 2011 6583:(4). Archived from 6075:on 7 February 2020. 6018:on 21 January 2013. 5947:2001EnPlB..28...39T 5833:on 27 January 2016. 5806:on 3 September 2011 5794:Peter, Ian (2004). 5691:on 6 September 2017 5673:on 6 September 2017 5306:(Online ed.). 5132:The Living Internet 4991:The Washington Post 4696:Internet censorship 4614:data transfer rates 4488:Internet censorship 4251:Internet censorship 4185:Internet censorship 4065:and the decline of 4055:economic inequality 4008:Electronic business 4003:Electronic business 3702:(later forked into 3163:display advertising 3089:office applications 2927:mobile applications 2072:'s Free Basics and 1681:, an agency of the 1560:Internet governance 1468:In developed world 1397: 1294:Steady advances in 1203:as a shorthand for 1193:Stanford University 1053:computer scientists 812:Internet television 669:network of networks 449:Internet portal 389:Oldest domain names 32:The Internet (band) 13855:Telecommunications 13845:Digital technology 13489:Frequency-division 13466:Telephone exchange 13336:Charles Wheatstone 13266:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 13241:Innocenzo Manzetti 13176:Reginald Fessenden 12911:Optical telegraphy 12744:Telecommunications 12447:SAP Cloud Platform 12156:Structured storage 11630:Digital humanities 11519:Semantic computing 11509:Semantic analytics 11493:Rule-based systems 11272:Semiotic democracy 11196:Civil disobedience 11108:Media manipulation 11098:Crowd manipulation 11021:Tabloid journalism 10935:Media transparency 10913:Media independence 10827:24-hour news cycle 10758:10.5406/jj.4116455 10580:. Deutsche Welle. 10565:on 10 August 2014. 10509:on 1 October 2014. 10396:on 28 January 2011 10215:"Internet Enemies" 10173:"Country Profiles" 10142:on 1 November 2018 9926:on 25 October 2008 9490:The New York Times 9318:The New York Times 9206:"WikiStats by S23" 8816:on 7 November 2015 7993:9 May 2020 at the 7919:(2 October 2017). 7142:on 21 April 2019. 6587:on 17 August 2013. 6508:on 5 January 2010. 6474:Berners-Lee, Tim. 6249:Merit Network, Inc 5648:(MIT Press, 1963) 5398:The New York Times 4934:OpenNet Initiative 4910:Capitalization of 4872:Internet metaphors 4726:personal computers 4618:emergent phenomena 4566: 4446:and VoIP traffic. 4444:broadband Internet 4229:The New York Times 4215: 4157:strategic planning 4129:conference calling 3924:multiplayer gaming 3892:social experiments 3884:Internet filtering 3719:Content management 3673:informal education 3660:distance education 3620: 3599: 3568: 3491:online communities 3427: 3408: 3396: 3333:video conferencing 3289:digital signatures 3221:Internet telephony 3190:content management 3171:mobile advertising 3169:advertising), and 2993: 2935:Internet telephony 2903:Internet Standards 2678: 2662:peering agreements 2610:Domain Name System 2591: 2566: 2545: 1999: 1874:cellular telephone 1844:Common methods of 1793:fiber-optic cables 1782: 1753: 1580:The Internet is a 1578: 1393: 1384:OP Financial Group 1313:Cornell University 1300:optical networking 1292: 1163:research group at 1132:University of Utah 1130:, followed by the 1111:, an experimental 1061:J. C. R. Licklider 1049: 896:Domain Name System 876:financial services 808:Internet telephone 682:optical networking 654:of interconnected 577:Metropolitan (MAN) 232:Domain Name System 122:Internet phenomena 13880:Transport systems 13802: 13801: 13540:Store and forward 13535:Data transmission 13449:Network switching 13400:Transmission line 13246:Guglielmo Marconi 13211:Internet pioneers 13076:Mohamed M. Atalla 13045:Whistled language 12710: 12709: 12362:Google App Engine 12161:Virtual appliance 12020:Data as a service 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11873:Facebook Platform 11760: 11759:(no W3C standard) 11752: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11696: 11660:Web Science Trust 11580:Description logic 11539:Semantic reasoner 11529:Semantic matching 11457:Semantic networks 11384: 11383: 11310:Freedom of speech 11128:Theodor W. Adorno 11116: 11115: 11103:Managing the news 10923:Freedom of speech 10903:Media development 10867:News broadcasting 10847:Independent media 10832:Alternative media 10749:978-0-252-04499-1 10730:978-1-4051-9686-4 10673:978-0-262-01172-3 10608:The Shift Project 10547:978-1-4503-1059-8 10313:(6749): 130–131. 10255:978-0-262-51435-4 10203:on 12 March 2014. 9536:Andriole, Steve. 9522:978-0-7897-2132-7 9375:978-1-4214-0568-1 9348:978-0-262-29072-2 9212:on 25 August 2014 9118:978-2-84426-314-8 8935:978-0-393-07222-8 8916:Carr, Nicholas G. 8871:978-0-415-56074-0 8846:978-0-06-241604-9 8797:on 25 April 2006. 8618:978-0-262-35645-9 8568:on 9 August 2014. 8561:978-0-521-69464-3 8458:978-0-8194-5606-9 8328:978-1-60005-132-6 8296:on 2 October 2009 8252:on 20 March 2009. 