Egyptians - Knowledge

2940:

monotheism, developed arts, invented science and gave the world a stunning administration. These factors enabled the Egyptians to survive while other cultures and nations withered and died ... Throughout history Egyptians have felt that their mission is to tend to life. They were proud to turn the land green, to make it blossom with life. The other thing is that Egyptians invented morality long before the major religions appeared on earth. Morality is not just a system for control but a protection against chaos and death ... Egypt gave Islam a new voice. It didn't change the basic tenets of Islam, but its cultural weight gave Islam a new voice, one it didn't have back in Arabia. Egypt embraced an Islam that was moderate, tolerant and non-extremist. Egyptians are very pious, but they know how to mix piety with joy, just as their ancestors did centuries ago. Egyptians celebrate religious occasions with flair. For them, religious festivals and the month of Ramadan are occasions to celebrate life.

1334:, and more than two-fifths of the population lives in urban areas. Along the Nile, the population density is one of the highest in the world, in excess of 5,000 persons per square mile (1,900 persons/km) in a number of riverine governorates. The rapidly growing population is young, with roughly one-third of the total under age 15 and about three-fifths under 30. In response to the strain put on Egypt's economy by the country's burgeoning population, a national family planning program was initiated in 1964, and by the 1990s it had succeeded in lowering the birth rate. Improvements in health care also brought the infant mortality rate well below the world average by the turn of the 21st century. Life expectancy averages about 72 years for men and 74 years for women. Egyptians also form smaller minorities in neighboring countries, North America, Europe and Australia. 6481:

contributions from the Arabian peninsula rather than Levant for their Non-African genetic component. The study also found that Egyptian Muslims and Sudanese Copts are genetically most similar to Middle Eastern groups rather than the other African populations, and they estimated the Admixture date for Egyptians with Eurasians to have occurred around the 14th century, however the authors noted that "most, if not all, of the populations in this study have or have had admixture with populations from the Middle East during the Arab expansion, and this newer admixture is obscuring older admixture patterns". The study overall points that the distribution of eurasian ancestry in modern eastern and northeast Africa is the result of more recent migrations that many of which is recorded in historical texts rather than ancient ones.

6374:, an Egyptologist at University College London, expressed caution about the paper by Schuenemann et al. (2017), saying that "There has been this very strong attempt throughout the history of Egyptology to disassociate ancient Egyptians from the modern population." He added that he was "particularly suspicious of any statement that may have the unintended consequences of asserting—yet again from a Northern European or North American perspective—that there's a discontinuity there ". Gourdine et al. criticised the methodology of the Scheunemann et al. study and argued that the Sub-Saharan "genetic affinities" may be attributed to "early settlers" and "the relevant Sub-Saharan genetic markers" do not correspond with the geography of known trade routes". 4178:

pointing to the perceived failures of Arab and pan-Arab nationalist policies. Egyptian anthropologist Laila el-Hamamsy illustrates the modern-day relationship between the two trends, stating: "in light of their history, Egyptians ... should be conscious of their national identity and consider themselves, above all, Egyptians. How is the Egyptian, with this strong sense of Egyptian identity, able to look himself as an Arab too?" Her explanation is that Egyptianization translated as Arabization with the result being "an increased tempo of Arabization, for facility in the Arabic language opened the windows into the rich legacy of Arabic culture. ... Thus in seeking a cultural identity, Egypt has revived its Arab cultural heritage."

2359:(AD 1258–1517) as a whole were, some of the most enlightened rulers of Egypt, not only in the arts and in providing for the welfare of their subjects, but also in many other ways, such as efficient organisation of law and order and postal services, and the building of canals, roads, bridges and aqueducts. Though turbulent, often treacherous and brutal in their feuds, and politically and economically inept, the later Mameluks maintained the splendour and artistic traditions of their predecessors. The reign of Kait Bey (1468–1496) was one of high achievement in architecture, showing great refinement of taste in the building of elegant tombs, mosques and palaces. It was a period in which learning flourished. 10468:"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing. Core Egyptian culture was well established. A total peopling of Egypt at this time from the Near East would have meant the mass migration of Semitic speakers. The ancient Egyptian language - using the usual academic language taxonomy - is a branch within Afroasiatic with one member (not counting place of origin/urheimat is within Africa, using standard linguistic criteria based on the locale of greatest diversity, deepest branches, and least moves accounting for its five or six branches or sevem, if Ongota is counted". 6367:

haplogroup J, and one to haplogroup E1b1b1 common in North Africa. The absolute estimates of sub-Saharan African ancestry in these three individuals ranged from 6 to 15%, which is slightly less than the level of sub-Saharan African ancestry in modern Egyptians (the modern Egyptian samples were taken from Cairo and the Bahariya Oasis), which ranged from 14 to 21%. The ranges depend on the method and choice of reference populations. The study's authors cautioned that the mummies may not be representative of the ancient Egyptian population as a whole, since they were recovered from the northern part of middle Egypt.

5146:

about the male-lineage variation in North Africa: "The lineages that are most prevalent in North Africa are distinct from those in the regions to the immediate north and south: Europe and sub-Saharan Africa ... two haplogroups predominate within North Africa, together making up almost two-thirds of the male lineages: E3b2 and J* (42% and 20%, respectively). E3b2 is rare outside North Africa, and is otherwise known only from Mali, Niger, and Sudan to the immediate south, and the Near East and Southern Europe at very low frequencies. Haplogroup J reaches its highest frequencies in the Middle East".

7343:"Owlad-el-Beled, which signify People of Masr, Children of. Masr, and Children of the Town : the singular forms of these appellations are "Maasree, "Ibn-Masr," and "Ibn-el-Beled." Of these three terms, the last is most common in the town itself. The country people are called "El-Fellaheen" (or the agriculturists), in the singular" Fellah. P4 |quote=The modern Egyptian metropolis, to the inhabitants of which most of the contents of the following pages relate, is now called " Masr", more properly, "Misr" but was formerly named " El-Kahireh;" whence Europeans have formed the name of Cairo" 76: 3400:. This is because Egyptian movies and Egyptian music have been the most influential in the region and are therefore the most widespread, and also because of the political and cultural influence Egypt has on the region. As a result, most of the countries in the region have grown up listening to Egyptian Arabic and therefore have no trouble understanding it, even though they actually speak their own, but they tend to adopt many elements of Egyptian Arabic. This situation is not reciprocal, however, meaning that the Egyptians do not understand any of the dialects of the region. 423: 522: 2978: 185: 2441: 1300: 3991:

among Egyptian Nationalists , who sought to revive the Pharaonic culture as the main pre-Islamic/pre-Christian civilization of Egypt. Questions of identity came to fore in the late 19th century and in the 20th century as Egyptians sought to free themselves from British occupation, leading to the rise of ethno-territorial secular Egyptian nationalism (also known as "Pharaonism"). After Egyptians gained their independence from Great Britain, other political ideologies that were rejected earlier by the Egyptians, such as

305: 1292: 11593:

River Valley. We collected 81 tooth, hair, bone, and soft tissue samples from 14 mummies and 17 skeletal remains. The samples span approximately 4000 years of Egyptian history and originate from six different excavation sites covering the whole length of the Egyptian Nile River Valley. NGS 127 based ancient DNA 8 were applied to reconstruct 18 high-quality mitochondrial genomes from 10 different individuals. The determined mitochondrial haplogroups match the results from our Abusir el-Meleq study.

9076:"Before Nasser, Egypt, which had been ruled by Britain since 1882, was more in favor of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, claiming that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one." Makropoulou, Ifigenia. 4244: 403: 483: 5098: 4228: 145: 5089: 383: 125: 2861: 620: 2950: 13730: 7244:

Crescent back into Africa with the spread of agriculture over the past 10,000 years, and migrations in the seventh century with the spread of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula. The East African component likely reflects localized movement up the navigable Nile River, while the Southern Europe and Asia Minor components reflect the geographic and historical role of Egypt as a historical player in the economic and cultural growth across the Mediterranean region.

6358:(mtDNA) sequences were obtained for 90 of the mummies and were compared with each other and with several other ancient and modern datasets. The scientists found that the ancient Egyptian individuals in their own dataset possessed highly similar mitochondrial profiles throughout the examined period. Modern Egyptians generally shared this maternal haplogroup pattern. The study was able to measure the mitochondrial DNA of 90 individuals, and it showed that the 3178: 2291: 6840: 503: 13740: 3923: 1735:'. The Egyptians also celebrated life, as is shown by tomb reliefs and inscriptions, papyri and other sources depicting Egyptians farming, conducting trade expeditions, hunting, holding festivals, attending parties and receptions with their pet dogs, cats and monkeys, dancing and singing, enjoying food and drink, and playing games. The ancient Egyptians were also known for their engaging sense of humor, much like their modern descendants. 674: 638: 363: 3441: 1966: 1381:, is reflected in sights, sounds and atmosphere that are meaningful to all Egyptians. Dominating the intangible pull of Egypt is the ever present Nile, which is more than a constant backdrop. Its varying colors and changing water levels signal the coming and going of the Nile flood that sets the rhythm of farming in a rainless country and holds the attention of all Egyptians. No Egyptian is ever far from his river and, except for the 324: 225: 205: 463: 3757: 6493: 245: 601: 265: 165: 103: 443: 2817:. Saad Zaghloul was born in a small Egyptian village, he held several ministerial positions before he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and organized a mass movement demanding an end to the British Protectorate. He garnered such massive popularity among the Egyptian people that he came to be known as 'Father of the Egyptians'. When on March 8, 1919, the British arrested Zaghloul and his associates and exiled them to 343: 692: 561: 581: 541: 13750: 285: 2238:. The greatest was one in which disaffected Muslim Egyptians joined their Christian compatriots around AD 830 in an unsuccessful attempt to repel the Arabs. The Egyptian Muslim historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam spoke harshly of the Abbasids—a reaction that according to Egyptologist Okasha El-Daly can be seen "within the context of the struggle between proud native Egyptians and the central Abbasid caliphate in Iraq." 656: 13760: 6836: 2633: 1873:. Prophetic writings circulated among Egyptians promising expulsion of the Greeks, and frequent revolts by the Egyptians took place throughout the Ptolemaic period. A revival in animal cults, the hallmark of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods, is said to have come about to fill a spiritual void as Egyptians became increasingly disillusioned and weary due to successive waves of foreign invasions. 4311:

surname "Al Hawary", is from the Berber Hawara. The concept of surname, however, is extremely rare in Egypt, and the mentioned surnames are extremely rare. Historical Arabic names in general are most likely just historically adopted as status names, which is something that happened with Greek names as well in Greek-Roman times where Egyptians would adopt Greek names as status names.

1834: 2146: 9016:, "Kwakab el Sharq", August 12th 1933: إن الفرعونية متأصلة فى نفوس المصريين ، وستبقى كذلك بل يجب أن تبقى وتقوى ، والمصرى فرعونى قبل أن يكون عربياً ولا يطلب من مصر أن تتخلى عن فرعونيتها وإلا كان معنى ذلك : اهدمى يا مصر أبا الهول والأهرام، وانسى نفسك واتبعينا ... لا تطلبوا من مصر أكثر مما تستطيع أن تعطى ، مصر لن تدخل فى وحدة عربية سواء كانت العاصمة القاهرة أم دمشق أم بغداد 1232:. The term "Misr" in Arabic refers to Egypt, but sometimes also to the Cairo area, as a consequence, and because of the habit of identifying people with cities rather than countries (i.e. Tunis (capital of Tunisia), Tunsi). The term Masreyeen originally referred only to the native inhabitants of Cairo or "City of Misr" before its meaning expanded to encompass all Egyptians. 6128:" Y-chromosome lineage for a significant population component which moved north from that region into Egypt and the Levant. Ehret argued that this genetic distribution paralleled the spread of the Afrasian language family with the movement of people from the Horn of Africa into Egypt and added a new demic component to the existing population of Egypt 17,000 years ago. 6477:"such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa". He further commented that the Naqada and Badarian populations did not migrate "from somewhere else but were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia". Ehret also criticised the study for asserting that there was "no sub-Saharan" component in the Egyptian population. 2280: 4131:. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives, and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics. Although the Arabism instilled in the country by Nasser was not deeply embedded in society, a certain kinship with the rest of the Arab world was firmly established and Egypt saw itself as the leader of this larger cultural entity. Nasser's version of 3194: 6330:(0.053), and 26th–30th Dynasty Giza (0.027) do not exhibit a directional increase through time... Thus, despite increasing foreign influence after the Second Intermediate Period, not only did Egyptian culture remain intact (Lloyd, 2000a), but the people themselves, as represented by the dental samples, appear biologically constant as well... 6162:. 3200 BC, the distinction began to blur, resulting in a more homogeneous population in Egypt, though the distinction remains true to some degree to this day. Some biological anthropologists such as Shomarka Keita believe the range of variability to be primarily indigenous and not necessarily the result of significant intermingling of widely 6116:, connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". Similarly, Ehret cited genetic evidence which had identified the 5170:

support to the establishment, before the Middle Kingdom, of the observed distributions of the most prevalent haplotypes V, XI, and IV. It is suggested that the pattern of diversity for these variants in the Egyptian Nile Valley was largely the product of population events that occurred in the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene through the

2664:. In 1866, the Assembly of Delegates was founded to serve as an advisory body for the government. Its members were elected from across Egypt, including villages, which meant that native Egyptians came to exert increasing political and economic influence over their country. Several generations of Egyptians exposed to the ideas of 4142:, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. According to Dawisha, the terms "Arab", "Arabism" and "Arab unity", save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also 2769:, the architects of modern Egyptian nationalism. Mustafa Kamil had been a student activist in the 1890s involved in the creation of a secret nationalist society that called for British evacuation from Egypt. He was famous for coining the popular expression, "If I had not been an Egyptian, I would have wished to become one." 6896: 3329:, and their surroundings) by the name of "Miṣr", which was also the name used to refer to the entire land of Egypt. As a consequence, and because of the Egyptian habit of identifying people in the capital with the entire country's name, the word Miṣriyeen (Egyptian Arabic: Masreyeen) which is derived from the 3385:. This is widely thought to be the effects of being the victim of several invasions, including that of the Ottoman Empire as well as the French invasion. As each invasion came and went, the Egyptians kept the few words and phrases that made the language seem easier. Egyptian Arabic is also influenced by 6084:, archaeological and genetic data which does not support the hypothesis of a mass migration from the Levantine during the prehistoric period. According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, this view posits that the ancient Egyptians are the same original population group as 8963:

Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of the City of Misr Today and its Description، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة مصر الآن وصفتها. |quote= قال ابن رضوان، والمدينة الكبرى اليوم بمصر ذات أربعة أجزاء: الفساط والقاهرة والجيزة والجزيرة. |Translation=According to Ibn Radwan: The greatest city in Misr now is of 4 parts:

6324:

that are similar to those in populations from greater North Africa (Irish, 1993, 1998a–c, 2000) and, to a lesser extent, western Asia and Europe (Turner, 1985a; Turner and Markowitz, 1990; Roler, 1992; Lipschultz, 1996; Irish, 1998a). Similar craniofacial measurements among samples from these regions

5145:

pattern of Y-chromosomal variation, including in Egypt, is largely of Neolithic origin. The study analyzed North African populations, including North Egyptians and South Egyptians, as well as samples from southern Europe, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa, and revealed the following conclusions

4349:

The majority of Egyptians, however, have last names that are their great-grandparents' first names, this habit is especially dominant among the fellahin (rural Egyptians), where the concept of surnames is not really a strong tradition. For example, if a person named "Khaled Emad Salama Ali" has a son

4071:

The Egyptians are not Arabs, and both they and the Arabs are aware of this fact. They are Arabic-speaking, and they are Muslim... But the Egyptian, during the first thirty years of the century, was not aware of any particular bond with the Arab East... Egypt sees in the Arab cause a worthy object of

3978:

by the name of "Masr", which was also the name used to refer to the entire land of Egypt. As a consequence, and because of the Egyptian habit of identifying people with their city names, the word Misreyeen/Masreyeen sometimes referred to the people of the greater Cairo area. The Orabi movement in the

3846:

factors among the ancient populations themselves. there is a general consensus among Egyptologists that physical differences such as skin color wasn't as important to Ancient Egyptians as it is to modern westerners, and that the main criteria in which Ancient Egyptians used to define and distinguish

2741:

Egyptian self-government, education, and the continued plight of Egypt's peasant majority deteriorated most significantly under British occupation. Slowly, an organized national movement for independence began to form. In its beginnings, it took the form of an Azhar-led religious reform movement that

1853:

was Alexander's father. This made Alexander in the eyes of the Egyptians a legitimate heir to the native pharaohs. The new Ptolemaic rulers, however, exploited Egypt for their own benefit and a great social divide was created between Egyptians and Greeks. The local priesthood continued to wield power

1398:

did not begin to form until well into the 1980s, when political and economic conditions began driving Egyptians out of the country in significant numbers. Today, the diaspora numbers nearly 4 million (2006 est). Generally, those who emigrate to the United States and western European countries tend to

8718:

Many Egyptians do not consider themselves Africans. Some take offense even to being identified with Africa at all. When speaking to Egyptians who have traveled to countries below the Sahara, nearly all of them speak of going to Africa, or going down to Africa, as if Egypt were separate from the rest

8550:

Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of the City of Fustat Misr Today and its Description، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة مصر الآن وصفتها. |quote= قال ابن رضوان، والمدينة الكبرى اليوم بمصر ذات أربعة أجزاء: الفساط والقاهرة والجيزة والجزيرة. |Translation=According to Ibn Radwan: The greatest city in Fustat Misr now

7332:

An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEW YORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO. P4 |quote=The modem Egyptian metropolis, to the inhabitants of which most of the contents of the following pages relate, is now called " Masr", more

6436:

concluded that the majority of the samples, which included the genetic remains of Tutankhamun and Rameses III had a population "affinity with "Sub-Saharan" Africans in one affinity analysis". However, Keita cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies "lacked other affiliations" which he

3898:

mentions the opinion of an Upper Egyptian man on the Ahmad Al Tayeb Uprising that happened during her stay. She puts what he said thus: "Truly in all the world none are miserable like us Arabs. The Turks beat us, and the Europeans hate us and say quite right. By God, we had better lay down our heads

2407:

or religious scholars, who directed the religious and social affairs of the native Egyptian population and interceded on their behalf when dealing with the Turko-Circassian elite. It is also believed that during the late periods of the Ottoman era of Egypt, native Egyptians were allowed and required

1798:

The importance of the Nile in Egyptian life, ancient and modern, cannot be overemphasized. The rich alluvium carried by the Nile inundation was the basis of Egypt's formation as a society and a state. Regular inundations were a cause for celebration; low waters often meant famine and starvation. The

1438:

have been reported by the Egyptian Human Rights Organization and different media outlets. Arab nationals have in the past expressed fear over an "'Egyptianization' of the local dialects and culture that were believed to have resulted from the predominance of Egyptians in the field of education" (see

6366:

populations and had significantly more affinity with south-eastern Europeans than with sub-Saharan Africans. Genome-wide data could only be successfully extracted from three of these individuals. Of these three, the Y-chromosome haplogroups of two individuals could be assigned to the Middle-Eastern

6329:

distance between samples from the first and second halves of this almost 3,000-year-long period. For example, phenetic distances between First-Second Dynasty Abydos and samples from Fourth Dynasty Saqqara (MMD ¼ 0.050), 11–12th Dynasty Thebes (0.000), 12th Dynasty Lisht (0.072), 19th Dynasty Qurneh

4173:

stressed that Egyptian identity was unique, but that Egypt was the center and "cultural hub" of the Arab world, arguing that "Egypt in the Arab world is like Cairo in Egypt." Hamdan further contended "We do not see the Egyptian personality, no matter how distinct it may be, as anything other than a

4026:

Pharaonism is deeply rooted in the spirits of the Egyptians. It will remain so, and it must continue and become stronger. The Egyptian is Pharaonic before being Arab. Egypt must not be asked to deny its Pharaonism because that would mean: Egypt, destroy your Sphinx and your pyramids, forget who you

3143:

won in a landslide, capturing 97% of the vote according to the government. Some regarded the election as undemocratic claiming that several political opponents were being detained or banned from running,, but: "The European Union's Election Observation Mission (EOM) released a preliminary statement

3131:

a year after he came to power, and subsequently arrested and sentenced to death (later overturned), and died in prison six years later. The Muslim Brotherhood (officially listed as a terrorist group by Egypt after the coup) claimed that his death was due to being "prevented medicine and poor food."

2679:

Ismail's massive modernization campaign, however, left Egypt indebted to European powers, leading to increased European meddling in local affairs. This led to the formation of secret groups made up of Egyptian notables, ministers, journalists and army officers organized across the country to oppose

2532:

In order to consolidate his power in Egypt, Mohammed Ali worked to eliminate the Turko-Circassian domination of administrative and army posts. For the first time since the Roman period, native Egyptians filled the junior ranks of the country's army. The army would later conduct military expeditions

2378:

Ultimately, Mamluk rule rested on force. The chronicles of the period are replete with examples of Mamluk violence against the indigenous population of Egypt...From horseback, they simply terrorized those lesser breeds who crossed their paths. The sudden and arbitrary use of force by the government

11592:

In a previous study, we assessed the genetic history of a single site: Abusir el-Meleq from 1388 BCE to 426 CE. We now focus on widening the geographic scope to give a general overview of the population genetic background, focusing on mitochondrial haplogroups present among the whole Egyptian Nile

6404:

A follow-up study by Scheunemann & Urban et al. (2021) was carried out collecting samples from six excavation sites along the entire length of the Nile valley spanning 4000 years of Egyptian history. Samples from 17 mummies and 14 skeletal remains were collected, and high quality mitochondrial

5169:

populations. Remarking on Lucotte's Y-chromosome study, which found that haplotypes V, XI, and IV are most common, Keita states that "a synthesis of evidence from archaeology, historical linguistics, texts, distribution of haplotypes outside Egypt, and some demographic considerations lends greater

4310:

As a result of the Islamic history of Egypt, and as a result of the subsequent Arabization, some Egyptians adopted historical Berber, Arabic, and Iranian names. For example, the surname "Al Juhaini", is from the Arabic Juhainah, which is very rare, except in a few instances in North Egypt, and the

4177:

Many Egyptians today feel that Egyptian and Arab identities are inextricably linked, and emphasize the central role that Egypt plays in the Arab world. Others continue to believe that Egypt and Egyptians are simply not Arab, emphasizing indigenous Egyptian heritage, culture and independent polity,

3990:

Following the French campaign in Egypt, western ideas started becoming prevalent among Egyptian intellectuals , which continued after the British occupation of Egypt. Among the western ideas, the French Enlightenment notion of reviving Pre-Christian civilizations and cultures found a special place

1402:

Prior to 1974, only few Egyptian professionals had left the country in search for employment. Political, demographic and economic pressures led to the first wave of emigration after 1952. Later more Egyptians left their homeland first after the 1973 boom in oil prices and again in 1979, but it was

4589:

In a 2019 study that analyzed the autosomal make-up of 21 modern North African genomes and other populations using Ancient DNA reference populations, this sample of Egyptian genomes were found to share more affinity with Middle Eastern populations compared to other North Africans. Egyptians carry

2412:

From the Egyptian side, literary works from both the Mamluk and Ottoman eras indicate that literate Egyptians had not totally submerged their identity within Islam, but retained an awareness of Egypt's distinctiveness as a uniquely fertile region of the Muslim world, as a land of great historical

2102:

period, the New Testament had been entirely translated into Coptic. But while Christianity continued to thrive in Egypt, the old pagan beliefs which had survived the test of time were facing mounting pressure. The Byzantine period was particularly brutal in its zeal to erase any traces of ancient

1943:

Consequently, many sites believed to have been the resting places of the holy family during their sojourn in Egypt became sacred to the Egyptians. The visit of the holy family later circulated among Egyptian Christians as fulfillment of the Biblical prophecy "When Israel was a child, then I loved

1390:. Most of all, they have a sense of all-encompassing familiarity at home and a sense of alienation when abroad ... There is something particularly excruciating about Egyptian nostalgia for Egypt: it is sometimes outlandish, but the attachment flows through all Egyptians, as the Nile through Egypt. 7243:

Egypt= 71% North and East African. As ancient populations first migrated from Africa, they passed first through northeast Africa to southwest Asia. The Northern Africa and Arabian components in Egypt are representative of that ancient migratory route, as well as later migrations from the Fertile

4585:

Mohamed, T et al. (2009) in their study of nomadic Bedouins featured a comparative study with a worldwide population database and a sample size of 153 Bedouin males. Their analysis discovered that both Muslim Egyptians and Coptic Christians showed a distinct North African cluster at 65%. This is

2796:

in 1872. He was educated at al-Azhar where he attended lectures by Mohammed Abduh. Abduh came to have a profound influence on Lutfi's reformist thinking in later years. In 1907, he founded the Umma Party newspaper, el-Garida, whose statement of purpose read: "El-Garida is a purely Egyptian party

4541:

and el-Busiri. Few people might also have surnames like el-Shamy ("the Levantine"), suggesting a possible Levantine origin, or, in the upper classes, Dewidar, suggesting a possible Ottoman-Mamluk remnant, but these names are very rare and could also be just historically adopted as status names.

