1829:(Cassian treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the Romans on one side and the other Latin city-states combined. It provided for a perpetual peace between the two parties; a defensive alliance by which the parties pledged mutual assistance in case of attack; a promise not to aid or allow passage to each other's enemies; the equal division of spoils of war (half to Rome, half to the other Latins) and provisions to regulate trade between the parties. In addition the treaty probably provided for overall command of the allies' joint forces to alternate between a Roman and a commander from one of the other Latin city-states each year. As the nature of the Tarquinian hegemony over the Latins is unknown, it is impossible to tell how the terms of the Cassian treaty differed from those imposed by the Tarquins. But it is likely that Tarquin rule was more onerous, involving the payment of tribute, while the Republican terms simply involved a military alliance. The impetus to form such an alliance was probably provided by the acute insecurity caused by a phase of migration and invasion of the lowland areas by Italic mountain tribes in the period after 500 BC. The Latins faced repeated incursions by the
1972:. The Imperial population of Rome was found to have been extremely diverse, with barely any of the examined individuals being of primarily local, central Italian ancestry. It was suggested that the observed genetic shift in the city's founding populations was a result of heavy migration of merchants and slaves from the populous urban centres of the Middle East and Greece. During late antiquity, after the Imperial era, Rome's population was drastically reduced as a result of political instability, epidemics and economic changes. In this period, more local or central Italian ancestry is evident in Rome; its inhabitants started to again approximate present-day Italians, and can be modeled as a genetic mixture of Imperial-era inhabitants of the city of Rome and populations from central or northern Italy. In the following Early Medieval period, invasions of barbarians may have brought central and/or northern European ancestry into Rome, resulting in the further loss of genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By the
500:), even though some scholars believe that the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Other scholars, however, argue that the presence of a language similar to Etruscan in Lemnos was due to Etruscan commercial adventurers arrived from the west shortly before 700 BC. The archaeological evidence available from Iron Age Etruria shows no sign of any invasion, migration, or arrival of small immigrant-elites from the Eastern Mediterranean who may have imposed their language. Between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, Etruria shows above all contacts with Central Europe and the
1683:
608:
3369:, p. 673. "People from the city's earliest eras and from after the Western empire's decline in the fourth century C.E. genetically resembled other Western Europeans. But during the imperial period most sampled residents had Eastern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern ancestry... The study suggests the vast majority of immigrants to the city came from the East. Of 48 individuals sampled from this period, only two showed strong genetic ties to Europe... Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations."
884:, rather than a cultural symbol, by the Vinca people). Whatever its origin, it was widely adopted by the Indo-Europeans, among whom it probably symbolised the Sun (which was seen as a wheel rolling across the sky) and/or the Sky and was thus closely associated with their male supreme Sky-god. Among the Romans, it was not traditionally associated with the sky god Jupiter. It became associated with the sky god in Celtic southwest Gaul, where numerous dedications to Jupiter have been discovered adorned with swastikas. In the later empire (4th century onwards), when pagan symbolism lost favour due to the advance of Christianity, it came to represent the Universe, or eternal life.
4138:
1236:), so archaeology cannot be used to support the tradition that Rome was founded by people from Alba Longa. If Alba Longa did not exist, then nor did the "Alban kings", whose genealogy was almost certainly fabricated to "prove" Romulus' descent from Aeneas. The genealogy's dubious nature is shown by the fact that it ascribes the 14 Alban kings an average reign of 30 years' duration, an implausibly high figure. The false nature of the Aeneas-Romulus link is also demonstrated by the fact that, in some early versions of the tradition, Romulus is denoted as Aeneas' grandson, despite being chronologically separated from Aeneas by some 450 years.
409:
894:
739:
1022:
1245:
935:, Alban Hills, SE of Rome), an extinct volcano. The climax of the festival was a number of sacrifices to Jupiter Latiaris ("Jupiter of Latium"); the sacrificed meat was shared by the representatives of the Latin communities. These elaborate rituals, as did all Roman religious ceremonies, had to be performed with absolute precision and, if any procedural mistakes were made, had to be repeated from the start. The Latin Festival continued to be held long after all
6210:
4082:
2441:
antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near
Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
84:
1111:
6199:
272:
1148:, by the Greeks in 1184 BC, according to one ancient calculation. After many adventures, Aeneas and his Trojan army landed on the coast of Latium near the mouth of the Tiber. Initially, King Latinus attempted to drive them out, but he was defeated in battle. Later, he accepted Aeneas as an ally and eventually allowed him to marry his daughter, Lavinia. Aeneas supposedly founded the city of
405:, and more specifically, for an ancestral European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European", ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches. All these groups were descended from Proto-Indo-European speakers from Yamna-culture, whose migrations in Central Europe probably split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from Proto-Indo-European.
1794:
3346:, p. 4. "ompared to Iron Age individuals, the Imperial population shares more alleles with early Bronze Age Jordanians... Notably, only 2 out of 48 Imperial-era individuals fall in the European cluster (C7) to which 8 out of 11 Iron Age individuals belong... ew Imperial individuals (n = 2) have strong genetic affinities to western Mediterranean populations."
630:. It thus appears that the Latins occupied Latium Vetus not earlier than around 1000 BC. Initially, the Latin immigrants into Latium were probably concentrated in the low hills that extend from the central Apennine range into the coastal plain (much of which was then marshy and malarial, and thus uninhabitable). A notable area of early settlement were the
1086:). The legend provided the Romans with a heroic "Homeric" pedigree, as well as a (spurious) ethnic distinctiveness from the other Latins. It also provided a rationale (as poetic revenge for the destruction of Troy) for Rome's hostilities against, and eventual subjugation of, the Greek cities of southern Italy, especially
1854:, to attempt to defend their independence and territorial integrity by challenging Rome, often in alliance with their erstwhile enemies, mountain-tribes such as the Volsci. Finally, in 341 BC, all the Latin city-states combined in what proved to be a final effort to regain/preserve their independence. The so-called
1252:, a bronze statue of the She-Wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. Date is controversial. Traditionally it has been attributed to the Etruscans and dated to the 5th century BC (although the twins were added in the 15th century). More recent scholarship dates the original piece to the medieval era.
1844:
The new Romano-Latin military alliance proved strong enough to repel the incursions of the Italic mountain tribes in the period 500â400 BC. During the succeeding century, after Rome had recovered from the catastrophic Gallic invasion of 390 BC, the Romans began a phase of expansionism. In addition to
1766:
There followed a war between Rome and the other Latin city-states, which probably took advantage of the political turmoil in Rome to attempt to regain/preserve their independence. It appears that
Tusculum and Aricia took the lead in organising an anti-Roman alliance. One ancient source names Egerius
1191:
There is controversy about how and when Aeneas and his
Trojans were adopted as ethnic ancestors by the Romans. One theory is that the Romans appropriated the legend from the Etruscans, who in turn acquired themselves the legend from the Greeks. There is evidence that the Aeneas legend was well known
416:
Leaving archaeology aside, the geographical distribution of the ancient languages of the peninsula may plausibly be explained by the immigration of successive waves of peoples with different languages, according to
Cornell. On this model, it appears likely that the "West Italic" group (including the
210:
550â500 BC), Rome apparently acquired political hegemony over the other states. After the fall of the Roman monarchy around 500 BC, there appears to have been a century of military alliance between Rome and the other Latin states to confront the threat posed to all Latium by raiding by the
1738:
and Ardea, among others, as "Roman subjects". Although the text acknowledged that not all the Latin cities were subjects of Rome, it clearly placed them under Rome's hegemony, as it provided that if
Carthage captured any Latin city, it was obliged to hand it over to Rome's control. Rome's sphere of
1228:
But whatever the origin of the legend, it is clear that the Latins had no historical connection with Aeneas and none of their cities were founded by Trojan refugees. Furthermore, Cornell regards the city of Alba Longa itself as probably mythical. Early Latial-culture remains have been discovered on
1659:
From an early stage, the external relations of the Latin city-states were dominated by their largest and most powerful member, Rome. The vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s has conclusively discredited A. Alföldi's once-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant
797:
The kinship-system of PIEs is considered by anthropologists to best fit the so-called "Omaha" system, i.e. a patrilineal exogamous society, i.e. a society in which descent is recognised through the father's line and spouses are taken from outside the kinship-group. This is certainly the case with
508:
was an artistic-cultural phenomenon not exclusively
Etruscan, also spread to other areas of Italy and the Greek world, and that can be better explained by trade and exchange rather than by migrations. Genetic studies on samples of Etruscan individuals, both on mitochondrial and autosomal DNA, are
1301:
Mainstream scholarly opinion regards
Romulus as an entirely mythical character, and the legend fictitious. On this view, Romulus was a name fabricated to provide Rome with an eponymous founding hero, a common feature of classical foundation-myths; it is possible that Romulus was named after Rome
720:
Around 650 BC began a period of urbanisation, with the establishment of political city-states in Latium. The most notable example is Rome itself, which was originally a group of separate settlements on the various hills. It appears that they coalesced into a single entity around 625 BC, when the
1758:
suggests that
Porsenna's army succeeded in occupying the city. The fact that there is no evidence of Tarquin's restoration during this occupation has led some scholars to suggest that it Porsenna was the real agent of the Tarquin's downfall, and that he aimed to replace him as king of Rome. Any
792:
branch of IE. On the basis of common steppe-nomadic features in the cultures of the various Indo-European peoples in the historical era, scholars have reconstructed elements of proto-Indo-European culture. Relics of such elements have been discerned in Roman and Latin customs. Examples include:
2663:
Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both
Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or
194:
that appeared in parts of the
Italian peninsula in the first half of the 12th century BC. The Latins maintained close culturo-religious relations until they were definitively united politically under Rome in 338 BC, and for centuries beyond. These included common festivals and religious
2440:
Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age
1778:
in the presence of representatives of Latin states, including Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Lavinium, Cora, Tibur, Pometia and Ardea. This event was probably contemporaneous with, and connected with, the launch of the Latin alliance. The Latins could apparently count on the support of the
805:, deriving from archaic "Dieus - pater" ("sky-father"). PIEs also venerated a god of thunder and lightning. Among the Latins, this deity appears to have been merged with the sky-god, as Jupiter was ascribed the power to hurl thunderbolts. Among others, Jupiter was ascribed the epithets
522:
1013:, or Latin ancestor-gods. Cornell suggests that the "Sanctuary of the 13 altars" discovered in the 1960s at Lavinium was the site of the Penates cult. Since each of the altars differ in style and date, it has been suggested that each was erected by a separate Latin city-state.
