292:
1295:
2426:. The endings are multiple. Their use depends on time and place. Any paradigm selected would be subject to these constraints and if applied to the language universally would give false constructs, hypothetical words not attested in the Old Latin corpus. Nevertheless, the endings are shown below by quasi-classical paradigms. Alternate endings from different stages of development are given, but they may not be attested for the word of the paradigm. For example, in the second declension, *
654:, Breslau, 1889, sets the later limit at 75 BC. A definite date is really impossible, since archaic Latin does not terminate abruptly, but continues even down to imperial times." Bennett's own date of 100 BC did not prevail; rather Bell's 75 BC became the standard as expressed in the four-volume Loeb Library and other major compendia. Over the 377 years from 452 to 75 BC, Old Latin evolved from texts partially comprehensible by classicists with study to being easily read by scholars.
7374:
43:
663:
701:
723:
survive from that early date. The imprecision of archaeological dating makes it impossible to assign a year to any one inscription, but the earliest survivals are probably from the 6th century BC. Some texts, however, that survive as fragments in the works of classical authors, had to have been composed earlier than the republic, in the time of the
3522:
Personal pronouns are among the most common thing found in Old Latin inscriptions. In all three persons, the ablative singular ending is identical to the accusative singular. In
Classical Latin, "ego" can be pronounced with both long and short final vowel, thus pointing at two versions of the pronoun
1281:
Old Latin is thought to have had a strong stress on the first syllable of a word until about 250 BC. All syllables other than the first were unstressed and were subjected to greater amounts of phonological weakening. Starting around that year, the
Classical Latin stress system began to develop. It
679:
3219:
For a consonant declension, in the nominative singular, the -s was affixed directly to the stem consonant, but the combination of the two consonants produced modified nominatives over the Old Latin period. The case appears in different stages of modification in different words diachronically. The
3211:
This declension contains nouns that are masculine, feminine, and neuter. The stem ends in the root consonant, except in the special case where it ends in -i (i-stem declension). The i-stem, which is a vowel-stem, partly fused with the consonant-stem in the pre-Latin period and went further in Old
722:
Many texts placed by various methods (painting, engraving, embossing) on their original media survive just as they were except for the ravages of time. Some of these were copied from other inscriptions. No inscription can be older than the introduction of the Greek alphabet into Italy but none
2437:
The locative was a separate case in Old Latin but gradually became reduced in function, and the locative singular form eventually merged with the genitive singular by regular sound change. In the plural, the locative was captured by the ablative case in all Italic languages before Old Latin.
3880:
There is little evidence of the inflection of Old Latin verb forms and the few surviving inscriptions hold many inconsistencies between forms. Therefore, the forms below are ones that are both proved by scholars through Old Latin inscriptions, and recreated by scholars based on other early
718:
Old Latin authored works began in the 3rd century BC. These are complete or nearly complete works under their own name surviving as manuscripts copied from other manuscripts in whatever script was current at the time. There are also fragments of works quoted in other authors.
606:
Although the differences are striking and can be easily identified by Latin readers, they are not such as to cause a language barrier. Latin speakers of the empire had no reported trouble understanding Old Latin, except for the few texts that must date from the time of the
396:
The use of "old", "early" and "archaic" has been standard in publications of Old Latin writings since at least the 18th century. The definition is not arbitrary, but the terms refer to spelling conventions and word forms not generally found in works written under the
3216:. Mixed-stem declensions are partly like consonant-stem and partly like i-stem. Consonant-stem declensions vary slightly depending on which consonant is root-final: stop-, r-, n-, s-, etc. The paradigms below include a stop-stem (reg-) and an i-stem (igni-).
2961:, by some sort of analogy with other declensions. Sihler (1995) notes that this form appears in literature only in pronouns and suggests that inscriptional examples added to nouns may be artificial (i.e. not reflecting actual pronunciation).
641:
There is no sharp distinction between Old Latin, as it was spoken for most of the
Republic, and Classical Latin, but the earlier grades into the latter. The end of the republic was too late a termination for compilers after Wordsworth;
4199:
with dialog in a reconstructed version of Old Latin. The linguists have had to make concessions for ease of filming and not going too much against the expectations of viewers. For example, the character of the Lady of the Wolves is
2422:, or listing of all the cases of a typical word. This method is less often applied to Old Latin, and with less validity. In contrast to Classical Latin, Old Latin reflects the evolution of the language from an ancestor spoken in
2395:. Consonant stems are the root (roots end in consonants). The combination of the last letter of the stem and the case ending often results in an ending also called a case ending or termination. For example, the stem
4314:
637:
crossed into Greece; that is, in 508 BC) that "the ancient Roman language differs so much from the modern that it can only be partially made out, and that after much application by the most intelligent men".
2593:
In the genitive singular, the -s was replaced with -ī from the second declension, the resulting diphthong shortening to -ai subsequently becoming -ae. The original form is maintained in some formulas, e.g.
1198:. The writing conventions varied by time and place until classical conventions prevailed. A part of old inscriptions, texts in the original writing system have been lost or transcribed by later copyists.
2387:, with an ending, or suffix, showing its use in the sentence: subject, predicate, etc. A case for a given word is formed by suffixing a case ending to a part of the word common to all its cases called a
471:, along with others, noted that the language he used every day, presumably upper-class city Latin, included lexical items and phrases that were heirlooms from a previous time, which he called
603:
used this definition: "By Early Latin I understand Latin of the whole period of the
Republic, which is separated very strikingly, both in tone and in outward form, from that of the Empire."
3264:
The stems of the nouns of the u-declension end in ŭ and are masculine, feminine and neuter. In addition there is a ū-stem declension, which contains only a few "isolated" words, such as
526:
560 – 636) reports a classification scheme that had come into existence in or before his time: "the four Latins" ("Moreover, some people have said that there are four Latin languages";
2611:
In the ablative singular, -d was regularly lost after a long vowel. In the dative and ablative plural, the -abos descending from Indo-European *-ābhos is used for feminines only (
296:
Expansion of the Roman
Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the green area, and other languages were spoken even within it.
3708:
In Old Latin, the relative pronoun is also another common concept, especially in inscriptions. The forms are quite inconsistent and leave much to be reconstructed by scholars.
911:
2582:
usually end in -ā and are typically feminine. A nominative case ending of -s in a few masculines indicates the nominative singular case ending may have been originally -s:
869:
917:
808:
2625:, so Roma, which is singular, and Syracusae, which is plural, have been substituted. The locative plural has already merged with the -eis form of the ablative.
5540:
4273:
2391:. Stems are classified by their last letters as vowel or consonant. Vowel stems are formed by adding a suffix to a shorter and more ancient segment called a
891:
7394:
518:
period, when
Classical Latin was behind them, Latin- and Greek-speaking grammarians were faced with multiple phases, or styles, within the language.
1714:
Old Latin often had different short vowels from
Classical Latin, reflecting sound changes that had not yet taken place. For example, the very early
1217:
Some differences between old and classical Latin were of spelling only; pronunciation is thought to be essentially the same as in classical Latin:
880:
850:
727:. These are listed below. Some authors, especially in recent texts, refer to the oldest Latin documents (7th–5th c. BCE) as Very Old Latin (VOL).
5427:
630:
5969:
1091:
2833:
Likewise, the sound changes -os > -us and -ōm > -om > -um affect the nominative and accusative singular, and the genitive plural.
2418:
textbooks the declensions are named from the letter ending the stem or First, Second, etc. to Fifth. A declension may be illustrated by a
6011:
5999:
875:
6058:
1116:
5088:
Edited by Wim
Verbaal, Yanick Maes, and Jan Papy, 17–29. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History 144. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
1262:
These differences did not necessarily run concurrently with each other and were not universal; that is, c was used for both c and g.
2236:. Lloyd, Sturtevant, and Kent make this argument based on misspellings in early inscriptions, the fact that many instances of Latin
5974:
7399:
7346:
5984:
5215:
3250:
In the ablative singular, the -d was lost after 200 BC. In the dative and ablative plural, the early poets sometimes used -būs.
7291:
5979:
5713:
7261:
6086:
5613:
5026:
7351:
7226:
6379:
2618:
The vocative singular had inherited short -a. This later merged with the nominative singular when -ā was shortened to -ă.
5932:
2150:
2124:
1073:
314:
5190:, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
5112:
Innsbrucker Beiträge zur
Sprachwissenschaft 75. Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Univ. Innsbruck.
3220:
Latin neuter form (not shown) is the Indo-European nominative without stem ending; for example, cor < *cord "heart".
5603:
4189:
902:
7271:
6031:
5598:
5593:
5569:
5420:
4923:
4412:
Weiss, M. (2020). Outline of the
Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, 2nd ed. Beech Stave: Ann Arbor. Pp. 24.