3403:

Originally the Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics. At first the meaning of the hieroglyphics was unknown, until in the year 1799 Napoleón Bonaparte's soldiers dug up the Rosetta stone. The Rosetta Stone was found broken and incomplete. It features 14 lines in the hieroglyphic script, 32 lines in

2480:

troops drove out the French in 1801. Its impact on the social and cultural fabric of Egyptian society, however, was tremendous. The Egyptians were deeply hostile to the French, whom they viewed as yet another foreign occupation to be resisted. At the same time, the French expedition introduced

9576:

Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, Dugoujon JM, Crivellaro F, Benincasa T, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Melegh B, Barbujani G, Fuselli S, Vona G, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Brdicka R, Kozlov AI, Efremov GD, Coppa A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (June 2007).

1896:

advocated the expulsion of all ethnic Egyptians from the city of Alexandria, saying "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." This attitude lasted until AD 212 when Roman citizenship was finally granted to all the inhabitants of Egypt, though ethnic

1345:, an estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad and contribute actively to the development of their country through remittances (US$ 7.8 billion in 2009), circulation of human and social capital, as well as investment. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in 8779:

The Arab World consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa: Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and

6480:

A study by Hammarén et al. (2023) isolated the Non-African components of the genomes of modern day Northeast Africans, and found that Sudanese Copts and Egyptian Muslims from Cairo bore most similarities to Levantines, unlike the other populations in the region which had predominant genetic

2939:

Egypt is not just a piece of land. Egypt is the inventor of civilisation ... The strange thing is that this country of great history and unsurpassed civilisation is nothing but a thin strip along the banks of the Nile ... This thin strip of land created moral values, launched the concept of

4239:

is lacking in Egypt. Rather, Egyptians tend to carry their father's name as their first middle name, and stop at the 2nd or 3rd first name, which thus becomes one's surname. In this manner, surnames continuously change with generations, as first names of 4th or 5th generations get dropped.

3148:

with 97% of the vote, in an election denounced by human rights groups as unfair and "farcical". A BBC article mentioned that "Three potential candidates dropped out of the race, while a fourth – a former military chief – was arrested and accused of running for office without permission."

2379:

and its dominant military elite; frequent resort to cruelty to make a point; ingenious methods of torture employed both for exemplary purpose and to extract wealth from others: all these measures were routine in the Mamluk era. Egypt under the Mamluks was not a very secure place to live.

7342:

An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, P 27.LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEW YORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO. |quote=""The native Muslim inhabitants of Cairo commonly call themselves " El-Masreeyeen," "Owlad-Maasr " (or " Ahl Masr "), and

5165:) found that the main haplotype V has higher frequency in the North than in the South, and haplotype XI has higher frequency in the South than in the North, whereas haplotype IV is found in the South (highest in Lower Nubia). The study states that haplotype IV is also characteristic of 1897:

divisions remained largely entrenched. The Romans, like the Ptolemies, treated Egypt like their own private property, a land exploited for the benefit of a small foreign elite. The Egyptian peasants, pressed for maximum production to meet Roman quotas, suffered and fled to the desert.

1399:

do so permanently, with 93% and 55.5% of Egyptians (respectively) settling in the new country. On the other hand, Egyptians migrating to Arab countries almost always only go there with the intention of returning to Egypt; virtually none settle in the new country on a permanent basis.

2177:, a Chalcedonian, as Patriarch. Cyrus was determined to convert the Egyptian Miaphysites by any means. He expelled Coptic monks and bishops from their monasteries and sees. Many died in the chaos, and the resentment of the Egyptians against their Byzantine conquerors reached a peak. 2351:

period it had acquired a Sunni orientation. The Fatimids with some exceptions were known for their religious tolerance and their observance of local Muslim, Coptic and indigenous Egyptian festivals and customs. Under the Ayyubids, the country for the most part continued to prosper.

3973:

is considered to be a turning point in Egyptian History , as it fought for the Egyptian identity, where Egyptians rejected any other identity, and identified only as Egyptians (Masreyeen). It is worth noting that in the past, Egyptians sometimes also used to refer to the area of

1880:

annexed Egypt in 30 BC, the social structure created by the Greeks was largely retained, though the power of the Egyptian priesthood diminished. The Roman emperors lived abroad and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship as the Ptolemies had. The art of

4127:(UAR), which lasted for about 3 years. When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism was particularly questioned after the 1967 2009:(Bahnasa), which suggests that Christianity already began to spread south of Alexandria at an early date. By the mid-third century, a sizable number of Egyptians were persecuted by the Romans on account of having adopted the new Christian faith, beginning with the Edict of 4047:

Arab-Islamic political sentiment was fueled by the solidarity felt between, on the one hand, Egyptians struggling for independence from Britain and, on the other hand, those across the Arab world engaged in similar anti-imperialist struggles. In particular, the growth of

2580:

and the cultural achievements that were inspired by it. Along with this interest came an indigenous, Egypt-centered orientation, particularly among the Egyptian intelligentsia that would affect Egypt's autonomous development as a sovereign and independent nation-state.

6283:

in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, each group represented by a sample of 100 unrelated healthy individuals, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.

6143: 3065:

in an attempt to liberate Egyptian territories captured by Israel six years earlier. The October War presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai. In 1977, Sadat made a historic visit to Israel leading to the signing of the 1978

2119:

convened in AD 451, signaling the Byzantine Empire's determination to assert its hegemony over Egypt. When it declared that Jesus was of two natures embodied in his person, the Egyptian reaction was swift, rejecting the decrees of the council as incompatible with the

6315:

period. All the samples, particularly those of the Dynastic period, were significantly divergent from a neolithic West Saharan sample from Lower Nubia. Biological continuity was also found intact from the dynastic to the post-pharaonic periods. According to Irish:

8890: 3018:

process that initially had profound effects on the socioeconomic strata of Egyptian society. According to one historian, "Egypt had, for the first time since 343 BC, been ruled not by a Macedonian Greek, nor a Roman, nor an Arab, nor a Turk, but by an Egyptian."

11754: 2064:

and part of the New Testament were translated at the school from Greek to Egyptian, which had already begun to be written in Greek letters with the addition of a number of demotic characters. This stage of the Egyptian language would later come to be known as

4072:

real and active sympathy and, at the same time, a great and proper opportunity for the exercise of leadership, as well as for the enjoyment of its fruits. But she is still Egyptian first and Arab only in consequence, and her main interests are still domestic.

7294:

Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. – Arthur

6178:

crania. He found that the predynastic Badarian series clustered closer with the tropical African series. The comparative samples were selected based on "Brace et al.'s (1993) comments on the affinities of an upper Egyptian/Nubian epipalaeolithic series".

5118:

of E1b1b is suggested to have originated in Northeast Africa in the area of Egypt and Libya, and is more predominant in Egypt. These two haplogroups and their various subclades in general are distributed in high frequencies in the Middle East and North

3317:(lit. "The Removal of the Burden from the Language of the People of Egypt") This suggests the language that by then was spoken in the majority of Miṣr (Egypt/Cairo). It's also worth noting that the Egyptians commonly referred to the modern day area of 3979:

1870s and 1880s was the first major Egyptian nationalist movement that demanded an end to the alleged despotism of the Muhammad Ali family and demanded curbing the growth of European influence in Egypt, it campaigned under the nationalist slogan of "

10615:"Fulvio Cruciani and others, Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 1300–1311" 4043:

The later 1930s would become a formative period for Arab nationalism without the involvement of Egypt. Arab nationalism developed as a regional nationalism initially based on the efforts of Syrian, Palestinian, and Lebanese political intellectuals.

4198:

Egyptian culture boasts five millennia of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest and greatest civilizations during which the Egyptians maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the

2879:

Under the parliamentary monarchy, Egypt reached the peak of its modern intellectual Renaissance that was started by Rifa'a el-Tahtawi nearly a century earlier. Among those who set the intellectual tone of a newly independent Egypt, in addition to

1708:. The king of Egypt, as a living personification of Horus, could claim the throne after burying his predecessor, who was typically his father. When the role of the king waned, the country became more susceptible to foreign influence and invasion. 2549:. Many Egyptians student missions were sent to Europe in the early 19th century to study at European universities and acquire technical skills such as printing, shipbuilding, and modern military techniques. One of these students, whose name was 2132:

Jill Kamil notes, the position taken by the Egyptians "paved for the Coptic church to establish itself as a separate entity...No longer even spiritually linked with Constantinople, theologians began to write more in Coptic and less in Greek.

2836:

representative system. Saad Zaghloul became the first popularly elected Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. Egyptian independence at this stage was provisional, as British forces continued to be physically present on Egyptian soil. In 1936, the

3100:, in practice it rested almost solely with the president. In late February 2005, for the first time since the 1952 coup d'état, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance to elect a leader from a list of various candidates, most prominently 11644:

Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Ismail, Somaia; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Markus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf (2010-02-17).

2800:

Both the People and National parties came to dominate Egyptian politics until World War I, but the new leaders of the national movement for independence following four arduous years of war (in which Great Britain declared Egypt a British

2297:

built in the 11th century over the ruins of a pharaonic temple. The ancient Opet festival associated with this temple is mirrored in the present day festival of Abu-l Haggag celebrated similarly by boat processions through the streets of

8917:

Fahmy, All The Pasha's Men, P 246 |quote=The names of the military ranks used in Sultan Selim's army were changed since they were unfamiliar to the cadets. Moreover, although according to an initial plan it was possible to promote evlad

2114:

One of the defining moments in the history of the Church in Egypt is a controversy that ensued over the nature of Jesus, which culminated in the final split of the Coptic Church from both the Byzantine and Roman Catholic Churches. The

4104:. Nasser's politics was shaped by his conviction that all the Arab states were contending with anti-imperialist struggles and thus solidarity between them was imperative for independence. He viewed the earlier Egyptian nationalism of 2325:

Egyptians continued to live socially and politically separate from their foreign conquerors, but their rulers like the Ptolemies before them were able to stabilize the country and bring renewed economic prosperity. It was under the

6416:(STR) published data from studies by Hawass et al. 2010;2012 which sought to determine familial relations and research pathological features such as potential, infectious diseases among the New Kingdom royal mummies which included 2396:(Turks) indiscriminately to the Ottomans and Mamluks, who were at the top of the social pyramid, while Egyptians, most of whom were farmers, were at the bottom. Frequent revolts by the Egyptian peasantry against the Ottoman-Mamluk 1142:

after the Muslim conquest. Islam became the dominant religion centuries after the Muslim conquest in Egypt. This is due to centuries of conversion from Christianity to Islam. The modern term then became exclusively associated with

5197:

The major downstream mutations within the M35 subclade are M78 and M81. There are also other M35 lineages, e.g., M123. In Egypt, haplotypes VII and VIII are associated with the J haplogroup, which is predominant in the Near East.

2604:

Tahtawi was instrumental in sparking indigenous interest in Egypt's ancient heritage. He composed a number of poems in praise of Egypt and wrote two other general histories of the country. He also co-founded with his contemporary

1770:. Foreigners in Egyptian texts were described in derogatory terms, e.g., 'wretched Asiatics' (Semites), 'vile Kushites' (Nubians), and 'Ionian dogs' (Greeks). Egyptian beliefs remained unchallenged when Egypt fell to the Hyksos, 1406:

Egyptian emigration today is motivated by even higher rates of unemployment, population growth and increasing prices. Political repression and human rights violations by Egypt's ruling régime are other contributing factors (see

8871: 2776:, when following an altercation between a group of British soldiers and Egyptian farmers, four of the farmers were hanged while others were condemned to public flogging. Dinshaway, a watershed in the history of Egyptian anti- 1944:

him, and called my son out of Egypt" (Hosea 11:1). The feast of the coming of the Lord of Egypt on June 1 became an important part of Christian Egyptian tradition. According to tradition, Christianity was brought to Egypt by

1385:

whose personality is split by looking outward toward the Mediterranean, the Egyptians are a hinterland people with little appetite for travel, even inside their own country. They glorify their national dishes, including the

2600:

authority and political rights and liberty; his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or "good Egyptian"; and his ideas on public interest and public good.

11746: 10471: 6408:

In 2022, archaeologist Danielle Candelora stated that there were several limitations with the 2017 Scheunemann et al. study such as "new (untested) sampling methods, small sample size and problematic comparative data".

1854:

as they had during the Dynastic age. Egyptians continued to practice their religion undisturbed and largely maintained their own separate communities from their foreign conquerors. The language of administration became

6220:"the Egyptians have been in place since back in the Pleistocene and have been largely unaffected by either invasions or migrations. As others have noted, Egyptians are Egyptians, and they were so in the past as well." 8758:"Egypt is part of the Arab world, and any place in the Arab world is your home," said Reda Sada El-Hafnawy, a member of the Shura Council's Human Rights Committee and the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood. 3369:

is also significant in Egyptian literary works, as Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated.

11894:

An account of the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians: written in Egypt during the years 1833, −34, and −35, partly from notes made during a former visit to that country in the years 1825, −26, −27, and

6194:) respectively. He shows that a progressive change in Upper Egypt toward the northern Egyptian pattern of Lower Egypt takes place through the predynastic period. The southern pattern continues to predominate in 9999: 8038:

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (28 May 2015).

2245:, though very early in this period Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices that had survived through Coptic Christianity. Just as Egyptians had been pioneers in early 7032: 6256:

suggested a historical, regional and ethnolinguistic continuity, asserting that "the mummies and skeletons of ancient Egyptians indicate they were similar to the modern Egyptians and other people of the

2621:, who studied ancient Egyptian history, language and antiquities. Tahtawi encouraged his compatriots to invite Europeans to come and teach the modern sciences in Egypt, drawing on the example of Pharaoh 2715:

ruling the country, though now with British supervision and according to British directives. The Egyptian army was disbanded and a smaller army commanded by British officers was installed in its place.

2028:

in which dating of the years began with the start of Diocletian's reign. When Egyptians were persecuted by Diocletian, many retreated to the desert to seek relief. The practice precipitated the rise of

1742:

or "the people" (i.e., Egyptians.) This attitude was facilitated by the Egyptians' more frequent contact with other peoples during the New Kingdom when Egypt expanded to an empire that also encompassed

8367: 7593: 7431: 7006: 2517:

as governor of Egypt. Mohammed Ali is credited for having undertaken a massive campaign of public works, including irrigation projects, agricultural reforms and the cultivation of cash crops (notably

1916:

at the coming of Christianity, and continued to be the main competitor with Christianity in its early years. The main temple of Isis remained a major center of worship in Egypt until the reign of the

11111:

Manni F, Leonardi P, Barakat A, Rouba H, Heyer E, Klintschar M, McElreavey K, Quintana-Murci L (2002). "Y-chromosome analysis in Egypt suggests a genetic regional continuity in Northeastern Africa".

2989:

in parliamentary affairs, government corruption, and the widening gap between the country's rich and poor led to the eventual toppling of the monarchy and the dissolution of the parliament through a

2588:, who was born in the village of Tahta in upper Egypt. In 1831, Tahtawi undertook a career in journalism, education and translation. Three of his published volumes were works of political and moral 2204:

that ended with the Byzantines' defeat. The relationship between the Greek Melkites and the Egyptian Copts had grown so bitter that most Egyptians did not put up heavy resistance against the Arabs.

1889:

occupied the middle stratum, while Egyptians, who constituted the vast majority, were at the bottom. Egyptians paid a poll tax at full rate, Greeks paid at half-rate and Roman citizens were exempt.

11818:"In the ancient Egyptian language the same word meant 'person' and 'Egyptian'" "Outsiders were all thought to be somewhat inferior, but that was because of their cultures, not their skin colors." 8878:

The people with the exception of about 600,000 Christians, are Mohamedans. They call themselves arabs, but are probably descended from the ancient Egyptians, the native christians are called copts

6664: 4084:

met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, maintaining that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one.

7501: 2668:

made up the emerging intellectual and political milieu that slowly filled the ranks of the government, the army and institutions which had long been dominated by an aristocracy of Turks, Greeks,

8308: 6964: 1924:

in the 6th century, when it was finally closed down. Egyptians, disaffected and weary after a series of foreign occupations, identified the story of the mother-goddess Isis protecting her child

1732: 11792: 3144:

on Thursday after voting commenced, stating that 'the Presidential Elections Commission (PEC) administered the election professionally and overall in line with the law'." In 2018 el-Sisi was

3252:

Although Arabic was spoken in parts of Egypt in the pre-Islamic era such as the Eastern Desert and Sinai, Coptic was the Language of the majority of Egyptians residing in the Nile Valley.

6338:

based on the 22-trait MMD (Table 4). For that matter, the Neolithic Western Desert sample is significantly different from all others is closest to predynastic and early dynastic samples.

8736:

MENA countries consist of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

1631:

that had afflicted the Mesopotamian empires reached Egypt with some delay, and it was only in the 11th century BC that the Empire declined, falling into the comparative obscurity of the

4031:

Pharaonism became the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre-war and inter-war periods. In 1931, following a visit to Egypt, Syrian Arab nationalist

2931:

died in 2006, many Egyptians felt that perhaps the last of the Greats of Egypt's golden age had died. In his dialogues with close associate and journalist Mohamed Salmawy, published as

1865:

The Ptolemaic rulers all retained their Greek names and titles, but projected a public image of being Egyptian pharaohs. Much of this period's vernacular literature was composed in the

10565:"Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R. A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms" 4039:

did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation.

4018:

and the mostly homogeneous indigenous non-Arab genetic ancestry/ethnicity of the inhabitants, regardless of current religious identity. One of Pharaonism's most notable advocates was

3909:, told one of his soldiers after criticizing Turks: "I am not a Turk, I came to Egypt when I was a child, and since that time, its sun has changed my blood, and I became fully Arab". 2392:

from the 16th to the 18th centuries lived within a social hierarchy similar to that of the Mamluks, Arabs, Romans, Greeks and Persians before them. Native Egyptians applied the term

1458:

ended, Egyptian workers in Iraq were subjected to harsh measures and expulsion by the Iraqi government and to violent attacks by Iraqis returning from the war to fill the workforce.

7053: 7643: 10141:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004" 2731: 6778: 4100:, became a state policy and a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the world, usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighboring new state of 4598:

related component than other North Africans, and also less of the Steppe / European hunter gatherer component, consistent with Egypt's geographical proximity to southwest Asia.

2370:

who had been captured as slaves then recruited into the army fighting on behalf of the Islamic empire. Native Egyptians were not allowed to serve in the army until the reign of

11458: 13579: 4353:

However, it is not unusual for many Egyptian families to adopt Ancient Egyptian-based names (especially Coptic ones) and have their first names or surnames beginning with the

2742:

was more concerned with the social conditions of Egyptian society. It gathered momentum between 1882 and 1906, ultimately leading to a resentment against European occupation.

1446:

A Newsweek article in 2008 featured Egyptian citizens objecting to a prudish "Saudization" of their culture due to Saudi Arabian petrodollar-flush investment in the Egyptian

12612: 3306:

with a document by the 17th-century Moroccan author Yusuf Al-Maghribi during after his travels to Egypt writing about the peculiarities of the speech of the Egyptian people

2562: 6897:"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019" 6381:'s family members of the 18th Dynasty, using comprehensive control procedures to ensure quality results. The study found that the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the family was 4545:

The Egyptian peasantry, the fellahin (rural Egyptians), are more likely to retain indigenous names given their relative isolation throughout the Egyptian people's history.

4027:

are and follow us! Do not ask of Egypt more than it can offer. Egypt will never become part of some Arab unity, whether the capital were to be Cairo, Damascus, or Baghdad.

11747:"Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest" 10472:"Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest" 9691: 7575: 6623: 1869:

phase and script of the Egyptian language. It was focused on earlier stages of Egyptian history when Egyptians were independent and ruled by great native pharaohs such as

2223:

that all Egyptians irrespective of religion also had to pay. The authority of the Miaphysite doctrine of the Coptic Church was for the first time nationally recognized.

6405:

genomes were reconstructed from 10 individuals. According to the authors the analyzed mitochondrial genomes matched the results from the 2017 study at Abusir el-Meleq.

2400:

took place throughout the 18th century, particularly in Upper Egypt where the peasants at one point wrested control of the region and declared a separatist government.

2049:, are credited as pioneers. By the end of the 4th century, it is estimated that the mass of the Egyptians had either embraced Christianity or were nominally Christian. 1341:, towns and villages from which they hail. Therefore, return migrants, such as temporary workers abroad, come back to their region of origin in Egypt. According to the 12607: 12602: 8394: 6874: 6935: 2496:. In addition, the French introduced the printing press in Egypt and published its first newspaper. The monumental catalogue of Egypt's ecology, society and economy, 1781:

The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar that divided the year into 12 months of 30 days each, with five extra days added. The calendar revolved around the annual

6342:

A study by Schuenemann et al. (2017) described the extraction and analysis of DNA from 151 mummified ancient Egyptian individuals, whose remains were recovered from

1738:

Another important continuity during this period is the Egyptian attitude toward foreigners—those they considered not fortunate enough to be part of the community of

1426:

Egyptians in neighboring countries face additional challenges. Over the years, abuse, exploitation and/or ill-treatment of Egyptian workers and professionals in the

9803:

Keita SO (2005). "History in the interpretation of the pattern of p49a,f TaqI RFLP Y-chromosome variation in Egypt: a consideration of multiple lines of evidence".

8873:

The Student's Cyclopaedia: A Ready Reference Library for School and Home, Embracing History, Biography, Geography, Discovery, Invention, Arts, Sciences, Literature

7028: 8858:

they adopted the Arabic language and began calling themselves Arabs. Those who remained Christian continued to identify themselves as non-Arab Egyptians or Copts.

9913:

Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".

8014: 6393:. The Y-chromosome profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete and the analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant 3007:, the real architect of the 1952 movement, mass protests by Egyptians erupted against the forced resignation of what became a popular symbol of the new regime. 7676: 6670: 8359: 7597: 7423: 7069: 2780:

resistance, galvanized Egyptian opposition against the British, culminating in the founding of the first two political parties in Egypt: the secular, liberal

8908:

Fahmy, All The Pasha's Men, P246 |quote=As a rule Egyptians, referred to as evlad-l Arab, were not allowed to be promoted beyond the rank of yuzbasi(captain)

6998: 6473:

Ehret specified that these studies revealed cranial and dental affinities with "closest parallels" to other longtime populations in the surrounding areas of

4494:

With the adoption of Christianity and eventually Islam, Egyptians began to take on names associated with these religions. Many Egyptian surnames also became

4235:

Today, Egyptians carry names that have Ancient Egyptian, Arabic, Turkish, Greek and Western meanings (especially Coptic ones) among others. The concept of a

3132:

Morsi was also charged with leading an outlawed group, detention and torture of anti-government protesters, and committing treason by leaking state secrets.

8897:

The fellahs, though calling themselves Arabs, are probably the descendants of the original inhabitants of the land, more or less intermixed with othee races

8477: 4350:

named "Ashraf", his son's full name may become "Ashraf Khaled Emad Salama". Thus, a son may have a last name that is different from his father's last name.

2408:

to join the army for the first time since the Roman period of Egypt, including Coptic Christians who were civil servants at the time of Mohammed Ali Pasha.

1147:

and Coptic Christians who are members of the Coptic Orthodox Church or Coptic Catholic Church. References to native Muslims as Copts are attested until the

11692:

Hawass, Zahi; et al. (2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study".

8607:

An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, P 2.LONDON & TORONTO PUBLISHED BY J·M·DENT &SONS IN NEWYORK BY E·P ·DUTTON & CO.