1200:
argued that the original Etruscans were in fact descendants of those Trojan refugees and that the Aeneas legend has a historical basis. Georgiev disputes the mainstream view that Etruscan was not Indo-European: he argues that Etruscan was closely related to the Indo-European
1225:. There is also much archaeological evidence of contacts between the cities of archaic Latium and the Greek world e.g. the archaic sanctuary of the Penates at Lavinium, which shows "heavy Greek influence in architectural design and religious ideology", according to Cornell.
1217:
in Anatolia, it cannot be argued conclusively that Luwian was the everyday language of Troy. Cornell points out that the Romans may have acquired the legend directly from the Italiote Greeks. The earliest Greek literary reference to Rome as a foundation of Aeneas dates to
1656:. Rome was by far the largest state, controlling some 35% of the total land area. The next four largest states ranged from just under half the size of Rome down to a fifth of the size; the remaining ten ranged from a tenth of the size down to less than a twentieth.
509:
also against an eastern origin of the Etruscans and have supported a deep, local origin. A 2019 Stanford genetic study, which has analyzed the autosomal DNA of Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, has concluded that Etruscans were similar to the Latins from
38:
1101:
lent itself to his adoption as the Roman "Abraham": a mighty warrior of (minor) royal blood who personally slew 28 Achaeans in the war, he was twice saved from certain death by the gods, implying that he had a great destiny to fulfil. A passage in Homer's
699:â900 BC) these hut-urns only appear in some burials, but they become standard in Phase II cremation burials (900â770 BC). They represent the typical single-roomed hovels of contemporary peasants, which were made from simple, readily available materials:
1754:, who led an invasion of Roman territory at the time of the revolution, was probably distorted for propaganda reasons by later Roman chroniclers. Livy claims that Porsenna aimed to restore Tarquin to his throne, but failed to take Rome after a siege.
1730:. He was engaged in besieging Ardea when the revolt against his monarchy broke out. Rome's political control over Latium Vetus is apparently confirmed by the text of the first recorded Romano-Carthaginian treaty, dated by the ancient Greek historian
466:
part of an older European linguistic substratum, spoken long before the arrival of proto Indo-European speakers. Some scholars have earlier speculated that Etruscan language could have been introduced by later migrants. The ancient Greek historian
1322:
Romulus, it is plausible that he was historical. Nevertheless, Cornell argues that "Romulus probably never existed... His biography is a complex mixture of legend and folk-tale, interspersed with antiquarian speculation and political propaganda".
1349:
The traditional number of Latin communities for the purposes of the joint religious festivals is given as 30 in the sources. The same number is reported, probably erroneously, as the membership of the Romano-Latin military alliance, labelled the
4552:
417:
Latins) were the first wave, followed, and largely displaced by, the East Italic (Osco-Umbrian) group. This is deduced from the marginal locations of the surviving West Italic niches. Besides Latin, putative members of the West Italic group are
1660:
settlement until about 500 BC, and thus that the Republic was not established before about 450, and possibly as late as 400 BC. There is now no doubt that Rome was a unified city (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) by
437:
dialects spoken over much of central and southern Italy. The chronology of Indo-European immigration remains elusive, as does the relative chronology between the Italic IE languages and the non-IE languages of the peninsula, notably the
1106:
contains the prophecy that Aeneas and his descendants would one day rule the Trojans. Since the Trojans had been expelled from their own city, it was speculated that Aeneas and other Trojan survivors must have migrated elsewhere.
772:(southern Russia, northern Caucasus and central Asia). Their livelihood was based on horses and herding. In the historical era, the same socio-cultural lifestyle was maintained, in the same regions, by peoples descended from the
219:. This system progressively broke down after roughly 390 BC, when Rome's aggressive expansionism led to conflict with other Latin states, both individually and collectively. In 341â338 BC, the Latin states jointly fought the
487:
language, completely different from the Etruscan language. Despite, a possible support for an eastern origin for Etruscan may be provided by two inscriptions in a language closely related to Etruscan found on the island of
1849:
on territories annexed from the mountain tribes, Rome annexed a number of neighbouring Latin city-states in steady succession. The increasing threat posed by Roman encroachment led the more powerful Latin states, such as
683:
valley. In contrast, the Osco-Umbrian tribes do not exhibit the same features of the Latins, who thus shared the broadly same material culture as the Etruscans. The variant of Villanovan found in Latium is dubbed the
577:, it indicates that the Romans remained Latin-speakers in the period when some historians have suggested that Rome had become "Etruscanised" in both language and culture. It also lends support to the existence of the
311:, which began around 900 BC. The most widely accepted theory suggests that Latins and other proto-Italic tribes first entered Italy in the late Bronze Age proto-Villanovan culture, then part of the central European
1340:
In contrast to the legend of Aeneas, which was clearly imported into the Latin world from an extraneous culture, it appears that the Romulus legend of the suckling she-wolf is a genuine indigenous Latin myth.
820:
Fire-worship: A central feature of PIE life was the domestic hearth. It is thus considered certain that PIEs worshipped fire. The best-known derivative is the fire-worship of the ancient Iranian religion (see
1361:
there were just 15 independent Latin city-states in Latium Vetus, including Rome itself (the other 15 were annexed by the former as they expanded, especially Rome). The size of the city-state territories in
1118:, a volcanic plateau 20km SE of Rome. The region saw early Latin settlement and was the site of the legendary city of Alba Longa, supposedly the capital of Latium for 400 years before the foundation of Rome
3681:
Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; DâAtanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, OphĂ©lie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca (2021-06-21).
2010:
By contrast, the following results were obtained for Medieval/Early Modern period: the eye color is blue in 26% of the examined and dark in the remaining 74%. Hair color is 22% blond or dark blond, 11%
1229:
the shore of the Alban lake, but they indicate a series of small villages, not an urbanised city-state. In any case, traces of the earliest phase of Latial culture also occur at Rome at the same time (
223:
against Rome in a final attempt to preserve their independence. The war ended in 338 BC with a decisive Roman victory. The other Latin states were either annexed or permanently subjugated to Rome.
2562:
Leonardi, Michela; Sandionigi, Anna; Conzato, Annalisa; Lari, Martina; Tassi, Francesca (2018). "The female ancestor's tale: Longâterm matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany".
836:
ritual involves the sacrifice of a stallion and the ritual copulation with its corpse by the queen, followed by the distribution of the horse's parts. The Romans practised a ritual known as the
917:
Despite their frequent internecine wars, the Latin city-states maintained close culturo-religious relations throughout their history. Their most important common tribal event was the four-day
4567:
1746:
The fall of the Roman monarchy was probably a more lengthy, violent and international process than the swift, bloodless and internal coup related by tradition. The role of the Etruscan king
3570:"The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.",
4442:
1337:, as related by the ancient chroniclers, by ploughing a symbolic sacred furrow to define the city's boundary. But Carandini's views have received scant support among fellow scholars.
1029:' legendary landing on the shores of Latium (note prow of his beached ship, right). Aeneas is holding his son, Ascanius, by the hand. A sow (left) shows him where to found his city (
1671:, 510 hectares) by around 550 BC, when it had an area of about 285 hectares (1.1 sq mile) and an estimated population of 35,000. Rome was thus about half the size of contemporary
513:. According to British archeologist Phil Perkins, "there are indications that the evidence of DNA can support the theory that Etruscan people are autochthonous in central Italy".
2268:"Almagro-Gorbea - La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la penĂnsula ibĂ©rica", 2001 p.95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., MarinĂ©, M. and Ălvarez-SanchĂs, J. R. (eds)
1156:), named after his wife, on the coast not far from Laurentum. It became the Latin capital after Latinus' death. Aeneas' son (by his previous Trojan wife, a daughter of king
713:") on the southern slope of the Palatine Hill, supposedly built by the legendary founder of Rome with his own hands and which reportedly survived until the time of emperor
832:
Horse-sacrifice: Originally a nomadic steppe-people, the life of PIEs was centred on horses. The sacrifice of horses was probably practised to consecrate kings. The Indic
1992:
of the 11 individuals of the Iron Age/Republican period, coming from Latium and Abruzzo, and the 27 individuals of Medieval/Early Modern period, coming from Latium.