7925:Our World in Data 7898:978-3-8365-1448-4 7711:on 4 October 2014 7621:"Default Gateway" 7525:on 7 January 2010 7282:Researchictafrica 7009:978-0-262-01459-5 6961:978-1-4051-8169-3 6952:Digital Media Law 6820:978-0-13-233553-9 6805:The Internet book 6745:on 4 October 2008 6688:on 23 August 2019 6673:978-1-4244-3831-0 6086:Leiner, Barry M. 6050:10.1109/85.759368 5997:978-1-84542-675-0 5858:978-0-684-83267-8 5768:978-0-8179-1596-4 5726:978-0-8186-7706-9 5654:978-0-262-03008-3 5607:10.1109/85.145316 5314:(Subscription or 5164:978-0-7394-7809-7 5033:978-0-901805-94-2 4961:Amogh Dhamdhere. 4938:child pornography 4769:The Shift Project 4759:transmitters and 4716:electricity usage 4700:Internet in Egypt 4684:Internet blackout 4657: 4656: 4598:child pornography 4554: 4553: 4534: Substantial 4430:tool, but not an 4398:Mass surveillance 4311:Internet security 4224:Internet activism 4189:Mass surveillance 4173:English Knowledge 4075:income inequality 3966:Cybersectarianism 3731:computer security 3724:computer literacy 3712:instant messaging 3667:enablers of both 3627:. Mobile phones, 3564:Our World in Data 3487:actively involved 3425: 3243:networks provide 3207:email attachments 3097:Internet research 3037:Internet Explorer 2860:routing protocols 2856:direct IP packets 2548:Internet protocol 2507:Internet Protocol 2476:application layer 2444: 2443: 2095:Application layer 1876:technology (e.g. 1864:or copper wires, 1548:telecommunication 1531:discussion forums 1519:instant messaging 1494:, exemplified by 1484: 1483: 1346:and could access 1248:(NSF) funded the 1229:design. National 968:as a capitalized 959:computer networks 917:New Seven Wonders 840:instant messaging 785:commercialization 672:that consists of 656:computer networks 640: 639: 483: 482: 334:Instant messaging 252:Internet Protocol 162:Virtual community 59:visualization of 13897: 13792: 13791: 13782: 13781: 13772: 13771: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13633:Notable networks 13623:Wireless network 13563:Cellular network 13555:Types of network 13530:Computer network 13417:Network topology 13331:Thomas A. Watson 13186:Oliver Heaviside 13171:Philo Farnsworth 13146:Daniel Davis Jr. 13121:Charles Bourseul 13081:John Logie Baird 12790:Data compression 12785:Computer network 12737: 12730: 12723: 12714: 12713: 12698: 12697: 12686: 12685: 12630:Safe Swiss Cloud 11994: 11987: 11980: 11971: 11970: 11755: 11748: 11741: 11734: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11692: 11673: 11672: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11356:Culture industry 11325:Social influence 11278:The Lonely Crowd 11221:Political satire 11186:Call-out culture 11163:Jacques Rancière 11158:Marshall McLuhan 11133:Jean Baudrillard 11077:Viral phenomenon 11011:Public relations 10984: 10983: 10857:Mainstream media 10842:Electronic media 10806: 10799: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10760: 10734: 10677: 10665: 10640: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10610:. 10 July 2019. 10600: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10558:. Archived from 10527: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10505:. Archived from 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10477: 10446: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10365:. 6 April 2011. 10355: 10349: 10348: 10322: 10320:cond-mat/9907038 10302: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10258:. Archived from 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10219: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10189: 10183: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10141: 10130: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10076:. Archived from 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10017: 10010: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9922:. 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Archived from 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8957:Oxford Economics 8954: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8793:. Archived from 8782: 8776: 8775: 8770:. Archived from 8759: 8753: 8752: 8747:. Archived from 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8564:. Archived from 8545: 8539: 8522: 8516: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8424:. Archived from 8414: 8408: 8407: 8402:. Archived from 8391: 8385: 8384: 8372: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8199:on 26 April 2012 8185: 8176: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8125:on 19 March 2017 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8070:. January 2018. 8065: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8004: 7998: 7985: 7979: 7966: 7960: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7643:"IETF Home Page" 7639: 7633: 7632: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7584: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7565:10.17487/RFC0950 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7524: 7518:. Archived from 7517: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7491:10.17487/RFC8200 7468: 7462: 7461: 7452: 7450:10.17487/RFC2460 7431: 7425: 7424: 7415: 7413:10.17487/RFC1883 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7367: 7361: 7344: 7335: 7333:10.17487/RFC0791 7310: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7290: 7279: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7239: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7203:on 11 March 2019 7193: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7167:. UNESCO. 