8514:

Elisabeth Zack. Yusuf al-Maghribi's Egyptian-Arabic Word List. A Unique Manuscript in the St. Petersburg State University Library, Manuscripta orientalia (

6693: 2362:

By the 15th century most Egyptians had already been converted to Islam, while Coptic Christians were reduced to a minority. The Mamluks were mainly ethnic

9358:

Saunier JL, Irwin JA, Strouss KM, Ragab H, Sturk KA, Parsons TJ (June 2009). "Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population sample".

9323:

Saunier JL, Irwin JA, Strouss KM, Ragab H, Sturk KA, Parsons TJ (June 2009). "Mitochondrial control region sequences from an Egyptian population sample".

9709: 7225: 7508: 6401:) had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data. 6389:. Haplogroup R1b is carried by modern Egyptians. Modern Egypt is also the only African country that is known to harbor all three R1 subtypes, including 3983:". The Orabi revolt is referred to in Egypt as the revolt of the fellahin (rural Egyptians), Ahmed Orabi himself was a rural Egyptian from a village in 2492:

to head a French-supervised government in Egypt, for some, it awakened a sense of nationalism and a patriotic desire for national independence from the

8302: 6956: 4052:

in neighboring Palestine was seen as a threat by many Egyptians, and the cause of resistance there was adopted by rising Islamic movements such as the

4006:" rose to political prominence in the 1920s and 1930s as an Egyptian movement resisting the British occupation, as Egypt developed separately from the 1789:), the first of three seasons into which the year was divided. The other two were Winter and Summer, each lasting for four months. The modern Egyptian 7659: 2857:

as "an Egyptian bank for Egyptians only", which restricted shareholding to native Egyptians and helped finance various new Egyptian-owned businesses.

13134: 11776: 11353: 10404: 1689:

and continued until the Roman conquest. The societal structure created by this system of government remained virtually unchanged up to modern times.

11576: 8646: 2306:

In the years to follow the Arab occupation of Egypt, a social hierarchy was created whereby Egyptians who converted to Islam acquired the status of

2107:, Christianity had already been proclaimed the religion of the Empire and all pagan cults were forbidden. When Egypt fell under the jurisdiction of 8706: 6385:, which is believed to have originated in the Western Asia/Near Eastern region, and dispersed from there to Europe and parts of Africa during the 4157:

studied the national discourse between 17 Egyptian intellectuals relating to Egypt's identity and peace with Israel. He noted that in 18 articles

12381: 11931: 10964:"Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European"AgroNostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data" 2431: 9848:"History in the interpretation of the pattern of p49a,fTaqI RFLP Y-chromosome variation in Egypt: A consideration of multiple lines of evidence" 9393:

Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (19 February 2013).

11630: 10705: 9195: 6811: 2314:, but the Egyptians who converted to Islam were also called Copts until the Mamluk period. In time the power of the Arabs waned throughout the 7182: 7095: 13003: 7401: 1377:

Their characteristic rootedness as Egyptians, commonly explained as the result of centuries as a farming people clinging to the banks of the

9579:"Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12" 2737:(1874–1908), an anti-colonial nationalist famous for coining the phrase, "If I had not been an Egyptian, I would have wished to become one". 10630:

Egypt in its African context : proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009

3851:. Anyone who was born in Egypt, shared and practiced the Egyptian culture, and spoke the Egyptian language was an Egyptian, a true person. 10113: 6135:, some differences between the populations of Upper and Lower Egypt were ascertained through their skeletal remains, suggesting a gradual 3233:

letters. It is worth noting that other languages, such as Nubian, Arabic, and other Libyan languages also existed in Egypt outside of the

7639: 3373:

While Egyptian Arabic is considered derived from the formal Arabic language, it has also been influenced by many other languages such as

3299:

is reserved only for official documents, written educational material, and more formal contexts, and is not a naturally spoken language.

2699:, self-styled el-Masri ('the Egyptian'), against the Khedive, the Turko-Circassian elite, and the European stronghold. The revolt was a 12629: 12597: 10999: 7722: 7480: 4150:

sections.) However, despite Sadat's systematic attempts to root out Arab sentiment, Arab nationalism in Egypt remained a potent force.

10807:

Keita, SOY (1992). "Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs".

9266:

Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (18 November 2019).

9080: 9060: 4165:

opposed, while in eight articles Arab identity was acknowledged and neutrality supported and only in three articles written by author

2276:. He was keenly interested in ancient Egyptian sciences, and claimed to have received his knowledge of alchemy from Egyptian sources. 13794: 13458: 12986: 12468: 11442: 10368:

Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)".

8828:

When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

7455: 4215:

culture. Today, many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern

1311:

There are an estimated 105.3 million Egyptians. Most are native to Egypt, where Egyptians constitute around 99.6% of the population.

11543: 9993:

Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006).

9891: 13470: 12861: 8337: 6264:

Genetic studies revealed that due to the continuous middle eastern gene flow, Egyptians are genetically closer and more similar to

2081:. He traveled extensively to lecture in various churches around the world and has many important texts to his credit including the 1342: 7531:

Wakin, Edward. A Lonely Minority. The Modern Story of Egypt's Copts. New York: William, Morrow & Company, 1963. pp. 30–31, 37.

4080:

ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader

3256:

was adopted by the rulers of Egypt after the Islamic invasion as an official language. Gradually, Egyptian Arabic came to replace

2792:

Party (National Party, 1908) headed by Mustafa Kamil. Lutfi was born to a family of farmers in a village in the Delta province of

2230:, repeated revolts by Egyptian Christians against the Muslim Arabs took place in the 8th and 9th centuries under the reign of the 1526: 12905: 12639: 8424: 3786: 1862:-speaking and concentrated in the countryside, while most Greeks lived in Alexandria and only few had any knowledge of Egyptian. 11171:

Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Haber, Marc; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Zalloua, Pierre; Elgaaied, Amel Benammar; Comas, David (2013-11-27).

9650: 7572: 6771: 6615: 3965:

Around the end of the 19th and early 20th century, the state started making efforts to shape a collective Egyptian Identity and

12182: 9716:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (August 2004).

9112: 3287:

in the Sinai, and Western Egyptian Arabic in the Western desert. The most prestigious and widely spread vernacular is known as

3070:, which was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians, in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat was 2347:, not very far from its ancient predecessor in Memphis. It became the preeminent Muslim center of learning in Egypt and by the 1521: 1506: 1504: 9619:"Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y-Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa" 4014:. This ideology largely developed out of the country's lengthy pre-Islamic pre-Arabism history, the relative isolation of the 2458: 1778:, Persians and Greeks—their rulers assumed the role of the Egyptian Pharaoh and were often depicted praying to Egyptian gods. 1518: 13707: 11786: 11496: 11452: 10730: 10664: 10414: 8851: 8681: 8572: 7125: 3650: 1524: 1515: 1512: 1509: 9465:

Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (March 2004).

9047:

Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946), p. 519.

8522:) 2001, vol. 7, no3, pp. 46–49., literally "The lifting of the burden from the speech of the population of Egypt")) by 8390: 6862: 3245:, Nubian (referred to as Ethiopian By Herodotus) South of the first cataract of the Nile, and other Libyan Languages in the 13531: 13185: 13129: 13085: 12898: 12572: 12562: 12522: 7308: 6927: 6108:

groups who have known to have settled in Egypt during its long history. Keita stated that genetic data indicates that the "

4795:

In 2009 mitochondrial data was sequenced for 277 unrelated Egyptian individuals by Jessica L Saunier et al. in the journal

4208: 2021: 1361:

with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% are living mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the

1323: 1144: 13379: 11441:

Eltis, David; Bradley, Keith R.; Perry, Craig; Engerman, Stanley L.; Cartledge, Paul; Richardson, David (12 August 2021).

10682:"Ancient Egyptian "Origins and "Identity" In Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches 3887:

who remained identifying themselves as Copts, while the Muslim majority were defined and identified themselves as Arabs.

3260:

as the spoken language. Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in

2403:

The only segment of Egyptian society which appears to have retained a degree of power during this period were the Muslim '

13190: 12930: 12816: 11924: 9618: 8234: 7548: 6870: 4542:

Conversely, some Levantines might carry the surname el-Masri ("the Egyptian") suggesting a possible Egyptian extraction.

3145: 3136: 3116: 1767: 1704:. Ascendancy to the Egyptian throne reflected the myth of Horus who assumed kingship after he buried his murdered father 1423:

failed to show up at their American host institutions for a cultural exchange program in the hope of finding employment.

7623: 6362:

composition of Egyptian mummies has shown a high level of affinity with the DNA of the populations of the Near East and

2111:

after the split of the Roman Empire, many ancient Egyptian temples were either destroyed or converted into monasteries.

1715:. Egyptians built tombs for their dead that were meant to last for eternity. This was most prominently expressed by the 13643: 13574: 13453: 13075: 12952: 12619: 12500: 12427: 12415: 12376: 10689: 10637: 10547: 8843:

The Everything Guide to the Middle East: Understand the people, the politics, and the culture of this conflicted region

7395: 7150: 6648: 6441:

might give different results" which reflected the complexity of biological heritage and the associated interpretation.

3685: 3568: 2421:) was an identifiable and emotionally meaningful entity within the larger Muslim polity of which it was now a province. 2215:

as its language. Native Egyptians filled administrative ranks and continued to worship freely so long as they paid the

2020:

This event became a watershed in the history of Egyptian Christianity, marking the beginning of a distinct Egyptian or

1632: 3003:

as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 and later put under house arrest by

2505:

The withdrawal of French forces from Egypt left a power vacuum that was filled after a period of political turmoil by

1450:. Twice Libya was on the brink of war with Egypt due to mistreatment of Egyptian workers and after the signing of the 13178: 12707: 11614: 11062:

Arredi B, Poloni E, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah D, Makrelouf M, Pascali V, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004).

9977: 8986: 8271: 8007: 7989: 7672: 7318: 7287: 7210: 5150: 2846: 2498: 2053: 1700:, the principle of truth, justice, and order, and to enhance the country's agricultural economy by ensuring regular 13311: 12974: 12697: 10910:

Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples".

9651:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" 7066: 6711: 2042: 1674: 8749: 6210:

patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity." A group of noted physical anthropologists conducted

5107: 4518:

to Egyptian names such as, for example, Bayoumi to el-Bayoumi; Bayoumi, without the article, is even more common.

2553:(1801–1873), was the first in a long line of Egyptian intellectuals that started the modern Egyptian Renaissance. 2450: 2268:

Dhul-Nun was regarded as the Patron Saint of the Physicians and is credited with having introduced the concept of

13789: 13670: 13638: 13391: 13117: 12527: 12247: 10189: 8731: 6541: 5174:". Keita later states "Later, mid-Holocene climatic-driven migrations led to a major settlement of the valley in 3553: 2825:. Demonstrations and strikes across Egypt became such a daily occurrence that normal life was brought to a halt. 2124:

doctrine of Coptic Orthodoxy. The Copts' upholding of the Miaphysite doctrine against the pro-Chalcedonian Greek

1427: 10491:"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa" 8469: 6690: 3128: 2749:, the son of a Delta farmer who was briefly exiled for his participation in the Orabi revolt and a future Azhar 2485:

which were to have a significant influence on their own self-perception and realization of modern independence.

1795:

calculate the agricultural seasons, with the months still bearing their ancient names, in much the same manner.

13239: 13033: 12996: 11917: 11871: 11845: 7697: 6900: 4514:

to Egyptian names such as, for example, Pakhom to Pakhomios; or by adding the Egyptian Arabic definite article

3237:

and in the mountains surrounding it since at least the time of Herodotus, with Arabic being used mainly in the

2996: 2954: 4590:

more of the Caucasus hunter gatherer / Iran Neolithic component compared to other North Africans, more of the

3859:

Even though Egypt is mostly located in North Africa, Egypt and the Egyptian people do not generally assert an

3408:, and 53 lines in Ancient Greek. Its decipherment lead to the understanding of the ancient Egyptian language. 3058:

economic reform policy. Like his predecessor, he also clamped down on religious and leftist opposition alike.

13799: 13526: 13321: 12727: 12252: 12235: 7231: 6304: 3202: 3089:

Hosni Mubarak was the president from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011, when he resigned under pressure of

2838: 2272:

into Islam, as well as of being able to decipher a number of hieroglyphic characters due to his knowledge of

2257:

were founded in the 8th century and flourished until the present day. One of the earliest Egyptian Sufis was

1636: 1569:

spanning three millennia. During this period, Egyptian culture underwent significant development in terms of

1451: 1337:

Egyptians also tend to be provincial, meaning their attachment extends not only to Egypt but to the specific

883: 13438: 8541:

Al Khutat Al Maqrizia, An Account of The City of Fustat Misr, الخطط المقريزية، ذكر ما قيل في مدينة فسطاط مصر

6325:

were reported as well (Brace et al., 1993)... an inspection of MMD values reveals no evidence of increasing

1670:

mercenaries under Ptolemy II had even attempted an ambitious but doomed coup d'état around the year 270 BC.

1643:

rulers was again briefly replaced by native nobility in the 7th century BC, and in 525 BC, Egypt fell under

1419:

in 1967, when migration rates began to rise. In August 2006, Egyptians made headlines when 11 students from

13502: 13306: 13274: 13090: 12722: 12592: 12515: 12109: 12005: 6299:

by Prof. Joel Irish shows dental traits characteristic of indigenous North Africans and to a lesser extent

3071: 3054:

allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and launched the

1711:

The attention paid to the dead, and the veneration with which they were held, were one of the hallmarks of

1655: 11566:"Human mitochondrial haplogroups and ancient DNA preservation across Egyptian history (Urban et al. 2021)" 11386:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods" 11309: 9516:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods" 4373: 2322:

were able to take control of Egypt and made it an independent political unit from the rest of the empire.

1885:

flourished, but Egypt became further stratified with Romans at the apex of the social pyramid, Greeks and

13753: 13665: 13507: 13249: 13139: 12962: 12757: 12624: 12567: 12463: 12338: 11983: 11565: 8618: 6279:

An allele frequency comparative study led by the Egyptian Army Major General Doctor Tarek Taha conducted

6147: 6136: 6021: 3779: 3740: 3365:

comprising novels, plays and poetry published over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

3124: 2822: 2753:, was its most notable advocate. Abduh called for a reform of Egyptian Muslim society and formulated the 1613: 1605: 1467: 1440: 8698: 5111: 2529:), increased industrialization, and a new educational system—the results of which are felt to this day. 2333:

from the 10th to the 12th centuries that Muslim Egyptian institutions began to take form along with the

2060:, becoming a major school of Christian learning as well as science, mathematics and the humanities. The 34: 13660: 13465: 13362: 13345: 13328: 13269: 13095: 13050: 12981: 12920: 12893: 12537: 12396: 12175: 12129: 11993: 11988: 11605:

Candelora, Danielle (31 August 2022). Candelora, Danielle; Ben-Marzouk, Nadia; Cooney, Kathyln (eds.).

10489:

Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014).

9395:"Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape" 9108:"1971 – Egypt's new constitution is introduced and the country is renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt." 3705: 2912:. They delineated a liberal outlook for their country expressed as a commitment to individual freedom, 2829: 2652:

in 1863. Ismail's reign witnessed the growth of the army, major education reforms, the founding of the

2170: 1693: 1617: 1268:). He also added that the Ottoman rulers of the region "stigmatized" the people of Egypt with the name 11308:

Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (2020-08-01).

10654: 13626: 13569: 13536: 13301: 13211: 13173: 13168: 13156: 13055: 12747: 12717: 12702: 12454: 8501:

as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in

8041:"The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" 7333:

properly, "Misr" but was formerly named " El-Kahireh;" whence Europeans have formed the name of Cairo

6455:"major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the fourth millennium BCE, notably 6207: 4569: 4162: 3518: 3469: 3206: 2660:, the rise of an independent political press, a flourishing of the arts, and the inauguration of the 2337:

of Arabic, which was to eventually slowly supplant native Egyptian or Coptic as the spoken language.

1945: 55: 30: 6803: 6230: 4471:. In addition, Egyptian families often derive their name from places in Egypt, such as Minyawi from 13784: 13702: 13682: 13490: 13316: 13112: 13100: 12937: 12915: 12582: 12532: 12473: 12432: 12308: 12303: 12269: 12230: 12104: 10114:"Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004" 7179: 7091: 4204: 4076:

Until the 1940s, Egypt was more in favour of territorial Egyptian nationalism and distant from the

3700: 3528: 3097: 2872: 2162: 2154: 1997:

St. Mark is said to have founded the Holy Apostolic See of Alexandria and to have become its first

1644: 1488: 1210: 1158: 825: 804: 9947:

Dugoujon J.M., Coudray C., Torroni A., Cruciani F., Scozzari F., Moral P., Louali N., Kossmann M.

7385: 1236:, writing in the 1820s, said that the native Muslim inhabitants of Cairo commonly call themselves 13611: 13234: 12969: 12821: 12794: 12779: 12774: 12510: 12410: 12074: 10614: 10333:

Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments".

9995:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form" 8619:"Ethnic Identities in Ancient Egypt and the Identity of Egyptology: Towards a "Trans-Egyptology"" 6081: 4380:, but the Egyptians still have the phoneme /p/ in their spoken language). For example, Bashandy ( 3895: 3186: 2435: 1686: 1216:(מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), meaning "the two straits", a reference to the predynastic separation of 11898:. Vol. 1 of An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. C. Knight and co 11173:"Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa" 11031:"Clines and clusters versus "Race:" a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile" 10879:"Clines and clusters versus "race:" a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile" 9467:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations" 8519: 6303:

and European populations. Among the samples included in the study is skeletal material from the

13763: 13692: 13621: 13443: 13411: 13105: 13043: 13038: 12752: 12217: 12134: 12124: 11998: 10117: 6437:

argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different "data and

6351: 6233: 6199: 6038:

have left very little in the way of archaeological evidence, but by around the 9000 to 6000 BC

5171: 4135:

stressed Egyptian sovereignty and leadership of Arab unity instead of the eastern Arab states.

3902: 3772: 3578: 3486: 3296: 3272: 3090: 3079: 2893: 2700: 2470: 2445: 2189: 1956:, a city which had by then become a center of culture and learning in the entire Mediterranean 1929: 1828: 1758:

The Egyptian sense of superiority was given religious validation, as foreigners in the land of

1447: 1062: 929: 784: 8671: 8562: 8261: 6377:

A 2020 study by Gad, Hawass, et al. analysed mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups from

2502:, was written by scholars and scientists who accompanied the French army on their expedition. 2137:

developed its own national character, and the Copts stood united against the imperial power."

1600:. During this period, the Egyptian civilization rose to the status of an empire under Pharaoh 1134:

in Egypt. The term referred to the Egyptian locals, to distinguish them from the Arab rulers.

13697: 13589: 13559: 13448: 13428: 13374: 13286: 12925: 12883: 12878: 12856: 12664: 12654: 12439: 12318: 12286: 12168: 12149: 11978: 11940: 10431: 9268:"Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa" 8589: 8525: 6258: 6249: 5190:

with haplotypes IV, XI, and V. These people fused with the indigenous valley peoples, as did

4786: 4756: 4746: 4716: 4676: 4626: 4616: 4011: 3690: 3635: 3594: 3459: 3362: 3214: 2657: 2506: 2371: 2310:

or "clients" to the ruling Arab elite, while those who remained Christian, the Copts, became

2197: 1882: 1838: 1338: 1327: 1286: 1217: 867: 763: 59: 11514:"Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship" 10963: 10720: 9969: 8801:

Egypt is the largest Arab country, and has played a central role in Middle Eastern politics.

7718: 7472: 2513:

ethnicity. He rallied support among the Egyptians until he was elected by the native Muslim

2211:

and, through the 7th century, retained the existing Byzantine administrative structure with

2073:. The third theologian to head the Catachetical School was a native Egyptian by the name of 1697: 75: 13564: 13514: 13384: 12488: 12478: 12079: 11961: 11397: 11254: 11184: 10257: 10067: 10008: 9527: 9406: 9279: 9077: 9057: 8052: 6551: 6397:

results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy (identified as

6347: 6292: 6066: 6046: 6039: 6015: 5115: 5034: 5030: 4980: 4776: 4766: 4736: 4726: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4666: 4656: 4646: 4636: 4124: 3966: 3839: 3558: 3464: 3140: 2885: 2833: 2806: 2785: 2766: 2712: 2593: 2585: 2565: 2550: 2462: 2294: 2201: 2116: 1998: 1701: 1682: 1597: 1574: 1542: 887: 190: 9765:

Lucotte G, Mercier G (May 2003). "Brief communication: Y-chromosome haplotypes in Egypt".

7452: 4203:

and Africa. After the Pharaonic era, the Egyptians themselves came under the influence of

3030:. Egypt became increasingly involved in regional affairs until three years after the 1967 8: 13675: 13655: 13475: 13423: 13418: 13357: 13259: 12942: 12873: 12868: 12587: 12291: 11966: 11513: 10246:"Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene" 9847: 6914: 4487:

orders such as el-Shazli and el-Sawy. More examples of prominent surnames are Qozman and

3710: 3695: 3680: 3675: 3620: 3585: 3538: 2762: 2734: 2725: 2174: 1651: 1628: 1420: 1233: 933: 871: 11401: 11285: 11258: 11242: 11188: 11029:

Brace, C. L.; Tracer, D. P.; Yaroch, L. A.; Robb, J.; Brandt, K.; Nelson, A. R. (1993).

10261: 10071: 10012: 9531: 9410: 9283: 8770: 8329: 8056: 13485: 13396: 13296: 13163: 12991: 12957: 12910: 12888: 12784: 12686: 12557: 12444: 12391: 12084: 12059: 12054: 11727: 11624: 11418: 11385: 11345: 11215: 11172: 11138: 11088: 11063: 10991: 10859: 10699: 10591: 10564: 10520: 10385: 10350: 10214: 10165: 10140: 10031: 9994: 9883: 9828: 9742: 9717: 9683: 9548: 9515: 9491: 9466: 9437: 9394: 9305: 9243: 9210: 9189: 8974: 8638: 8073: 8040: 7366: 6536: 6186:

period as "northern-Egyptian-Maghreb" and "tropical African variant" (overlapping with

6163: 4154: 4053: 3899:

in the dust (die) and let the strangers take our land and grow cotton for themselves".

3883:, and the term became a distinctive name for the Christian minority and members of the 3745: 3670: 3615: 3548: 3405: 3291:, being spoken by about 50% of the population, and the second, less prestigious, being 3230: 3158: 3094: 3067: 3004: 2958: 2842: 2773: 1866: 1681:

was the glue which held Egyptian society together. It was especially pronounced in the

1663: 1570: 1090: 859: 508: 11243:"Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process" 10205: 10090: 10055: 8945:

Duff Gordon, Letters From Egypt, Luxor, March 30th, 1865, To Sir Alexander Duff Gordon

8416: 3396:

It is also noteworthy that the Egyptian dialect is the most understood throughout the

1762:(Egypt) were anathema to the maintenance of Maat—a view most clearly expressed by the 13739: 13633: 13433: 13340: 13291: 13244: 13229: 13144: 13060: 12947: 12845: 12826: 12659: 12333: 12328: 12259: 12242: 12225: 12099: 11971: 11948: 11867: 11841: 11834: 11782: 11731: 11719: 11674: 11666: 11610: 11535: 11492: 11486: 11448: 11423: 11349: 11337: 11329: 11290: 11272: 11220: 11202: 11130: 11093: 10995: 10983: 10927: 10824: 10789: 10726: 10685: 10660: 10633: 10596: 10543: 10512: 10451: 10432:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state" 10410: 10389: 10354: 10285: 10280: 10245: 10219: 10170: 10095: 10036: 9973: 9962: 9930: 9875: 9867: 9820: 9782: 9747: 9675: 9600: 9553: 9496: 9442: 9424: 9375: 9340: 9309: 9297: 9248: 9230: 8982: 8847: 8677: 8642: 8568: 8515: 8267: 8078: 7541: 7391: 7314: 7283: 7206: 7121: 6832: 6546: 6531: 6526: 6445: 6390: 6359: 6355: 6312: 6296: 6245: 6226: 6183: 6132: 6125: 6035: 5074: 5064: 5020: 5010: 4940: 4920: 4910: 4900: 4880: 4860: 4586:

their predominant ancestral component, and unique to the geographic region of Egypt.

