Iron Age - Knowledge

1285: 2940: 2177: 2052: 2807: 2436: 1331: 1469: 1383:. Whilst terrestrial iron is abundant naturally, temperatures above 1,250 °C (2,280 °F) are required to smelt it, impractical to achieve with the technology available commonly until the end of the second millennium BC. In contrast, the components of bronze—tin with a melting point of 231.9 °C (449.4 °F) and copper with a relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F)—were within the capabilities of Neolithic 1228:. The term "Iron Age" in the archaeology of South, East, and Southeast Asia is more recent and less common than for Western Eurasia. Africa did not have a universal "Bronze Age", and many areas transitioned directly from stone to iron. Some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was developed in sub-Saharan Africa independently from Eurasia and neighbouring parts of Northeast Africa as early as 1460:

BC. The Nok culture of Nigeria may have practiced iron smelting from as early as 1000 BC, while the nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from c. 250 BC. Iron technology across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African origin dating to before 2000 BC. These findings confirm the independent invention of iron smelting in sub-Saharan Africa.

2743: 2470:. Yoon proposes that iron was first introduced to chiefdoms located along North Korean river valleys that flow into the Yellow Sea such as the Cheongcheon and Taedong Rivers. Iron production quickly followed during the 2nd century BC, and iron implements came to be used by farmers by the 1st century in southern Korea. The earliest known cast-iron axes in southern Korea are found in the 2089:, and slowly spread northwards and westwards over the succeeding 500 years. The Iron Age did not start when iron first appeared in Europe but it began to replace bronze in the preparation of tools and weapons. It did not happen at the same time throughout Europe; local cultural developments played a role in the transition to the Iron Age. For example, the Iron Age of 2855:; consequently, as these origin centers are located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments are thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631–2458 BC at Lejja, in Nigeria, 2136–1921 BC at Obui, in Central Africa Republic, 1895–1370 BC at Tchire Ouma 147, in Niger, and 1297–1051 BC at Dekpassanware, in Togo. 2195:, Portugal, is one of the examples of archaeological sites of the Iron Age. This settlement (fortified villages) covered an area of 3.8 hectares (9.4 acres), and served as a Celtiberian stronghold against Roman invasions. İt dates more than 2500 years back. The site was researched by Francisco Martins Sarmento starting from 1874. A number of 2074:

periods, which initially means descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt local end after conquest by the Romans, though ironworking remained the dominant technology until recent times. Elsewhere it may last until the early centuries

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examination indicates that it is likely that the use of ironware made of steel had already begun in the third millennium BC in Central Anatolia". Souckova-Siegolová (2001) shows that iron implements were made in Central Anatolia in very limited quantities about 1800 BC and were in general use by

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In addition to specially designed furnaces, ancient iron production required the development of complex procedures for the removal of impurities, the regulation of the admixture of carbon, and the invention of hot-working to achieve a useful balance of hardness and strength in steel. The use of steel

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The Early Iron Age in the Caucasus area is divided conventionally into two periods, Early Iron I, dated to about 1100 BC, and the Early Iron II phase from the tenth to ninth centuries BC. Many of the material culture traditions of the Late Bronze Age continued into the Early Iron Age. Thus, there is

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Valley in India have been dated tentatively to 1800 BC. Tewari (2003) concludes that "knowledge of iron smelting and manufacturing of iron artifacts was well known in the Eastern Vindhyas and iron had been in use in the Central Ganga Plain, at least from the early second millennium BC". By

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showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huynh beads were made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet; most of these materials were not local to the region and were most likely imported. Han-dynasty-style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites. Conversely,

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and its surrounding area. This site is assumed as the center for smelted bloomer iron to this area due to its location in the Karamnasa River and Ganga River. This site shows agricultural technology as iron implements sickles, nails, clamps, spearheads, etc., by at least c. 1500 BC. Archaeological

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to manufacture some items in the 3rd millennium BC such as a small copper/bronze bell with an iron clapper, a copper/bronze rod with two iron decorative buttons, and a copper/bronze mirror handle with a decorative iron button. Artefacts including small knives and blades have been discovered in the

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African sites are revealing dates as early as 2000–1200 BC. However, some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 and 2500 BC, with evidence existing for early iron metallurgy in parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central Africa, from as early as around 2,000

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in 671 BC. The explanation of this would seem to be that the relics are in most cases the paraphernalia of tombs, the funeral vessels and vases, and iron being considered an impure metal by the ancient Egyptians it was never used in their manufacture of these or for any religious purposes. It was

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would have been responsible for spreading the knowledge through that region. The idea of such a "Hittite monopoly" has been examined more thoroughly and no longer represents a scholarly consensus. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects

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The Iron Age in Europe is characterized by an elaboration of designs of weapons, implements, and utensils. These are no longer cast but hammered into shape, and decoration is elaborate and curvilinear rather than simple rectilinear; the forms and character of the ornamentation of the northern

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to seek an alternative to bronze. Many bronze implements were recycled into weapons during that time, and more widespread use of iron resulted in improved steel-making technology and lower costs. When tin became readily available again, iron was cheaper, stronger and lighter, and forged iron

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The three-age method of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages was first used for the archaeology of Europe during the first half of the 19th century, and by the latter half of the 19th century, it had been extended to the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Its name harks back to the mythological

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saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region. It was long believed that the success of the Hittite Empire during the Late Bronze Age had been based on the advantages entailed by the "monopoly" on ironworking at the time. Accordingly, the invading

2905:(Holl 2009). The site of Gbabiri (in the Central African Republic) has yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop; with earliest dates of 896–773 BC and 907–796 BC, respectively. Similarly, smelting in bloomery-type furnaces appear in the 3244:

Rehren, Thilo; Belgya, Tamás; Jambon, Albert; Káli, György; Kasztovszky, Zsolt; Kis, Zoltán; Kovács, Imre; Maróti, Boglárka; Martinón-Torres, Marcos; Miniaci, Gianluca; Pigott, Vincent C.; Radivojević, Miljana; Rosta, László; Szentmiklósi, László; Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Zoltán (2013).

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Archaeology in Thailand at sites Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo yielding metallic, stone, and glass artifacts stylistically associated with the Indian subcontinent suggest Indianization of Southeast Asia beginning in the 4th to 2nd centuries BC during the late Iron Age.

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begins about 500 BC (when the Greek Iron Age had already ended) and finishes about 400 AD. The widespread use of the technology of iron was implemented in Europe simultaneously with Asia. The prehistoric Iron Age in Central Europe is divided into two periods based on the

2621:. The Anuradhapura settlement is recorded to extend 10 ha (25 acres) by 800 BC and grew to 50 ha (120 acres) by 700–600 BC to become a town. The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai, 2585:

The beginning of the 1st millennium BC saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India. Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy were achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. One ironworking centre in

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the date of the beginning of iron smelting in India may well be placed as early as the sixteenth century BC ... by about the early decade of thirteenth century BCE iron smelting was definitely known in India on a bigger

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Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new pottery styles and the start of intensive rice agriculture in paddy fields. Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern

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Though there is some uncertainty, some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa, separately from Eurasia and neighboring parts of North and Northeast Africa.

3213:. Das Staats-Lexikon: Enzyklopädie der sämmtlichen Staatswissenschaften für alle Stände : in Verbindung mit vielen der angesehensten Publicisten Deutschlands (in German). F. A. Brockhaus. p. 774 5145:

Schmidt, Peter; Avery, Donald H. (22 September 1978). "Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania: Recent discoveries show complex technological achievement in African iron production".