1767:
Baebius, the leader of Tusculum, as the "Latin dictator" (i.e. commander-in-chief of the Latin forces). It appears that Baebius dedicated a sacred grove to Diana at
1702:
The size of Rome at this time lends credence to the Roman tradition, dismissed by Alföldi, that in the late regal period (550â500 BC), traditionally the rule of the
1330:, an archaeologist who has spent most of his career excavating central Rome, advanced the theory that Romulus was a historical figure who indeed founded the city in
4412:
801:
Supreme sky-god: It has been securely reconstructed that the chief god of PIEs was a male sky-god, known as "Father Sky", from which descends the chief Latin god,
1862:. A few of the larger Latin states, such as Praeneste and Tibur, were allowed to retain a degree of political autonomy, but only in a subordinate status as Roman
1823:
Instead of restoring their previous hegemony, the Romans apparently settled for a military alliance on equal terms with the Latins. According to the sources, the
4487:
1168:
in the Alban Hills, which replaced Lavinium as capital city. Alba Longa supposedly remained the Latin capital for some 400 years under Aeneas' successors, the
4512:
2015:
and 67% dark brown or black. The skin color is pale for 15%, intermediate for 68%, intermediate or dark for 10% and dark or very dark for the remaining 7%.
4417:
3944:
3852:
3684:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Supplemental information Data S6AâS6D"
866:). According to one theory, it was invented, and used as an ethnic emblem, by the Proto-Indo-Europeans, although it is also a documented symbol of the
756:
Germans and severely dehydrated, were saved by a thunderstorm, which reportedly materialised out of a clear sky. Note the god's wings. Detail from the
703:
walls and straw roofs supported by wooden posts. The huts remained the main form of Latin housing until about 650 BC. The most famous exemplar was the
2773:
4557:
4432:
4422:
2739:
4562:
4542:
4532:
4497:
1196:
discovered a series of statuettes portraying Aeneas fleeing Troy carrying his father on his back, as in the legend. Indeed, the Bulgarian linguist
1209:
languages. Georgiev's thesis hasn't received support from other scholars. Excavations at Troy have yielded a single written document, a letter in
245:("wide, broad"), referring, by extension, to the plains of the region (in contrast to the mainly-mountainous Italian Peninsula). If that is true,
5269:
4577:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4407:
4043:
4582:
4537:
4517:
4502:
4452:
4437:
4427:
4402:
5301:
4547:
4527:
4492:
4477:
4397:
1547:
1057:, the Romans acquired their own national origin myth sometime during the early Republican era (500â300 BC). It was centred on the figure of
5932:
5284:
4572:
386:(which succeeded the Urnfield culture), that it is not possible to tell them apart in their earlier stages. Furthermore, the contemporary
390:
of Northern Italy represented a typical western example of the western Hallstatt culture, whose diffusion most probably took place in a
5896:
4826:
2527:
Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G, et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia".
1953:, and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians. Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins,
1318:("teat"), presumably because the shape of the Palatine Hill and/or Capitoline Hill resembled a woman's breasts. If the city was named
6030:
634:, a plateau about 20 km (13 mi) SE of Rome containing a number of extinct volcanoes and 5 lakes, of which the largest are
5937:
1625:
5502:
4522:
1734:
to 507 BC, a date accepted by Cornell (although some scholars argue a much later date). The treaty describes the Latin cities of
4714:
6180:
5343:
2783:
2749:
2393:
2069:
829:, who was the goddess of the hearth. To symbolise the hearth, it is the only Roman temple which was round, instead of square.
5977:
5252:
5060:
348:
202:
600 BC led to volatile relations with the other Latin states, which numbered about 14 in 500 BC. In the period of the
3465:"Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean"
1941:. Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an
429:. The West Italic languages were thus spoken in limited and isolated areas, whereas the "East Italic" group comprised the
63:. The region's two main lakes, Nemi and Albanus, are visible under the "I". The leading Latin city-states of Rome, Tibur (
5306:
5169:
1964:(27 BCE â 300 CE) bore far less genetic resemblance to Rome's founding populations, and were instead shifted towards the
4048:
573:, according to the traditional Roman chronology, but more likely close to its inception. Written in a primitive form of
6025:
5610:
5237:
5070:
4831:
3390:
2710:
2685:
3621:
Raveane, A.; Aneli, S.; Montinaro, F.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G. (4 September 2019).
3574:"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome"
5257:
5232:
5075:
4117:
2433:
2363:
1783:
Italic tribe. In addition, they were joined by the deposed Roman king Tarquin the Proud and his remaining followers.
1180:(traditional reign-dates 673â642 BC), the Romans razed Alba Longa to the ground and resettled its inhabitants on the
607:
275:
The mainstream scenario for the migration of the Indo-European (IE) peoples in the period 4000â1000 BC: Known as the
2617:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708â714.
6244:
5629:
4910:
4796:
3623:"Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe"
2024:
1706:
dynasty, Rome established its political hegemony over the other city-states of Old Latium. According to Livy, king
291:
2500 BC, the orange zone by around 1000 BC. Note the movement of the Italic branch from the secondary zone (around
5753:
5665:
5512:
5507:
5338:
5206:
4070:
3379:
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (1994).
960:
665:
The Latins appear to have become culturally differentiated from the surrounding Osco-Umbrian Italic tribes from
6234:
5701:
5289:
4766:
2029:
1682:
336:
3380:
1710:
bound the Latin city-states into a military alliance under Roman leadership. Reportedly, Tarquin also annexed
1652:
The table above shows the tiny size of Latium Vetus - only about two-thirds the size of the English county of
1298:
convent. They were washed ashore by the river, and after a few days with the wolf, were rescued by shepherds.
5952:
5783:
5670:
5201:
5196:
4182:
4174:
324:
970:
Latin cultural-religious events were also held at other common cult-centres e.g. the major common shrine to
5711:
5650:
5635:
5487:
5348:
4801:
3808:
2132:
John M. Coles - The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000â700 BC, p.422
1937:. These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30%
650:). These hills provided a defensible, well-watered base. Also the hills on the site of Rome, certainly the
3356:
Supplementary Materials for "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" (page 27)
844:, the god of war. Its head was severed and fought over by two teams of people, and its tail hung from the
6055:
5773:
5619:
5401:
5311:
5211:
5097:
5065:
4750:
4651:
1926:
858:
in Latin), was widely used by IE-speaking peoples in both Europe and Asia (especially in India: the term
455:
6110:
5738:
5558:
5465:
5438:
5373:
5247:
4781:
4707:
3770:
3289:
1726:
by a marriage alliance with its leader, Octavus Mamilius; and established Roman colonies at Signia and
618:
There is no archaeological evidence at present that Old Latium hosted permanent settlements during the
203:
3683:
2193:
159:
100 km (62 mi) southeast of Rome. Following the Roman expansion, the Latins spread into the
6140:
5906:
5829:
5793:
4811:
4776:
4771:
4127:
2283:
Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe
757:
626:
pottery shards have been found in Latium, most likely belonging to transient pastoralists engaged in
6259:
6249:
6155:
6145:
6125:
6095:
6050:
5748:
5590:
5522:
5492:
5472:
5353:
5029:
4994:
4791:
4137:
2941:
956:
463:
459:
320:
266:
191:
1902:
1310:, so it means simply "Roman" or "little Roman". It has been suggested that the name "Roma" was of
764:
According to the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis, the earliest Indo-European speakers were a nomadic
614:
cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: a simple mud-and-straw shelter
6254:
6239:
6035:
5798:
5655:
5625:
5600:
5517:
5477:
5416:
5315:
5080:
5050:
2007:
is intermediate for 82%, intermediate or dark for 9% and dark or very dark for the remaining 9%.
1787:
1686:
Detail of a 4th-century AD Roman mosaic showing two hunters wearing the dress of officers of the
1213:. But as Luwian (which certainly is closely related to Hittite) was used as a kind of diplomatic
553:
484:
300:
92:
20:
993:, Egerius Baebius. Cornell argues that the temple of Diana reportedly founded by the Roman king
5733:
5721:
5497:
5482:
5174:
4816:
3909:
2701:
Perkins, Phil (2009). "DNA and Etruscan identity". In Perkins, Phil; Swaddling, Judith (eds.).
1934:
1930:
164:
31:
1922:
1914:
905:, 949m), the sacred mount of the Latins in the Alban Hills. The annual religious rites of the
688:. The most distinctive feature of Latial culture were cinerary urns in the shape of miniature
6040:
5967:
5947:
5861:
5810:
5568:
5548:
5358:
4952:
4806:
4786:
4700:
4256:
4102:
1965:
1976:, the people of Rome again genetically resembled central and southern European populations.
1910:
279:, the scenario envisages the IE peoples migrating outwards from an original homeland in the
5891:
5706:
5595:
5573:
5227:
5125:
5009:
4877:
4672:
3948:
3921:
3856:
3634:
3476:
3419:
2618:
2481:
2425:
2346:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
1918:
1197:
773:
505:
402:
581:
in this era, whom some historians regarded as mythical: the inscription contains the word
8:
6175:
6165:
6120:
5886:
5851:
5846:
5563:
5184:
5120:
5040:
4297:
4231:
4122:
4078:
4063:
2676:
Perkins, Phil (2017). "Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity". In Naso, Alessandro (ed.).
1816:
1808:
1598:
802:
748:
139:). From about 1000 BC, the Latins inhabited the small region known to the Romans as
3952:
3860:
3638:
3480:
3423:
2622:
2485:
840:, whereby the right-hand horse of a victorious team in a chariot-race was sacrificed to
408:
6150:
6135:
6115:
5972:
5913:
5866:
5788:
5645:
5615:
5605:
5580:
5553:
5460:
5453:
5389:
5145:
5140:
4857:
4646:
4107:
4094:
3877:
3838:
3729:
3655:
3622:
3598:
3573:
3548:
3521:
3497:
3464:
3440:
3407:
2649:
2606:
2587:
2504:
2469:
2468:
Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al. (2013).