4580: 4464: 4354: 4061: 4032: 3876: 3860: 3659: 3645: 3640: 3610: 3390: 3268: 3242: 3210: 3172: 2854: 2665: 2606: 2482: 2319: 2315: 2258: 2150: 2034: 1859: 1824: 1720: 1578: 1395: 1304: 1179: 961: 937: 898: 54:

This article is about the contemporary Nile Valley ethnic group. For other uses, see

13495: 11325: 11142: 10524: 9887: 9832: 9687: 9109: 3108:

and feared that power might ultimately be transferred to the president's first son,

2991: 2977: 2440: 1299: 13594: 13551: 13521: 13369: 13151: 13080: 13022: 12737: 12732: 12712: 12634: 12449: 12350: 12281: 12264: 12205: 12094: 12026: 11709: 11701: 11658: 11525: 11413: 11405: 11321: 11280: 11262: 11210: 11192: 11122: 11083: 11075: 11042: 10975: 10919: 10890: 10851: 10816: 10781: 10586: 10576: 10502: 10443: 10377: 10342: 10275: 10265: 10209: 10201: 10160: 10152: 10085: 10075: 10026: 10016: 9922: 9859: 9812: 9774: 9737: 9729: 9665: 9590: 9543: 9535: 9486: 9478: 9432: 9414: 9367: 9332: 9287: 9238: 9222: 8630: 8068: 8060: 6723: 6570: 6506: 6474: 6121: 6113: 6058: 5000: 4990: 4950: 4890: 4870: 4591: 4522: 4187: 3941: 3735: 3719: 3523: 3481: 3448: 3382: 3378: 3366: 3115:

After the resignation of Hosni Mubarak presidential powers were transferred to the

2966: 2905: 2645: 2637: 2356: 2099: 1917: 1473: 1191: 1086: 910: 716: 13406: 11485:

Gad, Yehia (2020). "Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family".

11064:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 9718:"A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa" 3280: 13584: 13401: 13352: 13254: 13070: 12806: 12789: 12420: 12345: 12119: 12114: 12089: 11892: 11860: 11267: 11197: 10581: 9419: 9371: 9336: 9116: 9084: 9064: 8841: 8792: 8238: 7726: 7680: 7647: 7627: 7579: 7552: 7459: 7277: 7200: 7186: 7154: 7073: 6697: 6652: 6191: 6175: 6109: 5829:

Egyptians (sample includes people labeled as "berber" and people from the oases)

5054: 4960: 4507: 4468: 4432: 4417: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4369: 4216: 3808: 3730: 3625: 3563: 3533: 3511: 3476: 3374: 3276: 3257: 3253: 3222: 3218: 3166: 3162: 3123:

became the first democratically elected head of state in Egyptian history. After

3105: 3035: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2986: 2962: 2868: 2653: 2348: 2334: 2283: 2273: 2265:

in AD 796 and achieved political and social leadership over the Egyptian people.

2070: 2066: 2025: 1970: 1937: 1678: 1659: 1593: 1291: 1175: 1139: 1135: 985: 928:. A considerable percentage of Egyptians are Coptic Christians who belong to the 902: 830: 799: 775: 747: 712: 11310:"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups" 6346:

in Middle Egypt. The specimens were living in a period stretching from the late

2957:

overthrew the Egyptian monarchy. The bottom row from left to right includes the

2013:. Christianity was tolerated in the Roman Empire until AD 284, when the Emperor 1138:

was the language of the Christian church and people, but lost its popularity to

13733: 13687: 13541: 13480: 13264: 13065: 12577: 12505: 12364: 12298: 12144: 12031: 11956: 10000:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7166: 6460: 6371: 6300: 6288: 6117: 4970: 4930: 4595: 4503: 4314:

Some Egyptians have their family names based on their traditional crafts, like

4212: 4139: 4097: 3945: 3630: 3543: 3430: 3386: 3346: 3288: 3238: 3226: 3062: 2928: 2901: 2881: 2746: 2708: 2704: 2622: 2477: 2367: 2327: 2212: 2108: 2078: 1978: 1855: 1763: 1716: 1403:

only in the second half of the 1980s that Egyptian migration became prominent.

1114: 1050: 1007: 879: 408: 10507: 10490: 10381: 9625: 9292: 9267: 8634: 8231: 7545: 6644:↑ Talani, Leila S. Out of Egypt. University of California, Los Angeles. 2005. 5125:

A study by Arredi et al., which analyzed 275 samples from five populations in

4243: 1330:)) according to estimates. Most of Egypt's people live along the banks of the 13778: 13616: 13604: 13599: 13279: 12369: 12038: 11670: 11607:

Ancient Egyptian society : challenging assumptions, exploring approaches

11333: 11276: 11241:

Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2023-11-08).

11206: 10987: 10979: 10516: 9871: 9428: 9234: 7619: 7356:. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2003. Rep. of 5th ed, 1860. pp. 26–27. 6195: 6105: 5044: 4549: 4495: 4377: 4193: 4158: 3975: 3933: 3884: 3573: 3420: 3318: 3303: 3284: 3120: 3109: 3083: 2909: 2864: 2793: 2577: 2493: 2466: 2389: 2092: 2002: 1775: 1712: 1640: 1609: 1562: 1484: 1362: 1127: 1039: 969: 891: 150: 11047: 11030: 10895: 10878: 10820: 10785: 10270: 10190:"Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool" 10021: 9670: 9595: 9578: 7148: 6712:"Egypt's International Migration after the Revolution: Is There Any Change?" 6645: 4227: 2413:

antiquity and splendor... At least for some Egyptians, 'the land of Egypt' (

909:. Additionally, a sizable minority of Egyptians living in Upper Egypt speak 13743: 13333: 12742: 12401: 11723: 11678: 11539: 11427: 11341: 11294: 11224: 11156:

Yurco, Frank (Sep–Oct 1989). "Were the Ancient Egyptians Black or White?".

11134: 11097: 10931: 10600: 10455: 10174: 10099: 10080: 10040: 9934: 9879: 9824: 9786: 9751: 9679: 9604: 9557: 9500: 9446: 9379: 9344: 9301: 9265: 9252: 9013: 8082: 7132:

People: Ethnic groups: Egyptians (98%), Bedouins, Berbers, Nubians, Greeks.

7067:

Présentation de l'Égypte – Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères

6741: 6498: 6413: 6363: 6331: 6280: 6211: 6203: 6101: 5142: 4472: 4170: 4105: 4081: 4019: 3762: 3358: 3338: 3292: 2999:

in 1952. The Egyptian Republic was declared on June 18, 1953, with General

2920:

view of the world and faith in science to bring progress to human society.

2897: 2810: 2802: 2688: 2684: 2121: 2104: 1990: 1913: 1877: 1850: 1748: 1601: 1346: 1183: 847: 743: 388: 130: 11662: 11530: 11126: 10828: 10793: 10289: 10223: 7993: 6727: 3177: 1948:

in the early 40s of the 1st century, under the reign of the Roman emperor

1408: 12762: 12493: 12483: 12276: 12139: 12064: 10842:

Berry AC, Berry RJ, Ucko PJ (1967). "Genetical change in ancient Egypt".

10305:

Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming

9209:

Mohammad, T.; Xue, Yali; Evison, M.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (November 2009).

8498: 7307:

Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014),

6999:"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination" 6521: 6516: 6421: 6417: 6378: 6265: 6253: 6151: 6070: 6054: 6027: 5183: 5175: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 4499: 4327: 4132: 4128: 4077: 4015: 3992: 3970: 3891: 3800: 3496: 3491: 3261: 3234: 3043: 3031: 3027: 2970: 2924: 2860: 2850: 2777: 2692: 2669: 2363: 2246: 2129: 2030: 2024:. It became known as the 'Era of the Martyrs' and is commemorated in the 2006: 1921: 1870: 1416: 1387: 1307:(bottom-right) is the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. 1131: 965: 914: 863: 625: 527: 488: 11909: 11646: 11409: 9539: 9226: 8813: 7387:

Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013

5088: 3838:

occurred in Egyptian documents of state ideology and were contingent on

2761:

that took hold among younger generations of Egyptians. Among these were

2707:

forces occupied Egypt in 1882. Technically, Egypt was still part of the

12811: 12769: 11714: 11384:

Schuenemann, Verena; Peltzer, Alexander; Welte, Beatrix (30 May 2017).

10923: 10863: 10447: 9926: 9863: 9816: 9778: 9571: 9569: 9567: 8594:. Williams and Norgate : pub. by the Hibbert trustees. p. 49. 8008:"A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 from University of Standford" 6429: 6240:

peoples to a lesser extent—these lineages would have spread during the

6077: 5541: 5097: 4335: 4296: 4166: 4108:

as too inward-looking and saw no conflict between Egyptian patriotism (

4093: 4007: 3864: 3804: 3397: 3101: 3023: 2913: 2889: 2814: 2661: 2618: 2610: 2597: 2589: 2576:, renaissance or rebirth. It is best known for the renewed interest in 2290: 2227: 2134: 2077:. Origen was an outstanding theologian and one of the most influential 2046: 2014: 1953: 1589: 1382: 1331: 1319: 1187: 1082: 1042: 11705: 11170: 9575: 8064: 6616:"9.5 million Egyptians live abroad, mostly in Saudi Arabia and Jordan" 5114:, that are carried by both ancient and modern Egyptians. The subclade 4169:

was Arab identity rejected and neutrality supported. Egyptian scholar

4010:. A segment of Egyptian intellectuals argued that Egypt was part of a 2949: 2613:

school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars like

13122: 11573:

ISBA9, 9th International Symposium on Biomolecular Archaeology, p.126

10772:

Keita, SOY (1990). "Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa".

6594: 6456: 6438: 6433: 6398: 6386: 6321: 6269: 6241: 6237: 6236:

common to indigenous North-East African populations primarily and to

6062: 6031: 5191: 4560:, and many others became common, more so in the Christian community. 4319: 4200: 3995:, were adopted by the political leadership, there was also a rise of 3906: 3389:, and its grammar structure is influenced by the Coptic stage of the 3342: 2917: 2754: 2673: 2568:, 1801–1873, laid the groundwork for the modern Egyptian Renaissance. 2542: 2526: 2510: 2166: 2057: 2038: 2001:. Within 50 years of St. Mark's arrival in Alexandria, a fragment of 1958: 1893: 1812: 1303:

A view of Cairo, the largest city in Africa and the Middle East. The

1075: 1067: 1032: 1018: 428: 10946:

The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence

10877:

Brace CL, Tracer DP, Yaroch LA, Robb J, Brandt K, Nelson AR (1993).

10855: 10307:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–15, 167–188. 9906: 9564: 9507: 7693: 2140: 1965: 12323: 11113: 11079: 10346: 10156: 9733: 9482: 8304:

Egyptians stage protest over call for Mubarak's son to be president

7424:"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo" 6326: 6308: 6273: 6167: 6050: 3996: 3812: 3051: 2772:

Egyptian nationalist sentiment reached a high point after the 1906

2340: 2193: 2088: 2017:

persecuted and put to death a great number of Christian Egyptians.

1982: 1621: 1455: 1411:). Egyptians have also been impacted by the wars between Egypt and 9514:

Schuenemann, Verena; Krause, Johannes; et al. (30 May 2017).

6448:

reported that biological anthropological findings had determined:

6214:

studies of Egyptian skeletal remains and concluded similarly that

3863:. Egypt and Egyptians often consider themselves to be part of the 3440: 2961:, the movement's operational leader and Egypt's second president, 2572:

The period between 1860 and 1940 was characterized by an Egyptian

12069: 10562: 6511: 6425: 6085: 5138: 5130: 5126: 4553: 4444: 4358: 4256: 4251:

Some Egyptians tend to have Surnames based on their cities, like

4236: 4096:

more than a decade later that Arab nationalism, and by extension

4057: 4049: 4003: 3984: 3879:, Egyptian Muslims ceased to be called or identify themselves as 3843: 3119:, who relinquished power on 30 June 2012 when Islamist candidate 3055: 2696: 2649: 2330: 2311: 2235: 2231: 2125: 2083: 1909: 1771: 1566: 925: 679: 643: 448: 368: 11444:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420

10563:

Trombetta, B.; Cruciani, F.; Sellitto, D.; Scozzari, R. (2011).

8814:"Copt | Definition, Religion, History, & Facts | Britannica" 7961:. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. p. 26 7741:. 4th edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992, p. 432 7673:

United Nations Report on International Migration and Development

6182:

Keita describes the northern and southern patterns of the early

2730: 2457:

Modern Egyptian history is generally believed to begin with the

1673:

Throughout the Pharaonic epoch (viz., from 2920 BC to 525 BC in

897:

The daily language of the Egyptians is a continuum of the local

12355: 12313: 12160: 9912: 9078:

Pan – Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?

6464: 6394: 6343: 6335: 6171: 6097: 6093: 6089: 5187: 4557: 4538: 4534: 4476: 4425: 4343: 4288: 4101: 3848: 3506: 3501: 3322: 3302:

The recorded history of Egyptian Arabic as a dialect begins in

3246: 3039: 2687:, the now Egyptian-dominated army reacted violently, staging a 2632: 2626: 2614: 2609:, the architect of the modern Egyptian school system, a native 2546: 2534: 2518: 2307: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2249:

so they were in the development of the mystical form of Islam,

2220: 2208: 2185: 2145: 2074: 2061: 2010: 1986: 1905: 1791: 1752: 1705: 1585: 1412: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1315: 1148: 1046: 941: 875: 586: 546: 468: 329: 310: 230: 210: 10053: 9949:

The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities

6804:"Egiziani in Italia – statistiche e distribuzione per regione" 3275:, but it is not a spoken language. The spoken vernaculars are 1725: 1696:. The king in his role as Son of Ra was entrusted to maintain 990: 974: 12386: 12191: 9058:

Pan-Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?

7354:

An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians

7306: 7180:

Coptic Language, Spoken :: Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia

6913:

Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95%

6187: 6170:

crania from predynastic upper Egypt in comparison to various

5179: 5134: 4488: 4480: 4413: 4304: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4120: 3880: 3756: 3361:

City, the greater Cairo area. It is represented in a body of

3330: 3182: 3075: 2818: 2758: 2750: 2538: 2344: 2299: 2242: 2216: 2181: 1974: 1933: 1925: 1744: 1667: 1592:. The native nobility managed to expel the conquerors by the 1435: 1370: 1350: 1258: 1246: 1238: 1203: 1169: 1117: 1101: 1055: 1025: 1011: 855: 815: 736: 732: 661: 606: 290: 270: 250: 170: 108: 11061: 10056:"Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model" 9715: 9208: 6057:

data have attributed these settlements to migrants from the

2279: 12799: 11240: 10540:

Smith Tyson Stuart.The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt

10054:

Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002).

4484: 4440: 3326: 2841:

was concluded. New forces that came to prominence were the

2522: 2473:, and soon they were able to seize control of the country. 1949: 1901: 1886: 1833: 1800: 1782: 1431: 1378: 922: 918: 851: 697: 566: 348: 9392: 8470:"Arab Invasions: The First Islamic Empire | History Today" 8417:"Egypt election: Sisi set to win second term as president" 6142: 6076:

However, other scholars have disputed this view and cited

2644:

Among Mohammed Ali's successors, the most influential was

2561: 2200:

marched into Egypt, facing off with the Byzantines in the

11781:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 83–86. 11488:

Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass

11440: 11307: 11110: 10488: 10409:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 82–85. 10139:

Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004).

9087:. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007. 9067:. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007. 8610: 7839:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. p. 126. 6424:. Keita, using an algorithm that only has three choices: 6382: 3193: 2397: 2241:

The form of Islam that eventually took hold in Egypt was

1799:

ancient Egyptians personified the river flood as the god

1692:

The role of the king was considerably weakened after the

1620:

dynasties (the Ramesside Period), lasting into the Early

10653:

Jr, William H. Stiebing; Helft, Susan N. (3 July 2023).

9464: 9357: 9322: 8391:"Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair" 8145: 8143: 8037: 4153:

During this era, in 1978, Egyptian-American sociologist

3969:

in face of the British rule. However, the revolution of

1837:

Ancient Egyptian portrait of an Egyptian mummy from the

921:

minority and a significant proportion who follow native

11383: 8670:

Jr, William H. Stiebing; Helft, Susan N. (2023-07-03).

8330:"Egypt's ousted president Mohammed Morsi dies in court" 7189:. Cdm15831.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved on 2020-06-02. 4174:

part of the personality of the greater Arab homeland."

3847:

themselves from the others was cultural in nature, not

3353:(lit. Land of Egypt) and Assyrian records called Egypt 2797:

which aims to defend Egyptian interests of all kinds."

1089:, the noun "Egyptians" appears in the 14th century, in 866:, a small strip of cultivable land stretching from the 11643: 9992: 8497:

The language may have survived in isolated pockets in

6772:"تسع ملايين و 471 ألف مصري مقيم بالخارج في نهاية 2016" 6320:

samples exhibit morphologically simple, mass-reduced

3221:

is the last form of the Egyptian language, written in

2683:

When the British deposed Ismail and installed his son

181: 11647:"Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" 11028: 10876: 9386: 9038:

Jankowski, "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism", p. 246

8503:

Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

8459:

The History of Herodotus By GEORGE RAWLINSON, Page 33

8140: 6026:

According to historian, Donald Redford, the earliest

4841:

X (1.4%); African origin (n = 57) including L0 (2.2%)

4533:("father of"); for example, Busiri ("of the place of 3104:. Most Egyptians were skeptical about the process of 1849:

When Alexander died, a story began to circulate that

10320:

First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies

8523: 8450:

The History of Herodotus By GEORGE RAWLINSON, Page 9

8360:"El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%" 8133: 8131: 7922: 7920: 6488: 6229:

analysis of modern Egyptians reveals that they have

4510:. This was done by the addition of the Greek suffix 3311: 2981:

Over 2 million Egyptians protesting in Tahrir Square

2805:) were closer to the secular, liberal principles of 2415: 1608:. It remained a super-regional power throughout the 1314:

Approximately 84–90% of the population of Egypt are

1270: 1195: 1107: 988:

stage of the language during the Greco-Roman era. ("