2018. 7166: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7020: 7014: 7013: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6983:. Archived from 6972: 6966: 6965: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6935:. Archived from 6920: 6914: 6913: 6895: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6808: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6684:. Archived from 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6631:on 17 April 2017 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6504:. Archived from 6494: 6488: 6487: 6482:. Archived from 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6409:10.17487/RFC2235 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6354:on 4 March 2016. 6353: 6347:. Archived from 6346: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6276:. Archived from 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6251:. Archived from 6246: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6094:. Archived from 6092:Internet Society 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6068:. Archived from 6035: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5906:. 23 July 2013. 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5829:. Archived from 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5802:. Archived from 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5761:. Hoover Press. 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5735: 5718: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5663: 5657: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5366: 5364:10.17487/RFC0675 5344: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5311: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5244:10.17487/RFC4677 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5204:. Archived from 5197: 5191: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5134:. Archived from 5123: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5100:. Archived from 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084:internetworking. 5080: 5078: 5073:on 29 March 2019 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4958: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4906: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4765:Internet traffic 4753:optical switches 4667:Internet traffic 4639: 4638: 4631: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4492:Internet freedom 4436:traffic analysis 4420:computer network 4329:computer viruses 4209:, informing the 4094:Hilton Worldwide 4071:brick and mortar 3989:Nicholas G. Carr 3637:cellular routers 3532: 3514: 3419: 3175:cable television 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2084: 2083: 1805:Internet transit 1795:and governed by 1725:established the 1691:Internet Society 1654:region, and the 1572:neighborhood of 1544:world population 1488:Internet traffic 1398: 1392: 1388:cooperative bank 1358:(later known as 1338:(HTTP) 0.9, the 1290: 1287: 1177:resource sharing 1161:Peter Kirstein's 1113:resource sharing 1081:packet switching 914: 864:brick and mortar 856:small businesses 836:news aggregators 753:resource sharing 717:packet switching 632: 625: 618: 515:Near-field (NFC) 502: 489:Computer network 485: 484: 475: 468: 461: 447: 446: 421: 420: 53: 39: 38: 13905: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13885:Virtual reality 13870:Public services 13805: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13758: 13756: 13748: 13690: 13627: 13549: 13513: 13470: 13419: 13411: 13352: 13345: 13251:Robert Metcalfe 13106:Tim Berners-Lee 13054: 12874:Information Age 12746: 12741: 12711: 12706: 12674: 12625:Rackspace Cloud 12575:Microsoft Azure 12471: 12392:Microsoft Azure 12293: 12175: 12069: 12008:Business models 12003: 12001:Cloud computing 11998: 11968: 11959: 11918: 11877: 11831: 11785: 11664: 11655:Web engineering 11625:Digital library 11563: 11544:Semantic search 11524:Semantic mapper 11514:Semantic broker 11497: 11466: 11420: 11415: 11385: 11380: 11366:Media franchise 11339: 11283: 11245: 11201:Culture jamming 11167: 11153:Walter Lippmann 11112: 11081: 11025: 10975: 10939: 10930:Media pluralism 10891: 10815: 10810: 10776:Living Internet 10767: 10750: 10731: 10684: 10682:Further reading 10674: 10651:, 202, UNESCO. 10633: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10587: 10585: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10548: 10525: 10519: 10515: 10495: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10444: 10438: 10431: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10303: 10299: 10289: 10287: 10272: 10271: 10267: 10262:on 4 June 2011. 10256: 10240: 10236: 10231:on 3 July 2017. 