1985:
1668:
611:
364:
287:
Mountains (purple zone). The red zone indicates the possible extent of IE expansion by
3355:
1957:
and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.
951:, writing around AD 20, ascribed Rome's disastrous defeat by the Carthaginian general
893:
880:â 4500 BC), which was probably pre-Indo-European (although it may have been used as a
738:
559:
The oldest extant inscription in the Latin language is believed to be engraved on the
6100:
6090:
5962:
5876:
5841:
5768:
5758:
5536:
5406:
5320:
5150:
5130:
5104:
5092:
4887:
4882:
4867:
4862:
4847:
4638:
4382:
4307:
4221:
4112:
3964:
3935:
3882:
3843:
3733:
3721:
3713:
3660:
3603:
3553:
3502:
3445:
3386:
2779:
2745:
2706:
2681:
2654:
2579:
2544:
2509:
2429:
2359:
2065:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1707:
1311:
1295:
1253:
971:
863:
789:
439:
418:
387:
383:
368:
276:
179:
178:
of Indo-European. Speakers of Italic languages are assumed to have migrated into the
148:
2591:
1786:
The Romans apparently prevailed, scoring a notable victory over the Latin forces at
53:, a region of early Latin settlement (from around 1000 BC) and the site of the
6170:
5992:
5942:
5923:
5918:
5871:
5778:
5716:
5696:
5684:
5640:
5443:
5423:
5411:
5274:
5155:
4872:
4735:
4727:
4482:
4377:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4216:
3956:
3872:
3864:
3703:
3695:
3650:
3642:
3593:
3585:
3543:
3533:
3492:
3484:
3435:
3427:
3138:
2644:
2634:
2626:
2571:
2536:
2499:
2489:
2421:
2351:
2053:
1825:
1672:
1327:
1202:
1177:
1066:
841:
769:
743:
623:
549:
501:
497:
451:
391:
312:
175:
27:
5242:
1021:
870:
6080:
6070:
6065:
6060:
5957:
5881:
5743:
5262:
5160:
5045:
4945:
4852:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4276:
4261:
4246:
4236:
3960:
3538:
2494:
2343:
1938:
1858:
ended in 338 with a decisive Roman victory, following which Rome annexed most of
1799:
1695:
1687:
1249:
1210:
1206:
994:
826:
700:
655:
443:
316:
160:
4024:
Ancient Italy In Its Mediterranean Setting: Studies In Honour of Ellen Macnamara
3933:
Wade, Lizzie (November 8, 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".
2058:
The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome
6213:
6160:
6130:
6075:
5982:
5856:
5803:
5763:
5433:
5428:
5279:
5179:
5135:
5087:
5035:
4989:
4957:
4915:
4892:
4683:
4613:
4362:
4352:
4271:
4211:
4056:
3488:
2413:
1999:
is blue in 27% of the examined and dark in the remaining 73%. Hair color is 9%
1946:
1846:
1841:, whose territories surrounded Latium Vetus on its eastern and southern sides.
1790:
sometime in the period 499-493 BC (the exact year is disputed among scholars).
1711:
1260:
Romulus himself was the subject of the famous legend of the suckling she-wolf (
1041:
923:
906:
822:
685:
676:
541:
398:
356:
258:
187:
128:
104:
3699:
2394:"An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples"
2355:
1988:
of eyes, hair and skin, the following results were obtained from the study on
1286:. The latter had usurped the throne of Alba from the twins' grandfather, king
1136:, who gave his name to the tribe and founded the first capital of the Latins,
1132:(published around AD 20). According to this, the Latin tribe's first king was
6228:
6085:
5726:
5296:
4984:
4962:
4821:
4667:
4392:
4387:
4372:
4332:
4266:
4226:
3717:
1950:
1747:
1269:
1157:
998:
651:
578:
574:
570:
412:
The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion
344:
332:
304:
64:
3868:
3431:
2630:
1122:
The legend is given its most vivid and detailed treatment in the Roman poet
6203:
6010:
5815:
5585:
5189:
5055:
5004:
4979:
4603:
4447:
4367:
4342:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4241:
4206:
4169:
4164:
3998:
3968:
3886:
3725:
3664:
3646:
3607:
3557:
3506:
3449:
2658:
2583:
2548:
2513:
2180:
2061:
2034:
1961:
1877:
1804:
1759:
danger of an Etruscan takeover of Rome was removed by Porsenna's defeat at
1610:
1449:
1404:
1351:
1192:
among the Etruscans by 500 BC: excavations at the ancient Etruscan city of
1185:
940:
627:
595:
510:
360:
339:. According to David W. Anthony proto-Latins originated in today's eastern
262:
198:
The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and powerful Latin state from
156:
136:
72:
57:, the most important Latin communal festival, are located under the "U" in
3589:
6105:
6045:
6015:
5368:
4999:
4302:
4201:
3754:
3378:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1291:
1169:
1115:
910:
722:
705:
647:
631:
566:
561:
526:
50:
4017:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
3992:
Prehistoric Metal Artefacts From Italy (3500-720BC)In the British Museum
3708:
2741:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2639:
2123:
M.Gimbutas - Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe p.339-345
1244:
1172:, until his descendant (supposedly in direct line after 15 generations)
742:
The "Rain Miracle": Jupiter the Rainmaker rescues the Romans during the
351:
associated the proto-Villanovans with the Velatice-Baierdorf culture of
5363:
4972:
4317:
2575:
2540:
2004:
1942:
1703:
1165:
989:, by various Latin communities under the leadership of the dictator of
944:
939:
was integrated into the Roman Republic after 338 BC (from then on, the
932:
902:
881:
781:
680:
619:
493:
355:
and Austria. This is further confirmed by the fact that the subsequent
183:
140:
68:
42:
1945:
population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to
4281:
4251:
3301:
2705:. London: The British Museum Research Publications. pp. 95â111.
1996:
1954:
1893:
in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near
1855:
1851:
1740:
1434:
1137:
1054:
867:
777:
639:
545:
468:
220:
186:(1200â900 BC). The material culture of the Latins, known as the
3839:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
3408:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
2607:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
1001:
at Rome was also a common Latin shrine, as it was built outside the
6020:
6005:
6000:
5901:
4935:
4930:
4507:
2012:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1691:
1566:
1560:
1512:
1482:
1464:
1274:
1161:
1149:
1030:
1006:
1005:
or City boundary. There was also an important Latin cult-centre at
990:
978:. This may be the sacred grove to Diana which a fragment of Cato's
964:
952:
851:
714:
673:
659:
480:
422:
372:
308:
284:
88:
26:"Latini" redirects here. For people with the last name Latini, see
4026:. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London, 2000.
1960:
Examined individuals from the city of Rome during the time of the
1144:
and his men fled by sea after the capture and sack of their city,
963:, who, in his eagerness to join his army at its assembly-point of
4967:
4692:
3990:
Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria, Ellen Macnamara, and Duncan R Hook.
3620:
1897:
between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups
1830:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1727:
1676:
1578:
1542:
1470:
1287:
1283:
1173:
1153:
1133:
1110:
1091:
1087:
1010:
975:
710:
434:
352:
340:
328:
292:
232:
83:
2281:
J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in
2257:Ăberlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt,
1344:
672:
onwards. From this time, the Latins exhibit the features of the
5660:
4628:
4159:
4033:. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London, 1992.
2526:
1838:
1780:
1497:
1141:
1128:
1123:
1058:
1026:
765:
586:
489:
462:. Most scholars consider that Etruscan is a pre-IE survival, a
450:. Other examples of non-IE languages in Iron Age Italy are the
426:
307:, that populated central and southern Italy during the Italian
280:
271:
212:
49:
that were eventually annexed by Rome to form "New Latium": The
2350:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17â33.
2259:
Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11â17, specifically 15.
521:
4940:
4723:
4623:
4086:
4081:
3790:
3786:
3680:
2561:
2467:
2288:
2000:
1864:
1834:
1719:
1593:
1527:
1419:
1279:
1265:
1075:
1070:
845:
785:
753:
476:
430:
216:
171:
152:
76:
46:
5448:
4925:
4031:
Underground Religion: Cult and Culture In Prehistoric Italy
3804:
3325:
3313:
2605:
Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).
2162:
David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.367
2153:
David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.344
1894:
1868:("allies"), tied to Rome by treaties of military alliance.
1793:
1653:
1193:
1145:
1062:
948:
447:
401:
of Central and Western Europe was a candidate for an early
132:
3161:
2703:
Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes
2416:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.).
2324:
825:). The Romans kept a perpetual sacred fire burning in the
721:
first buildings were established on the site of the later
3572:
Di Gaetano, C; Cerutti, N; Crobu, F; et al. (2009).
3224:
3222:
3121:
3119:
3068:
3056:
37:
3522:"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe"
3001:
2924:
2922:
2855:
2853:
2826:
2719:
2451:
2449:
2420:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97â102.
2285:, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), p.17-40
2092:
2090:
1667:
and had become the second-largest city in Italy (after
3837:
Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019).
3571:
3463:
Sarno, S; Boattini, A; Pagani, L; et al. (2017).
3277:
3265:
3219:
3194:
3182:
3149:
3116:
3044:
2989:
2977:
2965:
662:, hosted permanent settlements at a very early stage.
421:(now regarded as merely a Latin dialect), and perhaps
3104:
3092:
3080:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2850:
2838:
2799:
2446:
2348:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
2312:
2300:
2272:, pp. 115-121. Ăvila: DiputaciĂłn Provincial de Ăvila.