841: 789: 11890: 11491:. Czech Institute of Egyptology. pp. 497–518. 7874: 7872: 2476:The French occupation was short-lived, ending when 2128:had both theological and national implications. As 11859: 11833: 10138: 9961: 9648: 9211:"Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait" 8551:is of 4 parts: Fustat, Cairo. Giza, and Al Jazira. 8388: 7781:. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 11 7054:"Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit/Geburtsland" 6957:"Ausländer in Deutschland bis 2019: Herkunftsland" 6042:farming settlements had appeared all over Egypt. 3093:. Although power was ostensibly organized under a 2809:and the People's Party. Prominent among these was 1388:variety of concoctions surrounding the simple bean 936:, Coptic, is the most recent stage of the ancient 886:. This unique geography has been the basis of the 58:. For information on the population of Egypt, see 9513: 9095: 9093: 8128: 7917: 6831: 6825: 6009: 5770:Distribution of E1b1b1a (E-M78) and its subclades 2141:Islamic period from Late antiquity to Middle Ages 1220:. Also mentioned in several Semitic languages as 1000:with the plural definite article, "Black Lands"). 13776: 11480: 11478: 11476: 10725:. Princeton University Press. pp. 97, 167. 8616: 8446: 8444: 8442: 7869: 2695:, who was a rural Egyptian born in a village in 2584:The first Egyptian renaissance intellectual was 1662:ruled Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC and introduced 399: 10679: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9000: 8998: 8560: 8537: 8535: 6666:2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates 6571:"مصر في المركز الـ13 عالميا في التعداد السكاني" 4529:("of the place of") were sometimes Arabized to 2432:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty 1912:, had been popular in Egypt and throughout the 141: 10841: 10760:The racial history of Egypt and Nubia, Part II 10332: 10187: 9764: 9090: 8936:Imagined Empires: A History of Revolt in Egypt 7534: 7076:. Diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2020-06-02. 6563: 5484:Egyptians from El-Hayez Oasis (Western Desert) 4443:, means "child of God". Hence, names and many 4056:as well as the political leadership including 2261:(i.e., Dhul-Nun the Egyptian). He was born in 2169:was able to reclaim the country after a brief 1981:, the arrest of Christ, his appearance before 1952:. The earliest converts were Jews residing in 1858:, but the mass of the Egyptian population was 1658:is taken to end with his death in 323 BC. The 1182:name for Egypt. The term originally connoted " 379: 121: 12176: 11925: 11473: 9798: 9796: 8690: 8439: 7279:Modern Egypt: The formation of a nation state 7202:The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa 7086: 7084: 7082: 6837:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables" 5194:with VII and VIII, but perhaps also some V". 3780: 3357:, commonly referred to the people of Egypt's 479: 11751:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 11691: 10476:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 9453: 9157: 9155: 9145: 9143: 8995: 8587: 8532: 7691: 7582:University of California, Los Angeles. 2005. 7227:National Geographic Geno 2.0 Project - Egypt 7147:. University of South Carolina Press, 1995. 3905:, the son of Mohammed Ali Pasha, who was an 3295:, spoken by about 35–40% of the population. 1985:, Peter's denial at cockcrow, Christ before 11836:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State 11778:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 11447:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. 11377: 10722:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 10542:. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. 10406:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 8775:Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee 8603: 8601: 8567:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 166. 7594:"Egyptians came for jobs, then built lives" 7275: 7145:Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt 7115: 3061:Egyptians fought one last time in the 1973 2207:The new Muslim rulers moved the capital to 913:. Egyptians are predominantly adherents of 499: 419: 15: 12183: 12169: 11932: 11918: 11862:The Foreign Policies of Middle East States 11857: 11629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10659:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 209–212. 10429: 9964:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 9953: 9793: 9194:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8954:All the Pasha's Men, Arabic Version, P 337 8747: 8581: 8554: 7262:C. Petry. "Copts in Late Medieval Egypt." 7079: 6928:"2011 QuickStats Country of Birth (Egypt)" 6463:, show no demographic indebtedness to the 6334:is, in fact, significantly different from 6092:populations, with some genetic input from 3787: 3773: 2636:Egyptian silk weavers during the reign of 74: 16: 11939: 11713: 11604: 11529: 11417: 11284: 11266: 11214: 11196: 11087: 11046: 11035:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10894: 10590: 10580: 10506: 10436:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10279: 10269: 10213: 10164: 10089: 10079: 10030: 10020: 9915:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9767:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9758: 9741: 9669: 9642: 9594: 9547: 9490: 9436: 9418: 9291: 9242: 9152: 9140: 9029:. Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99 9027:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century 8895:. Frank Leslie's Publishing House. 1879. 8259: 8232:'Dialogues of Naguib Mahfouz: Mon Egypte' 8072: 7837:Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC − AD 642 7660:Plight of Foreign Workers in Saudi Arabia 7567: 7565: 7371:CAPMAS – الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة و الاحصاء 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6657: 6646:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84t8q4p1 3867:rather than the whole African continent. 2343:was founded in AD 970 in the new capital 2318:so that in the 10th century, the Turkish 1977:in the Garden of Gethsemane, the kiss of 1766:in reaction to the chaotic events of the 1126:("Egypt, Egyptian"), that appeared under 968:of the Black Soil of the Nile Valley. In 439: 359: 10952:Vol. 99, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 534–544 10909: 10749:, Pat I. J Roy Anthropol Inst 75:81–102. 10656:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 10632:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 43–54. 10367: 10317: 10302: 10116:. Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from 9649:Wood, Elizabeth T.; et al. (2005). 9360:Forensic Science International: Genetics 9325:Forensic Science International: Genetics 8699:"The Root: Race And Racism Divide Egypt" 8673:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 8598: 8491: 8322: 7685: 7445: 7021: 6920: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6307:, which clustered very closely with the 6158:When Lower and Upper Egypt were unified 6141: 4242: 4226: 3192: 3176: 2976: 2948: 2859: 2729: 2631: 2629:' help in organizing the Egyptian army. 2592:. In them he introduces his students to 2560: 2439: 2289: 2278: 2144: 1964: 1832: 1343:International Organization for Migration 1298: 1290: 862:. The population is concentrated in the 577: 537: 459: 301: 221: 201: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 11831: 11812: 10652: 10627: 10537: 9968:. Princeton: University Press. p. 9959: 8669: 8389:Human Rights Watch (13 February 2018). 7383: 7137: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 4161:was acknowledged and neutrality in the 3213:. It constitutes its own branch of the 952:Egyptians have received several names: 858:. Egyptian identity is closely tied to 597: 281: 261: 241: 161: 99: 14: 13777: 11236: 11234: 10243: 9697:from the original on 24 September 2016 9179: 8979:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II 8771:"Facts about Arabs and the Arab World" 8696: 8665: 8663: 7562: 7092:"Egypt – International emigrant stock" 6756: 4219:, itself influenced by Ancient Egypt. 2196:'s death. In AD 639, the Arab general 2173:in AD 616, and subsequently appointed 1818: 901:; the most famous dialect is known as 824: 557: 339: 13209: 13020: 12843: 12684: 12203: 12164: 11913: 11774: 11744: 11155: 10961: 10806: 10771: 10747:The racial history of Egypt and Nubia 10718: 10469: 10402: 9845: 9802: 8973: 8869: 8839: 8409: 8241:. Al-Ahram Weekly. 10–16 August 2006. 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7198: 6877:from the original on 27 December 2018 6843:from the original on 24 December 2018 6709: 6622:. Egypt Independent. 1 October 2017. 6599: 4806:L3 (12.3%); and Asian origin (n = 33) 4502:, meaning they were altered to sound 2813:who led the new movement through the 1650:Egypt fell under Greek control after 798: 13759: 11609:. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 101–111. 11582:from the original on 16 October 2021 11301: 10684:. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 111–122. 8750:"Black Egyptians decry daily racism" 8697:Khalid, Sunni M. (7 February 2011). 8311:from the original on 22 October 2018 7502:"Migration And Development In Egypt" 6978: 6863:"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age" 6683: 6067:Egyptian and North African Neolithic 4845: 4601: 3916: 3209:. In antiquity, Egyptians spoke the 2788:, and the more radical, pro-Islamic 1295:A map of Egypt's population density. 1162: 808: 93:Regions with significant populations 13749: 11775:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 11598: 11511: 11484: 11231: 10719:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 10628:Anselin, Alain H. Stiebing (2011). 10430:Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007). 10403:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 8964:Fustat, Cairo. Giza, and Al Jazira. 8660: 8564:The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25 48 7009:from the original on April 14, 2021 6871:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 6691:A Study of Egyptian Return Migrants 6626:from the original on 3 January 2018 3854: 3137:2014 Egyptian presidential election 3117:Supreme Council of the Armed Forces 3042:, Nasser died and was succeeded by 2821:, the Egyptian people staged their 2680:the increasing European influence. 2488:When Napoleon invited the Egyptian 2374:. Historian James Jankwoski writes: 1815:observed, "the gift of the river." 1326:, 1% other Christian Sects (mainly 1178:name, which comes from the ancient 779: 48: 11884: 11840:. University of California Press. 11795:from the original on 22 March 2023 11745:Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). 10762:. J Roy Anthropol Inst 76:131–156. 10470:Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). 9722:American Journal of Human Genetics 9658:European Journal of Human Genetics 9471:American Journal of Human Genetics 7937:Egyptology: The Missing Millennium 7665: 7404:from the original on 5 August 2020 7249: 7120:. Facts on File Inc. p. 241. 6769: 6734: 6595:https://worldpopulationreview.com/ 5153:of 274 male individuals (162 from 4594:related component and less of the 4563: 3817: 3205:, Nile Valley Egyptians spoke the 2469:defeated a Mamluk era army at the 2056:was founded in the 3rd century by 2033:, for which the Egyptians, namely 1989:, and the baptism of Jesus in the 1973:period, AD 1249–50. Images depict 1633:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 49: 13811: 13130:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 11461:from the original on 5 April 2023 10962:Keita, S. O. Y. (November 2005). 10883:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 9894:from the original on 11 June 2022 9852:American Journal of Human Biology 9805:American Journal of Human Biology 8748:Siegelbaum, Max (July 19, 2013). 8732:"Middle East/North Africa (MENA)" 8427:from the original on 8 March 2021 8397:from the original on 14 July 2019 8370:from the original on 31 July 2014 8340:from the original on 17 June 2019 8260:Watterson, Barbara (1998-12-04). 7939:. London: UCL Press, 2005. p. 165 7640:EGYPT: Migrant workers face abuse 7609:. Baltimore Sun. August 13, 2006. 6412:In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita analysed 8 6166:peoples. In 2005, Keita examined 6120:as a source of a genetic marker " 5137:, as well as published data from 4376:in the course of developing from 4247:A serpent charmer in Egypt, 1860s 3197:A 3rd-century Coptic inscription. 2425: 2383: 2286:founded in AD 970 by the Fatimids 2103:Egyptian religion. Under emperor 2054:Catachetical School of Alexandria 13795:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 13758: 13748: 13738: 13729: 13728: 12987:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 12190: 12048:Minorities and Foreign nationals 11768: 11738: 11685: 11637: 11558: 11505: 11434: 11368: 11356:from the original on 3 June 2021 11164: 11149: 11104: 11055: 11022: 11013: 10955: 10938: 10903: 10870: 10835: 10800: 10765: 10752: 10739: 10712: 10673: 10646: 10621: 10607: 10556: 10531: 10482: 10462: 10423: 10396: 10361: 10326: 10311: 10296: 10237: 10181: 10132: 10106: 10047: 9986: 9941: 9846:Keita, S.O.Y. (September 2005). 9839: 9611: 9351: 9316: 9259: 9202: 9173: 9164: 9131: 9122: 9102: 9070: 9050: 9041: 9032: 9019: 9007: 8967: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8911: 8902: 8883: 8863: 8833: 8806: 8785: 8763: 8741: 8724: 8561:Daniel I. Block (19 June 1998). 8544: 8508: 8462: 8453: 7694:"The Last Egyptian Belly Dancer" 6784:from the original on 19 May 2020 6491: 5141:populations, suggested that the 5096: 5087: 4574: 4404:"the one of the north"), Bahur ( 4396:"the one of an eagle"), Bekhit ( 4143: 4067:Historian H. S. Deighton wrote: 4060:and the Egyptian Prime Minister 3921: 3912: 3822:The categorization of people as 3755: 3439: 3313:Dafʻ al-ʼiṣr ʻan kalām ʼahl Miṣr 1675:conventional Egyptian chronology 1478: 690: 672: 654: 636: 618: 599: 579: 559: 539: 520: 501: 481: 461: 441: 421: 401: 381: 361: 341: 322: 303: 283: 263: 243: 223: 203: 183: 163: 143: 123: 101: 13471:Identification card controversy 11858:Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (2002). 11825: 11757:from the original on 2022-11-16 11546:from the original on 2 May 2021 11326:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348 11002:from the original on 2022-10-18 10944:Keita SOY and Rick A. Kittles. 9583:Molecular Biology and Evolution 8981:. Academic Press. p. 138. 8870:Beach, Chandler Belden (1895). 8840:Sharp, Arthur G. (2011-09-15). 8709:from the original on 2018-06-29 8649:from the original on 2019-04-03 8480:from the original on 2018-12-04 8382: 8352: 8295: 8286: 8253: 8244: 8224: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8152: 8119: 8110: 8098: 8089: 8031: 8020:from the original on 2020-12-02 8000: 7982: 7973: 7964: 7951: 7942: 7929: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7860: 7851: 7842: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7779:Coptic Egypt: History and Guide 7771: 7762: 7753: 7744: 7731: 7711: 7700:from the original on 2010-03-28 7652: 7632: 7620:Migrant workers in SAUDI ARABIA 7612: 7585: 7525: 7494: 7483:from the original on 2021-09-11 7465: 7434:from the original on 2018-05-04 7416: 7377: 7359: 7346: 7336: 7326: 7300: 7269: 7218: 7192: 7173: 7159: 7109: 7098:from the original on 2022-11-07 7060: 7046: 7035:from the original on 2018-01-17 6967:from the original on 2017-01-30 6949: 6938:from the original on 2017-08-29 6889: 6855: 6814:from the original on 2021-06-24 6796: 6710:Zohry, Ayman (9 January 2014). 6542:Egyptians in the United Kingdom 4388:"the one of acacia"), Bakhoum ( 3875:After a few centuries from the 3283:, and their variants; and also 2853:(Bank of Egypt) was founded by 2481:Egyptians to the ideals of the 2180:Meanwhile, the new religion of 2091:of various translations of the 1428:Arab states of the Persian Gulf 1280: 1276:or the 'People of the Pharaoh'. 1209:) is directly cognate with the 888:development of Egyptian society 176:~1,000,000–2,000,000 (pre-2011) 12377:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 11314:Forensic Science International 8892:Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine 6901:Office for National Statistics 6867:Statistical Abstract of Israel 6703: 6638: 6588: 6010:Genetic and biological history 4797:Forensic Science International 4439:), which is very common among 3870: 3082:in 1981, and was succeeded by 3050:orientation, switched Egypt's 2871:and their first-born daughter 2719: 2556: 947: 13: 1: 12685: 10206:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1 7540:of which c. 4 million in the 7310:Civilizations and World Order 6557: 5149:A study by Lucotte using the 4147: 3264:as late as the 19th century. 2784:(the Nation, 1907) headed by 2451:François-Louis-Joseph Watteau 1441:Egyptian Arabic – Geographics 13004:Twin towns and sister cities 12844: 12516:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 11891:Edward William Lane (1837). 11866:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 11268:10.1371/journal.pone.0290423 11198:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293 10582:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 9624:. 2008-06-26. Archived from 9420:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 9372:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.09.004 9337:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.09.004 9182:Die Personennamen der Kopten 7276:Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988), 7116:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008). 6354:(1388 BCE–426 CE). Complete 4803:R0 and its subgroups (31.4%) 4087: 3944:or discuss the issue on the 3185:school teacher lecturing on 3152: 1969:A Coptic-Arabic manuscript, 1726: 1666:culture to Egyptians. 4,000 1656:Late Period of ancient Egypt 1539:'People of the Black Lands' 1259: 1247: 1239: 1204: 1170: 1113:), also a derivative of the 1076: 1068: 1033: 1019: 991: 975: 944:along with Egyptian Arabic. 842: 816: 764:Afroasiatic-speaking peoples 7: 13532:Vehicle registration plates 13210: 13186:Water supply and sanitation 13021: 12204: 9119:. BBC News, Timeline: Egypt 8623:Journal of Egyptian History 8524: 7959:The History of Modern Egypt 7739:The History of Modern Egypt 7384:Martino, John, ed. (2013). 6484: 6244:and were maintained by the 6022:Population history of Egypt 5367:Fadhloui-Zid et al. (2013) 4853:Y DNA Haplogroups of Egypt 4609:mtDNA Haplogroups of Egypt 4483:; or from one of the local 4222: 3411: 3312: 2965:, Egypt's first president, 2944: 2935:, Mahfouz had this to say: 2923:When Egyptian novelist and 2416: 2219:poll tax, in addition to a 1654:'s conquest in 332 BC. The 1565:saw a succession of thirty 1468:Population history of Egypt 1271: 1196: 1108: 790: 10: 13816: 13191:Water resources management 10060:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 9960:Redford, Donald B (1992). 8194:qtd. in Vatikiotis, p. 227 7646:September 7, 2006, at the 7473:"Egypt-Demographic trends" 7167:"Chariot to Heaven, Kemet" 6082:biological anthropological 6019: 6013: 5951:Egyptians from Gurna Oasis 5921:Northern Egyptians (Delta) 4578: 4567: 4436: 4421: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4012:Mediterranean civilization 3936:towards certain viewpoints 3798: 3170: 3156: 3034:, in which Egypt lost the 2723: 2429: 2192:that took place following 1822: 1768:Second Intermediate Period 1496: 1482: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1284: 1118: 1056: 1026: 1012: 972:The name is vocalized as " 834: 53: 13724: 13550: 13222: 13218: 13205: 13086:Impact on the environment 13076:Entrepreneurship policies 13029: 13016: 12852: 12839: 12693: 12680: 12648: 12550: 12216: 12212: 12199: 12047: 12014: 11947: 10508:10.1017/S0003598X00050249 10382:10.1017/S0003598X00076110 9293:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050 8635:10.1163/18741665-12340049 8617:Thomas Schneider (2018). 7390:. CQ Press. p. 508. 6869:(in English and Hebrew). 6112:(PN2) marker, within the 4570:Genetic history of Africa 4372:, which lost the phoneme 3398:Arabic-speaking countries 3391:ancient Egyptian language 3308:دفع الإصر عن كلام أهل مصر 3207:Archaic Egyptian language 3014:as president and began a 2985:Increased involvement by 2973:, Egypt's third president 2828:The Wafd Party drafted a 1946:Saint Mark the Evangelist 1811:, the Black Land, was as 1596:, thereby initiating the 1415:, particularly after the 1409:Egypt § Human rights 1318:adherents and 10–15% are 762: 757: 727: 722: 711: 706: 688: 670: 652: 634: 616: 596: 576: 556: 536: 518: 498: 478: 458: 438: 418: 398: 378: 358: 338: 320: 300: 280: 260: 240: 220: 200: 180: 160: 140: 120: 97: 92: 87: 82: 73: 56:Egyptian (disambiguation) 12857:Administrative divisions 12533:2011 Egyptian revolution 12474:1952 Egyptian revolution 12270:Lighthouse of Alexandria 11518:Human Molecular Genetics 10980:10.1177/0021934704265912 10968:Journal of Black Studies 10680:Keita Shomarka. (2022). 10538:Redford, Donald (2001). 10322:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 9137:Dawisha, pp. 264–65, 267 8676:. Taylor & Francis. 8212:qtd. in Jankowski p. 123 8105:A Short History of Egypt 7153:August 29, 2005, at the 7118:A Brief History of Egypt 6139:pattern north to south. 5980:Egyptian from Siwa Oasis 4521:Names starting with the 4231:An Egyptian elder, 1860s 4112:) and Arab nationalism ( 3419:This article is part of 3098:semi-presidential system 3022:Nasser nationalized the 2830:new Constitution in 1923 2509:, an Ottoman officer of 2165:, the Byzantine Emperor 2163:Muslim conquest of Egypt 2153:(AD 796–859) in Cairo's 2098:At the threshold of the 1713:ancient Egyptian society 1489:History of ancient Egypt 31:latest accepted revision 13061:Egyptian stock exchange 11878:Egyptian identity Arab. 11852:Egyptian identity Arab. 11832:Barakat, Halim (1993). 11048:10.1002/ajpa.1330360603 10950:American Anthropologist 10896:10.1002/ajpa.1330360603 10821:10.1002/ajpa.1330870302 10786:10.1002/ajpa.1330830105 10271:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053 10244:Chikhi (21 July 1998). 10188:Cavalli-Sforza (1997). 10022:10.1073/pnas.0509801102 9671:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 9180:Heuser, Gustav (1929). 9056:Makropoulou, Ifigenia. 9025:qtd in Dawisha, Adeed. 8793:"Egypt country profile" 8591:An Essay on Assyriology 7835:qtd. in Alan K. Bowman 6202:, but "lower Egyptian, 6003:Cruciani et al. (2007) 5975:Cruciani et al. (2007) 5946:Cruciani et al. (2007) 5916:Cruciani et al. (2007) 5886:Cruciani et al. (2007) 5595:Dugoujon et al. (2009) 5535:Kujanová et al. (2009) 4537:") occasionally became 3187:Eastern Arabic numerals 2823:first modern revolution 2691:led by Minister of War 2499:Description de l'Égypte 2436:History of modern Egypt 2149:Tomb of Egyptian saint 984:in the late (Bohairic) 13790:Ethnic groups in Egypt 13392:International rankings 12397:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 10081:10.1073/pnas.162158799 8846:. Simon and Schuster. 8393:. Human Rights Watch. 7679:July 31, 2006, at the 7671:Kapiszewski, Andrzej. 7626:June 16, 2006, at the 7453:The CIA World Factbook 7352:Lane, Edward William. 6471: 6340: 6224: 6155: 6045:Some studies based on 4552:influence, names like 4293:Eskandarani / Eskandar 4248: 4232: 4119:For a while Egypt and 4074: 4041: 4029: 3297:Modern Standard Arabic 3273:Modern Standard Arabic 3225:which is based on the 3198: 3190: 3127:, he was deposed by a 3080:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 2982: 2974: 2955:Free Officers Movement 2942: 2894:Muhammad Husayn Haykal 2876: 2738: 2641: 2569: 2471:Battle of the Pyramids 2454: 2446:Battle of the Pyramids 2423: 2381: 2303: 2287: 2184:was making headway in 2158: 1994: 1846: 1829:Egypt (Roman province) 1612:as well as during the 1454:with Israel. When the 1448:entertainment industry 1392: 1308: 1296: 930:Coptic Orthodox Church 826:[mɑsˤɾɪjˈjiːn] 800:[mɪsˤrɪjˈjuːn] 12997:Terrorism and tourism 12455:1948 Arab–Israeli War 12287:Library of Alexandria 11941:Demographics of Egypt 11663:10.1001/jama.2010.121 11390:Nature Communications 11127:10.1353/hub.2002.0054 10318:Bellwood, P. (2005). 10303:Zvelebil, M. (1986). 9596:10.1093/molbev/msm049 9520:Nature Communications 8927:Al Khitat Al Tawfikia 8588:George Evans (1883). 8307:, 22 September 2010, 8149:Vatikiotis, p. 115–16 7692:Rod Nordland (2008). 7199:Akram, A. I. (1977), 7005:. February 10, 2014. 6932:Censusdata.abs.gov.au 6873:. 26 September 2011. 