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show iron implements in the period 1800–1200 BC. As the evidence from the sites Raja Nala ka tila, Malhar suggest the use of Iron in c. 1800/1700 BC. The extensive use of iron smelting is from

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buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BC. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan and Ko Putivira occurring in contemporary

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had given way to history periodized by ruling dynasties by the start of iron use, so "Iron Age" is not used typically to describe a period of Chinese history. Iron metallurgy reached the

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period saw advances in metallurgy. As early as 300 BC, certainly by 200 AD, high-quality steel was produced in southern India, by what would later be called the

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has not generalized well, as written language and steel use have developed at different times in different areas across the archaeological record. For instance, in China,

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has been used for millennia in many regions, the beginning of the Iron Age is defined locally around the world by archaeological convention when the production of smelted

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Kim, Do-heon (2002). "Samhan Sigi Jujocheolbu-eui Yutong Yangsang-e Daehan Geomto" [A Study of the Distribution Patterns of Cast Iron Axes in the Samhan Period].

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The earliest tentative evidence for iron-making is a small number of iron fragments with the appropriate amounts of carbon admixture found in the Proto-Hittite layers at

2598:) iron appeared as early as 12th to 11th centuries BC; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country. The Indian 1638: 1647: 1054: 2956: 2720: 2523: 2304: 1976: 1657: 1407: 4430: 663: 1708:

In Iran, the earliest actual iron artifacts were unknown until the 9th century BC. For Iran, the best studied archaeological site during this time period is

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The techniques used in Lingnan are a combination of bivalve moulds of distinct southern tradition and the incorporation of piece mould technology from the

1736:, the initial use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts known is a dagger with an iron blade found in a 3901: 4097: 2954: 1349:, was used by various ancient peoples thousands of years before the Iron Age. The earliest-known meteoric iron artifacts are nine small beads dated to 1243:

started before iron smelting began, so the term is used infrequently for the archaeology of China. For the Ancient Near East, the establishment of the

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period (from about 350 BC). Important non-precious husi style metal finds include iron tools found at the tomb at Guwei-cun of the 4th century BC.

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during the 1830s. By the 1860s, it was embraced as a useful division of the "earliest history of mankind" in general and began to be applied in

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European weapons resemble in some respects Roman arms, while in other respects they are peculiar and evidently representative of northern art.

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in modern-day Turkey, dated to 2200–2000 BC. Akanuma (2008) concludes that "The combination of carbon dating, archaeological context, and

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Iron metal is singularly scarce in collections of Egyptian antiquities. Bronze remained the primary material there until the conquest by the

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Modern archaeological evidence identifies the start of large-scale global iron production about 1200 BC, marking the end of the

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around 400 AD. However, iron working may have been practiced in central Africa as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Instances of

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The protohistoric Early Iron Age in Sri Lanka lasted from 1000 BC to 600 BC. Radiocarbon evidence has been collected from

5229:; Rauch, Ferdinand (16 August 2021). "Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age". 4391:

Tewari, Rakesh (2003). "The origins of iron working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas".

1641: 1639: 4957: 4072: 3013: 2520: 1974: 1744:, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly disseminated throughout the 1655: 1651: 5028:

Miller, Duncan E.; Van Der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research".

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Miller, Duncan E.; Van Der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research".

1972: 1650: 5743: 2516: 2515: 1040: 2951: 2372:. The products of the combination of these two periods are bells, vessels, weapons and ornaments, and the sophisticated cast. 1652: 5502: 5465: 5446: 5331: 5309: 5290: 5271: 4980: 4881: 4857: 4820: 4215: 4188: 4030: 3354: 3327: 3300: 2716: 2561:

began prior to the 3rd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa,

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The characteristic of an Iron Age culture is the mass production of tools and weapons made not just of found iron, but from

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despite considerable written records now being known from well back into the Bronze Age. In Central and Western Europe, the

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In Japan, iron items, such as tools, weapons, and decorative objects, are postulated to have entered Japan during the late

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attributed to Seth, the spirit of evil who according to Egyptian tradition governed the central deserts of Africa. In the

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as well as a battle axe with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze shaft were both found in the excavation of Ugarit. A

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Typical bloomery iron production operational sequence starting with acquiring raw materials through smelting and smithing

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is used traditionally and still usually as an end date; later dates are considered historical according to the record by

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are found around 1200 BC, preceding the development of iron metallurgy, which was known by the 9th century BC. The

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Iron ingots were an important mortuary item and indicated the wealth or prestige of the deceased during this period.

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This article is about the historical/archaeological period known as the Iron Age. For the mythological Iron Age, see

2287: 2249:(China) between the 10th century BC and the 7th century BC, such as those found at the cemetery site of Chawuhukou. 5063:

Stuiver, Minze; van der Merwe, Nicolaas J. (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa".

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Stuiver, Minze; van der Merwe, Nicolaas J. (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa".

2513: 2710: 2709: 2297: 2296: 1649: 1387:, which date back to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C (1,650 °F). 5998: 5190: 4954:

Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique, Une ancienneté méconnue: Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique centrale

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found in Egypt and other places of the same time period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons.

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Souckova-Siegolová, J. (2001). "Treatment and usage of iron in the Hittite empire in the 2nd millennium BC".

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based on complex preheating principles were found to be in production around the 1st century CE in northwest

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Sa Huynh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand, as well as the

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Karunaratne; Adikari (1994). "Excavations at Aligala prehistoric site". In Bandaranayake; Mogren (eds.).

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Archaeological sites containing iron smelting furnaces and slag have also been excavated at sites in the

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Holl, Augustin F. C. (6 November 2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy".

2102:(late Iron Age) cultures. Material cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène consist of 4 phases (A, B, C, D). 938: 4734:

Mogren (1994). "Objectives, methods, constraints, and perspectives". In Bandaranayake; Mogren (eds.).

4009: 3992: 3975: 3943: 3096:"From bronze to iron: the transition from the bronze age to the iron age in the Eastern Mediterranean" 3047: 2519: 2295: 6150: 6060: 5903: 5589: 5341:

Finkelstein, Israel; Piasetzky, Eli (2011). "The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing?".

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suggests that a shortage of tin and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean about 1300 BC forced

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From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean

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Genesis Too: A Rational Story of How All Things Began and the Main Events that Have Shaped Our World

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Mazar, Amihai (2011). "The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint".

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Taylor, Sarah (1989). "The introduction and development of iron production in Korea: A survey".

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Riederer, Josef; Wartke, Ralf-B. (2009). "Iron". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.).

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increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of

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Comelli, Daniela; d'Orazio, Massimo; Folco, Luigi; El-Halwagym, Mahmud; et al. (2016).

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predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries. Iron was being used in

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of Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. As part of the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age, the

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The evolution of an ethnic identity : the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE

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may date to as early as 1500 BC. There is also evidence of iron metallurgy in Termit,

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inscriptions in south India. It is also speculated that Early Iron Age sites may exist in

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is believed to have begun after the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in

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was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a sustained Bronze Age along with

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to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the

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India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations

4738:. Sri Lanka: University of Kelaniya: Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology. p. 39. 4723:. Sri Lanka: University of Kelaniya: Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology. p. 58. 4129:

Hall, Mark E. (1997). "Towards an absolute chronology for the Iron Age of Inner Asia".

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Muhly, James D. (2003). "Metalworking/Mining in the Levant". In Suzanne Richard (ed.).

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Early evidence for iron technology in Sub-Saharan Africa can be found at sites such as

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Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.).

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in the archaeology of the Ancient Near East was developed during the 1920s and 1930s.

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elites, though not by commoners, during the New Hittite Empire (≈1400–1200 BC).