864:
625:(who according to tradition reigned from 715 to 673 BC), was not entirely clear (and remains so). On the other hand,
3231:. In the genitive plural, some forms appear to affix the case ending to the genitive singular rather than the stem:
7286:
5959:
5608:
5535:
2810:
As mentioned above, the sound change -ei > -ẹ̄ > -ī leads to many variations, including the reverse spelling
4288:
2605:
In the dative singular the final i is either long or short. The ending becomes -ae, -a (Feronia) or -e (Fortune).
5552:
5485:
5136:
1391:
1140:
304:
3253:
In the locative singular, the earliest form is like the dative but over the period assimilated to the ablative.
2590:, but the -s tended to get lost. In the nominative plural, -ī replaced original -s as in the genitive singular.
1950:
1884:
6306:
6231:
5989:
5383:
2780:. Classical Latin evidences the development ŏ > ŭ. Nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.
174:
6802:
4677:
Weiss, M. (2020). Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, 2nd ed. Beech Stave: Ann Arbor.
1350:
1177:
1146:
928:
1286:, in which the stress occurred on the fourth last syllable in four-syllable words with all short syllables.
266:
6642:
6246:
5698:
5413:
4274:"Scientists declare the Fibula Praenestina and its inscription to be genuine 'beyond any reasonable doubt'"
2017:
2005:
1550:
1426:
1405:
164:
4307:"Scientists declare the Fibula Prenestina and its inscription to be genuine 'beyond any reasonable doubt'"
2332:
2293:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2200:
2172:
2168:
1649:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1466:
1458:
7341:
7266:
7025:
6081:
5964:
5510:
5208:
2035:
1360:
1337:
224:
7364:
7301:
6965:
6857:
6627:
6399:
6221:
6129:
5994:
5937:
4989:
2136:
1914:
1902:
412:. An analysis done in 2011 declared it to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" and dating from the
2871:) survived in classical Latin "words for coins and measures"; otherwise it was eventually replaced by
7321:
6414:
6369:
6296:
6216:
6164:
6154:
6106:
5453:
5160:
4348:
1976:
688:, "black stone"), one of the oldest known Latin inscriptions, from the 6th century BC; it is written
416:, in the first half of the seventh century BC. Other Old Latin inscriptions dated to either the late
374:
139:
6922:
6832:
6341:
6321:
6316:
6301:
6254:
6194:
6149:
5951:
5172:
4897:
2599:
2176:
1372:
1158:
1103:
1061:
463:) is as old as the concept of Classical Latin – both labels date to at least as early as the late
7409:
7404:
7331:
7311:
7251:
7241:
7231:
6637:
6326:
6226:
6206:
6121:
6111:
5816:
5756:
5736:
5448:
5150:
1928:
1848:
1836:
129:
7336:
7326:
7276:
7256:
7070:
7045:
7010:
6892:
6617:
6264:
6026:
5557:
5201:
5119:
Rev. ed. 4 vols. Loeb Classical Library 294, 314, 329, 359. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
4431:
2932:
2905:
2188:
1134:
1122:
378:
4979:
4436:
7306:
7236:
7060:
6812:
6612:
6607:
6404:
6311:
6236:
6199:
6184:
6159:
6139:
6041:
5036:
4961:
4947:
4933:
3524:
2116:
2095:
2066:
2054:
1648:(e.g. perhaps vs. during the time when both sounds existed). Even after the original vowel
1085:
643:
370:
169:
92:
4525:. Languages of classical antiquity, vol. 5. Bristol, Pa.: Evolution Publishing. p. 204.
629:, a Greek historian of Rome who flourished in the late second century BC, commented on "the
7316:
7281:
6970:
6837:
6737:
6662:
6527:
6490:
5866:
5530:
5377:
5362:
4224:, Old Latin had lots of sibilants, so some had to be substituted to ease the actors' work.
2777:
1862:
1738:
occurred around 150 BC in certain contexts, and many earlier forms are found (e.g. earlier
1202:
413:
6960:
5187:
1707:"people" in a late manuscript of one of the early songs). This eventually also evolved to
8:
7246:
7095:
6897:
6767:
6717:
6036:
5633:
4993:
4951:
4195:
2845:
2784:
1960:
1185:
1164:
1067:
776:
693:
356:
5007:
4868:
490:
using the adjective always meant these remnants of a previous language, which, in Roman
7296:
7020:
6827:
6682:
6622:
6542:
6485:
6349:
5585:
5564:
5330:
4238:
3412:
3286:
2461:
2392:
1715:
1110:
794:
705:
542:
519:
429:
48:
6935:
4937:
282:
6930:
6782:
6537:
6497:
6475:
5683:
5372:
5367:
5298:
5022:
4998:(3rd ed.). New York, Boston, New Orleans, London: University Publishing Company.
4975:
4965:
4919:
2857:
1966:
1829:
1823:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1191:
1017:
945:
195:
310:
291:
7378:
6995:
6955:
6887:
6822:
6747:
6742:
6514:
6437:
6384:
6179:
6174:
6063:
5922:
5871:
5831:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5781:
5703:
5650:
5643:
5628:
5623:
5547:
5475:
5352:
5347:
4233:
3890:
3886:
2939:
2837:
2384:
2087:
1782:
1271:
1079:
836:
762:
755:
667:
503:
409:
386:
382:
134:
4901:
2968:(i.e. have a zero ending) but not necessarily the same as in classical Latin. The
7090:
6902:
6882:
6842:
6777:
6727:
6722:
6597:
6547:
6455:
6289:
6269:
6189:
5638:
5463:
5259:
5103:
Italic Verse: A Study of the Poetic Remains of Old Latin, Faliscan, and Sabellic.
5064:
5060:
5048:
5003:
4911:
3394:
The 'e-stem' declension's morphology matches the Classical language very nearly.
3212:
Latin. I/y and u/w can be treated as either consonants or vowels; hence they are
2776:
The stems of the nouns of the o-declension end in ŏ deriving from the o-grade of
2415:
2048:
1797:
1385:
1152:
1097:
822:
600:
439:
366:
121:
111:
5155:
4523:
A Grammar Of Oscan And Umbrian: With A Collection Of Inscriptions And A Glossary
3256:
In the instrumental singular, the earliest form is an -e during its early days.
2848:, languages such as Vedic Sanskrit, Old Persian, and Homeric Greek) rather than
591:
This scheme persisted with little change for some thousand years after Isidore.
7145:
6787:
6522:
6470:
6442:
6389:
6374:
6354:
6169:
6144:
6101:
6091:
5917:
5891:
5821:
5806:
5771:
5731:
5492:
5285:
4953:
The Latin Language: A Historical Outline of Its Sounds, Inflections, and Syntax
4388:
De Locativi in prisca latinitate vi et usu, dissertatio inauguralis philologica
3882:
2233:
2171:(pronounced ) was preserved up to 350 BC or so, at which point it changed into
1195:
1181:
1128:
1048:
1029:
962:
748:
740:
622:
617:
551:
464:
421:
347:
199:
188:
72:
3523:
possibly from Old Latin; the original form of the pronoun is reconstructed in
1294:
7388:
6677:
6647:
6562:
6096:
6073:
5886:
5741:
5726:
5673:
5480:
5389:
5009:
The Latin language: an historical account of Latin sounds, stems and flexions
4209:
4184:
2608:
In the accusative singular, Latin regularly shortens a vowel before final m.
2204:
1998:
1945:
1895:
1879:
1815:
1319:
1206:
1035:
923:
843:
724:
689:
612:
565:
417:
259:
68:
2818:. This spelling eventually appears in the genitive singular as well, though
7155:
7015:
6460:
6409:
6364:
6359:
6211:
6021:
5907:
5851:
5846:
5618:
5502:
5436:
5357:
5105:
Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.
5091:
3506:
2853:
608:
580:
398:
390:
107:
96:
20:
4743:. Heath's modern language series. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co. p. 89.
2179:). This rhotacism had implications for declension: early classical Latin,
6950:
6572:
6394:
6284:
5678:
5394:
1331:
1314:
684:
425:
4259:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
7175:
7115:
7080:
6872:
6807:
6797:
6692:
6577:
6465:
6048:
6016:
5761:
5688:
5520:
5515:
5272:
3447:
3422:
3316:
3296:
3213:
2579:
2499:
2471:
1418:
1324:
1190:
Old Latin surviving in inscriptions is written in various forms of the
584:
515:
5405:
2615:). *-ais > -eis > -īs is adapted from -ois of the o-declension.
615:(5th century BC) from the early Republic were comprehensible, but the
7205:
7200:
7160:
7085:
7055:
7035:
6912:
6852:
6762:
6712:
6707:
6632:
6592:
6480:
6259:
6134:
5927:
5811:
5786:
5665:
5314:
4221:
4207:
2571:
2388:
2225:
after long vowels or diphthongs; borrowings; or late reconstructions.