6728:10.3917/come.087.0047 6450: 6318: 6305:Hawara tombs of Fayum 6250:University of Chicago 6216: 6198:, Upper Egypt by the 6145: 6065:returning during the 5891:Egyptians from Bahari 5856:Bekada et al. (2013) 5763:Arredi et al. (2004) 5707:Arredi et al. (2004) 5651:Pagani et al. (2015) 5423:Bekada et al. (2013) 4357:masculine possessive 4246: 4230: 4092:It was not until the 4069: 4037: 4024: 3799:Further information: 3363:vernacular literature 3203:Early Dynastic Period 3196: 3180: 3171:Further information: 2980: 2952: 2937: 2863: 2839:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 2733: 2635: 2625:who had enlisted the 2564: 2443: 2410: 2376: 2293: 2282: 2188:, culminating in the 2148: 2005:writings appeared in 1968: 1936:escaping the emperor 1836: 1764:admonitions of Ipuwer 1472:Further information: 1375: 1302: 1294: 1287:Demographics of Egypt 1218:Upper and Lower Egypt 1145:Egyptian Christianity 956:𓂋𓍿𓀂𓁐𓏥𓈖𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 940:and is still used in 758:Related ethnic groups 60:Demographics of Egypt 13800:North African people 13708:World Heritage Sites 13527:Units of measurement 12982:Proposed new capital 12728:Environmental issues 12489:United Arab Republic 12382:Muhammad Ali dynasty 10335:Current Anthropology 9278:(22): 3953–3959.e4. 8777:. 29 November 2009. 8474:www.historytoday.com 7725:May 3, 2006, at the 7264:Coptic Encyclopaedia 7143:Hoffman, Valerie J. 6915:confidence intervals 6620:egyptindependent.com 6552:Egyptian nationalism 6430:Sub-Saharan Africans 6291:study on the dental 6270:other North Africans 6040:Neolithic Revolution 6016:DNA history of Egypt 5035:Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) 5031:Haplogroup P (Y-DNA) 4981:Haplogroup A (Y-DNA) 4125:United Arab Republic 3967:Egyptian nationalism 3651:World Heritage Sites 3465:Ancient Egyptian art 3141:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 3026:leading to the 1956 2886:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 2807:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 2786:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 2767:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 2417:al-diyar al-misriyya 2388:Egyptians under the 2295:Mosque of Abu Haggag 2202:Battle of Heliopolis 2117:Council of Chalcedon 191:United Arab Emirates 13380:Freedom of religion 13275:Mass sexual assault 12640:Timekeeping devices 12538:2013 Rabaa massacre 12511:Egyptian–Libyan War 11531:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223 11512:Gad, Yehia (2020). 11410:10.1038/ncomms15694 11402:2017NatCo...815694S 11259:2023PLoSO..1890423H 11189:2013PLoSO...880293F 10912:Am J Phys Anthropol 10809:Am J Phys Anthropol 10774:Am J Phys Anthropol 10262:1998PNAS...95.9053C 10072:2002PNAS...9911008C 10066:(17): 11008–11013. 10013:2006PNAS..103..242B 9540:10.1038/ncomms15694 9532:2017NatCo...815694S 9411:2013PLoSO...856775B 9284:2019CBio...29E3953S 9227:10.1038/hdy.2009.72 9099:Hinnesbusch, p. 94. 9004:Hinnesbusch, p. 93. 8975:Motyl, Alexander J. 8505:, 39 (1901), p. 87. 8057:2015NatSR...5E9996D 7367:"عدد سكان مصر الآن" 7313:, Lexington Books, 7003:migrationpolicy.org 6475:Northeastern Africa 6261:ethnic grouping". 5479:Luis et al. (2004) 4810:including M (6.9%) 4431:The name Shenouda ( 4326:(the one who sells 4138:Nasser's successor 3981:Egypt for Egyptians 3942:improve the article 3890:During her stay in 3046:. Sadat revived an 2757:interpretations of 2726:Liberalism in Egypt 2713:Mohammed Ali family 2175:Cyrus of Alexandria 1819:Graeco-Roman period 1652:Alexander the Great 1629:Bronze Age collapse 1588:rule in the Middle 1421:Mansoura University 1234:Edward William Lane 1061:" had evolved as a 934:liturgical language 899:varieties of Arabic 156:1,000,000–1,500,000 70: 21:Page version status 13570:Art (contemporary) 13250:Capital punishment 13140:Telecommunications 12817:Towns and villages 12785:Qattara Depression 12598:Muslim Brotherhood 12568:Cigarette industry 12428:British occupation 12339:Crusader invasions 12309:Rashidun Caliphate 11019:Keita 1992, p. 251 10924:10.1002/ajpa.20261 10745:Batrawi A (1945). 10448:10.1002/ajpa.20569 9927:10.1002/ajpa.21078 9864:10.1002/ajhb.20428 9817:10.1002/ajhb.20428 9779:10.1002/ajpa.10190 9115:2011-10-04 at the 9083:2018-10-02 at the 9063:2018-10-02 at the 8818:www.britannica.com 8292:Vatikiotis, p. 443 8237:2006-10-02 at the 8230:Salmawy, Mohamed. 8185:Vatikiotis, p. 189 8176:Vatikiotis, p. 135 8045:Scientific Reports 7600:on August 19, 2006 7578:2008-12-10 at the 7551:2007-10-11 at the 7458:2021-10-09 at the 7185:2013-09-22 at the 7072:2020-06-21 at the 6696:2011-06-29 at the 6651:2020-03-28 at the 6537:Egyptian Americans 6246:predynastic period 6156: 6133:predynastic period 5861:Southern Egyptians 5712:Southern Egyptians 5656:Northern Egyptians 4249: 4233: 4155:Saad Eddin Ibrahim 4054:Muslim Brotherhood 3741:Telecommunications 3345:, and the Ancient 3271:of Egypt today is 3199: 3191: 3159:Languages of Egypt 3078:by members of the 3005:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2983: 2975: 2959:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2877: 2843:Muslim Brotherhood 2774:Dinshaway Incident 2739: 2642: 2578:Egyptian antiquity 2570: 2541:, and against the 2463:Napoleon Bonaparte 2455: 2304: 2288: 2159: 1995: 1892:The Roman emperor 1847: 1322:adherents (10–15% 1309: 1297: 1266:The People of Masr 88:120 million (2017) 68: 27: 13772: 13771: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13644:Football stadiums 13575:Botanical gardens 13454:Catholic dioceses 13346:Gender inequality 13270:Human trafficking 13201: 13200: 13135:Tallest buildings 13096:Military industry 13012: 13011: 12953:Political parties 12906:Islamic extremism 12894:Foreign relations 12835: 12834: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12416:French occupation 12334:Fatimid Caliphate 12329:Ikhshidid dynasty 12158: 12157: 12032:Coptic Christians 11984:Oriental Orthodox 11788:978-0-691-24409-9 11706:10.1136/bmj.e8268 11498:978-80-7308-979-5 11454:978-0-521-84067-5 10758:Batrawi A. 1946. 10732:978-0-691-24410-5 10666:978-1-000-88066-3 10416:978-0-691-24409-9 10256:(15): 9053–9058. 10145:Am. J. Hum. Genet 9170:Barakat, pp. 4–5. 8853:978-1-4405-2911-5 8719:of the continent. 8683:978-1-000-88066-3 8574:978-0-8028-2536-0 8423:. 29 March 2018. 8364:English.Ahram.org 8263:Watterson, p. 294 8250:Jankowski, p. 137 8221:Jankowski, p. 130 8203:Jankowski, p. 112 8137:Jankowskil, p. 74 8116:Vatikiotis, p. 31 8065:10.1038/srep09996 7957:Vatikiotis, P.J. 7935:El-Daly, Okasha. 7926:Watterson, p. 268 7905:Watterson, p. 232 7826:Watterson, p. 237 7817:Watterson, p. 214 7790:Watterson, p. 215 7768:Watterson, p. 192 7737:Vatikiotis, P.J. 7642:. March 7, 2006. 7571:Talani, Leila S. 7542:Egyptian diaspora 7127:978-0-8160-6672-8 6833:Statistics Canada 6742:"Egyptian Arabic" 6689:Wahba, Jackline. 6547:Egyptian diaspora 6532:List of Egyptians 6527:Religion in Egypt 6446:Christopher Ehret 6414:Short Tandem loci 6360:mitochondrial DNA 6356:mitochondrial DNA 6297:ancient Egyptians 6289:bioarchaeological 6131:Beginning in the 6036:prehistoric Egypt 6007: 6006: 5767: 5766: 5182:, but less so in 5106:Two haplogroups, 5075:Haplogroup Q-M242 5065:Haplogroup O-M175 5021:Haplogroup I-M170 5011:Haplogroup E-M132 4941:Haplogroup G-M201 4921:Haplogroup T-M184 4911:Haplogroup J-M172 4901:Haplogroup E-M123 4881:Haplogroup E-Z827 4861:Haplogroup J-M267 4846:Paternal lineages 4602:Maternal lineages 4581:Eurasian backflow 4062:Mustafa el-Nahhas 3963: 3962: 3877:Islamic expansion 3797: 3796: 3706:Foreign relations 3686:Political parties 3269:official language 3211:Egyptian language 3173:Egyptian language 3139:, former General 3135:In the 26–28 May 2855:Talaat Pasha Harb 2847:Young Egypt Party 2666:constitutionalism 2658:Royal Opera House 2586:Rifa'a el-Tahtawi 2566:Rifa'a el-Tahtawi 2551:Rifa'a et-Tahtawi 2483:French Revolution 2459:French expedition 2259:Dhul-Nun al-Misri 2151:Dhul-Nun al-Misri 1928:with that of the 1883:mummy portraiture 1825:Ptolemaic Kingdom 1807:to celebrate it. 1751:and parts of the 1733:House of Eternity 1660:Ptolemaic dynasty 1584:Egypt fell under 1560: 1559: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1396:Egyptian diaspora 1305:Cairo Opera House 1201:(Egyptian Arabic 1168: 1130:when it overtook 938:Egyptian language 840: 814: 788: 769: 768: 216:600,000–1,600,000 18: 13807: 13762: 13761: 13752: 13751: 13742: 13732: 13731: 13537:Waste management 13302:Academic grading 13220: 13219: 13207: 13206: 13179:Railway stations 13157:Cultural tourism 13056:Economic regions 13018: 13017: 12841: 12840: 12682: 12681: 12351:Mamluk Sultanate 12282:Diocese of Egypt 12265:Battle of Actium 12214: 12213: 12201: 12200: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12162: 12161: 11989:Eastern Orthodox 11934: 11927: 11920: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11880: 11865: 11854: 11839: 11819: 11816: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11717: 11700:(e8268): e8268. 11689: 11683: 11682: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11628: 11620: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11589: 11587: 11581: 11570: 11562: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11533: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11482: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11421: 11381: 11375: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11288: 11270: 11253:(11): e0290423. 11238: 11229: 11228: 11218: 11200: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 10959: 10953: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10769: 10763: 10756: 10750: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10703: 10695: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10584: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10510: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10376:(239): 379–383. 10365: 10359: 10358: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10283: 10273: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10217: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10168: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10120:on 11 March 2007 10110: 10104: 10103: 10093: 10083: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10034: 10024: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9967: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9800: 9791: 9790: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9745: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9696: 9673: 9655: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9573: 9562: 9561: 9551: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9494: 9462: 9451: 9450: 9440: 9422: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9295: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9246: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9193: 9185: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9150: 9147: 9138: 9135: 9129: 9128:Dawisha, p. 237. 9126: 9120: 9106: 9100: 9097: 9088: 9074: 9068: 9054: 9048: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8824: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8629:(1–2): 243–246. 8614: 8608: 8605: 8596: 8595: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8526:Yūsuf al-Maġribi 8512: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8366:. Ahram Online. 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8336:. 17 June 2019. 8326: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8168: 8167:Jankowski, p. 83 8165: 8159: 8156: 8150: 8147: 8138: 8135: 8126: 8125:Jankowski, p. 60 8123: 8117: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8095:Jankowski, p. 35 8093: 8087: 8086: 8076: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8012: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7992:. Archived from 7986: 7980: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7962: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7915: 7912: 7906: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7879: 7878:Jankowski, p. 32 7876: 7867: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7848:Jankowski, p. 29 7846: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7800: 7799:Jankowski, p. 28 7797: 7791: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7760: 7759:Watterson, p. 15 7757: 7751: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7729: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7689: 7683: 7675:. May 22, 2006. 7669: 7663: 7656: 7650: 7636: 7630: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7596:. Archived from 7591:Mitchell, Josh. 7589: 7583: 7569: 7560: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7513: 7507:. Archived from 7506: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7469: 7463: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7363: 7357: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7247: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7230:, archived from 7222: 7216: 7215: 7196: 7190: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7163: 7157: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7088: 7077: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 6995: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6707: 6701: 6700:. February 2011. 6687: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6669:, archived from 6661: 6655: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6612: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6567: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6176:tropical African 6073:to the region. 6059:Fertile Crescent 5774: 5773: 5544:(Western Desert) 5201: 5200: 5100: 5091: 5072: 5062: 5052: 5042: 5028: 5018: 5008: 5001:Haplogroup L-M20 4998: 4991:Haplogroup F-M89 4988: 4978: 4968: 4958: 4951:Haplogroup E-M35 4948: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4908: 4898: 4891:Haplogroup E-V12 4888: 4878: 4871:Haplogroup E-V68 4868: 4858: 4784: 4774: 4764: 4754: 4744: 4734: 4724: 4714: 4704: 4694: 4684: 4674: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4614: 4523:Ancient Egyptian 4438: 4423: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4375: 4355:Ancient Egyptian 4188:Culture of Egypt 3958: 3955: 3949: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3896:Lady Duff Gordon 3861:African identity 3855:Egypt and Africa 3789: 3782: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3722: 3662: 3597: 3451: 3443: 3433: 3423: 3416: 3415: 3367:Classical Arabic 3315: 2967:Abdel Hakim Amer 2906:Tawfiq el-Hakeem 2845:and the radical 2701:military failure 2461:in Egypt led by 2419: 2357:Mamluks of Egypt 2335:Egyptian dialect 2190:Muslim conquests 2171:Persian invasion 2155:City of the Dead 1904:, like those of 1839:Fayum collection 1805:Hymn to the Nile 1803:and dedicated a 1729: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1474:History of Egypt 1324:Coptic Christian 1274: 1262: 1254:Children of Masr 1250: 1242: 1207: 1199: 1192:Classical Arabic 1173: 1167:romanized: 1166: 1164: 1121: 1120: 1111: 1083:Below the Aegean 1079: 1071: 1059: 1058: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1015: 1014: 999: 994: 983: 978: 874:and enclosed by 845: 839:romanized: 838: 836: 828: 823: 819: 813:romanized: 812: 810: 802: 797: 793: 783: 781: 696: 694: 693: 678: 676: 675: 660: 658: 657: 642: 640: 639: 624: 622: 621: 609: 605: 603: 602: 589: 585: 583: 582: 569: 565: 563: 562: 549: 545: 543: 542: 526: 524: 523: 511: 507: 505: 504: 491: 487: 485: 484: 471: 467: 465: 464: 451: 447: 445: 444: 431: 427: 425: 424: 411: 407: 405: 404: 391: 387: 385: 384: 371: 367: 365: 364: 351: 347: 345: 344: 328: 326: 325: 313: 309: 307: 306: 293: 289: 287: 286: 273: 269: 267: 266: 253: 249: 247: 246: 233: 229: 227: 226: 213: 209: 207: 206: 193: 189: 187: 186: 173: 169: 167: 166: 153: 149: 147: 146: 133: 129: 127: 126: 111: 107: 105: 104: 83:Total population 78: 71: 67: 39:1 September 2024 13815: 13814: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13785:Egyptian people 13775: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13712: 13703:Public holidays 13693:National anthem 13546: 13459:Coptic Churches 13402:Egyptian Arabic 13312:Medical schools 13214: 13197: 13113:Nuclear program 13025: 13008: 12938:Nationality law 12931:Supreme Council 12916:Law enforcement 12848: 12831: 12807:Sinai Peninsula 12790:Red Sea Riviera 12689: 12668: 12644: 12546: 12433:1919 revolution 12421:Revolt of Cairo 12346:Ayyubid dynasty 12324:Tulunid dynasty 12208: 12195: 12189: 12159: 12154: 12043: 12010: 11943: 11938: 11901: 11899: 11887: 11885:Further reading 11874: 11848: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11813: 11808: 11798: 11796: 11789: 11773: 11769: 11760: 11758: 11743: 11739: 11690: 11686: 11642: 11638: 11622: 11621: 11617: 11603: 11599: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11568: 11564: 11563: 11559: 11549: 11547: 11524:(R1): R24–R28. 11510: 11506: 11499: 11483: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11382: 11378: 11374:Irish pp. 10–11 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11306: 11302: 11239: 11232: 11169: 11165: 11154: 11150: 11109: 11105: 11060: 11056: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11014: 11005: 11003: 10960: 10956: 10943: 10939: 10908: 10904: 10875: 10871: 10856:10.2307/2799339 10840: 10836: 10805: 10801: 10770: 10766: 10757: 10753: 10744: 10740: 10733: 10717: 10713: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10678: 10674: 10667: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10626: 10622: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10536: 10532: 10501:(339): 95–111. 10487: 10483: 10467: 10463: 10428: 10424: 10417: 10401: 10397: 10366: 10362: 10331: 10327: 10316: 10312: 10301: 10297: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10186: 10182: 10137: 10133: 10123: 10121: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10052: 10048: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9895: 9844: 9840: 9801: 9794: 9763: 9759: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9634: 9632: 9631:on 26 June 2008 9628: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9574: 9565: 9512: 9508: 9463: 9454: 9391: 9387: 9366:(3): E97–E103. 9356: 9352: 9331:(3): E97–E103. 9321: 9317: 9272:Current Biology 9264: 9260: 9207: 9203: 9187: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9153: 9148: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9117:Wayback Machine 9107: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9085:Wayback Machine 9075: 9071: 9065:Wayback Machine 9055: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9024: 9020: 9012: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8931: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8876:. C. B. Beach. 8868: 8864: 8854: 8838: 8834: 8822: 8820: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8746: 8742: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8712: 8710: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8650: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8513: 8509: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8314: 8312: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8239:Wayback Machine 8229: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8036: 8032: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7996:on May 3, 2006. 7990:"Opet Festival" 7988: 7987: 7983: 7979:El-Daly, p. 112 7978: 7974: 7970:El-Daly, p. 164 7969: 7965: 7956: 7952: 7948:El-Daly, p. 140 7947: 7943: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7736: 7732: 7727:Wayback Machine 7716: 7712: 7703: 7701: 7690: 7686: 7681:Wayback Machine 7670: 7666: 7657: 7653: 7648:Wayback Machine 7637: 7633: 7628:Wayback Machine 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7580:Wayback Machine 7570: 7563: 7553:Wayback Machine 7546:Egyptians count 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7486: 7484: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7460:Wayback Machine 7450: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7428:Al-Ahram Weekly 7422: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7266:. 2:618 (1991). 7261: 7250: 7237: 7235: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7187:Wayback Machine 7178: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7155:Wayback Machine 7142: 7138: 7128: 7114: 7110: 7101: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7080: 7074:Wayback Machine 7065: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 6997: 6996: 6979: 6970: 6968: 6961:de.statista.com 6955: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6939: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6830: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6708: 6704: 6698:Wayback Machine 6688: 6684: 6676: 6674: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6653:Wayback Machine 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6614: 6613: 6600: 6593: 6589: 6580: 6578: 6575:BBC News Arabic 6569: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6344:Abusir el-Meleq 6301:Southwest Asian 6024: 6018: 6012: 5192:Near Easterners 5123: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5058: 5055:Haplogroup K-M9 5050: 5048: 5040: 5038: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4964: 4961:Haplogroup E-P2 4956: 4954: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4640: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564:Genetic studies 4416:") and Banoub ( 4225: 4217:Western culture 4196: 4190: 4184: 4090: 4035:remarked that: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3939: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3873: 3857: 3820: 3815: 3809:Coptic identity 3793: 3761: 3754: 3720: 3701:Law enforcement 3660: 3595: 3449: 3431: 3421: 3414: 3277:Egyptian Arabic 3229:and 7 Egyptian 3223:Coptic alphabet 3219:Coptic language 3175: 3169: 3167:Coptic language 3163:Egyptian Arabic 3157:Main articles: 3155: 3106:democratization 3091:popular protest 3048:Egypt Above All 3016:nationalization 3010:Nasser assumed 3001:Muhammad Naguib 2963:Muhammad Naguib 2947: 2902:Abbas el-'Akkad 2873:Princess Ferial 2728: 2722: 2654:Egyptian Museum 2559: 2438: 2430:Main articles: 2428: 2386: 2284:Al-Azhar Mosque 2253:. Various Sufi 2198:'Amr ibn al-'As 2143: 2069:along with its 2026:Coptic calendar 1845:AD 125 − AD 150 1831: 1823:Main articles: 1821: 1679:divine kingship 1594:Late Bronze Age 1581:, and customs. 1540: 1525: 1505: 1491: 1483:Main articles: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1289: 1283: 1211:Biblical Hebrew 1176:Egyptian Arabic 1159:Egyptian Arabic 1091:Wycliff's Bible 1077:Aegaeou huptiōs 997: 981: 950: 903:Egyptian Arabic 821: 805:Egyptian Arabic 795: 753: 746:(predominantly 735:(predominantly 715: 713:Egyptian Arabic 691: 689: 673: 671: 655: 653: 637: 635: 619: 617: 600: 598: 580: 578: 560: 558: 540: 538: 521: 519: 502: 500: 482: 480: 462: 460: 442: 440: 422: 420: 402: 400: 382: 380: 362: 360: 342: 340: 323: 321: 304: 302: 284: 282: 264: 262: 244: 242: 224: 222: 204: 202: 184: 182: 164: 162: 144: 142: 124: 122: 116:(2024 estimate) 115: 113: 102: 100: 66: 63: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 13813: 13803: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13756: 13746: 13736: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13653: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13641: 13639:Football clubs 13631: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13614: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13556: 13554: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13446: 13441: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13394: 13389: 13388: 13387: 13382: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13235:Animal welfare 13232: 13226: 13224: 13216: 13215: 13203: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13149: 13148: 13147: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13118:Power stations 13115: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13066:Egyptian pound 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13047: 13046: 13036: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12970:Prime Minister 12967: 12966: 12965: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12803: 12802: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12775:Northern coast 12772: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12535: 12525: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12506:Yom Kippur War 12498: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12389: 12384: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12348: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12301: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12228: 12222: 12220: 12210: 12209: 12197: 12196: 12188: 12187: 12180: 12173: 12165: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12051: 12049: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11953: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11937: 11936: 11929: 11922: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11872: 11855: 11846: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11787: 11767: 11737: 11684: 11657:(7): 638–647. 