1140:, whose exact location is uncertain. The Trojan hero
4553:
Monte Val de' Varri â Monte Faito â Monte San Nicola
2816:
2814:
2183:
finds are conserved in the Museum of Agro Picentino.
2087:
5207:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3945:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3853:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3462:
1061:, a supposed Trojan survivor of the destruction of
927:("Latin Festival"), held each winter on the sacred
397:Similarly, several authors have suggested that the
303:-speaking (IE) tribes, conventionally known as the
211:surrounding Italic mountain tribes, especially the
131:that included the early inhabitants of the city of
3406:Antonio, M; Gao, Z; Lucci, M; et al. (2019).
2604:
2418:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
1016:
733:
504:, as there is great consensus that the subsequent
371:, were so closely related to the Central European
4019:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
2811:
2771:
241:has been suggested to derive from the Latin word
6226:
3985:Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy
3372:
3298:, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37.
1815:("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, representing
529:, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription (
4005:. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2007.
3405:
2470:"Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA"
2003:or dark blond and 91% dark brown or black. The
319:, had noted important similarities between the
315:system. In particular various authors, such as
3836:
3564:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
2744:. University of California Press. p. 74.
2408:
2406:
2171:K. Kristiansen - Europe Before History p. 388.
1694:emblem on the left-hand officer's tunic. From
888:
4708:
4064:
3676:
3674:
1345:Political unification under Rome (550â338 BC)
1314:, or that it was derived from the Latin word
2772:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (25 November 2011).
2555:
2461:
2336:
1913:(two samples), and the maternal haplogroups
1739:influence is implied as extending as far as
1679:) and far larger than any other Latin city.
1278:) after they had been thrown into the river
909:were held on its summit. In foreground, the
692:("huts"). In Phase I of the Latium culture (
4044:Distinguishing the terms: Latins and Romans
3614:
3385:. Princeton University Press. p. 295.
2403:
1176:founded Rome in 753 BC. Under a later king
913:, filling the caldera of an extinct volcano
4715:
4701:
4071:
4057:
3671:
2119:
2117:
1354:" by modern scholars. But it appears that
599:, rather than the political king of Rome.
565:("Black Stone") discovered in 1899 in the
4003:Ancient Italy: Regions without Boundaries
3876:
3707:
3654:
3597:
3547:
3537:
3519:
3496:
3456:
3439:
3137:
2648:
2638:
2564:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2529:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2520:
2503:
2493:
2149:
2147:
1306:. The name contains the Latin diminutive
1097:The figure of Aeneas as portrayed in the
548:), a member of the western branch of the
454:, spoken in the Alps, and the unattested
3920:
3382:The History and Geography of Human Genes
3074:
3062:
3050:
2946:Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art
2737:
2731:
2664:extensive genetic exchange between them.
2342:
2210:
1792:
1681:
1243:
1109:
1053:Under the ever-growing influence of the
1020:
892:
737:
606:
569:, dating from around 600 BC: in the mid-
520:
407:
270:
82:
36:
3908:
3893:
3283:
3271:
3228:
3200:
3188:
3167:
3155:
3125:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2928:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2859:
2844:
2832:
2805:
2725:
2700:
2680:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 109â18.
2675:
2669:
2598:
2455:
2412:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2240:
2114:
2096:
967:, failed to attend the Latin Festival.
959:in 217 BC to the impiety of the consul
854:symbol: This symbol, the hooked cross (
367:, which introduced iron-working to the
45:and surrounding regions in present-day
6227:
2775:Law and Religion in the Roman Republic
2144:
2141:Massimo Pallottino-Etruscologia p. 40.
1979:
4696:
4052:
3905:15th Ed. (1995): MicropĂŠdia: "Latium"
2940:
2399:. ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172.
2230:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 89â102.
2225:
2052:
1282:on the orders of their wicked uncle,
442:, which is considered related to the
249:originally meant "men of the plain".
93:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy
5253:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
4568:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando
3932:
3926:La Lingua e l'Origine degli Etruschi
3366:
2426:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
776:(PIEs) known to the Greco-Romans as
746:(AD 166â80). The soldiers of legion
87:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the
2765:
2391:
817:("Jupiter the Thunderbolt-Flinger")
602:
556:(IE) family of languages in Europe
343:, kurganized around 3100 BC by the
13:
4722:
4443:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)
4136:
3977:
3914:Indo-European Language and Culture
3748:
3578:European Journal of Human Genetics
1995:For Iron Age/Republic period, the
1882:
1290:, and then confined their mother,
1009:. Lavinium hosted the cult of the
788:, whose languages belonged to the
299:The Latins belonged to a group of
190:, was a distinctive subset of the
119:(m. pl.)), sometimes known as the
14:
6271:
4037:
4012:. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1980.
3823:
1845:the establishment of a series of
1369:were estimated by Beloch (1926):
1264:) that kept Romulus and his twin
943:presided over them) and into the
728:
471:preserves the tradition that the
283:of southern Russia, north of the
16:Italic tribe in ancient antiquity
6209:
6208:
6197:
4080:
2738:Forsythe, Gary (7 August 2006).
2025:List of ancient peoples of Italy
1615:Marcigliana Vecchia, Settebagni
5938:Orders, decorations, and medals
4010:Ancient Italy before the Romans
3994:. London: British Museum, 2007.
3987:. London: Academic Press, 1981.
3513:
3399:
3360:
3349:
3337:
3256:
3247:
3234:
3206:
3173:
3131:
3035:
3026:
3013:
2952:
2934:
2874:
2865:
2694:
2385:
2372:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2204:
2186:
2174:
2165:
1373:Latin city-states in existence
1094:) in the period ending 275 BC.
1017:Latins in the Roman origin myth
848:(the old royal palace in Rome).
813:("Jupiter the Rainmaker"), and
734:Relics of Indo-European culture
2243:Old Celtic Languages - Addenda
2156:
2135:
2126:
2102:
2078:
2046:
2030:List of ancient Italic peoples
1984:As regards to the data on the
593:in classical Latin, or to the
337:Middle-Danube Urnfield culture
1:
3813:
3795:
3777:
3761:
2040:
1887:A genetic study published in
1772:
1661:
1374:
1363:
1355:
1331:
1230:
1219:
1080:
1034:
983:
982:recorded dedicated, probably
874:
752:, who were surrounded by the
693:
666:
622:. Some very small amounts of
585:, the word for "king" in the
530:
376:
325:South-German Urnfield culture
207:
199:
3961:10.1126/science.366.6466.673
3539:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555
2495:10.1371/journal.pone.0055519
1871:
1743:, 100 km to the south.
1033:). Roman marble bas-relief,
589:singular in archaic Latin -
295:) into the Italian peninsula
226:
7:
5978:Water supply and sanitation
5402:Italian geographical region
5270:Monarchy and the World Wars
5212:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5098:War of the Sicilian Vespers
4751:Timeline of Italian history
4652:List of presidents of Lazio
2018:
1722:; established control over
1639:Total Size of Latium Vetus
889:Latin communal tribal cults
809:("Jupiter the Thunderer"),
768:people, originating in the
516:
10:
6278:
5897:Inventions and discoveries
5307:Fall of the Fascist regime
5290:Fourth War of Independence
5248:Expedition of the Thousand
5238:Second War of Independence
3771:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3743:
3520:Ralph, P; Coop, G (2013).
3489:10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4
2060:(1st ed.). New York:
1875:
1803:(shields), as used by the
1239:
552:, in turn a branch of the
475:(Etruscans) originated in
256:
252:
230:
25:
18:
6193:
5991:
5837:
5828:
5692:
5683:
5671:Security and intelligence
5544:
5535:
5397:
5388:
5331:
5258:Third War of Independence
5233:First War of Independence
5220:
5113:
5022:
4903:
4840:
4759:
4743:
4734:
4681:
4660:
4637:
4591:
4290:
4194:
4147:
4134:
4093:
3832:Early Rome and the Latins
3830:Alföldi, Andreas (1966):
3700:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022
2356:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2
2226:Kruta, Venceslas (1991).
1675:(585 hectares, including
1069:, as related in the poet
1048:
758:Column of Marcus Aurelius
679:found in Etruria and the
460:Paleo-Sardinian languages
5349:IstrianâDalmatian exodus
5344:Institutional referendum
2108:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1771:(a wood near Aricia) in
957:Battle of Lake Trasimene
321:proto-Villanovan culture
267:Indo-European migrations
192:proto-Villanovan culture
41:Map of fifth-century BC
19:Not to be confused with
6245:Ancient Italian history
5872:Emigration and diaspora
5081:Guelphs and Ghibellines
5066:the Sardinian Judicates
3903:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3894:Cornell, T. J. (1995).
3869:10.1126/science.aay6826
3432:10.1126/science.aay6826
2631:10.1126/science.aay6826
2297:, p. 31-34, map 1.
2241:Stifter, David (2008).
2211:Chadwick, Nora (1970).
2198:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1819:, the highest Roman god
1268:alive in a cave on the
717:(ruled 30 BC - AD 14).
483:, but Lydians spoke an
464:Paleo-European language
21:Latino (disambiguation)
5754:Science and technology
5702:Italian regions by GDP
5503:Marine protected areas
5175:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4141:
3896:The Beginnings of Rome
3647:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492
3310:, p. 4 Table S15.
1820:
1699:
1257:
1164:, founded a new city,
1119:
1045:
914:
761:
615:
537:
413:
296:
155:and the promontory of
96:
80:
32:Latin (disambiguation)
30:. For other uses, see
6235:Latins (Italic tribe)
5953:Public administration
5061:the Holy Roman Empire
4257:Lago di Posta Fibreno
4140:
3997:Bradley, Guy Jolyon,
3922:Georgiev, Vladimir I.