491:
275:
240:
42:
678:
7373:
7165:
7150:
7140:
7125:
7040:
7030:
7000:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6877:
6792:
6672:
6657:
6587:
6567:
6557:
6552:
6532:
6331:
5912:
5876:
5766:
5693:
5525:
5066:
Fragments and specimens of early Latin, with Introduction and Notes
4306:
3495:
3485:
3457:
3437:
3376:
3364:
3326:
3309:
2844:(an ending found in several other archaic languages descended from
2556:
2546:
2512:
2486:
2419:
2246:, and the outcomes of the sound in Romance (particularly in Spain).
1004:
662:
634:
626:
443:
322:
3881:
Indo-European languages such as Greek and Italic dialects such as
1749:
Old Latin frequently preserves original PIE thematic case endings
1298:
Diphthong changes from Old Latin (left) to Classical Latin (right)
7185:
7180:
7170:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7065:
7050:
6867:
6862:
6847:
6817:
6772:
6752:
6732:
6687:
6419:
6274:
6053:
5861:
5856:
5746:
5096:
Bronze and Iron: Old Latin Poetry From Its Beginnings to 100 B.C.
4939:
A Latin Grammar: With Appendix for Teachers and Advanced Students
2800:
1283:
1023:
976:
743:(chant put forward in classical times as having been sung by the
561:
318:
5193:
5122:
Warner, R. 1980. "Word Order in Old Latin: Copulative Clauses."
1668:
and began to be used in the spelling of original occurrences of
7195:
7075:
7005:
6945:
6940:
6907:
6667:
6652:
6602:
6582:
6004:
5881:
5776:
4836:
3472:
3349:
2602:), borrowed from the pronouns, began to overtake original -om.
2531:
2423:
990:
710:
674:
language and dated to the first half of the seventh century BC.
546:
499:
468:
434:
64:
3244:
In the dative singular, -ī succeeded -eī and -ē after 200 BC.
2598:. The genitive plural ending -āsōm (classical -ārum following
1684:
in the oldest inscriptions but later on can be spelled either
6980:
6702:
6429:
5721:
5225:
2213:
1695:
In unstressed syllables, *oi and *ai had already merged into
1553:) diphthongs were preserved in stressed syllables, including
744:
671:
650:'Early Latin' is necessarily a somewhat vague term ... Bell,
538:
487:
405:
362:
82:
3247:
In the accusative singular, -em < *-ṃ after a consonant.
7190:
6757:
6697:
6279:
5655:
4771:
4585:
4583:
4442:. USA: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. p. 595.
2787:
the ending: *agros > *agrs > *agers > *agerr >
2575:
2380:
2221:
between vowels are mostly due either to reduction of early
365:
in the period roughly before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of
217:
4916:
Vox Latina—a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
735:
Notable Old Latin fragments with estimated dates include:
321:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5751:
5053:
A grammar of the Latin language from Plautus to Suetonius
4802:
4800:
4798:
1699:
by historic times (except for one possible occurrence of
1282:
passed through at least one intermediate stage, found in
700:
494:, was taken to be much older in fact than it really was.
4708:
4580:
4541:
5055:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan and Co.
4848:
4759:
4568:
4529:
2621:
The locative case would not apply to such a meaning as
1660:
continued to be used for a while, with the result that
1624:
but must have been distinct from the normal long vowel
1082:
Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist
881:
Epitaph of Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus
401:. This article presents some of the major differences.
5080:
Goldberg, Sander M. 2007. "Antiquity's antiquity." In
4795:
4650:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4558:
4556:
4390:. Breslau: typis Grassi, Barthi et soc (W. Friedrich).
4355:
2949:
A number of "provincial texts" have nominative plural
7362:
4626:
4502:
4394:
2155:
2141:
2129:
2100:
2071:
2059:
2040:
2022:
2010:
1981:
1937:
1933:
1919:
1907:
1871:
1867:
1853:
1841:
1431:
1410:
1396:
1377:
1365:
1355:
1342:
528:"Latinas autem linguas quattuor esse quidam dixerunt"
5188:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
2241:
4812:
4783:
4747:
4720:
4680:
4638:
4614:
4595:
4553:
4438:
Collier's encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index
1113:(158 BC – after 91 BC), military officer, historian
4824:
4466:
4446:
4435:
2856:).. This form also appears in the closely related
876:Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 BC)
4988:
4842:
2980:
758:(date from first half of the seventh century BC.)
7386:
2351:. In verb conjugation, the third-person ending -
475:, translated as "the old age/time of language".
1064:(2nd century BC), public officer, epigrammatist
1032:(234–149 BC), orator, historian, topical writer
2964:In the vocative singular, some nouns lose the
2830:, with both spellings in the same inscription.
1757:
1751:
106:Attested since 7th century BC. Developed into
5421:
5209:
1076:(130–87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist
730:
509:
5170:
4918:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4703:A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
2783:Nominative singulars ending in -ros or -ris
846:(traditionally, 449 BC, attested much later)
564:, in which period he placed the laws of the
4215:
4201:
3889:, and which also may be compared to modern
3875:
1125:(2nd and 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist
900:
889:
870:Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
842:The preserved fragments of the laws of the
537:, spoken before the founding of Rome, when
7395:Languages attested from the 7th century BC
5428:
5414:
5216:
5202:
5059:
4866:
4860:
4777:
4714:
4589:
4547:
4455:, p. 8: "There were no such names as
4361:
3771:(according to gender of whatever is owned)
652:De locativi in prisca Latinitate vi et usu
498:, "old-time men", meant the population of
449:
290:
41:
5098:Berkeley: University of California Press.
4867:Gargantini, Gabriele (20 November 2020).
4738:
4697:
4695:
4220:did not have the desired nuances. Before
2884:The nominative/vocative plural masculine
2199:("honor"). Some Old Latin texts preserve
986:–184 BC), dramatist, composer of comedies
16:Latin language in the period before 75 BC
5175:(in German and English). Titus Didactica
3259:
2628:
2250:There are many unreduced clusters, e.g.
1293:
1100:(2nd century BC), public officer, jurist
699:
692:, albeit irregularly; from a rubbing by
677:
661:
454:
381:with possible further relation to other
19:For the "Old Latin" Biblical texts, see
5435:
5043:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
5002:
4960:
4946:
4932:
4806:
4508:
4400:
3389:
2896:appears in a late spelling in the word
2441:
1167:(2nd and 1st centuries BC), rhetorician
315:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7387:
5110:Studies in Archaic Latin inscriptions.
5035:
4981:Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
4692:
4632:
4430:
4421:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XI 4766
3223:The genitive singular endings include
2919:, a merger of PIE instrumental plural
1640:did not. It is generally thought that
1205:(as were Etruscan and early Greek) or
935:
633:", (which he dated to 28 years before
631:first treaty between Rome and Carthage
611:, mainly songs. Thus, the laws of the
573:, essentially equal to Classical Latin
5409:
5197:
5016:
4910:
4896:
4830:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4452:
4271:
4178:
3858:
3634:
3559:
2888:comes from the PIE pronominal ending
2822:is earliest and the true ending; cf.
1779:
1449:
1155:(2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian
1149:(2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian
959:), translator, founder of Roman drama
670:, the earliest known specimen of the
361:'ancient Latinity'), was the
5047:
4974:
4854:
4818:
4789:
4765:
4753:
4726:
4686:
4656:
4644:
4620:
4608:
4574:
4562:
4535:
4520:
4385:
4317:from the original on 19 October 2017
4265:
3517:
3268:, "pig", and is not presented here.
2911:The dative/ablative/locative plural
549:, to which period Isidore dated the
5086:The continuity of Latin literature.
4942:. Boston, Chicago: Allyn and Bacon.
3703:
1106:(2nd century BC), jurist, historian
1074:Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus
1026:(195/185 – 159 BC), comic dramatist
1020:(220 – 168/166 BC), comic dramatist
13:
5074:
4190:The First King: Birth of an Empire
2806:Many alternative spellings occur:
2240:descend from Proto-Indo-European *
1131:(2nd and 1st centuries BC), orator
903:Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus
14:
7421:
5223:
5130:
4984:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
4739:Grandgent, Charles Hall (1908) .
4304:
4272:Maras, Daniele F. (Winter 2012).
2149:
2135:
2123:
2094:
2065:
2053:
2034:
2016:
2004:
1975:
1944:
1927:
1913:
1901:
1878:
1861:
1847:
1835:
1425:
1404:
1390:
1371:
1359:
1349:
1336:
377:is likely a separate branch from
7372:
1201:Old Latin could be written from
1045:), tragic dramatist, philologist
1014:–130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet
4890:
4741:An introduction to vulgar Latin
4732:
4671:
4662:
4514:
4490:
4478:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4147:
4118:
4089:
4062:
4048:
4006:
3977:
3948:
3921:
3907:
2957:from 190 BC on), with an added
2875:by analogy with 1st declension
2335:occurred in ablatives, such as
1676:(e.g. in the genitive singular
1231:Double vowels for long vowels:
1161:(121–67 BC), soldier, historian
1141:Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus
404:The earliest known specimen of
229:Schools of grammar and rhetoric
114:as literary form, around 75 BC.