11636: 11615: 11597: 11557: 11504: 11497: 11472: 11453: 11433: 11376: 11367: 11300: 11230: 11183:(11): e80293. 11163: 11148: 11103: 11080:10.1086/423147 11068:Am J Hum Genet 11054: 11021: 11012: 10974:(2): 191–208. 10954: 10937: 10902: 10869: 10850:(4): 551–568. 10834: 10815:(3): 245–254. 10799: 10764: 10751: 10738: 10731: 10711: 10691:978-0367434632 10690: 10672: 10665: 10645: 10639:978-1407307602 10638: 10620: 10606: 10555: 10549:978-0195102345 10548: 10530: 10481: 10461: 10442:(4): 501–509. 10422: 10415: 10395: 10360: 10347:10.1086/200228 10341:(5): 455–477. 10325: 10310: 10295: 10236: 10194:Am J Hum Genet 10180: 10157:10.1086/386295 10151:(5): 1023–34. 10131: 10105: 10046: 10007:(1): 242–247. 9985: 9978: 9952: 9940: 9905: 9858:(5): 559–567. 9838: 9792: 9757: 9734:10.1086/423147 9708: 9664:(7): 867–876. 9641: 9610: 9589:(6): 1300–11. 9563: 9506: 9483:10.1086/382286 9452: 9385: 9350: 9315: 9258: 9221:(5): 425–433. 9201: 9172: 9163: 9161:Barakat, p. 5. 9151: 9149:Barakat, p. 4. 9139: 9130: 9121: 9110:Timeline Egypt 9101: 9089: 9069: 9049: 9040: 9031: 9018: 9006: 8994: 8987: 8966: 8956: 8947: 8938: 8929: 8920: 8910: 8901: 8882: 8862: 8852: 8832: 8805: 8784: 8762: 8740: 8723: 8689: 8682: 8659: 8609: 8597: 8580: 8573: 8553: 8543: 8531: 8507: 8490: 8461: 8452: 8438: 8408: 8381: 8351: 8321: 8294: 8285: 8272: 8252: 8243: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8158:El-Daly, p. 29 8151: 8139: 8127: 8118: 8109: 8097: 8088: 8030: 7999: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7950: 7941: 7928: 7916: 7907: 7898: 7889: 7880: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7828: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7730: 7710: 7684: 7664: 7658:Evans, Brian. 7651: 7631: 7622:. March 2003. 7611: 7584: 7561: 7533: 7524: 7493: 7477:britannica.com 7464: 7444: 7415: 7397:978-1452299372 7396: 7376: 7358: 7345: 7335: 7325: 7319: 7299: 7288: 7268: 7248: 7217: 7211: 7191: 7172: 7158: 7136: 7126: 7108: 7078: 7059: 7045: 7029:"CBS Statline" 7020: 6977: 6948: 6919: 6888: 6854: 6835:(8 May 2013). 6824: 6810:(in Italian). 6795: 6755: 6733: 6702: 6682: 6656: 6637: 6598: 6587: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6486: 6483: 6372:Stephen Quirke 6311:series of the 6118:Horn of Africa 6055:archaeological 6014:Main article: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5232: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5069: 5059: 5049: 5039: 5025: 5015: 5005: 4995: 4985: 4975: 4971:Haplogroup R1a 4965: 4955: 4945: 4935: 4931:Haplogroup R1b 4925: 4915: 4905: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4781: 4771: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4731: 4721: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4681: 4671: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4596:Iberomaurusian 4576: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4459:, which means 4422:ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ, ⲫⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ 4346:), and so on. 4224: 4221: 4186:Main article: 4183: 4180: 4140:Anwar el-Sadat 4098:Arab socialism 4089: 4086: 4033:Sati' al-Husri 4022:who remarked: 3961: 3960: 3929: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3872: 3869: 3856: 3853: 3819: 3816: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3746:Transportation 3743: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3426: 3413: 3410: 3347:Amarna tablets 3289:Cairene Arabic 3239:Eastern Desert 3227:Greek alphabet 3154: 3151: 2995:by a group of 2946: 2943: 2929:Naguib Mahfouz 2882:Muhammad Abduh 2747:Muhammad Abduh 2724:Main article: 2721: 2718: 2709:Ottoman Empire 2638:Khedive Ismail 2596:ideas such as 2558: 2555: 2427: 2426:Modern history 2424: 2385: 2384:Ottoman period 2382: 2316:Islamic Empire 2142: 2139: 2109:Constantinople 2079:Church Fathers 1820: 1817: 1723:word for tomb 1719:. The ancient 1717:Great Pyramids 1687:Middle Kingdom 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1480: 1477: 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1369:and 90,000 in 1328:Greek Orthodox 1285:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1174:), the modern 1152: 1098: 1069:Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως 1053:stating that " 1051:folk etymology 1001: 992:ni/ræm/en/kāmi 949: 946: 868:First Cataract 850:native to the 767: 766: 760: 759: 755: 754: 752: 751: 740: 728: 725: 724: 720: 719: 709: 708: 704: 703: 700: 686: 685: 682: 668: 667: 664: 650: 649: 646: 632: 631: 628: 614: 613: 610: 594: 593: 590: 574: 573: 570: 554: 553: 550: 534: 533: 530: 516: 515: 512: 496: 495: 492: 476: 475: 472: 456: 455: 452: 436: 435: 432: 416: 415: 412: 409:United Kingdom 396: 395: 392: 376: 375: 372: 356: 355: 352: 336: 335: 332: 318: 317: 314: 298: 297: 294: 278: 277: 274: 258: 257: 254: 238: 237: 234: 218: 217: 214: 198: 197: 194: 178: 177: 174: 158: 157: 154: 138: 137: 134: 118: 117: 95: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 64: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13812: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13780: 13765: 13757: 13755: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13735: 13727: 13726: 13723: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13565:Art (ancient) 13563: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13553: 13549: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13444:Blasphemy law 13442: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13413: 13412:Sign Language 13410: 13408: 13407:Saʽidi Arabic 13405: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13208: 13204: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13162: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13044:National Bank 13042: 13041: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13015: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12842: 12838: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12683: 12679: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12370:Ottoman Egypt 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12278: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12186: 12181: 12179: 12174: 12172: 12167: 12166: 12163: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12135:Syro-Lebanese 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:Roma (Romani) 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11935: 11930: 11928: 11923: 11921: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11897: 11896: 11889: 11888: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11864: 11863: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11838: 11837: 11830: 11829: 11815: 11811: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11780: 11779: 11771: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11626: 11618: 11616:9780367434632 11612: 11608: 11601: 11594: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11561: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11500: 11494: 11490: 11489: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11437: 11429: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11380: 11371: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11235: 11226: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11167: 11159: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11121:(5): 645–58. 11120: 11116: 11115: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11074:(2): 338–45. 11073: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11049: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11016: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10918:(4): 529–43. 10917: 10913: 10906: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10755: 10748: 10742: 10734: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10715: 10707: 10701: 10693: 10687: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10649: 10641: 10635: 10631: 10624: 10616: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10575:(1): e16073. 10574: 10570: 10566: 10559: 10551: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10200:(1): 247–54. 10199: 10195: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9979:9780691036069 9975: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9921:(2): 336–46. 9920: 9916: 9909: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9811:(5): 559–67. 9810: 9806: 9799: 9797: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9728:(2): 338–45. 9727: 9723: 9719: 9712: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9627: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9559: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9477:(3): 532–44. 9476: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9405:(2): e56775. 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9191: 9183: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9134: 9125: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9105: 9096: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9073: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9010: 9001: 8999: 8990: 8988:0-12-227230-7 8984: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8914: 8905: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8720: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8666: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8604: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8557: 8547: 8538: 8536: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8456: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8275: 8273:9780631211952 8269: 8265: 8264: 8256: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8191: 8182: 8173: 8164: 8155: 8146: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8122: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8016: 8009: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7976: 7967: 7960: 7954: 7945: 7938: 7932: 7923: 7921: 7911: 7902: 7893: 7884: 7875: 7873: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7796: 7787: 7780: 7777:Kamil, Jill. 7774: 7765: 7756: 7750:Grimal, p. 93 7747: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7573:Out of Egypt. 7568: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7528: 7514:on 2016-05-01 7510: 7503: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7339: 7329: 7322: 7320:9780739186077 7316: 7312: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7289:9780865311824 7285: 7281: 7280: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7234:on 2017-02-07 7233: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7212:9789690002242 7208: 7205:, Ferozsons, 7204: 7203: 7195: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7176: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7049: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6903:. 21 May 2020 6902: 6898: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6813: 6809: 6808:Tuttitalia.it 6805: 6799: 6780: 6777:(in Arabic). 6773: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6743: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6673:on 2020-02-14 6672: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507:Sa'idi people 6505: 6504: 6500: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6364:North African 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6276:in general. 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6252:Egyptologist 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6204:North African 6201: 6200:First Dynasty 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6146:The mummy of 6144: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106:Indo-European 6103: 6102:North African 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6047:morphological 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540:Berbers from 5539: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5186:, by diverse 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172:First Dynasty 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5143:North African 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5090: 5076: 5066: 5056: 5046: 5045:Haplogroup R2 5036: 5032: 5022: 5012: 5002: 4992: 4982: 4972: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4932: 4922: 4912: 4902: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4862: 4854: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4799:, as follows 4798: 4788: 4778: 4768: 4758: 4748: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4678: 4668: 4658: 4648: 4638: 4628: 4618: 4610: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4582: 4575:Autosomal DNA 4571: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4447:may end with 4446: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4378:Proto-Semitic 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4307:) and so on. 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4194:Ancient Egypt 4189: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159:Arab identity 4156: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106:Saad Zaghloul 4103: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4082:Saad Zaghloul 4079: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3976:Greater Cairo 3972: 3968: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3930:This section 3928: 3919: 3918: 3913:Modern period 3910: 3908: 3904: 3903:Ibrahim Pasha 3900: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3885:Coptic Church 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818:Ancient Egypt 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3432:Life in Egypt 3429: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Greater Cairo 3316: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3304:Ottoman Egypt 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Bedawi Arabic 3282: 3281:Saʽidi Arabic 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3129:military coup 3126: 3125:mass protests 3122: 3121:Mohamed Morsi 3118: 3113: 3111: 3110:Gamal Mubarak 3107: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3084:Hosni Mubarak 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:army officers 2994: 2993: 2988: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910:Salama Moussa 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:King Farouk I 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2834:parliamentary 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811:Saad Zaghloul 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2763:Mustafa Kamil 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2735:Mustafa Kamil 2732: 2727: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Isma'il Pasha 2639: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2594:Enlightenment 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2465:in 1798. The 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390:Ottoman Turks 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226:According to 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2022:Coptic Church 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:New Testament 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Amarna Period 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:Ancient Egypt 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:Ancient Egypt 1479:Ancient Egypt 1475: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1365:, 110,000 in 1364: 1363:United States 1360: 1357:, 190,550 in 1356: 1353:, 226,850 in 1352: 1349:, 332,600 in 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1240:El-Maṣreeyeen 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1049:, provided a 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040:Ancient Greek 1038:". Prominent 1037: 1035: 1023: 1021: 1009: 1005: 1002: 995: 993: 987: 979: 977: 971: 967: 963: 960:, the native 959: 955: 954: 953: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 917:with a small 916: 912: 911:Sa'idi Arabic 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872:Mediterranean 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 832: 827: 818: 806: 801: 792: 786: 777: 773: 765: 761: 756: 749: 745: 741: 738: 734: 730: 729: 726: 721: 718: 717:Sa'idi Arabic 714: 710: 705: 701: 699: 687: 683: 681: 669: 665: 663: 651: 647: 645: 633: 629: 627: 615: 611: 608: 595: 591: 588: 575: 571: 568: 555: 551: 548: 535: 531: 529: 517: 513: 510: 497: 493: 490: 477: 473: 470: 457: 453: 450: 437: 433: 430: 417: 413: 410: 397: 393: 390: 377: 373: 370: 357: 353: 350: 337: 333: 331: 319: 315: 312: 299: 295: 292: 279: 275: 272: 259: 255: 252: 239: 235: 232: 219: 215: 212: 199: 195: 192: 179: 175: 172: 159: 155: 152: 151:United States 139: 135: 132: 119: 112: 110: 96: 91: 86: 81: 77: 72: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 13650: 13590:Coat of arms 13560:Architecture 13449:Christianity 13429:Prostitution 13375:Human rights 13334:Abaza family 13322:Universities 13287:Demographics 13240:Billionaires 12884:Constitution 12879:Conscription 12862:Governorates 12743:Halfaya Pass 12613:1954–present 12573:Constitution 12528:2010s Crisis 12440:World War II 12402:Urabi revolt 12319:Islamization 12253:31st Dynasty 12248:27th Dynasty 12150:Palestinians 12021: 11979:Christianity 11900:. Retrieved 11893: 11877: 11861: 11851: 11835: 11826:Bibliography 11814: 11797:. Retrieved 11777: 11770: 11759:. Retrieved 11750: 11740: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11654: 11650: 11639: 11606: 11600: 11591: 11584:. Retrieved 11572: 11560: 11548:. Retrieved 11521: 11517: 11507: 11487: 11463:. Retrieved 11443: 11436: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11370: 11358:. Retrieved 11317: 11313: 11303: 11250: 11246: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11158:BAR Magazine 11157: 11151: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11071: 11067: 11057: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11015: 11004:. Retrieved 10971: 10967: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10940: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10780:(1): 35–48. 10777: 10773: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10746: 10741: 10721: 10714: 10681: 10675: 10655: 10648: 10629: 10623: 10609: 10572: 10568: 10558: 10539: 10533: 10498: 10494: 10484: 10475: 10464: 10439: 10435: 10425: 10405: 10398: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10319: 10313: 10304: 10298: 10253: 10249: 10239: 10227:. Retrieved 10197: 10193: 10183: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10122:. Retrieved 10118:the original 10108: 10063: 10059: 10049: 10004: 9998: 9988: 9963: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9896:. Retrieved 9855: 9851: 9841: 9808: 9804: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9725: 9721: 9711: 9701:24 September 9699:. Retrieved 9661: 9657: 9644: 9633:. Retrieved 9626:the original 9613: 9586: 9582: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9474: 9470: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9181: 9175: 9166: 9133: 9124: 9104: 9072: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9026: 9021: 9014:Taha Hussein 9009: 8978: 8969: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8923: 8913: 8904: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8857: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8821:. Retrieved 8817: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8787: 8778: 8774: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8711:. Retrieved 8702: 8692: 8672: 8651:. Retrieved 8626: 8622: 8612: 8590: 8583: 8563: 8556: 8546: 8510: 8502: 8493: 8482:. Retrieved 8473: 8464: 8455: 8429:. Retrieved 8420: 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8384: 8372:. Retrieved 8363: 8354: 8342:. Retrieved 8333: 8324: 8313:, retrieved 8303: 8297: 8288: 8277:. Retrieved 8262: 8255: 8246: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8163: 8154: 8121: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8091: 8048: 8044: 8033: 8022:. Retrieved 8002: 7994:the original 7984: 7975: 7966: 7958: 7953: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7914:Kamil, p. 40 7910: 7901: 7896:Kamil, p. 39 7892: 7887:Kamil, p. 35 7883: 7866:Kamil, p. 21 7862: 7857:Kamil, p. 16 7853: 7844: 7836: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7808:Kamil, p. 12 7804: 7795: 7786: 7778: 7773: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7738: 7733: 7713: 7702:. Retrieved 7696:. Newsweek. 7687: 7667: 7654: 7634: 7614: 7602:. Retrieved 7598:the original 7587: 7559:. 5–11 April 7557:Ahram Weekly 7556: 7544:. Newsreel. 7536: 7527: 7516:. Retrieved 7509:the original 7496: 7485:. Retrieved 7476: 7467: 7447: 7436:. Retrieved 7427: 7418: 7406:. Retrieved 7386: 7379: 7370: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7338: 7328: 7309: 7302: 7293: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7242: 7236:, retrieved 7232:the original 7226: 7220: 7201: 7194: 7175: 7161: 7144: 7139: 7131: 7117: 7111: 7100:. Retrieved 7062: 7048: 7037:. Retrieved 7023: 7011:. Retrieved 7002: 6969:. Retrieved 6960: 6951: 6940:. Retrieved 6931: 6922: 6905:. Retrieved 6891: 6879:. Retrieved 6866: 6857: 6845:. Retrieved 6827: 6816:. Retrieved 6807: 6798: 6786:. Retrieved 6746:. Retrieved 6744:. Ethnologue 6736: 6722:(4): 47–54. 6719: 6715: 6705: 6685: 6675:, retrieved 6671:the original 6665: 6659: 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6619: 6590: 6579:. Retrieved 6577:. 2017-09-30 6574: 6565: 6499:Egypt portal 6479: 6472: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6443: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6376: 6369: 6341: 6332:Gebel Ramlah 6319: 6286: 6281:STR analysis 6278: 6263: 6259:Afro-Asiatic 6238:Near Eastern 6225: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212:craniofacial 6181: 6159: 6157: 6148:19th Dynasty 6130: 6114:E haplogroup 6075: 6044: 6025: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5196: 5151:Y-chromosome 5148: 5124: 4852: 4809: 4796: 4794: 4608: 4588: 4584: 4547: 4544: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4493: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4430: 4424:"the one of 4412:"the one of 4365: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4250: 4234: 4209:Christianity 4197: 4176: 4171:Gamal Hamdan 4152: 4137: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4091: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4058:King Faruq I 4046: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4025: 4020:Taha Hussein 4001: 3989: 3980: 3964: 3951: 3931: 3901: 3889: 3874: 3858: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3763:Egypt portal 3636:Human rights 3621:Demographics 3605: 3470:Contemporary 3460:Architecture 3402: 3395: 3372: 3354: 3350: 3339:Hebrew Bible 3334: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3293:Saidi Arabic 3266: 3251: 3217:family. The 3200: 3134: 3114: 3088: 3072:assassinated 3068:peace treaty 3060: 3047: 3021: 3009: 2990: 2984: 2938: 2932: 2922: 2918:evolutionary 2898:Taha Hussein 2878: 2869:Queen Farida 2827: 2803:protectorate 2799: 2789: 2781: 2771: 2744: 2740: 2682: 2678: 2643: 2603: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2531: 2514: 2507:Mohammed Ali 2504: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2475: 2456: 2444: 2414: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2377: 2361: 2354: 2339: 2324: 2305: 2267: 2240: 2225: 2206: 2179: 2160: 2113: 2105:Theodosius I 2097: 2093:Hebrew Bible 2082: 2051: 2043:St. Shenouda 2019: 1996: 1991:Jordan River 1957: 1942: 1932:and her son 1914:Roman Empire 1900:The cult of 1899: 1891: 1875: 1864: 1851:Nectanebo II 1848: 1842: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1785:Inundation ( 1780: 1759: 1757: 1749:Jebel Barkal 1739: 1737: 1724: 1710: 1694:20th Dynasty 1691: 1672: 1649: 1645:Persian rule 1637:25th Dynasty 1626: 1606:18th Dynasty 1602:Thutmose III 1583: 1561: 1452:peace treaty 1445: 1425: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1383:Alexandrines 1376: 1347:Saudi Arabia 1336: 1313: 1310: 1281:Demographics 1269: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1202: 1194: 1184:Civilization 1154: 1123: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1074: 1066: 1054: 1031: 1017: 1003: 989: 976:ræm/en/kā/mi 973: 957: 951: 906: 896: 878:both to the 848:ethnic group 771: 770: 744:Christianity 525: 389:South Africa 131:Saudi Arabia 98: 65:Ethnic group 51:Ethnic group 38: 29:This is the 23: 13754:WikiProject 13515:Scientology 13385:LGBT rights 13307:Law schools 13091:Lighthouses 13034:Agriculture 12763:Mount Sinai 12723:Earthquakes 12523:Mubarak era 12494:Six-Day War 12484:Suez Crisis 12479:Land reform 12226:Prehistoric 12080:Circassians 12015:Main groups 11994:Catholicism 11715:10072/62081 11550:19 December 9773:(1): 63–6. 8499:Upper Egypt 8051:(1): 9996. 7717:AfricaNet. 