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Burial Ritual, Gender, and Status in South Siberia in the Late Bronze-early Iron Age

3456: 3419: 6314: 6309: 6255: 6220: 6185: 6170: 6120: 6100: 6090: 6055: 6040: 5928: 5821: 5758: 5753: 5675: 5612: 5574:. Archaeologists have found evidence of a massacre linked to Iron Age warfare at a 5421: 5417: 5388: 5354: 5350: 5259: 5234: 5154: 5111: 5072: 5037: 4909: 4845: 4758: 4642: 4597: 4569: 4505:"The Northern Black Painted Ware Culture of Middle Ganga Plain: Recent Perspective" 4400: 4294: 4138: 3837: 3639: 3583: 3512: 3484: 3444: 3269: 3149: 3023: 2770: 2661: 2494: 2455: 2076: 1678: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1240: 1154: 948: 875: 564: 495: 143: 5158: 4762: 4298: 3319:

Understanding Materials Science: History, Properties, Applications, Second Edition

2477:. The time that iron production begins is the same time that complex chiefdoms of 6245: 6160: 6145: 6130: 5923: 5685: 5680: 5530: 5115: 4205: 3571: 3344: 2917: 2806: 2801: 2630: 2376: 2275: 2253: 2046: 1729: 1217: 1198: 1174: 1108: 810: 800: 760: 571: 523: 500: 440: 283: 96: 87: 6155: 4749:

Allchin, F. R. (1989). "City and State Formation in Early Historic South Asia".

4431:"Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India" 3372:"The Significance of Early Bronze Age Iron Objects from Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey" 2843:

originated in numerous centers of Africa; the centers of origin were located in

6319: 6289: 6260: 6195: 5938: 5911: 5882: 5209: 4956:[Iron in Africa: Revising the History] (Report). UNESCO. Archived from 4931: 4914: 4897: 2848: 2607: 2591: 2362: 2022: 1623: 1596: 1592: 1485: 1449: 1354: 1338: 1225: 1202: 1194: 1190: 417: 5392: 5041: 4849: 4404: 4142: 3679: 3488: 3448: 3274: 3153: 1379:

Smelted iron appears sporadically in the archeological record from the middle

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Further studies in the settlement archaeology of the Sigiriya-Dambulla region

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Further studies in the settlement archaeology of the Sigiriya-Dambulla region

4654: 4412: 4333: 4306: 4150: 3708: 3595: 3524: 3496: 3234:, Issues 13–19, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1922, p. 55. 2987: 2775: 2685: 2665: 2646: 2626: 2574: 2545: 2419: 2346: 2037:, 13th century BC, was examined recently and found to be of meteoric origin. 1709: 1309: 1127: 332: 205: 2435: 2085:

was introduced to Europe during the late 11th century BC, probably from the

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to 100 BC during which ferrous metallurgy was present even if not dominant.

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has also been regulated by the economics of the metallurgical advancements.

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Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World

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emerged. The complex chiefdoms were the precursors of early states such as

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of central Nigeria by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.

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was a major manufacturer and exporter of iron after the expulsion of the

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in the context of China is used sometimes for the transitional period of

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content. Only with the capability of the production of carbon steel does

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Mazar, Amihai (1997). "Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein".

3247:"5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron" 6275: 6032: 6014: 5887: 5779: 5665: 5638: 5633: 3842: 3817: 2642: 2638: 2587: 2471: 2459: 2342: 2271: 1698: 1501: 1453: 1380: 1273: 1182: 1100: 1084: 1080: 1072: 775: 726: 597: 477: 445: 373: 338: 190: 48: 5102:

Pringle, Heather (9 January 2009). "Seeking Africa's first Iron Men".

3095: 1300:. As an archaeological era, it was first introduced to Scandinavia by 5670: 5620: 4646: 2653: 2599: 2570: 2554: 2030: 1745: 1600: 1489: 1254: 1235:

The concept of the Iron Age ending with the beginning of the written

1116: 1104: 1092: 785: 706: 453: 380: 4504: 4485: 4349:

State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives

2411: 2349:

toward the end of the 6th century BC. The few objects were found at

1261:

of the 1st century BC serve as marking the end of the Iron Age. The

6135: 5581: 5256:

Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads

5076: 4896:

Bandama, Foreman; Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde (13 September 2023).

4232:

Encyclopedia of World Art: Landscape in art to Micronesian cultures

3815: 3516: 3181: 2933: 2819: 2697: 2669: 2618: 2549: 2490: 2402:

250–538 AD), most likely from the Korean Peninsula and China.

2350: 2246: 2086: 1756: 1741: 1737: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1150: 1146: 636: 361: 3545:. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. 2916:

spread south and east from Central Africa in conjunction with the

2700:. However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods. 5575: 5561:. American Institute of Archaeology, San Francisco, January 2004. 5523: 2890: 2766: 2603: 2562: 2427: 2358: 2357:. The mortuary evidence suggests that the initial use of iron in 2354: 2268: 2196: 1733: 1350: 1229: 780: 5318: 4898:"Science, Not Black Magic: Metal and Glass Production in Africa" 3860:"King Tut's Dagger Made of 'Iron From the Sky,' Researchers Say" 1431:

Similarly, recent archaeological remains of iron-working in the

5787: 4623:"An ancient wind-powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka" 4576:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. xxix. 4025:(1st paperback ed.). Thames and Hudson. 2005. p. 21. 3712: 3572:"Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa" 2886: 2723:

Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.

2693: 2634: 2622: 2595: 2526:

Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.

2486: 2478: 2307:

Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.

2026: 2018: 1979:

Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.

1481: 1441: 1432: 1373: 1365: 1297: 1221: 1139: 1091:(before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the 627: 2959:

Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details

2947: 2708: 2511: 2458:

through trade with chiefdoms and state-level societies in the

2333:

is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled

2292: 2029:, the metal is mentioned. A sword bearing the name of pharaoh 1968: 1636: 1504:. The Iron Age in Europe is often considered as a part of the 1403: 5983: 5559:

Early "Iron Age economic expansion and contraction revisited"

3385:. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology: 313–20. 2992: 2898: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2827: 2823: 2797: 2747: 2742: 2566: 2482: 2447: 2439: 2075:

AD, and either Christianization or a new conquest during the

1725: 1135: 1773:

Early examples and distribution of non-precious metal finds

1755:

The development of iron smelting was once attributed to the

1705:

a sociocultural continuity during this transitional period.

1372:

result in tools or weapons that are harder and lighter than

1185:

between the 12th and 11th century BC. Its further spread to

4788:. Colombo: South Asian Studies Centre Sydney. p. 324. 2689: 2242: 2145:

Dagger swords, brooches, and ring ornaments, girdle mounts

1749: 1493: 1384: 1131: 1107:) and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing 396: 3818:"The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade" 3638: 1177:(1200–1100 BC). The technology soon spread throughout the 3182:"Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja" 2696:

coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of

5224: 5007:. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. 3346:

Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction

1322:

Ferrous metallurgy § Iron smelting and the Iron Age

4971:

Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (8 February 2007).

4486:"Iron Age in South India: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh" 2822:

and parts of Nigeria and the Central African Republic.

2582:

excavations in Hyderabad show an Iron Age burial site.

2557:

which have been dated between 2400 BC and 1800 BC. The

2462:

area during the 4th century BC, just at the end of the

4705:

The prehistory of Sri Lanka: An ecological perspective

3243: 5572:"Mass burial suggests massacre at Iron Age hill fort" 4975:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 4548:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 372. 4320:

Yoon, D. S (1989). "Early iron metallurgy in Korea".

2035:

dagger with an iron blade found in Tutankhamun's tomb

1523:

implements superseded cast bronze tools permanently.

5340: 5324:

Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age

5062: 4994: 4992: 4808: 4596: 3971:

History of Europe – The chronology of the Metal Ages

3502: 2901:(Eze-Uzomaka 2009) and to 750 BC and at the site of 2180:

A sword of the Iron Age Cogotas II culture in Spain.