7400:Latin language in ancient Rome
5384:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
4379:
4367:
4341:
4329:
4298:
4250:
3710:
3533:
2981:Third declension (consonant/i)
2203:in this position, such as the
1221:Single for double consonants:
1212:
1137:(158 BC – after 78 BC), jurist
972:–201 BC), dramatist, epic poet
579:, "mixed" Classical Latin and
560:, dated from the time of king
1:
4843:Gildersleeve & Lodge 1900
4244:
3396:
2984:
2935:and a few early inscriptions.
2852:(an ending appearing only in
2445:
2369:
2217:. Later instances of single
1772:
1178:History of the Latin alphabet
1147:Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius
1052:
1039:
1008:
994:
980:
966:
949:
929:Altar to the Unknown Divinity
854:
826:
812:
798:
784:
766:
523:
6000:Frontiers and fortifications
5161:Resources in other libraries
4995:Gildersleeve's Latin grammar
4521:Buck, Carl Darling (2005) .
4208:
4193:and the 2020–2022 TV series
2430:"fields" is unattested, but
2403:to form the accusative case
1265:
1092:Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi
708:on a trio of three globular
594:
369:. It descends from a common
7:
6059:Decorations and punishments
5171:Gippert, Jost (1994–2001).
4990:Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau
4227:
1094:(2nd century BC), historian
1088:(2nd century BC), historian
912:Vase Inscription from Ardea
198:before it evolved into the
10:
7426:
6966:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
5541:historiography of the fall
5069:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5012:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4992:; Lodge, Gonzalez (1900).
4970:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
4045:Indicative perfect: facio
3904:Indicative present: facio
3768:quoius, quoios, -a, -um/om
2972:alternates regularly with
2242:
2232:sound instead, perhaps in
1730:. A countervailing change
1680:, which is always spelled
1269:
1175:
1117:Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus
751:, approximate date 700 BC)
731:Fragments and inscriptions
510:The four Latins of Isidore
459:The concept of Old Latin (
18:
7347:External wars and battles
7214:
7108:
6921:
6513:
6506:
6428:
6340:
6245:
6120:
6072:
5950:
5900:
5839:
5830:
5712:
5664:
5584:
5501:
5471:
5462:
5444:
5343:
5232:
5156:Resources in your library
4898:Allen, Frederic de Forest
4305:Maras, Daniele Federico.
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3825:
3798:
3780:quoī, queī, quoieī, queī
3779:
3767:
3748:
3721:
3713:
3685:
3682:
3645:
3642:
3479:
3431:
3401:
3399:
3356:
3303:
3300:
3275:
3273:
3139:
3123:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3024:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2836:One very early text, the
2747:
2741:
2678:
2675:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2538:
2450:
2448:
2407:in which the termination
2115:
2086:
2047:
1959:
1822:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1672:that did not evolve from
1632:subsequently merged with
1616:. The intermediate sound
1474:
1451:
1289:
1276:
1171:
657:
621:, probably written under
478:In the classical period,
301:
289:
273:
257:
238:
233:
223:
213:Official language in
211:
206:
185:
157:
118:
102:
88:
78:
60:
40:
35:
30:
5173:"Old Latin Inscriptions"
5115:Warmington, E. H. 1979.
4206:(an allusion to Homer's
4042:Indicative perfect: sum
3901:Indicative present: sum
3876:Old present and perfects
3870:
2946:, representing PIE *-ōi.
2863:In the genitive plural,
2795:"three times" for later
2374:
2343:"from the field", later
1644:was a higher sound than
1600:The Old Latin diphthong
1159:Lucius Cornelius Sisenna
1143:(154–74 BC), philologist
1119:(2nd century BC), jurist
1104:Lucius Coelius Antipater
1062:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
918:Corcolle Altar fragments
809:Castor-Pollux dedication
473:verborum vetustas prisca
110:as colloquial form, and
7342:Roman–Iranian relations
5817:Optimates and populares
5101:Mercado, Angelo. 2012.
5017:Lloyd, Paul M. (1987).
5004:Lindsay, Wallace Martin
4903:Remnants of Early Latin
4869:"Seike Romulos deiksed"
4668:Lindsay (1894), p. 383.
4187:has shot the 2019 film
2434:"peoples" is attested.
2399:receives a case ending
1722:"good", later found as
1194:as it evolved into the
1058:– 103/102 BC), satirist
682:The Forum inscription (
450:Philological constructs
7352:Civil wars and revolts
6618:Sextus Pompeius Festus
6265:Conflict of the Orders
5624:Legislative assemblies
5037:Palmer, Leonard Robert
4962:Bennett, Charles Edwin
4948:Bennett, Charles Edwin
4934:Bennett, Charles Edwin
4386:Bell, Andreas (1889).
4216:
4202:
2933:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2906:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2892:. The original ending
2799:< *tris appears in
2258:, "beast of burden");
2187:; later Classical (by
1299:
1135:Publius Rutilius Rufus
1070:(2nd century BC), poet
1024:Publius Terentius Afer
901:
890:
839:(early 5th century BC)
715:
697:
675:
351:
303:This article contains
51:, one of the earliest
7061:Simplicius of Cilicia
6813:Quintus Curtius Rufus
6042:Siege in Ancient Rome
5651:Executive magistrates
5117:Remains of Old Latin.
5019:From Latin to Spanish
4967:Syntax of Early Latin
4912:Allen, William Sidney
4183:The Italian director
3531:, with a long vowel.
3260:Fourth declension (u)
2629:Second declension (o)
1297:
1086:Lucius Cassius Hemina
703:
681:
665:
644:Charles Edwin Bennett
455:The old-time language
371:Proto-Italic language
175:Proto-Latino-Faliscan
7071:Stephanus Byzantinus
6976:Eusebius of Caesaria
6838:Sidonius Apollinaris
6528:Ammianus Marcellinus
5867:Tribune of the plebs
5378:Latino sine flexione
5363:Ecclesiastical Latin
5021:. Diane Publishing.
4294:on 24 February 2012.
3390:Fifth declension (e)
2942:has dative singular
2923:and locative plural
2778:Indo-European ablaut
2742:campeis < campois
2442:First declension (a)
1744:vetō, vester, versus
1740:votō, voster, vorsus
414:Orientalizing period
7247:Distinguished women
6898:Velleius Paterculus
6738:Nicolaus Damascenus
6718:Marcellus Empiricus
6107:Republican currency
5108:Vine, Brent. 1993.
5082:Latinitas Perennis.
4857:, pp. 198–201.
4768:, pp. 185–193.
4577:, pp. 175–176.
4538:, pp. 174–175.
2915:comes from earlier
2846:Proto-Indo-European
2748:saxeis < saxois
2339:"from the girl" or
2228:Might have been an
1656:, the old spelling
1620:was simply written
1604:evolves in stages:
1551:Proto-Indo-European
1549:Most original PIE (
1446:
1308:
1186:Old Italic alphabet
1165:Quintus Cornificius
1068:Aulus Furius Antias
1030:Marcus Porcius Cato
936:Works of literature
883:(died about 170 BC)
790:under the monarchy)
694:Domenico Comparetti
408:seems to be on the
165:Proto-Indo-European
7021:Phlegon of Tralles
6828:Seneca the Younger
6302:Naming conventions
6032:Personal equipment
5565:Later Roman Empire
5331:Contemporary Latin
5041:The Latin language
4976:Buck, Carl Darling
4956:. Allyn and Bacon.
4659:, pp. 99–100.
4432:Halsey, William D.
4239:Saturnian (poetry)
4179:In popular fiction
4166:(fe)feceront/-erom
2676:campei < campoi
1716:Duenos inscription
1664:came to stand for
1444:
1306:
1300:
1241:q for c before u:
1111:Sempronius Asellio
892:Lex Luci Spoletina
795:Duenos inscription
745:Salian brotherhood
716:
706:Duenos Inscription
698:
676:
520:Isidore of Seville
430:Duenos Inscription
49:Duenos inscription
7360:
7359:
7322:Pontifices maximi
7104:
7103:
6961:Diogenes Laërtius
6783:Pliny the Younger
6538:Asconius Pedianus
6498:Romance languages
6370:Civil engineering
6112:Imperial currency
5985:Political control
5946:
5945:
5580:
5579:
5403:
5402:
5373:Romance languages
5368:Neo-Latin studies
5338:
5337:
5299:Renaissance Latin
5137:Library resources
5126:29, no.1: 251–63.
5028:978-0-87169-173-6
4780:, pp. 67–73.