10228: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10208: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10180:Wayback Machine 10169:Wayback Machine 10159: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10080:on 7 April 2010 10066: 10062: 10052: 10050: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9974: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9957: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9916:"CALEA Archive" 9914: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9866: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9834: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9808: 9804: 9769: 9765: 9720: 9716: 9706: 9704: 9689: 9685: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9594: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9505: 9501: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9451: 9447: 9436: 9432: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9333: 9329: 9310: 9306: 9300:on 5 July 2012. 9297: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9215: 9213: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9173: 9169: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9103: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9072: 9068: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8975: 8971: 8966:on 6 July 2014. 8963: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8806: 8802: 8783: 8779: 8760: 8756: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8659: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8562: 8546: 8542: 8532:Wayback Machine 8523: 8519: 8509:Wayback Machine 8500: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8459: 8445: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8428:on 13 June 2015 8416: 8415: 8411: 8406:on 4 June 2007. 8392: 8388: 8383:on 4 June 2011. 8373: 8369: 8363:Wayback Machine 8352: 8348: 8338: 8336: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8151:Wayback Machine 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7995:Wayback Machine 7986: 7982: 7976:Wayback Machine 7967: 7963: 7957:Wayback Machine 7948: 7944: 7934: 7932: 7913:Ritchie, Hannah 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891:. p. 518. 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7793: 7789: 7774: 7770: 7759:Popular Science 7751: 7747: 7742:(817): 218–221. 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7585: 7581: 7548:(August 1985). 7544:Jeffrey Mogul; 7542: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7469: 7465: 7432: 7428: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7370:Huston, Geoff. 7368: 7364: 7311: 7304: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7010: 6996: 6992: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6948: 6944: 6939:on 24 May 2013. 6921: 6917: 6878:(6025): 60–65. 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6845:on 23 June 2011 6833: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6782:on 14 June 2007 6779: 6772: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6674: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6486:on 5 June 1997. 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6365:Clarke, Roger. 6363: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6213: 6209: 6195: 6193: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6155: 6124: 6118: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6098:on 9 April 2016 6084: 6080: 6072: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5982: 5978: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5842: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5432: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5390: 5379: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5276:on 15 July 2010 5264: 5263: 5259: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5208:on 19 June 2014 5198: 5194: 5188:Wayback Machine 5176: 5172: 5165: 5157:. p. 312. 5147: 5143: 5138:on 2 July 2014. 5124: 5120: 5107: 5105: 5094: 5090: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5000: 4998: 4993:. 30 May 2015. 4985: 4984: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4821: 4814: 4809:Internet portal 4807: 4800: 4797: 4790: 4776: 4712: 4680: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4610: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4542: Selective 4539: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4528: Pervasive 4525: 4517: 4504: 4498:Culture of fear 4494: 4486:Main articles: 4484: 4400: 4390: 4384: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4274: 4265:public services 4232:suggested that 4195: 4181: 4145: 4114: 4102:Avis Rent a Car 4044:digital economy 4005: 3940:online gambling 3916:online gambling 3908:Internet forums 3776: 3770: 3749:cloud computing 3696:Mozilla Firefox 3613: 3610: 3592: 3589: 3578: 3570:Main articles: 3561: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3503:digital citizen 3418: 3384: 3370: 3346: 3300:Streaming media 3254: 3245:Internet access 3215:email addresses 3199: 3045:Mozilla Firefox 2981:Tim Berners-Lee 