5477:

The Age of Iron in South Asia: Legacy and Tradition

5304:. English Heritage (Rev. ed.). B.T. Batsford. 5027: 4842:

Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia

4815:. Oxford University Press India. pp. 355–356. 3902:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3474: 3122:. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna. pp. 51–59. 3113: 3111: 3109: 1169:, this transition occurred simultaneously with the 4718: 4399:(297). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 536–544. 4137:(274). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 863–874. 3892:"King Tut's dagger made from an ancient meteorite" 3395: 3206: 2841:scientific knowledge and technological development 2165:Iron chains, iron swords, belts, heavy spearheads 2025:found some pieces of iron. In the funeral text of 4989: 4521: 4070: 1315: 6357: 5005:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context 3539:"How Old is the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa?" 3120:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context 3106: 2559:history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent 4895: 4697: 4695: 4374:Silla – Gaya Sahoe-eui Giwon-gwa Seongjang 4183:. University of California Press. p. 226. 3089: 3087: 4459:"Rare discovery pushes back Iron Age in India" 3921: 3668:on 11 April 2022 – via encyclopedia.com. 3470: 3468: 3466: 3349:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 21. 2858:Very early copper and bronze working sites in 2590:has been dated to the first millennium BC. In 2418:are sometimes referred to collectively as the 2170:Iron reaping-hooks, saws, scythes and hammers 5999: 5597: 5036:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1–36. 4835: 4378:The Rise and Growth of Silla and Gaya Society 4247:"Prehistoric Archaeological Periods in Japan" 3758: 3756: 3483:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1–36. 3342: 3175: 3173: 3171: 2394:300 BC – 300 AD) or the succeeding 2066:In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of 1752:) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. 1530:and Western Europe, the Iron Age lasted from 1201:was not reached until about the start of the 1087:(before recorded history) and progressing to 1048: 657: 301: 5557:Andre Gunder Frank and William R. Thompson, 5322:; Bashilov, V.A.; Tiablonskiĭ, L.T. (1995). 5144: 4970: 4692: 4539: 4537: 3723:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3084: 2058:, Dorset, England. More than 2,000 Iron Age 1697:, Jordan about 930 BC (determined from 1212:is stated as beginning with the ironworking 5436: 4380:] (in Korean). Seoul: Hakyeon Munhwasa. 3582:. Cambridge University Press (CUP): 41–94. 3463: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3059: 2206: 2200: 1357:, having been shaped by careful hammering. 1071:is the final epoch of the three historical 6006: 5992: 5604: 5590: 4891: 4889: 4783: 4667: 4163: 3988:La Tène | archaeological site, Switzerland 3782:. Gothenburg: Paul Astöms. pp. 56–58. 3753: 3168: 2810:Examples of African bloomery furnace types 2288:History of metallurgy in China § Iron 1308:. The development of the now-conventional 1055: 1041: 664: 650: 308: 294: 4913: 4610:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 4543: 4534: 4280: 4278: 4178: 3841: 3805:on 1 December 2007 – via Freeserve. 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3623: 3608: 3438: 3413: 3411: 3273: 2969:Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age 2536:Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age 2379:has been associated tentatively with the 2317:Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age 2238:began when iron objects appear among the 1279: 5896: 5801: 5716: 5492: 5488:. Great Britain: Institute of Materials. 5483: 5474: 5369: 5299: 5089: 4701: 4568: 4005:Hallstatt | archaeological site, Austria 3777: 3732: 3730: 3707: 3628:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3126: 3093: 2938: 2805: 2741: 2434: 2175: 2050: 1467: 1337:, the sixth largest in the world, is an 1329: 1283: 5524:A site with a focus on Iron Age Britain 5455: 5101: 5001:"Early iron in West and Central Africa" 4886: 4748: 4522:K. Venkateshwarlu (10 September 2008). 4045: 3369: 3207:von Rotteck, K.; Welcker, K.T. (1864). 3179: 3014:List of archaeological sites by country 6358: 5280: 5231:The Review of Economics and Statistics 4998: 4733: 4620: 4502: 4390: 4351:. Richmond, Surrey: Psychology Press. 4346: 4284: 4275: 4262: 4260: 4245:Keally, Charles T. (14 October 2002). 4244: 4203: 4179:Keightley, David N. (September 1983). 3955: 3743:Essays on Geology, History, and People 3694: 3569: 3417: 3408: 3315: 3117: 2160:Iron swords, heavy knives, lanceheads 5987: 5585: 5407: 5378: 5253: 3889: 3857: 3762: 3736: 3727: 2383:described by early Tibetan writings. 1618:transitions almost directly into the 1157:, the Iron Age began during the late 5611: 5225:Bakker, Jan David; Maurer, Stephan; 4322:Archaeological Review from Cambridge 4319: 4128: 3288: 3139: 3100:Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 2924:in the 3rd century BC, reaching the 2625:. The name "Ko Veta" is engraved in 2454:Iron objects were introduced to the 1660: 1414: 1265:of Scandinavia is considered to end 5441:. BAR international series. B.A.R. 4836:Glover, I. C.; Bellina, B. (2011). 4544:Diakonoff, I. M. (27 August 1991). 4371: 4266: 4257: 4181:The Origins of Chinese Civilization 4078:. Translated by Andreia Cunha Silva 4050:. Dorrance Publishing. p. 45. 3822:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 3019:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 2897:: dating to 2000 BC at the site of 2652:The earliest undisputed deciphered 2602:mention metallurgy. and the Indian 2341:800 BC). Therefore, in China 2155:S-shaped, spiral and round designs 13: 5545:National Museum of Natural History 5184: 4607:The New Cambridge History of India 4023:Exploring The World of "The Celts" 3690:from the original on 16 June 2022. 3343:McClellan, J.E.; Dorn, H. (2006). 3060:Milisauskas, Sarunas, ed. (2002). 2920:, from the Cameroon region to the 2466:but prior to the beginning of the 2008:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 1138:tools and weapons) replaces their 14: 6387: 5578:in Derbyshire. BBC. 17 April 2011 5512: 5254:Chang, Claudia (16 August 2017). 4524:"Iron Age burial site discovered" 3254:Journal of Archaeological Science 3232:Oriental Institute Communications 2703: 2682:Sohgaura copper plate inscription 1115:. The indigenous cultures of the 1027:Outline of prehistoric technology 939:History of electrical engineering 6371:2nd-millennium BC establishments 4207:The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia 3939:History of Europe – The Iron Age 3795:"Metalworking in Ancient Greece" 3792: 3379:Anatolian Archaeological Studies 1444:in the product) appeared in the 1119:did not develop an iron economy 5138: 5095: 5056: 5021: 4973:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 4964: 4946: 4866: 4844:. Vol. 2. pp. 17–45. 4829: 4802: 4784:Intirapālā, Kārttikēcu (2005). 4777: 4742: 4727: 4712: 4661: 4614: 4590: 4562: 4515: 4496: 4483: 4477: 4451: 4423: 4384: 4365: 4340: 4313: 4238: 4224: 4197: 4172: 4157: 4122: 4103:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4090: 4064: 4039: 4015: 3998: 3981: 3964: 3949: 3932: 3915: 3883: 3851: 3809: 3786: 3771: 3672: 3650: 3632: 3617: 3602: 3563: 3531: 3389: 3363: 3336: 3309: 3282: 3188:. University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2442:chest and neck armour from the 2414:. The Kofun and the subsequent 2229: 992:Timeline of historic inventions 6166:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 6013: 5968:List of archaeological periods 5497:. Vol. 54–55. P. Aström. 