3694:(12): 2576â2591.e12.
3590:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120
2778:. BRILL. p. 74.
1966:Eastern Mediterranean
1943:Eastern mediterranean
1796:
1685:
1247:
1113:
1024:
896:
741:
610:
524:
411:
403:Indo-European culture
274:
86:
40:
6181:World Heritage Sites
5636:Council of Ministers
5374:Coronavirus pandemic
4772:Currency and coinage
4673:Marino Wine Festival
4488:Monte Lauro in Gaeta
4095:Provinces and places
4001:, and Corinna Riva.
3910:Fortson, Benjamin W.
3253:Alfoldi (1965) 49-52
2333:, p. 42, Map 2.
2194:"Villanovan culture"
774:Proto-Indo-Europeans
540:The tribe spoke the
506:orientalizing period
425:, spoken in eastern
349:Kristian Kristiansen
5712:Automotive industry
5651:Metropolitan cities
5197:Early Modern period
5170:Kingdom of Sardinia
5121:Italian city-states
4513:Maschio delle Faete
4413:Maschio dell'Ariano
4298:Seven hills of Rome
4232:Lago di Giulianello
3953:2019Sci...366..673W
3861:2019Sci...366..708A
3639:2019SciA....5.3492R
3481:2017NatSR...7.1984S
3424:2019Sci...366..708A
3344:Antonio et al. 2019
3332:Antonio et al. 2019
3320:Antonio et al. 2019
3308:Antonio et al. 2019
3296:Antonio et al. 2019
2623:2019Sci...366..708A
2486:2013PLoSO...855519G
1980:Physical appearance
1809:Imperial Roman army
1797:Modern replicas of
1599:Gallicano nel Lazio
1380:
1170:Latin kings of Alba
394:-speaking context.
147:), the area in the
5774:Telecommunications
5141:Maritime republics
4647:Elections in Lazio
4418:Maschio di Lariano
4142:
4029:Whitehouse, Ruth.
3469:Scientific Reports
3170:, p. 204-205.
2576:10.1002/ajpa.23679
2541:10.1002/ajpa.22319
1821:
1700:
1372:
1258:
1152:(Pratica di Mare,
1120:
1046:
945:Roman imperial era
915:
815:Jupiter Fulgurator
762:
616:
612:Villanovan culture
538:
414:
365:Villanovan culture
297:
174:, belonged to the
151:between the river
97:
81:
6222:
6221:
6189:
6188:
5824:
5823:
5759:Southern question
5679:
5678:
5611:Political parties
5559:Foreign relations
5531:
5530:
5384:
5383:
5105:Kingdom of Naples
5093:Kingdom of Sicily
4690:
4689:
4383:Monti della Tolfa
4308:Aurunci Mountains
4222:Lago di Caprolace
4187:
4179:
3774:Roman Antiquities
3418:(6466): 708â714.
3139:Carandini, Andrea
2785:978-90-04-21920-5
2751:978-0-520-24991-2
2270:Celtas y Vettones
2071:978-0-393-05974-8
2054:Bauer, Susan Wise
1708:Tarquin the Proud
1650:
1649:
1469:Pratica di Mare,
1254:Capitoline Museum
1198:Vladimir Georgiev
807:Jupiter Tonitrans
654:and possibly the
644:lacus Tusculensis
388:Canegrate culture
384:Hallstatt culture
369:Italian peninsula
277:Kurgan hypothesis
180:Italian Peninsula
149:Italian Peninsula
6267:
6212:
6211:
6204:Italy portal
6201:
6200:
6141:National symbols
5835:
5834:
5690:
5689:
5542:
5541:
5395:
5394:
5275:Kingdom of Italy
5202:Napoleonic Italy
4741:
4740:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4483:Monte Guadagnolo
4378:Monte Terminillo
4358:Monti Prenestini
4348:Monti della Meta
4338:Monti della Laga
4217:Lago di Canterno
4185:
4177:
4128:List of communes
4085:
4084:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4022:Ridgway, David.
4015:Forsythe, Gary.
3983:Barker, Graeme.
3972:
3929:
3917:
3899:
3890:
3880:
3818:
3815:
3800:
3797:
3782:
3779:
3766:
3763:
3738:
3737:
3711:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3627:Science Advances
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3541:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3077:, p. 20-25.
3072:
3066:
3065:, p. 86-98.
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:, p. 64-65.
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:, p. 54-55.
2830:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2735:
2729:
2728:, p. 94-95.
2723:
2717:
2716:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2642:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2344:Haarmann, Harald
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2084:Alfoldi (1966) 9
2082:
2076:
2075:
2050:
1951:Central Italians
1826:foedus Cassianum
1777:
1774:
1769:lucus Ferentinae
1666:
1663:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1336:
1333:
1328:Andrea Carandini
1235:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1178:Tullus Hostilius
1085:
1082:
1039:
1036:
1025:The Trojan hero
988:
985:
947:. The historian
879:
876:
770:Eurasian steppes
744:Marcomannic Wars
698:
695:
671:
668:
636:lacus Nemorensis
624:Apennine culture
603:Material culture
550:Italic languages
535:
532:
502:Urnfield culture
498:Lemnian language
492:in the northern
456:ancient Ligurian
452:Camunic language
381:
378:
373:Urnfield culture
313:Urnfield culture
209:
201:
182:during the late
170:Their language,
62:
61:
28:Latini (surname)
6277:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6260:Romance peoples
6250:History of Rome
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6198:
6185:
6156:Public holidays
5987:
5933:Life expectancy
5820:
5675:
5591:Law enforcement
5527:
5380:
5327:
5316:Social Republic
5280:Colonial Empire
5263:Capture of Rome
5216:
5109:
5018:
4911:Ancient peoples
4899:
4836:
4797:Historic states
4755:
4730:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4677:
4656:
4633:
4609:Pontine marshes
4599:Castelli Romani
4587:
4558:Monte di Cambio
4433:Monte Carbonaro
4423:Monte Artemisio
4286:
4277:Lago del Turano
4262:Lago di Rascino
4247:Lago dei Monaci
4237:Lake Martignano
4190:
4183:Roman Republic
4175:Roman Republic
4143:
4132:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4040:
3980:
3978:Further reading
3975:
3826:
3816:
3809:Ab urbe condita
3798:
3780:
3764:
3751:
3749:Ancient sources
3746:
3741:
3688:Current Biology
3679:
3672:
3633:(9): eaaw3492.
3619:
3615:
3569:
3565:
3532:(5): e1001555.
3518:
3514:
3461:
3457:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:Livy II.21. 3-4
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2960:Ab Urbe Condita
2957:
2953:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2674:
2670:
2603:
2599:
2560:
2556:
2525:
2521:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2436:
2414:Wallace, Rex E.
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:De Ligt, Luuk.
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2255:Alfons Semler,
2254:
2250:
2239:
2235:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:. p. 355.
2051:
2047:
2043:
2021:
1982:
1939:steppe ancestry
1909:, R-PF7589 and
1885:
1883:Genetic studies
1880:
1874:
1813:alae et fulgura
1775:
1696:Piazza Armerina
1688:Late Roman army
1664:
1502:Monte Compatri
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1358:
1347:
1334:
1312:Etruscan origin
1250:Capitoline Wolf
1242:
1233:
1222:
1083:
1055:Italiote Greeks
1051:
1037:
1019:
995:Servius Tullius
986:
961:Gaius Flaminius
891:
877:
827:Temple of Vesta
811:Jupiter Pluvius
736:
731:
701:wattle-and-daub
696:
669:
605:
533:
519:
379:
317:Marija Gimbutas
269:
257:Main articles:
255:
235:
229:
163:, inhabited by
161:Latium adiectum
59:
58:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6275:
6274:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6255:Latial culture
6252:
6247:
6242:
6240:Italic peoples
6237:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:Stock exchange
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5666:Municipalities
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5626:Prime Minister
5623:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5513:Regional parks
5510:
5508:National parks
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5417:Climate change
5409:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5180:Duchy of Savoy
5177:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5088:Lombard League
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5010:Western Empire
5002:
4997:
4995:Roman conquest
4992:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4916:Italic peoples
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:Roman Campagna
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Monte le Pezze
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Monte Sorgenze
4540:
4535:
4533:Monte Cervello
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Le Rave Fosche
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Monti Sabatini
4360:
4355:
4353:Monte Petrella
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Lago del Salto
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Lake Bracciano
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4186:(19th century)
4180:
4178:(18th century)
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4038:External links
4036:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3900:
3891:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3824:Modern sources
3822:
3821:
3820:
3802:
3784:
3768:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3670:
3613:
3563:
3512:
3455:
3398:
3392:978-0691087504
3391:
3371:
3359:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3286:, p. 305.
3276:
3274:, p. 299.
3264:
3255:
3246:
3233:
3231:, p. 293.
3218:
3205:
3203:, p. 210.
3193:
3191:, p. 209.
3181:
3172:
3160:
3158:, p. 246.
3148:
3130:
3128:, p. 119.
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3012:
3000:
2998:, p. 109.
2988:
2986:, p. 295.
2976:
2974:, p. 297.
2964:
2951:
2948:. p. 166.
2942:Green, Miranda
2933:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2873:
2871:Dionysius I.79
2864:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2810:
2798:
2784:
2764:
2750:
2730:
2718:
2712:978-0861591732
2711:
2693:
2687:978-1934078495
2686:
2668:
2597:
2570:(3): 497â506.