2969: 2963: 2945:services. Most 2943:streaming media 2923:electronic mail 2911: 2888: 2872:default gateway 2848: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2814: 2800:, which is the 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2716:host identifier 2670: 2650:IPv6 deployment 2638: 2618: 2583: 2550: 2505:implements the 2495:transport layer 2440: 2260:Transport layer 2082: 2007:Mobile Internet 1991: 1846:Internet access 1842: 1828:, and the UK's 1789:tier 1 networks 1774: 1762:internetworking 1745: 1735: 1658:(RIPE NCC) for 1562: 1556: 1539:online shopping 1492:MOS transistors 1356:server software 1350:newsgroups and 1324:Tim Berners-Lee 1322:Later in 1990, 1298:technology and 1288: 1122:(UCLA) and the 1041: 1033:Main articles: 1031: 1005:. However, the 935: 933:internetworking 925: 912: 852:Online shopping 844:Internet forums 820:video streaming 731:(DARPA) of the 725:internetworking 698:electronic mail 636: 545:Wireless (WLAN) 492: 479: 441: 436: 435: 412: 404: 403: 379: 371: 370: 292: 284: 283: 227: 217: 216: 182: 172: 171: 72: 64: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13903: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13786: 13776: 13766: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13637: 13635: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13559: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13484:Space-division 13480: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13407: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13363: 13357: 13355: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13321:Camille Tissot 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13296:Claude Shannon 13293: 13288: 13286:Tivadar Puskás 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13256:Antonio Meucci 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13226:Charles K. Kao 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13201:Harold Hopkins 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13101:Emile Berliner 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13040:Videotelephony 13037: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13015: 13008: 13003: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12943: 12938: 12936:Radiotelephone 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12822:Internet video 12814: 12813: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12740: 12739: 12732: 12725: 12717: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12692: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12481: 12479: 12477:Infrastructure 12473: 12472: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12427:PythonAnywhere 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12337:Cocaine (PaaS) 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12301: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12224: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12141:Personal cloud 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12081:Cloud database 12077: 12075: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12011: 12009: 12005: 12004: 11997: 11996: 11989: 11982: 11974: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11685: 11679: 11677: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11568:Related topics 11565: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11462:World Wide Web 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11391: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11191:Cancel culture 11188: 11183: 11177: 11175: 11173:Counterculture 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11138:Edward Bernays 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11093:Catch and kill 11089: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11072:Sensationalism 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10961:Bipartisanship 10958: 10956:American Dream 10953: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10910: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10816: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10765:External links 10763: 10762: 10761: 10748: 10735: 10729: 10712: 10704: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10672: 10652: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10595: 10568: 10546: 10513: 10489: 10429: 10407: 10388:Cowie, James. 10380: 10350: 10297: 10265: 10254: 10234: 10206: 10184: 10153: 10117: 10091: 10060: 10029: 9997: 9967: 9937: 9907: 9876: 9850: 9828: 9802: 9763: 9734:(2): 109–125. 9714: 9683: 9642: 9604: 9554: 9528: 9521: 9499: 9476: 9445: 9430: 9401:(1): 265–283. 9381: 9374: 9354: 9347: 9327: 9304: 9279: 9253: 9236:Alexa Internet 9223: 9197: 9167: 9140:(2): 129–145. 9124: 9117: 9097: 9066: 9044: 9022: 9000: 8969: 8941: 8934: 8907: 8877: 8870: 8852: 8845: 8827: 8800: 8777: 8754: 8731: 8702: 8669: 8636: 8617: 8597: 8571: 8560: 8540: 8517: 8494: 8464: 8457: 8451:. SPIE Press. 