5422:10.5615/neareastarch.74.2.0105 5355:10.5615/neareastarch.74.1.0050 5233:. MIT Press - Journals: 1–14. 5030:The Journal of African History 4708:(Thesis) – via ProQuest. 4210:. Cambridge University Press. 4166:Rannyi zheleznyi vek Priamuria 3613:. London: Thames & Hudson. 3477:The Journal of African History 3237: 3225: 3200: 3053: 3036: 3009:List of archaeological periods 2680:relic casket inscription, the 2672:relic casket inscription, the 2664:of the 3rd century BC, in the 2021:, dating before 2000 BC, 1353:, which were found in burials 543: 238: 1: 5878:History of ferrous metallurgy 5159:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085 4902:African Archaeological Review 4874:Early Mainland Southeast Asia 4809:Dilip K. Chakrabarty (2009). 4763:10.1080/02666030.1989.9628379 4702:Deraniyagala, Siran Upendra. 4503:Ranjan, Amit (January 2014). 4299:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980082 3858:Walsh, Declan (2 June 2016). 3737:Cowen, Richard (April 1999). 3644:The Coming of the Age of Iron 3611:Arms and Armour of the Greeks 3063:European Prehistory: A Survey 3030: 3000:, example in northwest France 2500: 2399: 2391: 2338: 2261: 2140:Heavy iron and bronze swords 1693:smelting of iron is found at 1686: 1627: 1585: 1574: 1560: 1549: 1538: 1531: 1394: 1266: 1247: 1162: 969:History of nuclear technology 217: 194: 177:Southeast Asia (1000–200 BC) 6216:South-Western Iberian Bronze 5537:Human Timeline (Interactive) 5533:from resourcesforhistory.com 5479:. Aryan Books International. 5215:Resources in other libraries 5116:10.1126/science.323.5911.200 3739:"Chapter 5: The Age of Iron" 2426:is Japanese for the type of 2281: 1715: 1689:1300 BC). The earliest 1595:), roughly the beginning of 1463: 1272:, with the beginning of the 954:History of materials science 934:History of computer hardware 891:Arab Agricultural Revolution 806:Fourth Industrial Revolution 766:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 4668:Weligamage, Lahiru (2005). 3642:; J.D. Muhly, eds. (1979). 3570:Alpern, Stanley B. (2005). 3142:Journal of World Prehistory 2998:Jublains archeological site 2980: 2912:Iron and copper working in 2375:An Iron Age culture of the 2361:belongs to the mid-to-late 2327:Chinese bronze inscriptions 2135:Pottery made of polychrome 1573:is considered to last from 1302:Christian Jürgensen Thomsen 1142:equivalents in common use. 791:Third Industrial Revolution 756:First Industrial Revolution 10: 6392: 6266:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 5437:Medvedskaya, I.N. (1982). 4915:10.1007/s10437-023-09545-6 4164:Derevianki, A. P. (1973). 3890:Panko, Ben (2 June 2016). 3778:Waldbaum, Jane C. (1978). 3745:. UC Davis. Archived from 3094:Waldbaum, Jane C. (1978). 2791: 2785: 2504: 2285: 2044: 2005: 1319: 1220:, through to the reign of 1197:was somewhat delayed, and 18: 6343: 6274: 6151:Indus Valley Civilisation 6061:Armorican Tumulus culture 6031: 6021: 5963: 5868: 5778: 5619: 5393:10.1179/lev.1997.29.1.157 5285:. London: B.T. Batsford. 5210:Resources in your library 5042:10.1017/s0021853700025949 4850:10.1355/9789814311175-005 4405:10.1017/s0003598x00092590 4347:Barnes, Gina Lee (2001). 4143:10.1017/s0003598x00085781 3848:Free full text available. 3555:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3489:10.1017/s0021853700025949 3449:10.1017/S0003598X00092590 3398:Mediterranean Archaeology 3322:. Springer. p. 125. 3275:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002 3154:10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6 2866:from around this period. 2788:Iron metallurgy in Africa 2781: 2746:Lingling-o earrings from 2544:The earliest evidence of 2040: 1748:(North Africa, southwest 1603:, marking the end of the 1345:Meteoric iron, a natural 1326:Archaeometallurgical slag 1214:Painted Grey Ware culture 1002:Complete list by category 272:Archaeometallurgical slag 5529:18 February 2007 at the 5410:Near Eastern Archaeology 5343:Near Eastern Archaeology 5003:. In Breunig, P. (ed.). 4999:Eggert, Manfred (2014). 4876:. Bangkok: River Books. 4204:Higham, Charles (1996). 3765:Near Eastern Archaeology 3624:Snodgrass, A.M. (1971). 3609:Snodgrass, A.M. (1966). 2830:and much of the rest of 2688:Brahmi inscription, the 2674:Badli pillar inscription 2444:National Museum of Korea 2001: 1478:Krieger von Hirschlanden 1355:at Gerzeh in Lower Egypt 1237:historiographical record 1171:Late Bronze Age collapse 997:Technological revolution 944:History of manufacturing 929:History of communication 924:History of biotechnology 6111:Deverel–Rimbury culture 5701:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 5696:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 5493:Waldbaum, J.C. (1978). 5486:A History of Metallurgy 5484:Tylecote, R.F. (1975). 5300:Cunliffe, B.W. (2004). 4670:"The Ancient Sri Lanka" 4602:Bayly, Christopher Alan 4490:South Asian Archaeology 4271:(in Korean) (31): 1–29. 4071:Francisco Sande Lemos. 4010:Encyclopædia Britannica 3993:Encyclopædia Britannica 3976:Encyclopædia Britannica 3944:Encyclopædia Britannica 3834:2016M&PS...51.1301C 3720:Encyclopædia Britannica 3418:Tewari, Rakesh (2003). 3370:Akanuma, Hideo (2008). 3048:Encyclopædia Britannica 3004:List of Iron Age states 2878:in the 7th century BC. 2617:and Aligala shelter in 2224: 2019:Black Pyramid of Abusir 1474:Warrior of Hirschlanden 750:Proto-industrialization 5629:Prehistoric technology 5456:Shinnie, P.L. (1971). 4372:Lee, Sung-joo (1998). 4098:"Citânia de Briteiros" 4073:"Citânia de Briteiros" 3626:The Dark Age of Greece 3210:Das Staats-Lexikon: Bd 2944: 2811: 2754: 2451: 2430:dating from that era. 2258:archaeological culture 2201: 2181: 2063: 1497: 1342: 1288: 1280:History of the concept 1165:1300 BC). In the 959:History of measurement 919:History of agriculture 886:Medieval Islamic world 796:Digital transformation 593:Post-classical history 459:Cradle of civilization 221: 400 BC – 100 AD 5691:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 5475:Tripathi, V. (2001). 5370:Jacobson, E. (1987). 5283:The European Iron Age 5281:Collis, John (1984). 5264:10.4324/9781315173696 5227:Pischke, Jörn-Steffen 4621:Juleff, Gill (1996). 4046:Ransone, Rob (2019). 3958:The European Iron Age 3956:Collis, John (1989). 3588:10.1353/hia.2005.0003 3316:Hummel, R.E. (2004). 3180:Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. 2942: 2809: 2745: 2464:Warring States Period 2438: 2286:Further information: 2179: 2098:(early Iron Age) and 2070:and the first of the 2062:are known in Britain. 2054: 1557:Northern Scandinavian 1471: 1339:iron–nickel meteorite 1333: 1287: 1095:(subdivided into the 1022:Outline of technology 913:By type of technology 840:By historical regions 828:Emerging technologies 688:By technological eras 680:History of technology 16:Archaeological period 6181:Mumun pottery period 5973:List of time periods 5708:Neolithic Revolution 5458:The African Iron Age 5239:10.1162/rest_a_00902 5065:Current Anthropology 4251:Japanese Archaeology 4234:. McGraw-Hill. 1964. 3686:. 15 December 2006. 3684:Encyclopædia Iranica 3505:Current Anthropology 3080:on 23 November 2022. 