4487:, pp. 34, 35
4257:"Archaic Latin".
4176:
4175:
4035:
4034:
4022:fac(e/ī)d/-(e/i)t
3868:
3867:
3714:queī, quaī, quod
3701:
3700:
3518:Personal pronouns
3515:
3514:
3387:
3386:
3209:
3208:
2900:(i.e. "poploi" =
2858:Faliscan language
2774:
2773:
2568:
2567:
2359:, e.g. Old Latin
2270:< */leuksnā/;
2164:
2163:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1440:
1439:
1192:Etruscan alphabet
1018:Statius Caecilius
953: 280/260 BC
946:Livius Andronicus
777:Forum inscription
583:, known today as
467:. In that period
360:
329:
328:
311:rendering support
307:phonetic symbols.
225:Regulated by
196:Old Italic script
7417:
7377:
7376:
7368:
7312:Magistri equitum
7227:Cities and towns
7220:
7146:Constantinopolis
6956:Diodorus Siculus
6888:Valerius Maximus
6823:Seneca the Elder
6743:Nonius Marcellus
6511:
6510:
6064:Hippika gymnasia
6027:Infantry tactics
5933:Consular tribune
5923:Magister equitum
5872:Military tribune
5837:
5836:
5797:Pontifex maximus
5792:Princeps senatus
5782:Magister militum
5548:Byzantine Empire
5469:
5468:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5353:Latin literature
5348:History of Latin
5327:
5311:
5257:
5235:
5234:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5070:
5061:Wordsworth, John
5056:
5049:Roby, Henry John
5044:
5032:
5013:
4999:
4985:
4971:
4957:
4943:
4929:
4907:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4593:
4587:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4287:. Archived from
4278:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4234:Italic languages
4219:
4213:
4205:
4037:
4036:
3896:
3895:
3711:
3704:Relative pronoun
3553:himself, herself
3534:
3397:
3271:
3270:
3241:
2985:
2940:Praeneste Fibula
2880:
2838:Lapis Satricanus
2829:
2826:, "of the Roman
2633:
2632:
2446:
2385:grammatical case
2334:
2295:
2278:, "courteous");
2266:, "moon") < *
2245:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2202:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2139:
2127:
2098:
2069:
2057:
2038:
2020:
2008:
2001:
1979:
1969:
1948:
1931:
1917:
1905:
1898:
1882:
1865:
1851:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1811:
1777:
1776:
1726:and still later
1652:had merged with
1651:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1429:
1408:
1394:
1375:
1363:
1353:
1340:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1272:History of Latin
1080:Lucius Pomponius
1057:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
985:
982:
971:
968:
958:
954:
951:
906:
896:(3rd century BC)
895:
865:Scipionum Elogia
859:
856:
837:Lapis Satricanus
831:
828:
817:
814:
803:
800:
789:
786:
781:see illustration
771:
768:
763:Tita Vendia vase
756:Praeneste fibula
668:Praeneste Fibula
649:
525:
504:founding of Rome
480:Prisca Latinitas
461:Prisca Latinitas
410:Praeneste fibula
383:Italic languages
355:
352:prīsca Latīnitās
334:, also known as
294:
285:
269:
252:
243:
191:
124:
45:
28:
27:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7371:
7363:
7361:
7356:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7100:
6936:Aëtius of Amida
6917:
6903:Verrius Flaccus
6883:Valerius Antias
6843:Silius Italicus
6778:Pliny the Elder
6723:Marcus Aurelius
6598:Cornelius Nepos
6548:Aurelius Victor
6502:
6424:
6336:
6270:Secessio plebis
6241:
6116:
6068:
5942:
5896:
5826:
5708:
5660:
5576:
5497:
5458:
5440:
5434:
5404:
5399:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5260:Classical Latin
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5228:
5222:
5178:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5077:
5075:Further reading
5029:
4926:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4778:Wordsworth 1874
4776:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4715:Wordsworth 1874
4713:
4709:
4701:Sihler (1995),
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4596:
4590:Wordsworth 1874
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4554:
4548:Wordsworth 1874
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4451:
4447:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4362:Wordsworth 1874
4360:
4356:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4230:
4203:Lukwòsom Pòtnia
4181:
3878:
3873:
3769:
3706:
3671:
3666:
3520:
3463:
3428:
3403:
3392:
3370:
3358:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3277:
3262:
3232:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3065:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2876:
2840:, has genitive
2827:
2713:
2683:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2540:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2477:
2452:
2444:
2416:Classical Latin
2377:
2372:
2363:> Classical
1997:
1965:
1894:
1828:
1814:
1809:
1775:
1577:, or sometimes
1522:
1500:
1478:
1465:
1457:
1292:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1215:
1188:
1176:Main articles:
1174:
1153:Valerius Antias
1123:Lucius Afranius
1098:Manius Manilius
1055:
1042:
1011:
997:
983:
969:
956:
952:
938:
872:(consul 298 BC)
857:
829:
823:Garigliano Bowl
815:
801:
787:
769:
733:
660:
647:
601:John Wordsworth
597:
512:
457:
452:
440:Garigliano bowl
375:Latino-Faliscan
367:Classical Latin
309:Without proper
297:
281:
265:
262:
250:
239:
214:
207:Official status
192:
187:
181:
160:
153:
140:Latino-Faliscan
125:
122:Language family
120:
112:Classical Latin
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7423:
7413:
7412:
7410:Latial culture
7407:
7405:Forms of Latin
7402:
7397:
7382:
7381:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7221:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:Pomponius Mela
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6523:Aelius Donatus
6519:
6517:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6491:Ecclesiastical
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6232:Toys and games
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6007:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5772:Vigintisexviri
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5732:Cursus honorum
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5531:Western Empire
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5321:
5319:
5305:
5303:
5292:
5290:
5286:Medieval Latin
5279:
5277:
5266:
5264:
5255:75 BC – 200 AD
5251:
5249:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5185:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:External links
5129:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5089:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5057:
5045:
5033:
5027:
5014:
5000:
4986:
4972:
4958:
4944:
4930:
4924:
4908:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4821:, p. 162.
4811:
4809:, p. 117.
4794:
4792:, p. 185.
4782:
4770:
4758:
4756:, p. 197.
4746:
4731:
4729:, p. 181.
4719:
4707:
4691:
4689:, p. 182.
4679:
4670:
4661:
4649:
4647:, p. 173.
4637:
4635:, p. 242.
4625:
4623:, p. 172.
4613:
4611:, p. 176.
4594:
4579:
4567:
4565:, p. 177.
4552:
4540:
4528:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4445:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4403:, p. iii.
4393:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4352:, Book IX.1.6.
4340:
4328:
4297:
4264:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4214:) since Latin
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:fēcērunt/-ēre
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:Second person
4116:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:Second person
3975:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3276:senātus, –uos
3274:
3261:
3258:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2962:
2947:
2936:
2909:
2882:
2861:
2834:
2831:
2824:populi Romanei
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2596:pater familiās
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2355:later became -
2248:
2247:
2234:free variation
2226:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2147:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1925:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1291:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1196:Latin alphabet
1182:Latin alphabet
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1129:Titus Albucius
1126:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1049:Gaius Lucilius
1046:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1001:
987:
975:Titus Maccius
973:
963:Gnaeus Naevius
960:
937:
934:
933:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
897:
886:
885:
884:
878:
873:
861:
851:Tibur pedestal
847:
840:
833:
819:
805:
791:
773:
759:
752:
749:Numa Pompilius
741:Carmen Saliare
732:
729:
659:
656:
623:Numa Pompilius
618:Carmen Saliare
596:
593:
589:
588:
574:
568:
555:
552:Carmen Saliare
530:). They were:
511:
508:
465:Roman Republic
456:
453:
451:
448:
438:vase, and the
422:Roman Republic
363:Latin language
327:
326:
313:, you may see
299:
298:
295:
287:
286:
279:
271:
270:
263:
258:
255:
254:
244:
236:
235:
234:Language codes
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:Latin alphabet
193:
189:Writing system
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
178:
177:
163:
161:
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
128:
126:
119:
116:
115:
104:
100:
99:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:Native to
58:
57:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7422:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Julius Paulus
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Fabius Pictor
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:Amphitheatres
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Deforestation
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6037:Siege engines
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5970:Establishment
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:Extraordinary
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Promagistrate
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Twelve Tables
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5424:
5419:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Hiberno-Latin
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5189:
5186:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5092:Lembke, Janet
5090:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4925:0-521-37936-9
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4845:, p. 18.
4844:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4717:, p. 56.
4716:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4592:, p. 48.
4591:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4550:, p. 45.
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4511:, p. 12.