8439: 8409: 8386: 8367: 8346: 8327: 8307: 8281: 8255: 8233: 8210: 8177: 8155: 8136: 8110: 8080: 8052: 8025: 7999: 7980: 7961: 7942: 7904: 7897: 7874: 7844: 7814: 7787: 7768: 7745: 7722: 7690: 7660: 7634: 7625:techopedia.com 7612: 7579: 7536: 7504: 7463: 7426: 7389: 7362: 7302: 7265: 7251: 7214: 7185: 7148: 7123: 7098: 7071: 7045: 7015: 7008: 6990: 6967: 6960: 6942: 6915: 6856: 6826: 6819: 6793: 6764:Coffman, K.G; 6756: 6730: 6699: 6672: 6642: 6616: 6590: 6563: 6537: 6511: 6489: 6466: 6455:on 25 May 2017 6440: 6422: 6384: 6357: 6333: 6303: 6291: 6280:on 8 June 2023 6261: 6232: 6225: 6207: 6165: 6135:(5): 637–648. 6109: 6078: 6021: 6003: 5996: 5976: 5921: 5891: 5864: 5857: 5836: 5817: 5786: 5767: 5747: 5725: 5702: 5658: 5635: 5581: 5552: 5522: 5496: 5465: 5423: 5377: 5336: 5322: 5287: 5257: 5219: 5192: 5170: 5163: 5141: 5118: 5088: 5058: 5042: 5032: 5012: 4975: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4925: 4916: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4877:Internet video 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4812: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4774: 4721:kilowatt hours 4711: 4708: 4679: 4676: 4672:Tier 1 network 4665:The volume of 4659: 4655: 4654: 4643: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624:Traffic volume 4622: 4609: 4606: 4582:Mainland China 4557: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4502:Great Firewall 4483: 4480: 4416:Packet capture 4386:Main article: 4383: 4380: 4333:computer worms 4321: 4318: 4309:Main article: 4306: 4303: 4273: 4270: 4259:is the use of 4243:notion of the 4180: 4177: 4144: 4141: 4133:videotelephony 4113: 4110: 4059:digital divide 4018:: purchasing, 4004: 4001: 3769: 3766: 3753:remote desktop 3710:chat room, an 3700:OpenOffice.org 3656:Google Scholar 3605: 3584: 3576:Digital divide 3555: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3462:Latin alphabet 3454:world language 3414: 3369: 3366: 3345: 3342: 3281:authentication 3253: 3250: 3198: 3195: 3101:search engines 2967:World Wide Web 2965:Main article: 2962: 2961:World Wide Web 2959: 2910: 2907: 2887: 2884: 2852:routing tables 2847: 2844: 2771:198.51.100.255 2731:routing prefix 2708:routing prefix 2704:network number 2669: 2666: 2637: 2634: 2617: 2614: 2582: 2579: 2549: 2546: 2503:Internet layer 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2310:Internet layer 2306: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2074:Knowledge Zero 1990: 1987: 1909:online payment 1886:Internet cafés 1841: 1838: 1773: 1770: 1734: 1733:Infrastructure 1731: 1640:Pacific region 1618:(AfriNIC) for 1582:global network 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1504:MOS technology 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1378:was the first 1374:and Alternet. 1326:began writing 1071:(IPTO) at the 1051:In the 1960s, 1030: 1027: 1007:World Wide Web 994:World Wide Web 943:interconnected 924: 921: 915:s list of the 766:World Wide Web 741:United Kingdom 694:World Wide Web 688:documents and 658:that uses the 638: 637: 635: 634: 627: 620: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 585: 584: 574: 569: 564: 559: 558: 557: 552: 550:Virtual (VLAN) 547: 542: 532: 527: 525:Personal (PAN) 522: 517: 512: 504: 503: 495: 494: 481: 480: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 452: 451: 438: 437: 434: 433: 426: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366: 359:World Wide Web 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 305: 304: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 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13282: 13279: 13277: 13276:Radia Perlman 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13166:Lee de Forest 13164: 13162: 13161:Thomas Edison 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13151:Donald Davies 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13136:Claude Chappe 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12980:Smoke signals 12978: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12958:Semiconductor 12956: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12817:Digital media 12815: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12738: 12733: 12731: 12726: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12703: 12702: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12485:Alibaba Cloud 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12332:Cloud Foundry 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12307:Alibaba Cloud 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12106:Dew computing 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12091:Cloud storage 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11781:Semantic HTML 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Semantic wiki 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11407: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:Mediatization 11265: 11263: 11262:Media studies 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11241:Strike action 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Demonstration 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10971:Pensée unique 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10837:Digital media 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10813:Media culture 10807: 10802: 10800: 10795: 10793: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10675: 10669: 10664: 10663: 10657: 10656:Abbate, Janet 10653: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10508: 10504: 10503:New Scientist 10500: 10493: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10434: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10337:10.1038/43601 10334: 10330: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10301: 10285: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10248:. MIT Press. 