2889:region of southeast 2838:Archaeometallurgical 2479:Proto-historic Korea 2189:Citânia de Briteiros 1665:The Iron Age in the 1569:The Iron Age in the 1425:archaeometallurgical 1362:smelted steel alloys 1335:Willamette Meteorite 1316:Definition of "iron" 986:Technology timelines 974:History of transport 717:Neolithic Revolution 431:Behavioral modernity 198: 2000 – 100 BC 6176:Minoan civilization 6106:Deer stones culture 6066:Atlantic Bronze Age 6046:Aegean civilization 5793:Bronze Age collapse 5460:. Clarendon Press. 5153:(4361): 1085–1089. 4872:Higham, C. (2014). 4751:South Asian Studies 4639:1996Natur.379...60J 4600:; Johnson, Gordon; 3780:From Bronze to Iron 3749:on 19 January 2018. 3658:"Iron Age Caucasia" 3289:Rapp, G.R. (2002). 3266:2013JArSc..40.4785R 2922:African Great Lakes 2658:Indian subcontinent 2468:Western Han dynasty 2381:Zhang Zhung culture 2091:Prehistoric Ireland 2014:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1774: 1761:Bronze Age collapse 1622:of imperial China. 1582:Bronze Age collapse 1548:Northern Europe in 1506:Bronze Age collapse 1179:Mediterranean Basin 964:History of medicine 856:Indian subcontinent 510:Bronze Age collapse 267:Iron Age metallurgy 72:Bronze Age collapse 6325:Leyla-Tepe culture 6282:and Transcaucasia) 6096:Chinese Bronze Age 6076:Bronze Age Britain 5654:Middle Paleolithic 4680:on 10 January 2020 4674:LankaLibrary Forum 4463:The Times of India 3865:The New York Times 3843:10.1111/maps.12664 3767:. pp. 174–83. 2945: 2914:Sub-Saharan Africa 2874:from Egypt by the 2812: 2755: 2608:crucible technique 2452: 2182: 2068:prehistoric Europe 2064: 1772: 1546:pre-Roman Iron Age 1498: 1370:ferrous metallurgy 1343: 1289: 1216:, dating from the 901:Renaissance Europe 413:Middle Paleolithic 249:(2600 BC – 500 AD) 185:(1000 BC – 200 AD) 122:(1100 BC – 150 AD) 6353: 6352: 6236:Terramare culture 6191:Nordic Bronze Age 6141:Hallstatt culture 6086:Canegrate culture 6081:Bronze Age Europe 6051:Andronovo culture 5981: 5980: 5959: 5958: 5864: 5863: 5774: 5773: 5659:Upper Paleolithic 5649:Lower Paleolithic 5504:978-91-85058-79-2 5467:978-0-19-813158-8 5448:978-0-86054-156-1 5333:978-1-885979-00-1 5320:Davis-Kimball, J. 5311:978-0-00-704186-2 5292:978-0-7134-3452-1 5273:978-1-315-17369-6 5191:Library resources 5110:(5911): 200–202. 4982:978-0-521-68708-9 4882:978-616-7339-44-3 4859:978-981-4345-10-1 4822:978-0-19-908814-0 4570:Olivelle, Patrick 4287:World Archaeology 4217:978-0-521-56505-9 4190:978-0-520-04229-2 4032:978-0-500-27998-4 3925:Brill's New Pauly 3576:History in Africa 3356:978-0-8018-8360-6 3329:978-0-387-20939-5 3302:978-3-540-42579-3 3292:Archaeomineralogy 3260:(12): 4785–4792. 2973:Historic Iron Age 2738:Historic Iron Age 2692:coin legend, the 2540:Historic Iron Age 2507:Iron Age in India 2450:(3rd century AD). 2331:large seal script 2321:Historic Iron Age 2221:) revealed here. 2174: 2173: 2096:Hallstatt culture 1997:Historic Iron Age 1966: 1965: 1683:2nd millennium BC 1667:Ancient Near East 1661:Ancient Near East 1571:Ancient Near East 1516:Anthony Snodgrass 1510:ancient Near East 1438:Middle Bronze Age 1415:Earliest evidence 1412: 1411: 1347:iron–nickel alloy 1263:Germanic Iron Age 1245:Achaemenid Empire 1210:Iron Age in India 1167:Ancient Near East 1159:2nd millennium BC 1113:Ancient Near East 1065: 1064: 871:Hellenistic world 866:Maya civilization 674: 673: 426:Upper Paleolithic 388:Lower Paleolithic 318: 317: 241:(500 BC – 300 AD) 208:(500 BC – 200 AD) 154:(500 BC – 800 AD) 146:(800 BC – 100 AD) 64:Ancient Near East 6383: 6283: 6256:Urnfield culture 6221:Srubnaya culture 6186:Mycenaean Greece 6171:Lusatian culture 6121:Ewart Park Phase 6101:Cycladic culture 6091:Catacomb culture 6056:Apennine culture 6041:Abashevo culture 6008: 6001: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5894: 5893: 5799: 5798: 5714: 5713: 5676:Middle Stone Age 5613:Three-age system 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5508: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5452: 5439:Iran: Iron Age I 5433: 5404: 5375: 5366: 5337: 5315: 5302:Iron Age Britain 5296: 5277: 5250: 5179: 5178: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4917: 4893: 4884: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4676:. Archived from 4665: 4659: 4658: 4647:10.1038/379060a0 4618: 4612: 4611: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4269:Yongnam Kogohak 4264: 4255: 4254: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4057:978-1-64426237-5 4043: 4037: 4036: 4019: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3801:. Archived from 3790: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3714:"Iron Age" 3705: 3692: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3664:. Archived from 3654: 3648: 3647: 3640:Theodore Wertime 3636: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3500: 3472: 3461: 3460: 3442: 3433:(297): 536–545. 3424: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3251: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3177: 3166: 3165: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3076:. Archived from 3057: 3051: 3040: 3024:Roman metallurgy 2972: 2968: 2965: 2771:Sa Huynh culture 2737: 2730:Prehistoric (or 2729: 2662:Edicts of Ashoka 2553:Indian state of 2539: 2535: 2532: 2456:Korean peninsula 2401: 2393: 2340: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2266: 2263: 2234:The Iron Age in 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2105: 2104: 2077:Migration Period 1996: 1989:Prehistoric (or 1988: 1985: 1834: 1832:Total Bronze Age 1775: 1771: 1688: 1681:during the late 1679:Southeast Europe 1632: 1629: 1616:Bronze Age China 1605:proto-historical 1590: 1587: 1579: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1488:warrior made of 1399: 1398: 1271: 1268: 1252: 1249: 1164: 1155:Southeast Europe 1057: 1050: 1043: 949:Maritime history 881:Byzantine Empire 676: 675: 666: 659: 652: 641: 640: 634: 626: 580:Earliest records 565:Recorded history 366: 365: 359: 348: 341: 320: 319: 310: 303: 296: 232: 224: 222: 219: 209: 201: 199: 196: 186: 163: 155: 147: 139: 131: 123: 115: 107: 90: 75: 28: 27: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6376:Historical eras 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6335:Khojaly–Gadabay 6305:Shulaveri-Shomu 6281: 6280:(North Caucasus 6279: 6278: 6270: 6251:Únětice culture 6246:Tumulus culture 6161:Karasuk culture 6146:Helladic period 6136:Argaric culture 6131:Glazkov culture 6027: 6017: 6012: 5982: 5977: 5955: 5892: 5860: 5797: 5770: 5712: 5681:Later Stone Age 5615: 5610: 5531:Wayback Machine 5515: 5505: 5468: 5449: 5334: 5326:. Zinat Press. 5312: 5293: 5274: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5185:Further reading 5182: 5143: 5139: 5100: 5096: 5061: 5057: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5014:978-393724846-2 4997: 4990: 4983: 4969: 4965: 4960:on 4 July 2017. 4952: 4951: 4947: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4782: 4778: 4747: 4743: 4732: 4728: 4717: 4713: 4700: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4633:(6560): 60–63. 4619: 4615: 4598:Richards, J. F. 4595: 4591: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4546:Early Antiquity 4542: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4389: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4318: 4314: 4283: 4276: 4265: 4258: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4177: 4173: 4168:(in Ukrainian). 