4510:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4336:De Oratoribus
4332:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:Etruscan News
4275:
4268:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4210:Potnia theron
4204:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4185:Matteo Rovere
4171:
4168:
4165:
4163:(fe)feced/-et
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:fueront/-erom
4153:
4150:
4148:Third person
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:(fe)fecisteis
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:First person
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:Third person
4005:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:First person
3947:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3851:quōm, quōrom
3850:
3848:quōm, quārom
3847:
3845:quōm, quōrom
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:mihei, mehei
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3229:-us < *-os
3226:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:Instrumental
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3132:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:"people") in
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2564:(Syrācūseis)
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2282:, acc. (>
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2235:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2205:Carmen Arvale
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2167:Intervocalic
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:has the form
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1207:boustrophedon
1204:
1203:right to left
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1037:
1036:Lucius Accius
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1002:
998: 169 BC
992:
988:
978:
974:
964:
961:
957: 200 BC
947:
943:
942:
941:
930:
927:
925:
924:Carmen Arvale
921:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:
898:
894:
893:
887:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
866:
862:
858: 400 BC
852:
848:
845:
844:Twelve Tables
841:
838:
834:
830: 500 BC
824:
820:
816: 500 BC
810:
806:
802: 500 BC
796:
792:
788: 550 BC
782:
778:
774:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
736:
728:
726:
720:
713:
712:
707:
702:
695:
691:
690:boustrophedon
687:
686:
680:
673:
669:
664:
655:
653:
645:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
613:Twelve Tables
610:
604:
602:
592:
586:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
567:
566:Twelve Tables
563:
559:
556:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
529:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Prisca Latina
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Roman Kingdom
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
353:
349:
345:
344:Priscan Latin
341:
337:
333:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
300:
293:
288:
284:
280:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
261:
260:Linguist List
256:
248:
245:
242:
237:
232:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
210:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
184:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
162:
156:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:Indo-European
127:
123:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
69:Roman Kingdom
66:
63:
59:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:Priscan Latin
34:
29:
26:
22:
7292:Institutions
7156:Leptis Magna
7109:Major cities
7016:Philostratus
6803:Quadrigarius
6623:Rufus Festus
6486:Contemporary
6450:
6207:Romanization
6130:Architecture
5737:Collegiality
5586:Constitution
5437:Ancient Rome
5382:
5358:Vulgar Latin
5323:
5322:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5254:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5177:. Retrieved
5151:Online books
5141:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5085:
5081:
5065:
5052:
5040:
5018:
5008:
4994:
4980:
4966:
4952:
4938:
4915:
4902:
4891:Bibliography
4877:. Retrieved
4875:(in Italian)
4872:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4833:, p. 9.
4826:
4814:
4807:Bennett 1895
4785:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4740:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4702:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4570:
4543:
4531:
4522:
4516:
4509:Bennett 1895
4504:
4499:, p. 80
4492:
4480:
4475:, p. 6.
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4437:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4401:Bennett 1910
4396:
4387:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4364:, p. v.
4357:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4311:academia.edu
4310:
4300:
4289:the original
4284:
4280:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4160:fuērunt/-ēre
4134:(fe)fecistei
3996:fac(e/ī)teis
3955:somos, sumos
3879:
3859:queis, quīs
3820:ques, queis
3770:
3715:
3707:
3683:nōbeis, nis
3552:
3546:
3540:
3528:
3525:Proto-Italic
3521:
3507:Instrumental
3404:
3393:
3278:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3225:-is < -es
3224:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3000:
2992:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2854:Italo-Celtic
2849:
2841:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2791:. (The form
2788:
2782:
2775:
2648:
2641:field, plain
2640:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2569:
2454:girl, maiden
2453:
2451:puellā, –ās
2436:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2411:is evident.
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2378:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:, "place").
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2212:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1548:
1475:Start point
1307:Monopthongs
1280:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1200:
1189:
1043: 86 BC
939:
780:
734:
721:
717:
709:
683:
651:
640:
616:
605:
598:
590:
581:Vulgar Latin
576:
570:
557:
550:
534:
527:
513:
495:
483:
479:
477:
472:
460:
458:
433:
424:include the
403:
399:Roman Empire
395:
393:hypothesis.
391:Italo-Celtic
379:Osco-Umbrian
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
302:
274:
246:
170:Proto-Italic
144:
108:Vulgar Latin
67:, later the
52:
25:
21:Vetus Latina
7287:Geographers
6971:Dioscorides
6951:Cassius Dio
6573:Cassiodorus
6476:Renaissance
6082:Agriculture
6054:Auxiliaries
5995:Engineering
5832:Magistrates
5684:Citizenship
5679:Mos maiorum
5614:Late Empire
5395:Judeo-Latin
5241:until 75 BC
4633:Palmer 1988
4349:Etymologiae
4108:(fe)fecemos
4025:fac(e/ī)ont
3831:Accusative
3817:Nominative
3754:Accusative
3740:Nominative
3654:Accusative
3640:Nominative
3579:Accusative
3565:Nominative
3214:semi-vowels
3058:Accusative
3022:Nominative
2990:rēx, rēges
2931:appears in
2927:. The form
2700:Accusative
2670:Nominative
2649:rock, stone
2638:campos, –ī
2117:Approximant
1445:Diphthongs
1213:Orthography
1056: 160s
685:Lapis Niger
502:before the
496:Viri prisci
428:stone, the
426:Lapis Niger
389:; e.g. the
346:(Classical
317:instead of
159:Early forms
7389:Categories
7176:Mediolanum
7116:Alexandria
7081:Themistius
7046:Porphyrius
6873:Tertullian
6808:Quintilian
6798:Propertius
6693:Lactantius
6643:Fulgentius
6578:Censorinus
6400:Sanitation
6385:Metallurgy
6342:Technology
6307:Demography
6255:Patricians
6222:Spectacles
6180:Literature
6175:Hairstyles
6012:Technology
5762:Praefectus
5714:Government
5704:Litigation
5689:Auctoritas
5634:Centuriate
5521:Principate
5516:Pax Romana
5476:Foundation
5273:Late Latin
5179:29 October
4879:19 October
4831:Allen 1897
4497:Lloyd 1987
4485:Allen 1978
4473:Allen 1897
4453:Allen 1897
4245:References
4059:Classical
4053:Classical
3967:fac(e)imos
3918:Classical
3912:Classical
3806:Masculine
3788:quī, quōd
3729:Masculine
3672:-ōrum, -i
3667:-ōrum, -i
3448:Accusative
3423:Nominative
3402:rēs, reis
3359:senātibus
3357:senātubus,
3317:Accusative
3297:Nominative
2998:ignis -is
2867:(from PIE
2646:saxom, –ī
2586:for later
2580:declension
2541:puellābos
2539:puelleis,
2526:puellāsōm
2500:Accusative
2472:Nominative
2370:Morphology
2252:iouxmentom
1816:labialized
1773:Consonants
1742:vs. later
1585:(from PIE
1270:See also:
1012: 220
984: 254
970: 264
955: – c.
770: 620
747:formed by
585:Late Latin
516:Late Latin
486:and other
7379:Languages
7332:Quaestors
7262:Empresses
7252:Dynasties
7242:Dictators
7217:and other
7206:Volubilis
7201:Vindobona
7161:Londinium
7086:Theodoret
7056:Procopius
7036:Polyaenus
7011:Pausanias
6913:Vitruvius
6858:Symmachus
6853:Suetonius
6763:Petronius
6748:Obsequens
6713:Macrobius
6708:Lucretius
6633:Frontinus
6608:Eutropius
6593:Columella
6543:Augustine
6533:Appuleius
6481:Neo-Latin
6456:Classical
6447:Versions
6355:Aqueducts
6297:Patronage
6217:Sexuality
6190:Mythology
6165:Education
6155:Cosmetics
5980:Campaigns
5975:Structure
5928:Decemviri
5787:Imperator
5486:overthrow
5315:Neo-Latin
5295:1300–1500
5245:Old Latin
5142:Old Latin
5039:(1988) .
4914:(1978) .
