Greece - Knowledge

2980: 2216: 6052: 1877: 7024: 7044: 5167: 25494: 3278: 9350: 5789:, and one of the lowest in the world, considerably below the high of 5.5 children in 1900. Greece's median age is 44.2 years, the seventh-highest in the world. In 2001, 17% of the population were 65 years old and older, 68% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15% were 14 years old and younger. By 2016, the proportion of the population age 65 and older had risen to 21%, while the proportion of those aged 14 and younger declined to slightly below 14%. Marriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 51 in 2004. Divorce rates have seen an increase from 191 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 240 per 1,000 marriages in 2004. 3854: 7329: 9618: 2044: 9660:) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year. In addition to the national holidays, there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. For example, many municipalities have a "Patron Saint" parallel to " 9368: 5763: 2412: 2550: 7118:, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the university sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2–3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of 182: 9044: 26856: 1325: 4905: 14357:

Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

5029: 3812: 2707: 8241: 7543: 5999: 1525: 4266: 13398: 4503: 5111: 8866: 2172: 6685: 4096: 6993: 87: 2354: 3461: 3836: 6843: 2369:, while others, like Athens, were self-governed municipalities. Mountainous regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for centuries. The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote. However, prior to the Greek Revolution of 1821, there had been wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the 26435: 8503: 3366: 12748: 1773: 735: 5989: 8068: 8059: 594: 575: 25799: 25150: 8077: 5273: 21295: 5388: 3525: 9709: 7728: 73: 25811: 25160: 6042: 4246: 12513: 9695: 8436: 2164:. The imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica. However, the view that Greece underwent decline, fragmentation and depopulation is considered outdated, as cities show institutional continuity and prosperity between the 4th and 6th centuries. In the early 6th century, Greece had approximately 80 cities according to the 16366:"These instruments were not invented by Greece, nor did investment banks discover them just for Greece," said Christophoros Sardelis, who was chief of Greece's debt management agency when the contracts were conducted with Goldman Sachs.Such contracts were also used by other European countries until Eurostat, the EU's statistic agency, stopped accepting them later in the decade. Eurostat has also asked Athens to clarify the contracts. 5373: 5323: 1886: 5574: 21285: 760: 712: 693: 660: 641: 3270: 192: 8596: 7216: 2979: 21210: 8617:'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern urban popular song, influencing its development. For the first part of the next century, Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage ('theatrical revue songs') in 3130: 5047:. In 2009, it was revealed deficits had been considerably higher than official figures. Banks had supplied cash in exchange for future payments by various governments; in turn the liabilities of the countries were "kept off the books", hiding borrowing levels. This enabled Greece to spend beyond its means, while technically meeting the deficit target in the 14415:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

10055: 12630: 7060:(education), which was upheld as one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world. The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth-century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The 14414:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct

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The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of I.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the Greeks who were transferred after 1923

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The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are in the larger urban centers, especially Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. There is a considerable number of co-ethnics that

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which ended the war. The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey (some of whom could not speak Greek) had to be integrated into Greek society. The refugees made a dramatic population boost, as they were more than a quarter of Greece's

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Greece actually executed the swap transactions to reduce its debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratio because all member states were required by the Maastricht Treaty to show an improvement in their public finances," Laffan said in an e-mail. "The swaps were one of several techniques that many European

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They formed an alliance, which we call the Hellenic League, and bound themselves not just to repel the Persians, but to help one another whatever particular enemy threatened the freedom of the Greek cities. This was a real acknowledgment of a shared Greekness, and a first attempt to unify the Greek

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nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%), and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some immigrants from Albania

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Partly due to the imposed austerity, Greece experienced a 25% drop in GDP between 2009 and 2015. The debt ratio, jumped from 127% to about 170%, due to the shrinking economy. In 2013, the IMF admitted it had underestimated the effects of tax hikes and budget cuts and issued an informal apology. The

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began in the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor. During the 11th and 12th centuries the

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are living in Greece (2.47% of the population). Other minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various areas. Their use decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. They are only maintained by

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Modern digital information and communication networks reach all areas. There are over 35,000 km (21,748 mi) of fiber optics and an extensive open-wire network. Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011,

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

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and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. The number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5% of the world's tonnage (ranked fifth globally). Today's fleet is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.