4162: 4158: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3852: 3814: 3810: 3791: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3754: 3735: 3728: 3706: 3695: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3637: 3633: 3622: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3568: 3564: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3473: 3464: 3440:10.1.1.403.4300 3422: 3416: 3409: 3394: 3390: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3178: 3169: 3138: 3127: 3116: 3107: 3092: 3085: 3074: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2918:Bantu expansion 2893:in what is now 2804: 2802:Bantu expansion 2790: 2784: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2573:in present-day 2537: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2509: 2503: 2377:Tibetan Plateau 2318: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2290: 2284: 2276:Altay Mountains 2264: 2256:is an Iron Age 2254:Pazyryk culture 2245:in present-day 2232: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2049: 2047:Iron Age Europe 2043: 2010: 2004: 1994: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1941: 1830: 1718: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1630: 1588: 1577: 1563: 1555:, and reaching 1552: 1544:, beginning in 1541: 1534: 1466: 1421:Kaman-Kalehöyük 1417: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1328: 1320:Main articles: 1318: 1282: 1269: 1259:Roman conquests 1250: 1241:written history 1218:15th century BC 1199:Northern Europe 1175:12th century BC 1109:Iron Age Europe 1061: 1032: 1031: 1017: 1015:Article indices 1007: 1006: 987: 979: 978: 914: 906: 905: 896:Medieval Europe 841: 833: 832: 823:Post-industrial 811:Imagination Age 801:Information Age 761:Standardization 689: 670: 632: 631: 630: 624: 619: 618: 615: 589: 572:Ancient history 567: 557: 556: 553: 505: 450: 441:Epipalaeolithic 409: 376: 357: 356: 355: 346: 336: 335: 314: 284:Ancient history 277: 276: 262: 254: 253: 231:(5 BC – 500 AD) 227: 220: 212: 204: 197: 189: 181: 162:(800 BC – 1 AD) 158: 152:Northern Europe 150: 142: 134: 126: 118: 110: 102: 78: 70: 58: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6320:Maykop culture 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6261:Wessex culture 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Okunev culture 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5883:Iron meteorite 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5720: 5718: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5688: 5686:Epipaleolithic 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5547:(August 2016). 5534: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5513:External links 5511: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5453: 5447: 5434: 5416:(2): 105–111. 5405: 5387:(1): 157–167. 5376: 5367: 5338: 5332: 5316: 5310: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5251: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5137: 5094: 5077:10.1086/200878 5055: 5020: 5013: 4988: 4981: 4963: 4945: 4908:(3): 531–543. 4885: 4865: 4858: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4794: 4776: 4741: 4726: 4711: 4691: 4660: 4613: 4589: 4582: 4561: 4554: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4476: 4450: 4422: 4383: 4364: 4357: 4339: 4312: 4293:(3): 422–433. 4274: 4256: 4237: 4223: 4216: 4196: 4189: 4171: 4156: 4121: 4110:on 16 May 2018 4089: 4063: 4056: 4038: 4031: 4014: 3997: 3980: 3963: 3948: 3931: 3914: 3882: 3850: 3808: 3785: 3770: 3752: 3726: 3711:, ed. (1911). 3709:Chisholm, Hugh 3693: 3671: 3649: 3631: 3616: 3601: 3562: 3530: 3517:10.1086/200878 3462: 3407: 3388: 3362: 3355: 3335: 3328: 3308: 3301: 3281: 3236: 3224: 3199: 3167: 3148:(4): 415–438. 3125: 3105: 3083: 3073:978-0306467936 3072: 3052: 3043:The Metal Ages 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2946: 2872:Nubian dynasty 2849:Central Africa 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2740: 2739: 2732:Proto-historic 2707: 2705: 2704:Southeast Asia 2702: 2592:Southern India 2542: 2541: 2510: 2505:Main article: 2502: 2499: 2363:Warring States 2347:Yangtse Valley 2323: 2322: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2216:handsome stone 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2045:Main article: 2042: 2039: 2023:Gaston Maspero 2006:Main article: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1991:Proto-historic 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939:Total Iron Age 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1717: 1714: 1662: 1659: 1635: 1597:historiography 1578: 1200 BC 1465: 1462: 1450:Southeast Asia 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1364:with an added 1317: 1314: 1281: 1278: 1226:3rd century BC 1203:5th century BC 1195:Central Europe 1191:Eastern Europe 1181:region and to 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 846:Ancient Africa 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 819: 818: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 745: 744: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 704: 698: 697: 695:Pre-industrial 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 672: 671: 669: 668: 661: 654: 646: 643: 642: 637:Holocene epoch 621: 620: 617: 616: 614: 613: 608: 602: 600: 598:Modern history 595: 590: 588: 587: 582: 576: 574: 568: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 552: 551: 546: 541: 539:Southeast Asia 536: 531: 526: 520: 518: 513: 506: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 482: 480: 475: 470: 464: 463: 462: 461: 456: 449: 448: 443: 437: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 415: 410: 408: 407: 400: 392: 390: 383: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362:Pliocene epoch 343: 342: 329: 328: 316: 315: 313: 312: 305: 298: 290: 287: 286: 279: 278: 275: 274: 269: 263: 261:Related topics 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 243: 235: 234: 233: 225: 210: 202: 187: 174: 166: 165: 164: 160:Western Europe 156: 148: 140: 136:Central Europe 132: 130:(900 – 650 BC) 128:Eastern Europe 124: 116: 108: 93: 92: 91: 76: 74:(1200–1150 BC) 59: 56: 55: 52: 51: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6388: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Tagar culture 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211:Samus culture 6209: 6207: 6206:Penard Period 6204: 6202: 6201:Ordos culture 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Ezero culture 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5974: 5971: 5969: 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2779: 2777: 2776:Orchid Island 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Mahasthangarh 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:Brahmi script 2663: 2659: 2656:found in the 2655: 2650: 2648: 2647:Tissamaharama 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:Brahmi script 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594:(present-day 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575:Uttar Pradesh 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546:iron smelting 2529: 2528: 2527: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2428:burial mounds 2425: 2421: 2420:Yamato period 2417: 2416:Asuka periods 2413: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2335:Shǐ Zhòu Piān 2332: 2328: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2240:Indo-European 2237: 2222: 2203: 2202:pedra formosa 2198: 2194: 2191:, located in 2190: 2186: 2178: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2072:protohistoric 2069: 2061: 2057: 2056:Maiden Castle 2053: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2009: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1886:1100–1000 BC 1885: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860:1200–1100 BC 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1804:1300–1200 BC 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1710:Teppe Hasanlu 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1634: 1631: 900 BC 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 550 BC 1583: 1572: 1567: 1564: 500 BC 1559:Europe about 1558: 1553: 600 BC 1547: 1535: 800 BC 1529: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1310:periodization 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1270: AD 800 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 550 BC 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173:, during the 1172: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:meteoric iron 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 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Springer. 