4855:Buck 1933
4819:Roby 1872
4790:Buck 1933
4766:Buck 1933
4754:Buck 1933
4727:Buck 1933
4687:Buck 1933
4657:Buck 1933
4645:Buck 1933
4621:Buck 1933
4609:Buck 1933
4575:Buck 1933
4563:Buck 1933
4536:Buck 1933
4374:Histories
4222:rhotacism
4151:fued/fuit
4143:fēcistis
4105:(fe)fecei
3993:fac(e/ī)s
3964:fac(e/ī)ō
3864:Ablative
3842:Genitive
3809:Feminine
3785:Ablative
3765:Genitive
3732:Feminine
3722:Singular
3716:who, what
3694:Ablative
3662:Genitive
3621:Ablative
3593:Genitive
3560:Singular
3342:senātuom,
3337:senātous,
3333:senātuis,
3331:senātuos,
3238:reg-is-um
3178:Locative
3151:Ablative
3083:Genitive
3053:Vocative
3014:Singular
3008:Singular
2785:syncopate
2764:Locative
2753:Ablative
2719:Genitive
2689:Vocative
2600:rhotacism
2588:parricida
2584:paricidas
2320:"twice";
2177:rhotacism
1999:voiceless
1961:Fricative
1896:voiceless
1452:Endpoint
1386:Close-mid
1266:Phonology
1251:c for g:
1227:Marcellus
940:Authors:
599:In 1874,
595:Old Latin
492:philology
420:or early
332:Old Latin
276:Glottolog
241:ISO 639-3
145:Old Latin
89:Ethnicity
53:Old Latin
31:Old Latin
7337:Tribunes
7327:Praetors
7277:Generals
7257:Emperors
7166:Lugdunum
7151:Eboracum
7141:Carthage
7126:Aquileia
7041:Polybius
7031:Plutarch
7001:Libanius
6991:Josephus
6986:Herodian
6878:Tibullus
6793:Priscian
6768:Phaedrus
6728:Manilius
6673:Jordanes
6658:Hydatius
6588:Claudian
6568:Catullus
6558:Boëthius
6553:Ausonius
6471:Medieval
6443:Alphabet
6415:Theatres
6390:Numerals
6375:Concrete
6365:Circuses
6332:Bagaudae
6322:Adoption
6317:Marriage
6290:Assembly
6195:Religion
6170:Folklore
6150:Clothing
6145:Calendar
6102:Currency
6092:Commerce
5990:Strategy
5952:Military
5938:Triumvir
5918:Dictator
5913:Interrex
5892:Governor
5877:Quaestor
5840:Ordinary
5822:Province
5812:Tetrarch
5802:Augustus
5767:Vicarius
5757:Officium
5694:Imperium
5644:Plebeian
5604:Republic
5526:Dominate
5493:Republic
5454:Timeline
5282:700–1500
5224:Ages of
5094:. 1973.
5084:Vol. 1,
5063:(1874).
5051:(1872).
5006:(1894).
4978:(1933).
4964:(1910).
4950:(1907).
4936:(1895).
4900:(1897).
4434:(1965).
4338:, I.193.
4315:Archived
4228:See also
4125:fuisteīs
4114:fēcimus
4082:Singular
4076:Singular
4070:Singular
4064:Singular
4031:faciunt
4002:facitis
3973:facimus
3941:Singular
3935:Singular
3929:Singular
3923:Singular
3670:vostrōm,
3665:nostrōm,
3568:egō/ego
3496:Locative
3486:Ablative
3458:Genitive
3438:Vocative
3413:Singular
3377:Locative
3371:senātud
3369:senātūd,
3365:Ablative
3344:senātum
3327:Genitive
3321:senātum
3310:Vocative
3304:senātūs
3287:Singular
3190:ignibos
3184:rēgebos
3146:ignibus
3144:ignibos,
3142:ignebūs,
3140:ignebus,
3130:rēgibus
3128:rēgibos,
3126:rēgebūs,
3124:rēgebus,
3099:rēgerum
2944:Numasiōi
2828:people."
2662:Singular
2656:Singular
2578:of this
2557:Locative
2551:puellād
2547:Ablative
2524:puellom,
2521:puellais
2519:puellāī,
2517:puellās,
2513:Genitive
2507:puellās
2494:puellai
2487:Vocative
2481:puellāī
2462:Singular
2420:paradigm
2312:"good";
2296:becomes
2256:iūmentum
1628:because
1593:; later
1223:Marcelus
1109:Publius
1005:Pacuvius
989:Quintus
907:(186 BC)
772:–600 BC)
725:monarchy
635:Xerxes I
627:Polybius
444:Bucchero
323:Help:IPA
283:oldl1238
73:Republic
7307:Legions
7267:Fiction
7237:Consuls
7232:Climate
7186:Ravenna
7181:Pompeii
7171:Lutetia
7136:Bononia
7131:Berytus
7121:Antioch
7096:Zosimus
7091:Zonaras
7066:Sozomen
7051:Priscus
7026:Photius
6868:Terence
6863:Tacitus
6848:Statius
6833:Servius
6818:Sallust
6773:Plautus
6753:Orosius
6733:Martial
6688:Juvenal
6663:Hyginus
6648:Gellius
6507:Writers
6438:History
6420:Thermae
6410:Temples
6360:Bridges
6327:Slavery
6275:Equites
6247:Society
6227:Theatre
6200:Deities
6160:Cuisine
6140:Bathing
6122:Culture
6097:Finance
6074:Economy
5965:Borders
5960:History
5862:Tribune
5857:Praetor
5747:Legatus
5742:Emperor
5629:Curiate
5599:Kingdom
5594:History
5570:History
5553:decline
5511:History
5481:Kingdom
5464:History
5449:Outline
5326:present
5310:present
5269:200–700
4906:. Ginn.
4873:Il Post
4376:III.22.
4196:Romulus
4140:fēcistī
4131:fuistis
4122:fuistei
4085:Plural
3944:Plural
3891:Spanish
3887:Umbrian
3856:Dative
3812:Neuter
3799:Plural
3777:Dative
3735:Neuter
3686:vōbeis
3680:Dative
3635:Plural
3607:Dative
3555:(etc.)
3417:Plural
3354:senātuī
3339:senātūs
3335:senātī,
3301:senātus
3291:Plural
3234:regerum
3112:Dative
3107:ignium
3105:igniom,
3074:igneīs,
3064:rēgeīs,
3042:igneīs,
3028:rēgeīs,
3017:Plural
3011:Plural
2953:(later
2801:Plautus
2736:Dative
2665:Plural
2659:Plural
2561:(Rōmai)
2536:puellāi
2504:puellam
2476:puellā,
2466:Plural
2405:puellam
2397:puella-
2337:puellād
2328:"war".
2322:duellom
2280:stlocum
2262:(later
2254:(later
2197:honoris
2189:analogy
2185:honoris
1824:Plosive
1803:Glottal
1793:Palatal
1788:Coronal
1761:(later
1573:(later
1565:(later
1557:(later
1320:Central
1284:Plautus
1247:pecunia
1243:pequnia
1038:(170 –
1003:Marcus
1000:), poet
993:(239 –
977:Plautus
944:Lucius
931:(92 BC)
562:Latinus
514:In the
385:and to
359:
340:Archaic
319:Unicode
7365:Portal
7317:Nomina
7302:Legacy
7282:Gentes
7219:topics
7215:Lists
7196:Smyrna
7076:Strabo
7006:Lucian
6996:Julian
6946:Arrian
6941:Appian
6931:Aelian
6908:Vergil
6683:Justin
6668:Jerome
6653:Horace
6638:Fronto
6628:Florus
6603:Ennius
6583:Cicero
6563:Caesar
6461:Vulgar
6285:Tribes
6212:Romans
6022:Legion
6005:castra
5882:Aedile
5852:Censor
5847:Consul
5807:Caesar
5777:Lictor
5699:Status
5639:Tribal
5619:Senate
5609:Empire
5503:Empire
5439:topics
5139:about
5025:
4922:
4461:Cnaius
4217:domina
4128:fuistī
4102:fuimus
4096:fuemos
4079:Plural
4073:Plural
4067:Plural
3984:esteīs
3952:(e)som
3938:Plural
3932:Plural
3926:Plural
3689:sibei
3616:sibei
3613:tibei
3480:rēbos
3473:Dative
3467:rēsom
3381:senāti
3350:Dative
3279:senate
3236:< *
3167:ignĭd,
3165:ignīd,
3156:rēgĭd,
3154:rēgīd,
3135:igneī,
3115:rēgei,
3097:rēgum,
3095:rēgom,
3090:rēgos,
3088:rēgis,
3086:rēges,
3078:ignīs
3076:ignēs,
3068:rēgēs
3066:rēgīs,
3048:ignĕs
3046:ignīs,
3044:ignēs,
3037:ignis,
3034:rēgĕs
3032:rēgēs,
3030:rēgīs,
2925:*-oisu
2902:populī
2898:poploe
2770:saxei
2767:campei
2759:saxōd
2756:campōd
2731:saxōm
2725:campōm
2706:campōs
2703:campom
2673:campos
2623:puella
2613:deabus
2532:Dative
2491:puella
2478:puellă
2432:poploe
2428:campoe
2424:Latium
2379:Latin
2365:facit.
2345:puellā
2341:campōd
2331:Final
2326:bellum
2306:duonos
2302:duenos
2289:Early
2274:(>
2272:cosmis
2268:lousna
2088:Rhotic
1967:voiced
1830:voiced
1783:Labial
1724:duonos
1720:duenos
1705:populī
1701:poploe
1636:while
1290:Vowels
1277:Stress
1184:, and
1172:Script
991:Ennius
711:kernos
658:Corpus
646:said,
571:Romana
558:Latina
547:Latium
545:ruled
543:Saturn
535:Prisca
500:Latium
488:idioms
469:Cicero
446:type.