7295:Goldschmidt 6847:11 February 6748:22 November 6522:Siwi people 6517:Beja people 6459:as well as 6434:East Asians 6422:Rameses III 6418:Tutankhamun 6379:Tutankhamun 6348:New Kingdom 6313:predynastic 6266:West Asians 6254:Frank Yurco 6184:predynastic 6152:Ramesses II 6071:agriculture 6069:, bringing 6034:periods of 6028:Paleolithic 5184:Lower Egypt 5176:Upper Egypt 5167:Sub-Saharan 5163:Lower Nubia 5159:Upper Egypt 5155:Lower Egypt 4364:(generally 4144:Liberal age 4133:pan-Arabism 4129:Six-Day War 4123:formed the 4078:pan-Arabism 4016:Nile Valley 3993:pan-Arabism 3971:Ahmed Orabi 3954:August 2023 3892:Upper Egypt 3871:Islamic era 3801:Pan-Arabism 3497:Raqs sharqi 3492:Belly dance 3262:Upper Egypt 3235:Nile valley 3215:Afroasiatic 3095:multi-party 3063:October War 3044:Anwar Sadat 3032:Six-Day War 3028:Suez Crisis 2992:coup d'état 2987:King Farouk 2971:Anwar Sadat 2925:Nobel Prize 2851:Banque Misr 2849:. In 1920, 2832:based on a 2720:Liberal age 2693:Ahmed Orabi 2670:Circassians 2648:who became 2607:Ali Mubarak 2557:Nationalism 2453:, 1798–1799 2372:Mohamed Ali 2364:Circassians 2247:monasticism 2161:Before the 2130:Coptologist 2031:monasticism 2007:Oxyrhynchus 1930:Virgin Mary 1922:Justinian I 1871:Ramesses II 1702:Nile floods 1683:Old Kingdom 1598:New Kingdom 1543:hieroglyphs 1417:Six-Day War 1128:Muslim rule 1081:, meaning " 998:ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 966:description 948:Terminology 915:Sunni Islam 882:and to the 864:Nile Valley 852:Nile Valley 626:South Sudan 528:Switzerland 489:Netherlands 114:116,538,258 13779:Categories 13666:Newspapers 13656:Mass media 13508:Synagogues 13476:Irreligion 13424:Literature 13419:Liberalism 13358:Healthcare 13260:Corruption 12943:Parliament 12874:Corruption 12869:Civil Code 12812:Suez Canal 12770:Nile Delta 12655:Alexandria 12625:Population 12620:Parliament 12588:Healthcare 12469:Nasser era 12243:Achaemenid 12218:Chronology 11999:Protestant 11902:2011-07-06 11873:1588260208 11847:0520084276 11761:2022-11-16 11586:14 January 11320:: 110348. 11006:2022-12-27 9635:2023-04-13 9184:. Leipzig. 8823:2023-08-16 8754:Al Jazeera 8713:2019-10-08 8653:2019-10-09 8484:2018-03-17 8315:22 October 8279:2012-09-06 8024:2017-08-15 7704:2008-06-02 7604:2008-04-13 7518:2017-10-28 7487:2019-09-28 7438:2018-04-26 7282:, Avalon, 7238:2018-10-22 7102:2022-11-07 7039:2020-10-04 6971:2021-07-14 6942:2013-05-22 6818:2021-06-21 6716:Cairn.info 6677:2018-10-13 6581:2018-09-01 6558:References 6439:algorithms 6370:Professor 6322:dentitions 6293:morphology 6088:and other 6078:linguistic 6020:See also: 5778:Population 5542:Siwa Oasis 5372:Egyptians 5259:(M123,M34) 5205:Population 5161:, 46 from 5157:, 66 from 4579:See also: 4568:See also: 4496:Hellenized 4336:Blacksmith 4297:Alexandria 4192:See also: 4167:Louis Awad 4094:Nasser era 4008:Arab world 4004:Pharaonism 3934:unbalanced 3865:Arab world 3805:Pharaonism 3696:Corruption 3681:Parliament 3676:Government 3671:Presidency 3586:Television 3539:Literature 3146:re-elected 3102:Ayman Nour 3024:Suez Canal 2933:Mon Égypte 2914:secularism 2890:Qasim Amin 2815:Wafd Party 2662:Suez Canal 2611:Egyptology 2590:philosophy 2527:sugar-cane 2228:al-Ya'qubi 2135:Coptic art 2122:Miaphysite 2039:St. Bakhum 2035:St. Antony 2015:Diocletian 1954:Alexandria 1590:Bronze Age 1394:A sizable 1332:Nile River 1272:Ahl-Far'ūn 1248:Ewlad Maṣr 1188:Metropolis 1132:Roman rule 1115:Greek word 1109:qibṭ, qubṭ 1043:Geographer 958:rmṯ n Km.t 843:remenkhēmi 809:مَصرِيِّين 780:مِصرِيُّون 742:Minority: 731:Majority: 13661:Magazines 13651:Egyptians 13486:Ahmadiyya 13397:Languages 13363:Hospitals 13297:Education 13164:Transport 13123:Aswan Dam 13051:Companies 12992:Terrorism 12958:President 12921:Massacres 12911:Judiciary 12889:Elections 12758:Mountains 12687:Geography 12665:Port Said 12608:1939–1954 12603:1928–1938 12558:Anarchism 12501:Sadat era 12445:Sultanate 12392:Khedivate 12292:Christian 12260:Ptolemaic 12085:Filipinos 12060:Albanians 12055:Armenians 12022:Egyptians 11949:Religions 11732:206896841 11671:0098-7484 11625:cite book 11396:: 15694. 11350:219586129 11334:0379-0738 11277:1932-6203 11207:1932-6203 10996:144482802 10988:0021-9347 10700:cite book 10517:0003-598X 10495:Antiquity 10390:162882505 10370:Antiquity 10355:161324951 9872:1042-0533 9526:: 15694. 9429:1932-6203 9310:204972040 9235:0018-067X 9190:cite book 8643:211669759 8520:1238-5018 8401:8 January 8266:. Wiley. 7013:August 8, 6788:4 January 6630:3 January 6457:El-Badari 6444:In 2023, 6426:Eurasians 6399:Akhenaten 6387:Neolithic 6352:Roman era 6242:Neolithic 6164:divergent 6098:Levantine 6063:Near East 6032:Neolithic 5600:Egyptians 5428:Egyptians 5316:Egyptians 4832:L1 (2.5%) 4829:L2 (3.6%) 4340:El Khayat 4320:Carpenter 4205:Hellenism 4201:Near East 4110:wataniyya 4088:Nasserism 3946:talk page 3824:Egyptians 3616:Education 3559:Sculpture 3549:Mythology 3343:Mitzrayim 3153:Languages 2927:laureate 2794:Daqahliya 2755:modernist 2711:with the 2674:Armenians 2623:Psamtek I 2167:Heraclius 2100:Byzantine 2058:Pantaenus 1999:Patriarch 1959:oikoumene 1918:Byzantine 1894:Caracalla 1876:When the 1813:Herodotus 1772:Assyrians 1567:dynasties 1339:provinces 1320:Christian 1214:Mitsráyīm 1171:Maṣriyyīn 1124:Aiguptios 1119:Αἰγύπτιος 1095:Egipcions 1020:Aiguptioi 1013:Αἰγύπτιοι 1004:Egyptians 982:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 970:antiquity 964:name and 892:antiquity 860:geography 846:) are an 835:ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ 817:Maṣriyyīn 791:Miṣriyyūn 785:romanized 772:Egyptians 707:Languages 509:Palestine 429:Australia 136:2,900,000 69:Egyptians 13734:Category 13698:Olympics 13634:Football 13466:Hinduism 13434:Religion 13341:Feminism 13329:Families 13292:Diaspora 13255:Censuses 13245:Cannabis 13230:Abortion 13174:Airports 13169:Airlines 13145:Internet 12948:Passport 12926:Military 12899:Missions 12846:Politics 12827:Wildlife 12551:By topic 12464:Republic 12299:Sassanid 12130:Sudanese 12115:Magyarab 12105:Japanese 12100:Italians 11972:Ismailis 11799:20 March 11793:Archived 11755:Archived 11724:23247979 11679:20159872 11577:Archived 11575:. 2021. 11544:Archived 11540:33059357 11465:19 March 11459:Archived 11428:28556824 11360:14 April 11354:Archived 11342:32521421 11295:37939042 11286:10631636 11247:PLOS ONE 11225:24312208 11177:PLOS ONE 11143:26741827 11135:12495079 11114:Hum Biol 11098:15202071 11041:: 1–31. 11000:Archived 10932:16331657 10889:: 1–31. 10601:21253605 10569:PLOS ONE 10525:49229774 10456:17295300 10175:15069642 10100:12167671 10041:16371462 9935:19425100 9892:Archived 9888:33076762 9880:16136533 9833:33076762 9825:16136533 9787:12687584 9752:15202071 9692:Archived 9688:20279122 9680:15856073 9605:17351267 9558:28556824 9501:14973781 9447:23431392 9399:PLOS ONE 9380:19414160 9345:19414160 9302:31679935 9253:19639002 9215:Heredity 9113:Archived 9081:Archived 9061:Archived 8977:(2001). 8707:Archived 8647:Archived 8478:Archived 8431:30 March 8425:Archived 8395:Archived 8368:Archived 8338:Archived 8334:BBC News 8309:archived 8235:Archived 8083:26017457 8015:Archived 7723:Archived 7698:Archived 7677:Archived 7644:Archived 7624:Archived 7576:Archived 7555:. 2007, 7549:Archived 7481:Archived 7456:Archived 7432:Archived 7402:Archived 7183:Archived 7151:Archived 7096:Archived 7070:Archived 7033:Archived 7007:Archived 6965:Archived 6936:Archived 6875:Archived 6841:Archived 6812:Archived 6779:Archived 6770:CAPMAS. 6694:Archived 6649:Archived 6624:Archived 6485:See also 6391:R1b-M269 6327:phenetic 6309:Badarian 6274:Africans 6268:than to 6234:lineages 6231:paternal 6208:European 6172:European 6168:Badarian 5255:E1b1b1b2 5245:E1b1b1b1 5188:Saharans 5139:Moroccan 4883:(11.89%) 4873:(14.86%) 4863:(20.81%) 4838:W (0.7%) 4835:I (3.2%) 4826:K (4.7%) 4823:N (5.1%) 4820:J (7.6%) 4817:U (9.0%) 4814:T (9.4%) 4592:Natufian 4500:Arabized 4465:Egyptian 4445:toponyms 4332:El Hadad 4324:El Fawal 4316:El Nagar 4223:Surnames 4163:conflict 4148:Republic 4114:qawmiyya 3997:Islamism 3907:Albanian 3844:cultural 3828:Asiatics 3813:Islamism 3691:Military 3661:Politics 3646:Wildlife 3641:Religion 3611:Identity 3534:Language 3529:Holidays 3422:a series 3412:Identity 3321:(Cairo, 3052:Cold War 2945:Republic 2875:c. 1940. 2778:colonial 2656:and the 2511:Albanian 2494:Ottomans 2341:Al-Azhar 2331:Fatimids 2320:Ikhshids 2236:Abbasids 2232:Umayyads 2221:land tax 2194:Muhammad 2126:Melkites 2089:exegesis 2071:alphabet 2047:St. Amun 1983:Caiaphas 1920:emperor 1860:Egyptian 1792:fellahin 1747:through 1721:Egyptian 1664:Hellenic 1622:Iron Age 1579:language 1571:religion 1456:Gulf War 1260:Ahl Maṣr 1155:Masryeen 1063:compound 1057:Αἴγυπτος 1034:Aiguptos 1027:Αἴγυπτος 1024:, from " 962:Egyptian 932:, whose 723:Religion 35:reviewed 13764:Commons 13683:Museums 13627:regions 13595:Cuisine 13580:Castles 13552:Culture 13522:Smoking 13503:Judaism 13491:Mosques 13370:Housing 13317:Schools 13223:General 13212:Society 13152:Tourism 13081:Fishing 13039:Banking 13023:Economy 12748:Islands 12738:Geology 12733:Fossils 12718:Deserts 12713:Climate 12703:Borders 12649:By city 12635:Saladin 12583:Genetic 12563:Capital 12450:Kingdom 12365:Ottoman 12231:Ancient 12206:History 12110:Koreans 12095:Indians 12075:Chinese 12070:Bedouin 12039:Nubians 12027:Sa'idis 12006:Judaism 11419:5459999 11398:Bibcode 11255:Bibcode 11216:3842387 11185:Bibcode 11089:1216069 10864:2799339 10829:1562056 10794:2221029 10592:3017091 10290:9671803 10258:Bibcode 10224:9246011 10215:1715849 10166:1181965 10068:Bibcode 10032:1325007 10009:Bibcode 9898:11 June 9743:1216069 9549:5459999 9528:Bibcode 9492:1182266 9438:3576335 9407:Bibcode 9280:Bibcode 9244:2869035 8344:17 June 8107:, p. 47 8074:4446898 8053:Bibcode 7462:. 2006. 7451:Egypt. 7408:19 July 6907:28 June 6881:31 July 6512:Nubians 6350:to the 6287:A 2006 6227:Genetic 6094:Arabian 6090:Saharan 6086:Nubians 6061:in the 6051:genetic 5835:21.89% 5408:20.81% 5390:11.89% 5387:21.89% 5235:E1b1b1a 5131:Tunisia 5127:Algeria 5119:Africa. 5077:(0.27%) 5067:(0.27%) 5057:(0.27%) 5047:(0.54%) 5037:(0.54%) 5023:(0.54%) 5013:(0.54%) 5003:(0.81%) 4993:(1.08%) 4983:(1.35%) 4973:(2.16%) 4963:(2.43%) 4953:(3.24%) 4943:(5.68%) 4933:(5.94%) 4923:(6.22%) 4913:(6.75%) 4903:(6.76%) 4893:(7.03%) 4629:(12.3%) 4619:(17.3%) 4554:Mounier 4359:pronoun 4285:Fayoumi 4277:Tahtawy 4261:Banhawy 4257:Monufia 4253:Monoufi 4237:surname 4213:Islamic 4182:Culture 4050:Zionism 3985:Zagazig 3940:Please 3932:may be 3836:Nubians 3832:Libyans 3736:Tourism 3721:Economy 3596:Society 3569:Symbols 3524:History 3519:Fashion 3512:Tanoura 3482:Cuisine 3450:Culture 3406:Demotic 3383:Italian 3379:Turkish 3359:Capital 3355:Mu-ṣur. 3331:Quranic 3249:Desert 3231:Demotic 3201:In the 3056:Infitah 2888:, were 2745:Sheikh 2705:British 2697:Zagazig 2650:khedive 2640:, 1880. 2619:Maqrizi 2598:secular 2543:Wahabis 2533:in the 2478:British 2349:Ayyubid 2312:dhimmis 2084:Hexapla 1971:Ayyubid 1910:Serapis 1867:demotic 1776:Libyans 1760:Ta-Meri 1731:means ' 1604:of the 1462:History 1180:Semitic 1163:مَصريين 1151:period. 1087:English 1006:, from 942:prayers 870:to the 787:: 680:Tunisia 644:Morocco 449:Germany 369:Lebanon 296:140,322 276:230,000 256:500,000 236:500,000 196:750,000 13744:Portal 13585:Cinema 13439:Baháʼí 13353:Health 13101:Mining 13071:Energy 12795:Rivers 12708:Cities 12630:Postal 12411:Modern 12356:Mamluk 12314:Fustat 12304:Muslim 12236:topics 12194:topics 12145:Turkic 12140:Siwis 12120:Malays 12090:Greeks 11870: 11844: 11785: 11730: 11722: 11677: 11669: 11613: 11538: 11495: 11451: 11426: 11416: 11348: 11340: 11332: 11293: 11283: 11275: 11223: 11213: 11205: 11141: 11133: 11096: 11086: 10994: 10986: 10930: 10862: 10827: 10792: 10729: 10688: 10663: 10636: 10599: 10589: 10546: 10523: 10515: 10454: 10413: 10388: 10353: 10288: 10278: 10222: 10212: 10173: 10163: 10098: 10091:123201 10088: 10039: 10029: 9976: 9933: 9886: 9878: 9870: 9831: 9823: 9785: 9750: 9740: 9686: 9678: 9603: 9556: 9546: 9499: 9489: 9445: 9435: 9427: 9378: 9343: 9308: 9300: 9251: 9241: 9233: 8985: 8850: 8780:Yemen. 8680: 8641: 8571: 8518: 8374:3 June 8270: 8081: 8071: 7638:IRIN. 7618:EHRO. 7394: 7317: 7286: 7209: 7124: 6465:Levant 6461:Naqada 6432:, and 6395:allele 6336:Badari 6206:, and 6196:Abydos 6137:clinal 6104:, and 6053:, and 5853:2.43% 5850:1.62% 5847:9.19% 5844:0.81% 5841:7.03% 5838:0.81% 5798:E-V12* 5793:E-M78* 5420:9.21% 5417:5.94% 5414:2.16% 5411:6.75% 5405:0.54% 5402:5.68% 5399:0.27% 5396:1.08% 5393:6.76% 5384:3.24% 5381:2.43% 5378:1.35% 5225:E1b1b1 5133:, and 5073: 5071: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5041: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4987: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4857: 4789:(0.4%) 4785: 4783: 4779:(0.7%) 4775: 4773: 4769:(1.4%) 4765: 4763: 4759:(2.2%) 4755: 4753: 4749:(2.5%) 4745: 4743: 4739:(3.2%) 4735: 4733: 4729:(3.6%) 4725: 4723: 4719:(3.6%) 4715: 4713: 4709:(4.7%) 4705: 4703: 4699:(4.7%) 4695: 4693: 4689:(5.1%) 4685: 4683: 4679:(5.8%) 4675: 4673: 4669:(6.9%) 4665: 4663: 4659:(7.2%) 4655: 4653: 4649:(9.0%) 4645: 4643: 4639:(9.4%) 4635: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4613: 4558:Pierre 4550:French 4539:Abusir 4535:Osiris 4525:affix 4508:Arabic 4477:Suyuti 4469:Coptic 4461:Of God 4453:-noudi 4449:-nouda 4437:ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ 4433:Coptic 4426:Anubis 4418:Coptic 4406:Coptic 4398:Coptic 4390:Coptic 4386:ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛϯ 4382:Coptic 4370:Arabic 4344:Tailor 4303:(from 4301:Sohagi 4295:(from 4289:Fayoum 4287:(from 4279:(from 4271:(from 4269:Aswany 4263:(from 4255:(from 4102:Israel 3849:racial 3840:social 3834:, and 3811:, and 3731:Energy 3626:Health 3606:People 3579:Anthem 3507:Tahtib 3502:Baladi 3477:Cinema 3381:, and 3375:French 3337:, the 3323:Fustat 3258:Coptic 3254:Arabic 3247:Libyan 3165:, and 3040:Israel 2908:, and 2790:Watani 2689:revolt 2685:Tawfik 2627:Greeks 2615:Suyuti 2547:Arabia 2535:Levant 2519:cotton 2467:French 2328:Shiite 2308:mawali 2274:Coptic 2270:Gnosis 2263:Akhmim 2255:orders 2251:Sufism 2209:Fustat 2186:Arabia 2075:Origen 2067:Coptic 2062:Psalms 2011:Decius 1987:Pilate 1906:Osiris 1878:Romans 1753:Levant 1727:pr nḥḥ 1706:Osiris 1668:Celtic 1641:Nubian 1635:. The 1586:Hyksos 1413:Israel 1367:Canada 1359:Kuwait 1355:Jordan 1316:Muslim 1264:(lit. 1256:) and 1252:(lit. 1186:" or " 1149:Mamluk 1140:Arabic 1136:Coptic 1105:(قبط, 1085:". In 1065:from " 1047:Strabo 986:Coptic 926:orders 890:since 876:desert 831:Coptic 776:Arabic 748:Coptic 695: 677: 659: 641: 623: 604: 587:Sweden 584: 572:14,710 564: 552:15,000 547:France 544: 532:15,939 514:22,000 506: 494:28,400 486: 474:29,000 469:Greece 466: 454:32,505 446: 434:36,532 426: 414:39,000 406: 394:40,000 386: 374:40,000 366: 354:56,000 346: 334:57,500 330:Israel 327: 316:73,250 311:Canada 308: 288: 268: 248: 231:Kuwait 228: 211:Jordan 208: 188: 168: 148: 128: 106: 13688:Music 13671:Radio 13612:Films 13542:Women 13496:Niqāb 13481:Islam 13265:Crime 13106:Mines 12822:Wadis 12780:Oases 12753:Lakes 12698:Biota 12660:Cairo 12578:Copts 12387:Nahda 12277:Roman 12192:Egypt 11962:Sunni 11957:Islam 11728:S2CID 11580:(PDF) 11569:(PDF) 11346:S2CID 11139:S2CID 10992:S2CID 10860:JSTOR 10521:S2CID 10386:S2CID 10351:S2CID 10281:21201 10229:1 May 10124:1 May 9884:S2CID 9829:S2CID 9695:(PDF) 9684:S2CID 9654:(PDF) 9629:(PDF) 9622:(PDF) 9306:S2CID 8639:S2CID 8018:(PDF) 8011:(PDF) 7719:Libya 7512:(PDF) 7505:(PDF) 6782:(PDF) 6775:(PDF) 6188:Nubia 6150:King 5957:17.6% 5938:13.9% 5927:23.6% 5908:21.9% 5902:14.6% 5897:41.4% 5872:44.3% 5867:50.6% 5823:Study 5818:E-V65 5813:E-V32 5808:E-V22 5803:E-V13 5788:E-M78 5757:13.8% 5748:20.7% 5739:10.3% 5736:17.2% 5727:17.2% 5674:11.3% 5671:27.3% 5589:28.0% 5550:28.0% 5520:31.4% 5502:28.6% 5499:28.6% 5493:5.70% 5467:12.2% 5464:19.7% 5443:18.4% 5352:24.5% 5310:Study 5305:Other 5249:(M81) 5239:(M78) 5229:(M35) 5220:E1b1a 5180:Nubia 5135:Egypt 5116:E-M78 5108:E1b1b 4548:With 4504:Greek 4489:Habib 4481:Asyut 4479:from 4473:Minya 4457:-nuti 4441:Copts 4414:Horus 4410:ⲡⲁϩⲱⲣ 4402:ⲡⲁϧⲏⲧ 4394:ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ 4305:Sohag 4281:Tahta 4273:Aswan 4265:Benha 4121:Syria 3881:Copts 3631:Media 3564:Sport 3554:Radio 3544:Music 3487:Dance 3387:Greek 3351:Misri 3349:term 3341:term 3333:term 3243:Sinai 3183:Luxor 3076:Cairo 3036:Sinai 3012:power 2916:, an 2819:Malta 2759:Islam 2751:Mufti 2574:nahda 2539:Sudan 2515:ulama 2490:ulama 2405:ulama 2394:atrak 2368:Turks 2345:Cairo 2300:Luxor 2243:Sunni 2217:jizya 2213:Greek 2182:Islam 2087:, an 1979:Judas 1975:Jesus 1938:Herod 1934:Jesus 1926:Horus 1856:Greek 1787:akh.t 1745:Nubia 1698:Ma'at 1439:also 1436:Libya 1371:Italy 1351:Libya 1230:Masar 1226:Misir 1222:Mesru 1102:Copts 1093:, as 1008:Greek 907:Masri 856:Egypt 737:Sunni 733:Islam 702:1,000 684:1,000 666:2,000 662:Japan 648:2,000 630:5,000 612:7,710 607:Yemen 592:8,846 291:Italy 271:Qatar 251:Sudan 171:Libya 109:Egypt 13622:list 13617:Flag 13605:Wine 13600:Beer 13280:Rape 12975:list 12963:list 12800:Nile 12593:Jews 12065:Beja 11967:Shia 11868:ISBN 11842:ISBN 11801:2023 11783:ISBN 11720:PMID 11675:PMID 11667:ISSN 11651:JAMA 11631:link 11611:ISBN 11588:2023 11552:2022 11536:PMID 11493:ISBN 11467:2023 11449:ISBN 11424:PMID 11362:2023 11338:PMID 11330:ISSN 11291:PMID 11273:ISSN 11221:PMID 11203:ISSN 11131:PMID 11094:PMID 10984:ISSN 10928:PMID 10825:PMID 10790:PMID 10727:ISBN 10706:link 10686:ISBN 10661:ISBN 10634:ISBN 10597:PMID 10544:ISBN 10513:ISSN 10452:PMID 10411:ISBN 10286:PMID 10250:PNAS 10231:2012 10220:PMID 10171:PMID 10126:2012 10096:PMID 10037:PMID 9974:ISBN 9931:PMID 9900:2022 9876:PMID 9868:ISSN 9821:PMID 9783:PMID 9748:PMID 9703:2016 9676:PMID 9601:PMID 9554:PMID 9497:PMID 9443:PMID 9425:ISSN 9376:PMID 9341:PMID 9298:PMID 9249:PMID 9231:ISSN 9196:link 8983:ISBN 8918:Arab 8848:ISBN 8678:ISBN 8569:ISBN 8516:ISSN 8433:2018 8403:2018 8376:2014 8346:2019 8317:2018 8268:ISBN 8079:PMID 7410:2016 7392:ISBN 7315:ISBN 7284:ISBN 7207:ISBN 7122:ISBN 7015:2020 6909:2020 6883:2016 6849:2014 6790:2018 6750:2023 6632:2018 6420:and 6272:and 6192:Kush 6174:and 6030:and 6000:4.3% 5991:2.1% 5986:6.4% 5970:2.9% 5963:8.8% 5960:5.9% 5941:2.8% 5935:1.4% 5932:5.6% 5913:2.4% 5905:2.4% 5883:1.3% 5878:3.8% 5875:1.3% 5832:370 5751:3.4% 5745:3.4% 5730:6.8% 5718:0.0% 5704:6.8% 5701:9.9% 5698:2.3% 5695:9.1% 5692:9.1% 5683:2.3% 5680:6.8% 5668:4.5% 5662:2.3% 5648:8.5% 5621:2.5% 5592:8.3% 5583:6.5% 5580:7.5% 5574:3.2% 5559:6.5% 5556:2.2% 5553:6.5% 5496:5.7% 5476:2.1% 5473:4.1% 5470:3.4% 5458:8.8% 5455:8.2% 5446:5.4% 5437:2.7% 5434:2.7% 5375:370 5364:6.5% 5361:8.4% 5358:2.8% 5346:7.5% 5337:8.5% 5325:3.5% 5178:and 5110:and 4512:-ios 4498:and 4485:Sufi 4475:and 4467:and 4428:"). 4328:Foul 4211:and 4146:and 3842:and 3574:Flag 3335:Miṣr 3327:Giza 3267:The 3241:and 2969:and 2953:The 2884:and 2782:Umma 2765:and 2703:and 2672:and 2617:and 2525:and 2523:rice 2434:and 2398:Beys 2366:and 2355:The 2234:and 2052:The 2045:and 1950:Nero 1908:and 1902:Isis 1887:Jews 1827:and 1809:km.t 1801:Hapy 1783:Nile 1685:and 1627:The 1618:20th 1616:and 1614:19th 1575:arts 1487:and 1434:and 1432:Iraq 1379:Nile 1228:and 1205:Maṣr 1197:Miṣr 1030:", " 923:Sufi 919:Shia 884:west 880:east 822:IPA: 796:IPA: 698:Mali 567:Iraq 349:Oman 11895:−28 11710:hdl 11702:doi 11698:345 11694:BMJ 11659:doi 11655:303 11526:doi 11414:PMC 11406:doi 11322:doi 11318:313 11281:PMC 11263:doi 11211:PMC 11193:doi 11123:doi 11084:PMC 11076:doi 11043:doi 10976:doi 10920:doi 10916:129 10891:doi 10852:doi 10844:Man 10817:doi 10782:doi 10587:PMC 10577:doi 10503:doi 10444:doi 10440:132 10378:doi 10343:doi 10276:PMC 10266:doi 10210:PMC 10202:doi 10161:PMC 10153:doi 10086:PMC 10076:doi 10027:PMC 10017:doi 10005:103 9923:doi 9919:140 9860:doi 9813:doi 9775:doi 9771:121 9738:PMC 9730:doi 9666:doi 9591:doi 9544:PMC 9536:doi 9487:PMC 9479:doi 9433:PMC 9415:doi 9368:doi 9333:doi 9288:doi 9239:PMC 9223:doi 9219:103 8797:BBC 8703:NPR 8631:doi 8421:BBC 8069:PMC 8061:doi 6724:doi 6383:R1b 6295:of 6126:215 6122:M35 5639:15% 5636:20% 5615:31% 5612:10% 5431:147 5331:36% 5319:110 5300:R1b 5295:R1a 5215:A/B 4531:abu 4506:or 4463:in 4455:or 4374:/p/ 4368:in 4338:), 4330:), 4322:), 4291:), 4283:), 4275:), 4267:), 4259:), 4116:). 3711:Law 3074:in 3038:to 2545:in 2449:by 1740:rmṯ 1677:), 1639:of 1541:in 1443:). 1373:). 1190:". 1016:", 905:or 854:in 37:on 13781:: 13676:TV 11876:. 11850:. 11791:. 11753:. 11749:. 11726:. 11718:. 11708:. 11696:. 11673:. 11665:. 11653:. 11649:. 11627:}} 11623:{{ 11590:. 11571:. 11542:. 11534:. 11522:30 11520:. 11516:. 11475:^ 11457:. 11422:. 11412:. 11404:. 11392:. 11388:. 11352:. 11344:. 11336:. 11328:. 11316:. 11312:. 11289:. 11279:. 11271:. 11261:. 11251:18 11249:. 11245:. 11233:^ 11219:. 11209:. 11201:. 11191:. 11179:. 11175:. 11137:. 11129:. 11119:74 11117:. 11092:. 11082:. 11072:75 11070:. 11066:. 11039:36 11037:. 11033:. 10998:. 10990:. 10982:. 10972:36 10970:. 10966:. 10948:. 10926:. 10914:. 10887:36 10885:. 10881:. 10858:. 10846:. 10823:. 10813:87 10811:. 10788:. 10778:83 10776:. 10702:}} 10698:{{ 10595:. 10585:. 10571:. 10567:. 10519:. 10511:. 10499:88 10497:. 10493:. 10474:. 10450:. 10438:. 10434:. 10384:. 10374:63 10372:. 10349:. 10337:. 10284:. 10274:. 10264:. 10254:95 10252:. 10248:. 10218:. 10208:. 10198:61 10196:. 10192:. 10169:. 10159:. 10149:74 10147:. 10143:. 10094:. 10084:. 10074:. 10064:99 10062:. 10058:. 10035:. 10025:. 10015:. 10003:. 9997:. 9972:. 9929:. 9917:. 9890:. 9882:. 9874:. 9866:. 9856:17 9854:. 9850:. 9827:. 9819:. 9809:17 9807:. 9795:^ 9781:. 9769:. 9746:. 9736:. 9726:75 9724:. 9720:. 9690:. 9682:. 9674:. 9662:13 9660:. 9656:. 9599:. 9587:24 9585:. 9581:. 9566:^ 9552:. 9542:. 9534:. 9522:. 9518:. 9495:. 9485:. 9475:74 9473:. 9469:. 9455:^ 9441:. 9431:. 9423:. 9413:. 9401:. 9397:. 9374:. 9362:. 9339:. 9327:. 9304:. 9296:. 9286:. 9276:29 9274:. 9270:. 9247:. 9237:. 9229:. 9217:. 9213:. 9192:}} 9188:{{ 9154:^ 9142:^ 9092:^ 8997:^ 8856:. 8826:. 8816:. 8799:. 8795:. 8773:. 8756:. 8752:. 8734:. 8716:. 8705:. 8701:. 8662:^ 8645:. 8637:. 8627:11 8625:. 8621:. 8600:^ 8534:^ 8476:. 8472:. 8441:^ 8419:. 8362:. 8332:. 8142:^ 8130:^ 8077:. 8067:. 8059:. 8047:. 8043:. 8013:. 7919:^ 7871:^ 7721:. 7564:^ 7479:. 7475:. 7430:. 7426:. 7400:. 7369:. 7292:, 7251:^ 7241:, 7130:. 7094:. 7081:^ 7031:. 7001:. 6980:^ 6963:. 6959:. 6934:. 6930:. 6899:. 6865:. 6839:. 6806:. 6758:^ 6720:87 6718:. 6714:. 6618:. 6601:^ 6573:. 6467:". 6428:, 6248:. 6110:P2 6100:, 6096:, 6080:, 6049:, 5983:93 5954:34 5924:72 5894:41 5864:79 5715:29 5659:44 5645:2% 5642:5% 5630:2% 5609:3% 5606:1% 5603:87 5562:1% 5547:93 5487:35 5355:2% 5290:J2 5285:J1 5210:Nb 5129:, 4787:JT 4757:L0 4747:L1 4717:L2 4677:HV 4627:L3 4617:R0 4556:, 4527:pu 4516:el 4491:. 4451:, 4435:: 4420:: 4408:: 4400:: 4392:: 4384:: 4366:ba 4362:pa 4299:) 4207:, 4064:. 3999:. 3987:. 3894:, 3830:, 3826:, 3807:, 3803:, 3425:on 3393:. 3377:, 3325:, 3279:, 3181:A 3161:, 3112:. 3086:. 2904:, 2900:, 2896:, 2892:, 2867:, 2676:. 2537:, 2521:, 2095:. 2041:, 2037:, 1962:. 1940:. 1843:c. 1841:, 1774:, 1755:. 1647:. 1624:. 1577:, 1573:, 1430:, 1244:, 1224:, 1165:, 1161:: 1122:, 1073:" 1045:, 996:" 980:" 894:. 837:, 833:: 829:; 820:, 811:, 807:: 803:; 794:, 782:, 778:: 33:, 12184:e 12177:t 12170:v 11933:e 11926:t 11919:v 11905:. 11803:. 11764:. 11734:. 11712:: 11704:: 11681:. 11661:: 11633:) 11619:. 11554:. 11528:: 11501:. 11469:. 11430:. 11408:: 11400:: 11394:8 11364:. 11324:: 11297:. 11265:: 11257:: 11227:. 11195:: 11187:: 11181:8 11160:. 11145:. 11125:: 11100:. 11078:: 11051:. 11045:: 11009:. 10978:: 10934:. 10922:: 10899:. 10893:: 10866:. 10854:: 10848:2 10831:. 10819:: 10796:. 10784:: 10735:. 10708:) 10694:. 10669:. 10642:. 10617:. 10603:. 10579:: 10573:6 10552:. 10527:. 10505:: 10478:. 10458:. 10446:: 10419:. 10392:. 10380:: 10357:. 10345:: 10339:2 10292:. 10268:: 10260:: 10233:. 10204:: 10177:. 10155:: 10128:. 10102:. 10078:: 10070:: 10043:. 10019:: 10011:: 9982:. 9970:6 9937:. 9925:: 9902:. 9862:: 9835:. 9815:: 9789:. 9777:: 9754:. 9732:: 9705:. 9668:: 9638:. 9607:. 9593:: 9560:. 9538:: 9530:: 9524:8 9503:. 9481:: 9449:. 9417:: 9409:: 9403:8 9382:. 9370:: 9364:3 9347:. 9335:: 9329:3 9312:. 9290:: 9282:: 9255:. 9225:: 9198:) 8991:. 8686:. 8656:. 8633:: 8577:. 8487:. 8435:. 8405:. 8378:. 8348:. 8282:. 8085:. 8063:: 8055:: 8049:5 8027:. 7707:. 7662:. 7607:. 7521:. 7490:. 7441:. 7412:. 7373:. 7169:. 7105:. 7056:. 7042:. 7017:. 6974:. 6945:. 6917:. 6911:. 6885:. 6851:. 6821:. 6792:. 6752:. 6730:. 6726:: 6634:. 6584:. 6452:' 6190:/ 6160:c 6154:. 6124:/ 5783:N 5760:0 5754:0 5742:0 5733:0 5724:0 5721:0 5689:0 5686:0 5677:0 5665:0 5633:0 5627:0 5624:0 5618:0 5586:0 5577:0 5571:0 5568:0 5565:0 5532:0 5529:0 5526:0 5523:0 5517:0 5514:0 5511:0 5508:0 5505:0 5490:0 5461:0 5452:0 5449:0 5440:0 5349:0 5343:0 5340:0 5334:0 5328:0 5322:0 5280:I 5275:G 5270:K 5265:F 5112:J 5033:, 4777:W 4767:X 4737:I 4727:H 4707:K 4697:R 4687:N 4667:M 4657:J 4647:U 4637:T 4342:( 4334:( 4318:( 4002:" 3956:) 3952:( 3948:. 3938:. 3788:e 3781:t 3774:v 3189:. 2302:. 2157:. 1993:. 1157:( 1097:. 1010:" 774:( 750:) 739:) 62:. 41:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index