3062: 3055: 3046: 3038: 2976: 2958: 2930:carbon steel 2911: 2884: 2880: 2857: 2836: 2832:North Africa 2813: 2760: 2756: 2722: 2651: 2615:Anuradhapura 2612: 2584: 2543: 2525: 2453: 2432: 2423: 2410:to northern 2404: 2396:Kofun period 2388:Yayoi period 2385: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2334: 2324: 2306: 2251: 2236:Central Asia 2233: 2230:Central Asia 2187: 2183: 2130:Flat graves 2083:Iron working 2081: 2065: 2011: 1978: 1938: 1912:1000–900 BC 1831: 1754: 1722:Mesopotamian 1719: 1707: 1703: 1664: 1609: 1568: 1525: 1520:metalworkers 1514: 1499: 1477: 1472:Copy of The 1458: 1430: 1418: 1389: 1378: 1359: 1351:3200 BC 1344: 1290: 1234: 1207: 1187:Central Asia 1144: 1134:(especially 1125: 1089:protohistory 1077:Chalcolithic 1075:, after the 1068: 1066: 876:Roman Empire 748: 731: 693:Premodern / 633: 611:Contemporary 585:Protohistory 515: 508: 468:Protohistory 420:Homo sapiens 419: 404:Homo erectus 402: 395: 358: 351: 245: 237: 176: 168: 95: 62: 40: 25: 6300:Kura–Araxes 6231:Tarim Basin 6116:Elp culture 5949:Scandinavia 5644:Paleolithic 5541:Smithsonian 5092:(see below) 4932:10004759980 4757:(1): 1–16. 4082:19 February 3828:(7): 1301. 3192:12 December 2907:Nok culture 2853:East Africa 2845:West Africa 2816:KM2 and KM3 2794:Nok culture 2763:Philippines 2752:Philippines 2734:) Iron Age 2678:Bhattiprolu 2422:; The word 2133:1200–700 BC 2128:1200–700 BC 1993:) Iron Age 1793:Sub-totals 1766:Sea Peoples 1695:Tell Hammeh 1620:Qin dynasty 1542: 1 BC 1486:ithyphallic 1446:Middle East 1306:Assyriology 1294:Ages of Man 1121:before 1500 1097:Paleolithic 771:Machine Age 702:Prehistoric 549:West Africa 229:Philippines 21:Ages of Man 6360:Categories 6330:Jar-Burial 6276:Bronze Age 6156:Late Jomon 6033:Bronze Age 6015:Bronze Age 5888:Metallurgy 5780:Bronze Age 5666:Mesolithic 5639:Flint tool 5634:Stone tool 4684:10 October 4114:3 December 3680:"Iron Age" 3102:. Astroem. 3031:References 2792:See also: 2643:Pilapitiya 2641:, Matota, 2639:Kandarodai 2600:Upanishads 2588:East India 2501:South Asia 2472:Geum River 2460:Yellow Sea 2343:prehistory 2325:In China, 2272:permafrost 2265: 6th 2163:300–100 BC 2158:390–300 BC 2153:450–390 BC 2143:600–475 BC 2138:700–600 BC 2125:Hallstatt 1724:states of 1624:"Iron Age" 1502:Bronze Age 1484:of a nude 1454:South Asia 1395:Chronology 1381:Bronze Age 1274:Viking Age 1205:(500 BC). 1183:South Asia 1101:Mesolithic 1085:prehistory 1081:Bronze Age 1073:Metal Ages 776:Atomic Age 727:Bronze Age 722:Copper Age 534:South Asia 496:South Asia 478:Bronze Age 473:Copper Age 446:Mesolithic 374:Prehistory 339:prehistory 170:South Asia 49:Bronze Age 6241:Trzciniec 5934:Pre-Roman 5897:Continent 5802:Continent 5717:Continent 5671:Neolithic 5621:Stone Age 5576:hill fort 5430:1094-2076 5401:0075-8914 5363:1094-2076 5247:0034-6535 5167:0036-8075 5132:206583802 5085:0011-3204 5050:0021-8537 4940:261858183 4924:0263-0338 4771:0266-6030 4655:1476-4687 4574:Upaniṣads 4528:The Hindu 4484:Rao, Kp. 4469:3 January 4443:3 January 4413:0003-598X 4393:Antiquity 4334:0261-4332 4307:0043-8243 4151:0003-598X 4131:Antiquity 3799:Wolf tree 3596:0361-5413 3525:0011-3204 3497:0021-8537 3435:CiteSeerX 3427:Antiquity 3404:: 189–93. 3162:161611760 2876:Assyrians 2654:epigraphy 2571:Allahabad 2555:Telangana 2370:Zhongyuan 2282:East Asia 2193:Guimarães 2168:100–15 BC 2060:hillforts 2031:Merneptah 1796:Anatolia 1746:Near East 1716:West Asia 1601:Herodotus 1490:sandstone 1476:(German: 1464:Beginning 1255:Herodotus 1126:Although 1117:New World 1105:Neolithic 1093:Stone Age 786:Space Age 707:Stone Age 544:East Asia 529:Near East 501:East Asia 491:Near East 454:Neolithic 381:Stone Age 239:East Asia 214:Indonesia 57:By region 6366:Iron Age 6347:Iron Age 6315:Trialeti 6310:Colchian 5944:Germanic 5870:Iron Age 5834:Atlantic 5527:Archived 5196:Iron Age 5175:17830304 5124:19131604 4604:(2005). 4572:(1998). 4509:Manaviki 3928:. Brill. 3688:Archived 3551:cite web 3457:14951163 3186:Academia 2981:See also 2934:Tanzania 2895:Igboland 2820:Tanzania 2698:Sophytes 2670:Piprahwa 2660:are the 2619:Sigiriya 2550:Mundigak 2491:Goguryeo 2351:Changsha 2269:Siberian 2247:Xinjiang 2197:amphoras 2150:La Tène 2120:Phase D 2117:Phase C 2114:Phase B 2111:Phase A 2108:Culture 2087:Caucasus 1757:Hittites 1742:Anatolia 1740:tomb in 1699:C dating 1691:bloomery 1675:Caucasus 1671:Anatolia 1607:period. 1151:Caucasus 1149:and the 1147:Anatolia 1111:and the 1069:Iron Age 732:Iron Age 516:Iron Age 325:a series 323:Part of 206:Malaysia 191:Thailand 84:Caucasus 80:Anatolia 41:Iron Age 33:a series 31:Part of 5929:British 5854:Romania 5839:British 5764:British 5518:General 5147:Science 5104:Science 4635:Bibcode 4438:Harappa 4007:at the 3990:at the 3973:at the 3941:at the 3897:Science 3830:Bibcode 3262:Bibcode 3217:19 July 3045:at the 2891:Nigeria 2767:Vietnam 2604:Mauryan 2563:Kosambi 2359:Lingnan 2355:Nanjing 2274:in the 2210: 2100:La Tène 1799:Totals 1790:Cyprus 1787:Greece 1784:Aegean 1734:Assyria 1720:In the 1528:Central 1508:in the 1230:2000 BC 1224:in the 781:Jet Age 737:Ancient 350:before 183:Vietnam 120:Balkans 6290:Kurgan 5924:Europe 5908:Asian 5904:Africa 5849:Nordic 5829:Europe 5817:Levant 5809:Africa 5788:Bronze 5759:Nordic 5754:Poland 5749:Europe 5744:Africa 5501: 5464: 5445: 5428: 5399: 5381:Levant 5361: 5330: 5308: 5289: 5270: 5245: 5193:about 5173: 5165: 5130: 5122: 5083: 5048: 5011: 4979: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4880: 4856: 4819: 4792: 4769: 4653: 4627:Nature 4580: 4552: 4418:scale. 4411: 4355: 4332: 4305: 4214: 4187: 4149: 4054: 4029: 3907:5 June 3872:4 June 3594: 3523: 3495: 3455: 3437: 3353: 3326: 3299: 3160: 3070: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2887:Nsukka 2851:, and 2800:, and 2782:Africa 2769:, the 2736: 2728: 2694:Taxila 2684:, the 2676:, the 2635:Brahmi 2623:Jaffna 2596:Mysore 2579:Malhar 2538: 2534: 2531: 2493:, and 2487:Baekje 2412:Honshū 2408:Kyūshū 2319: 2315: 2312: 2041:Europe 2027:Pepi I 1995: 1987: 1984: 1781:Crete 1738:Hattic 1673:, the 1593:539 BC 1482:statue 1442:nickel 1433:Ganges 1374:bronze 1366:carbon 1324:, and 1298:Hesiod 1222:Ashoka 1193:, and 1140:bronze 817:Future 743:Modern 711:lithic 628:Future 524:Europe 486:Europe 418:Early 247:Africa 104:Aegean 97:Europe 88:Levant 35:on the 6295:Koban 5939:Roman 5917:India 5912:China 5822:India 5813:Asia 5737:Japan 5732:India 5727:China 5723:Asia 5128:S2CID 4936:S2CID 4434:(PDF) 4376:[ 4108:(PDF) 4101:(PDF) 4076:(PDF) 3868:. 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