435:kernos
387:Celtic
202:
135:Italic
97:Romans
93:Latins
79:Region
65:Latium
6981:Galen
6923:Greek
6893:Varro
6703:Lucan
6515:Latin
6430:Latin
6405:Ships
6395:Roads
6380:Domes
6312:Women
6260:Plebs
6185:Music
5727:Forum
5722:Curia
5324:1900–
5308:1300–
5226:Latin
5124:Orbis
4457:Caius
4321:4 May
4292:(PDF)
4277:(PDF)
4169:fēcit
4028:facit
3999:facis
3990:estis
3970:faciō
3961:sumus
3883:Oscan
3871:Verbs
3837:quās
3834:quōs
3823:quaī
3794:quōd
3791:quād
3760:quam
3757:quem
3749:quod
3746:quaī
3743:queī
3551:suī,
3539:ego,
3462:rēis,
3405:thing
3173:ignĕ
3171:ignē,
3169:ignī,
3162:rēgĕ
3160:rēgē,
3158:rēgī,
3133:igni,
3119:rēgē,
3117:rēgī,
3102:ignis
3092:rēgus
3071:ignim
3061:rēgem
3039:ignes
2921:*-ōis
2878:-ārum
2873:-ōrum
2842:-osio
2739:campō
2722:campī
2714:saxă
2712:saxā,
2709:saxom
2695:saxă
2692:campe
2684:saxă
2682:saxā,
2679:saxom
2576:nouns
2572:stems
2383:have
2381:nouns
2375:Nouns
2361:faced
2349:campō
2324:>
2316:>
2310:bonus
2308:>
2304:>
2284:locum
2276:cōmis
2260:losna
2214:lares
2209:lases
2193:honor
2181:honos
2049:Nasal
1810:plain
1798:Velar
1734:>
1728:bonus
1612:>
1608:>
1539:⟨OV⟩
1533:⟨OI⟩
1527:⟨O-⟩
1517:⟨EV⟩
1511:⟨EI⟩
1505:⟨E-⟩
1495:⟨AV⟩
1489:⟨AI⟩
1483:⟨A-⟩
1470:⟨-V⟩
1462:⟨-I⟩
1332:Close
1315:Front
1257:Gaius
1253:Caius
714:vases
672:Latin
609:kings
577:Mixta
539:Janus
432:on a
406:Latin
348:Latin
336:Early
83:Italy
55:texts
7297:Laws
7272:Film
7191:Roma
6758:Ovid
6698:Livy
6466:Late
6280:Gens
6237:Wine
6049:Navy
6017:Army
5656:SPQR
5558:fall
5536:fall
5181:2009
5023:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4881:2022
4323:2018
4157:fuit
4111:fēcī
4093:fuei
4056:Old
4050:Old
4019:sunt
4013:sont
3915:Old
3909:Old
3885:and
3826:qua
3697:sēd
3675:sei
3657:sēd
3646:vōs
3643:nōs
3630:sēd
3627:tēd
3624:mēd
3602:sei
3599:tis
3596:mis
3588:sēd
3585:tēd
3582:mēd
3545:tu,
3529:*egō
3490:rēd
3452:rem
3442:rēs
3432:rēs
3429:reis
3427:rēs,
3227:and
3203:igne
3198:rēge
3187:ignī
3181:rēgī
3137:ignē
3121:rēgĕ
3001:fire
2993:king
2951:-eis
2938:The
2929:-ois
2917:-ois
2913:-eis
2890:*-oi
2869:*-ōm
2814:for
2793:terr
2789:ager
2745:saxō
2728:saxī
2570:The
2393:root
2389:stem
2347:and
2314:duis
2294:/dw/
2264:lūna
2243:/bʰ/
2223:/ss/
2211:for
1765:and
1755:and
1703:for
1650:/ei/
1591:/ou/
1589:and
1587:/eu/
1583:/ou/
1571:/oi/
1563:/ei/
1555:/ai/
1467:/u̯/
1459:/i̯/
1419:Open
1358:⟩ ~
1325:Back
1255:for
1245:for
1235:for
1233:aara
1225:for
922:The
916:The
910:The
899:The
888:The
863:The
849:The
835:The
821:The
807:The
793:The
775:The
761:The
754:The
739:The
704:The
666:The
541:and
357:lit.
247:None
218:Rome
71:and
47:The
6451:Old
6135:Art
5908:Rex
5752:Dux
5666:Law
4099:fuī
4016:est
4010:est
3958:sum
3571:tu
3547:you
3527:as
3511:rē
3477:reī
3464:rēs
3407:f.
3266:sūs
3025:rēx
3003:m.
2995:m.
2974:-us
2955:-īs
2894:-oi
2886:-ei
2865:-um
2803:.)
2797:ter
2651:n.
2643:m.
2574:of
2456:f.
2414:In
2409:-am
2333:/d/
2318:bis
2238:/f/
2230:/f/
2219:/s/
2207:'s
2201:/s/
2173:/r/
2169:/s/
1984:⟩)
1949:) ⟨
1883:) ⟨
1769:).
1767:-um
1763:-us
1758:-om
1752:-os
1746:).
1692:).
1690:-ei
1688:or
1597:).
1581:);
1569:);
1561:);
1537:ou̯
1531:oi̯
1524:/o/
1515:eu̯
1509:ei̯
1502:/e/
1493:äu̯
1487:äi̯
1480:/ä/
1368:⟩)
1237:āra
442:of
342:or
305:IPA
267:qbb
251:mis
103:Era
7391::
4871:.
4797:^
4694:^
4597:^
4582:^
4555:^
4459:,
4313:.
4309:.
4285:14
4283:.
4279:.
3987:es
3981:es
3893:.
3649:—
3574:—
3281:m
2970:-e
2966:-e
2850:-ī
2820:-ī
2812:ei
2401:-m
2300::
2291:du
2195:,
2191:)
2183:,
2158:⟩
2144:⟩
2132:⟩
2103:⟩
2074:⟩
2062:⟩
2043:⟩
2025:⟩
2013:⟩
1953:⟩
1951:QV
1946:kʷ
1940:⟩
1936:,
1922:⟩
1910:⟩
1887:⟩
1885:QV
1880:ɡʷ
1874:⟩
1870:,
1856:⟩
1844:⟩
1736:we
1732:wo
1711:.
1697:ei
1686:-i
1682:-i
1678:-ī
1674:ei
1662:ei
1658:ei
1642:ẹ̄
1630:ẹ̄
1618:ẹ̄
1610:ẹ̄
1606:ei
1602:ei
1579:oe
1559:ae
1434:⟩
1413:⟩
1399:⟩
1380:⟩
1345:⟩
1209:.
1180:,
1053:c.
1040:c.
1009:c.
995:c.
981:c.
967:c.
950:c.
855:c.
827:c.
813:c.
799:c.
785:c.
783:,
767:c.
524:c.
506:.
482:,
373:;
354:,
350::
338:,
95:,
7367::
5429:e
5422:t
5415:v
5217:e
5210:t
5203:v
5183:.
5031:.
4928:.
4883:.
4705:.
4463:"
4325:.
4261:.
3541:I
3240:.
2976:.
2959:s
2908:.
2881:.
2860:.
2816:ī
2357:t
2353:d
2298:b
2175:(
2156:V
2154:⟨
2151:w
2142:I
2140:⟨
2137:j
2130:L
2128:⟨
2125:l
2101:R
2099:⟨
2096:r
2072:N
2070:⟨
2067:n
2060:M
2058:⟨
2055:m
2041:H
2039:⟨
2036:h
2023:S
2021:⟨
2018:s
2011:F
2009:⟨
2006:ɸ
1982:S
1980:⟨
1977:z
1974:(
1943:(
1938:K
1934:C
1932:⟨
1929:k
1920:T
1918:⟨
1915:t
1908:P
1906:⟨
1903:p
1877:(
1872:K
1868:C
1866:⟨
1863:ɡ
1854:D
1852:⟨
1849:d
1842:B
1840:⟨
1837:b
1709:ī
1670:ī
1666:ī
1654:ī
1646:e
1638:ē
1634:ī
1626:ē
1622:e
1614:ī
1595:ū
1575:ū
1567:ī
1432:A
1430:⟨
1427:ä
1411:O
1409:⟨
1406:o
1397:E
1395:⟨
1392:e
1378:U
1376:⟨
1373:u
1366:U
1364:⟨
1361:ʉ
1356:I
1354:⟨
1351:ɨ
1348:(
1343:I
1341:⟨
1338:i
1051:(
1007:(
979:(
965:(
948:(
860:)
853:(
832:)
825:(
818:)
811:(
804:)
797:(
779:(
765:(
696:.
648:"
587:.
522:(
325:.
253:)
249:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