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This credit disguised as a swap didn't show up in the Greek debt statistics. Eurostat's reporting rules don't comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives. "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," says a German derivatives dealer. In previous

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In the 18th century, Greek merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, established communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Europe, and used their wealth to fund educational activities that brought younger generations into contact with Western ideas. In the 18th

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72% of adults aged 25–64 have completed upper secondary education, which is slightly less than the OECD average of 74%. The average Greek pupil scored 458 in reading literacy, maths and science in the OECD's 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This is lower than the OECD

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in 1770. These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed. Many Greeks were conscripted as Ottoman subjects to serve in the Ottoman army and especially the navy, while the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, responsible for the Orthodox, remained in general loyal to the

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Art production continued during the Byzantine era. The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. Classical art was marked by attempts to create representations that mimicked reality, Byzantine art favoured a more symbolic approach. Byzantine

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as the 'prevailing' faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all. The government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify

2327:) achieved power within the Ottoman administration, much of Greece suffered the economic consequences of Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into 5588:

The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development and Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2017, spending on research and development (R&D) reached an all-time high of

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resulted in reforms over the 1980s. He recognised civil marriage, the dowry was abolished, while education and foreign policy doctrines changed. However, Papandreou's tenure has been associated with corruption, high inflation, stagnation and budget deficits that later caused problems.

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Greece has one of the highest rates of tertiary enrollment in the world, while Greeks are well represented in academia worldwide; leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty. Greek scientific publications have grown significantly in terms of

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remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters, Byzantine music was deprived of elements which, in the West, encouraged an unimpeded development of art. Byzantium presented the monophonic

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educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both

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Tourism has been a key element of the economy and one of the most important sectors, contributing 21% of gross domestic product in 2018. Greece was the 9th most visited country in the world in 2022, hosting 28 million visitors, an increase from 18 million tourists in 2007.

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poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God". According to other sources, 16% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey found just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 5% in

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There were interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to technical differences, they underwent differentiated developments. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. The most respected form of art, according to

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Greece's health care expenditures was 9.6% of GDP in 2007. By 2015, it declined to 8.4%, compared with the EU average of 9.5%. Nevertheless, the country maintains the highest doctor-to-population ratio of any OECD country and the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the EU.

2730:, Greek sentiment rallied to Russia, but Greece was too poor and concerned about British intervention, to enter the war. Greeks in Crete continued to stage revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing 159: 2350:, Christians faced discrimination. Discrimination, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance. 161: 10434:

The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more examples are Charles Freeman's The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World (1999) and Bruce Thornton's Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization

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Greece has the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. It has been the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania and most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of North Macedonia. The Greek telecommunications company

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In dozens of deals across the Continent, banks provided cash upfront in return for government payments in the future, with those liabilities then left off the books. Greece, for example, traded away the rights to airport fees and lottery proceeds in years to

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Greeks are already among the three largest investors in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia, and overall Greek investment in the ... Its banking sector represents 16% of banking activities in the region, and Greek banks open a new branch in a Balkan country almost

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mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a

163: 162: 11248: 3019:. The Nazis proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions were given to Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–42, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and 7168:

report, Greece was ranked the 19th out of 176 countries for the state of mothers and newborn babies. As of 2014, there were 124 public hospitals, of which 106 were general hospitals and 18 specialised hospitals, with a total capacity of about 30,000 beds.

12262: 7574:, from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC. The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders: the 19715:

In 1979, a friend of de Boer's invited him to join a team of scientists that was going to Greece to assess the suitability of the ... But the idea of learning more about Greece – the cradle of Western civilization, a fresh example of tectonic forces at

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around Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway; along with a

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Introduction Greece and Turkey are situated at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and their inhabitants have had a long history of cultural interaction even though their languages are neither genetically nor typologically

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Marie-Antoinette de Lumley, Gaspard Guipert, Henry de Lumley, Natassa Protopapa, Théodoros Pitsios, Apidima 1 and Apidima 2: Two anteneandertal skulls in the Peloponnese, Greece, L'Anthropologie, Volume 124, Issue 1, 2020, 102743, ISSN 0003-5521,

5509:, the port of Athens, was the third busiest passenger port in Europe as of 2021. 37 million passengers traveled by boat in Greece in 2019, the second-highest in Europe. Greece has 39 active airports, 15 of which serve international destinations. 10864: 7129:

The education system provides special kindergartens, primary, and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. There are specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological, and physical education.