10247: 10246: 10238: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10210: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10157: 10138: 10134: 10133:Freedom House 10127: 10121: 10112: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10033: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9880: 9865: 9861: 9854: 9839: 9838:"Kiểm tra ip" 9832: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9679: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9558: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9524: 9518: 9513: 9512: 9503: 9495: 9492:. p. 6. 9491: 9487: 9480: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9449: 9441: 9434: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9371: 9368:. JHU Press. 9367: 9366: 9358: 9350: 9344: 9341:. MIT Press. 9340: 9339: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9296: 9289: 9283: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8945: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8640: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8611:. MIT Press. 8610: 8609: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8544: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8140: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8056: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7946: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7736:New Scientist 7733: 7726: 7707: 7700: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7587:Fisher, Tim. 7583: 7574: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7500: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7422: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7255: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7170: 7163: 7162: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7086: 7083:. Bloomberg. 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6797: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6410: 6405: 6402:. p. 8. 6401: 6397: 6396: 6388: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6226:0-8306-3755-9 6222: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178:The Economist 6175: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6071: 6067: 6063: 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2480:client–server 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450:(also called 2449: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2038:Chatham House 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:Google Chrome 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947:San Francisco 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:coaxial cable 1855: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1772:Service tiers 1769: 1767: 1766:heterogeneous 1763: 1759: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:organizations 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:DNS root zone 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Latin America 1646:(LACNIC) for 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:North America 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521:, telephony ( 1520: 1515: 1514:performance. 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362:), the first 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:semiconductor 1283: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1262:supercomputer 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:Merit Network 1139: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:Donald Davies 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:web resources 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 983: 982: 977: 976: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 934: 930: 920: 918: 911: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 883: 881: 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12181:Applications 12120: 12101:Data centers 12074:Technologies 11858:Microformats 11797:Common Logic 11502:Applications 11441: 11418:Semantic Web 11371:Post-Fordism 11361:Mass society 11330:Transparency 11276: 11143:Noam Chomsky 11121:Philosophers 11067:Recuperation 11052:Media circus 11042:Dumbing down 10908:Media policy 10882:Social media 10739: 10716: 10707: 10689:First Monday 10688: 10661: 10647: 10643:free content 10616:. 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