2554:
2519:
2460:
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2402:
2384:
2371:
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2261:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2185:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2017:
1981:
1978:
1884:
1881:
1876:Main article:
1873:
1870:
1847:Latin colonies
1648:
1647:
1645:
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1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:Est. territory
1392:
1387:
1346:
1343:
1241:
1238:
1234: 1000 BC
1067:Achaean Greeks
1050:
1047:
1042:British Museum
1018:
1015:
924:Feriae Latinae
907:Latin Festival
890:
887:
886:
885:
873:of SE Europe (
849:
830:
823:Zoroastrianism
818:
799:
798:Roman society.
735:
732:
730:
729:Social culture
727:
686:Latial culture
677:Latial culture
670: 1000 BC
604:
601:
544:(specifically
542:Latin language
518:
515:
446:spoken in the
399:Beaker culture
382:â750 BC), and
357:Latial culture
259:Latial culture
254:
251:
228:
225:
188:Latial culture
67:), Praeneste (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6273:
6272:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
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6232:
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6215:
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6205:
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6179:
6177:
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6159:
6157:
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6149:
6147:
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6142:
6139:
6137:
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6132:
6129:
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6124:
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6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
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6102:
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6019:
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6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
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5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
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5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5833:
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5827:
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5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Years of Lead
5357:
5355:
5354:Economic Boom
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Fascist Italy
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Niçard exodus
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Magna Graecia
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Monte Pizzuto
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Mont Fogliano
4471:
4469:
4468:Monte Fammera
4466:
4464:
4463:Monte Faggeto
4461:
4459:
4458:Monte Dragone
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Monte Appiolo
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Monte Cassino
4391:
4389:
4388:Monti Volsini
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Monte Soratte
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Monte Gorzano
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Lake Sabaudia
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Lago di Fondi
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4008:Brown, A. C.
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799: 800 BC
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3765: AD 250
3759:
3758:Roman History
3756:
3753:
3752:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3143:Rome: Day One
3140:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3113:, p. 71.
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 66.
3100:
3095:
3089:, p. 65.
3088:
3083:
3076:
3075:Georgiev 1979
3071:
3064:
3063:Georgiev 1979
3059:
3053:, p. 90.
3052:
3051:Georgiev 1979
3047:
3038:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2931:, p. 27.
2930:
2925:
2923:
2916:, p. 26.
2915:
2910:
2904:, p. 25.
2903:
2898:
2892:, p. 20.
2891:
2886:
2880:Dio XLVIII.43
2877:
2868:
2862:, p. 57.
2861:
2856:
2854:
2847:, p. 51.
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2808:, p. 32.
2807:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:(2): e55519.
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2458:, p. 47.
2457:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2435:9780195170726
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2365:9781444337341
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2321:, p. 43.
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 41.
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:. p. 25.
2244:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2215:. p. 30.
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2099:, p. 44.
2098:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:Lake Regillus
1784:
1782:
1776: 500 BC
1770:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Lars Porsenna
1744:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665: 625 BC
1657:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1378: 500 BC
1370:
1367: 500 BC
1359: 500 BC
1353:
1342:
1338:
1335: 753 BC
1329:
1326:In contrast,
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:Palatine Hill
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1226:
1223: 400 BC
1216:
1215:lingua franca
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Priam of Troy
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:'s epic, the
1125:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084: 800 BC
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1038: AD 140
1032:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Aventine hill
996:
992:
987: 500 BC
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Roman consuls
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
883:
872:
871:VinÄa culture
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:crux uncinata
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
838:October Equus
835:
831:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
750:
749:XII Fulminata
745:
740:
726:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
691:
687:
682:
678:
675:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
609:
600:
598:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Kings of Rome
576:
575:Archaic Latin
572:
571:Roman kingdom
568:
564:
563:
557:
555:
554:Indo-European
551:
547:
543:
534: 600 BC
528:
523:
514:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
485:Indo-European
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Yamna culture
342:
338:
334:
333:Upper Austria
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Italic tribes
302:
301:Indo-European
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
205:
196:
195:sanctuaries.
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Italic branch
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
91:, before the
90:
85:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
6041:Architecture
6011:Quattrocento
5968:Social class
5948:Prostitution
5862:Demographics
5784:Trade unions
5727:Central Bank
5569:Human rights
5549:Constitution
5332:Contemporary
5302:World War II
5190:Italian Wars
5114:Early modern
5056:Papal States
5034:Italy under
4980:Ancient Rome
4920:
4604:Valle Latina
4583:Monte Ruazzo
4538:Monte Revole
4518:Meta (monte)
4503:Monte Livata
4453:Monte Crispi
4438:Monte Cefalo
4428:Monte Autore
4403:Monte Altino
4368:Monti Sabini
4343:Monti Lepini
4328:Monti Ernici
4323:Cimini Hills
4313:Monti Ausoni
4242:Lake Mezzano
4207:Lake Bolsena
4170:Papal States
4165:Ancient Rome
4154:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3999:Elena Isayev
3991:
3984:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3902:
3895:
3848:
3842:
3831:
3817: AD 20
3807:
3789:
3781: 10 BC
3773:
3757:
3709:11585/827581
3691:
3687:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3584:(1): 91â99.
3581:
3577:
3566:
3529:
3526:PLOS Biology
3525:
3515:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3381:
3374:
3362:
3351:
3339:
3334:, p. 3.
3327:
3322:, p. 2.
3315:
3303:
3291:
3284:Cornell 1995
3279:
3272:Cornell 1995
3267:
3258:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3229:Cornell 1995
3213:
3208:
3201:Cornell 1995
3196:
3189:Cornell 1995
3184:
3175:
3168:Cornell 1995
3163:
3156:Cornell 1995
3151:
3142:
3133:
3126:Cornell 1995
3111:Cornell 1995
3106:
3099:Cornell 1995
3094:
3087:Cornell 1995
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3008:Cornell 1995
3003:
2996:Cornell 1995
2991:
2984:Cornell 1995
2979:
2972:Cornell 1995
2967:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2929:Fortson 2010
2914:Fortson 2010
2909:
2902:Fortson 2010
2897:
2890:Fortson 2010
2885:
2876:
2867:
2860:Cornell 1995
2845:Cornell 1995
2840:
2833:Cornell 1995
2828:
2821:
2806:Cornell 1995
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2774:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2740:
2733:
2726:Cornell 1995
2721:
2702:
2696:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2640:2318/1715466
2614:
2610:
2600:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2535:(1): 11â18.
2532:
2528:
2522:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2456:Cornell 1995
2439:
2417:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2347:
2338:
2331:Cornell 1995
2326:
2319:Cornell 1995
2314:
2307:Cornell 1995
2302:
2295:Cornell 1995
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2181:Pontecagnano
2176:
2167:
2158:
2137:
2128:
2109:
2104:
2097:Cornell 1995
2080:
2062:W. W. Norton
2057:
2048:
2035:Valle Latina
2009:
1994:
1986:pigmentation
1983:
1962:Roman Empire
1959:
1888:
1886:
1878:Roman people
1863:
1860:Latium Vetus
1859:
1843:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1798:
1785:
1768:
1765:
1745:
1701:
1658:
1651:
1611:Crustumerium
1532:Castiglione
1389:Modern name/
1352:Latin League
1348:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1273:
1261:
1259:
1227:
1214:
1190:
1186:Caelian Hill
1182:mons Caelius
1181:
1127:
1121:
1114:View of the
1103:
1098:
1096:
1074:
1073:'s epic the
1052:
1002:
979:
969:
937:Latium Vetus
936:
929:mons Albanus
928:
922:
918:
916:
899:Albanus mons
898:
859:
855:
837:
833:
814:
810:
806:
763:
747:
719:
704:
689:
664:
643:
635:
628:transhumance
617:
596:rex sacrorum
594:
590:
582:
560:
558:
539:
511:Latium vetus
472:
415:
396:
361:Este culture
298:
288:
263:Latium vetus
246:
242:
238:
236:
197:
169:
165:Osco-Umbrian
157:Mount Circeo
145:Latium vetus
144:
137:Roman people
129:Italic tribe
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
54:
6106:Italophilia
6066:Coat of arm
6016:Cinquecento
5892:Immigration
5842:Aristocracy
5707:Agriculture
5601:Nationality
5574:LGBT rights
5488:Earthquakes
5369:Mani pulite
5285:World War I
5228:Unification
5221:Late modern
5185:Renaissance
5030:Middle Ages
5023:Middle Ages
5000:Roman Italy
4767:Citizenship
4548:Monte Trina
4528:Monte Caira
4493:Monte Lauzo
4478:Monte Fusco
4398:Monte Abate
4303:Alban Hills
4202:Lake Albano
3855:: 708â714.
3755:Dio Cassius
3475:(1): 1984.
2820:Britannica
2678:Etruscology
1990:ancient DNA
1974:Middle Ages
1970:Middle East
1811:. Note the
1763:in 504 BC.
1690:. Note the
1548:Villa Spada
1439:Palestrina
1302:instead of
1292:Rhea Silvia
1188:) in Rome.
1116:Alban Hills
878: 5500
723:Roman Forum
706:Casa Romuli
697: 1000
648:Lake Albano
632:Alban Hills
567:Roman Forum
562:Lapis Niger
527:Lapis Niger
380: 1300
51:Alban Hills
6229:Categories
6176:Traditions
6166:Television
6151:Philosophy
6116:Literature
6056:Cathedrals
6026:Settecento
5887:Healthcare
5852:Corruption
5847:Censorship
5606:Parliament
5564:Government
5364:Maxi Trial
5312:Resistance
5041:Ostrogoths
4973:Messapians
4858:Villanovan
4848:Prehistory
4841:Prehistory
4684:Categories
4573:Monte Orso
4318:Monte Cavo
2791:15 October
2757:15 October
2378:Herodotus
2041:References
2005:skin color
1304:vice versa
1166:Alba Longa
1079:(composed
933:Monte Cavo
911:Alban lake
903:Monte Cavo
882:hieroglyph
782:Sarmatians
656:Capitoline
620:Bronze Age
494:Aegean Sea
231:See also:
206:monarchy (
184:Bronze Age
143:(in Latin
141:Old Latium
127:, were an
79:are shown.
69:Palestrina
6136:Mythology
6111:Libraries
6031:Ottocento
5973:Terrorism
5914:Languages
5867:Education
5789:Transport
5739:Companies
5646:Provinces
5616:President
5581:Judiciary
5554:Elections
5466:Volcanoes
5461:Volcanism
5454:Apennines
5439:Mountains
5407:Peninsula
5390:Geography
5321:Civil War
5046:Byzantium
4953:Etruscans
4888:Canegrate
4883:Golasecca
4868:Rinaldone
4863:Terramare
4853:Neolithic
4592:Geography
4291:Mountains
4282:Lake Vico
4252:Lake Nemi
4103:Frosinone
3734:234471370
3718:0960-9822
3367:Wade 2019
3179:Livy I.52
3041:Livy I.23
2380:Histories
2228:The Celts
2213:The Celts
1997:eye color
1955:Etruscans
1872:Aftermath
1856:Latin War
1852:Praeneste
1741:Terracina
1435:Praeneste
1294:, to the
1138:Laurentum
868:Stone Age
834:asvamedha
778:Scythians
709:("Hut of
640:Lake Nemi
546:Old Latin
473:Tyrrhenoi
469:Herodotus
237:The name
227:Etymology
221:Latin War
167:peoples.
6214:Category
6101:Internet
6091:Folklore
6021:Seicento
6006:Trecento
6001:Duecento
5963:Religion
5924:Regional
5902:Italians
5877:Gambling
5769:Taxation
5596:Military
5537:Politics
5339:Republic
5126:Florence
5051:Lombards
4990:Republic
4936:Samnites
4931:Picentes
4873:Apennine
4832:Railways
4812:Military
4760:By topic
4744:Overview
4728:articles
4639:Politics
4508:Mainarde
3969:31699914
3943:(6466).
3924:(1979).
3912:(2010).
3887:31699931
3851:(6466).
3726:33974848
3665:31517044
3608:18685561
3558:23667324
3507:28512355
3450:31699931
3242:Origines
3212:Tacitus
3141:(2011).
3032:Livy I.1
2944:(1989).
2659:31699931
2592:52161000
2584:30187463
2549:23900768
2514:23405165
2474:PLOS ONE
2056:(2007).
2019:See also
1947:Northern
1736:Lavinium
1732:Polybius
1724:Tusculum
1716:Satricum
1698:, Sicily
1692:swastika
1669:Tarentum
1583:Ariccia
1567:Frascati
1561:Tusculum
1517:Mentana
1513:Nomentum
1487:Lanuvio
1483:Lanuvium
1465:Lavinium
1391:location
1275:Lupercal
1162:Ascanius
1150:Lavinium
1044:, London
1031:Lavinium
1007:Lavinium
1003:pomerium
991:Tusculum
980:Origines
965:Arretium
953:Hannibal
897:View of
864:Sanskrit
860:swastika
852:Swastika
715:Augustus
674:Iron Age
660:Quirinal
658:and the
652:Palatine
517:Language
481:Anatolia
440:Etruscan
423:Siculian
419:Faliscan
347:, while
309:Iron Age
285:Caucasus
89:Iron Age
6171:Theatre
6146:Palaces
6126:Museums
6096:Gardens
6081:Fashion
6071:Cuisine
6051:Castles
5993:Culture
5943:Poverty
5919:Italian
5830:Society
5811:Welfare
5779:Tourism
5749:Exports
5717:Banking
5697:Economy
5685:Economy
5641:Regions
5523:Valleys
5493:Islands
5473:Beaches
5444:Prealps
5424:Geology
5412:Climate
5076:Normans
5036:Odoacer
4985:Kingdom
4968:Ligures
4904:Ancient
4878:Nuragic
4827:Postage
4802:Judaism
4792:Genetic
4782:Fashion
4777:Economy
4736:History
4661:Culture
4148:History
4123:Viterbo
3949:Bibcode
3947:: 673.
3936:Science
3878:7093155
3857:Bibcode
3844:Science
3744:Sources
3656:6726452
3635:Bibcode
3599:2985948
3549:3646727
3498:5434004
3477:Bibcode
3441:7093155
3420:Bibcode
3412:Science
2650:7093155
2619:Bibcode
2611:Science
2505:3566088
2482:Bibcode
1890:Science
1831:Hernici
1817:Jupiter
1807:of the
1805:legions
1756:Tacitus
1752:Clusium
1728:Circeii
1714:(later
1712:Pometia
1704:Tarquin
1677:Piraeus
1550:, Rome
1543:Fidenae
1471:Pomezia
1424:Tivoli
1384:Name of
1288:Numitor
1284:Amulius
1240:Romulus
1203:Hittite
1174:Romulus
1154:Pomezia
1134:Latinus
1092:Taranto
1065:by the
1011:Penates
997:on the
955:at the
803:Jupiter
790:Iranian
711:Romulus
690:tuguria
435:Umbrian
353:Moravia
341:Hungary
329:Bavaria
293:Moravia
253:Origins
233:Latinus
204:Tarquin
125:Latians
121:Latials
109:Latinus
6202:
6076:Design
6061:Cinema
6036:Anthem
5958:Racism
5907:People
5882:Health
5744:Energy
5734:Brands
5661:Comune
5656:Cities
5518:Rivers
5478:Canals
5161:Amalfi
5146:Venice
5005:Empire
4946:Veneti
4921:Latins
4893:Latial
4726:
4629:Tuscia
4619:Sabina
4448:Circeo
4160:Latium
4155:Latins
4108:Latina
3967:
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3023:XX.307
3019:Homer
2962:XXI.63
2822:Latium
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2110:Latium
2068:
1915:H1aj1a
1911:R-P312
1907:R-P311
1903:T-L208
1899:R-M269
1839:Volsci
1781:Volsci
1761:Aricia
1718:) and
1673:Athens
1644:2,347
1626:Ficula
1579:Aricia
1498:Labici
1454:Ardea
1399:Notes
1296:Vestal
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1207:Lydian
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1129:Aeneid
1124:Virgil
1090:(mod.
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1049:Aeneas
1027:Aeneas
976:Aricia
919:Latiar
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642:) and
587:dative
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427:Sicily
392:Celtic
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115:(f.),
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111:(m.),
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60:LATIUM
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6161:Sport
6131:Music
6121:Media
5983:Women
5857:Crime
5722:Banks
5498:Lakes
5483:Caves
5434:Flora
5429:Fauna
5151:Genoa
5136:Milan
5131:Siena
5071:Arabs
4958:Celts
4941:Umbri
4817:Music
4787:Flags
4724:Italy
4624:Tiber
4523:Monna
4195:Lakes
4113:Rieti
4087:Lazio
3791:Iliad
3787:Homer
3730:S2CID
3244:II.28
3240:Cato
3214:Hist.
3021:Iliad
2958:Livy
2588:S2CID
2397:(PDF)
2001:blond
1927:U4a1a
1919:T2c1f
1865:socii
1835:Aequi
1800:scuta
1750:, of
1720:Gabii
1594:Pedum
1528:Gabii
1450:Ardea
1420:Tibur
1409:Roma
1320:after
1308:-ulus
1280:Tiber
1272:(the
1266:Remus
1104:Iliad
1099:Iliad
1088:Taras
1076:Iliad
1071:Homer
1040:â50.
972:Diana
846:Regia
786:Alans
754:Quadi
583:recei
496:(see
477:Lydia
431:Oscan
289:circa
243:latus
217:Aequi
172:Latin
153:Tiber
135:(see
105:Latin
77:Gabii
73:Ardea
47:Italy
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5816:Wine
5804:road
5799:rail
5630:List
5620:List
5449:Alps
5314:and
5156:Pisa
4926:Osci
4822:Name
4807:LGBT
4668:Flag
4118:Rome
3965:PMID
3883:PMID
3805:Livy
3722:PMID
3714:ISSN
3661:PMID
3604:PMID
3554:PMID
3503:PMID
3446:PMID
3387:ISBN
2793:2020
2780:ISBN
2759:2020
2746:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2655:PMID
2580:PMID
2545:PMID
2510:PMID
2430:ISBN
2382:I.94
2360:ISBN
2066:ISBN
1968:and
1949:and
1933:and
1931:H11a
1895:Rome
1837:and
1654:Kent
1565:nr.
1475:164
1457:199
1442:263
1427:351
1412:822
1405:Roma
1396:(km)
1386:city
1316:ruma
1262:lupa
1248:The
1205:and
1194:Veii
1146:Troy
1063:Troy
949:Livy
842:Mars
784:and
591:regi
525:The
458:and
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433:and
363:and
335:and
215:and
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6046:Art
5794:air
5586:Law
3957:doi
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3873:PMC
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3704:hdl
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2645:PMC
2635:hdl
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2572:doi
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2537:doi
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2500:PMC
2490:doi
2422:doi
2352:doi
2013:red
1935:H10
1923:H2a
1632:37
1618:40
1603:43
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