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A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of the population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or

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Greece's Strategic Position in the Balkans And Eastern Mediterranean Greece is located at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa). It is an integral part of the Balkans (where it is the only country that is a member of the

9867:, who distinguishes three distinct types of party system which developed in consecutive order, namely, a predominant-party system (from 1952 to 1963), a system of polarised pluralism (between 1963 and 1981), and a two-party system (since 1981). 6654:, or Hellenism has been legally recognised as an actively practised religion, with estimates of 2,000 active practitioners and an additional 100,000 "sympathisers". Hellenism refers to religious movements that continue, revive, or reconstruct 3692:) with cold, damp winters and hot, moderately dry summers with occasional thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief periods of snowy weather are possible even in low-lying southern areas, such as 2619:

of Otto's reign, it proved instrumental in developing institutions which are still the bedrock of Greek administration and education. Reforms were taken in education, maritime and postal communications, effective civil administration and the

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numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 (Ladas I932, 438–439), but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece.

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As reports from the GSY (2007) show, young people have the opportunity to become acquainted with many diverse civilisations and cultures, through Greece's strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Accordingly, many

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Greek ships make up 70 percent of the European Union's total merchant fleet. Greece has a large shipbuilding and ship refitting industry. Its six shipyards near Piraeus are among the biggest in Europe. As Greek ships primarily transport

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Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenised East were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers were mostly Greek-speaking, though not from Greece itself. The

8635:, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later reached greater acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later 5226:

The shipping industry has been a key element of economic activity since ancient times. Shipping remains one of the country's most important industries, accounting for 5% of GDP and employing about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce).

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Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers – the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile – the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all

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Buettner and a team of demographers work with census data to identify blue zones around the world. They found Icaria had the highest percentage of 90-year-olds anywhere on the planet — nearly 1 out of 3 people make it to their

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As a result of these trends, the average household is smaller and older than in previous generations. The economic crisis exacerbated this development, with 350,000–450,000 Greeks, predominantly young adults, emigrating since 2010.

11365: 4967:(at 18% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union. In 2021 unemployment stood at 13% and 16923: 13985:

Greece itself shows a special geopolitical importance as it is situated at the crossroads of three continents – Europe, Asia and Africa – and can be therefore considered as a natural bridge between Europe and the Middle

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By the fifteenth century most Byzantine intellectuals alluded to themselves as Hellenes. John Argyropoulus even calls the Emperor 'Emperor of the Hellenes' and describes the last wars of Byzantium as a struggle for the freedom of

17768: 7302:, and mathematics. They introduced important literary forms as epic and lyrical poetry, history, tragedy, comedy and drama. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced 5558:

connections can be found almost everywhere. As of July 2022, 5G service is accessible in most of major cities. The UN ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.

19150:"Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)" 18402:

This table lists the largest cities, contained in their contiguous built-up urban areas, which are made up of many municipalities (as in Athens and Thessaloniki) or contained within a larger single municipality (most smaller

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Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BC, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years later. The ancient

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Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek. Athens is considered the birthplace of Western literature. At the beginning of Greek literature stand the monumental works of

18348: 4140:. The aims of the Ministry are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguard the interests of the state and its citizens abroad; promote Greek culture; foster closer relations with the 2248:). The re-establishment of the imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, while the islands remained under Genoese and Venetian control. During the 19119: 16996: 15925: 14060: 14016:

Introduction Migration movements from and to, or via Greece, are an age-old phenomenon. Situated at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa), Greece has been, at different historical times, both a

10498: 5058:, which caused Greece's GDP to contract 2.5% in 2009. Simultaneously, deficits were revealed to have been allowed to reach 10% and 15% in 2008 and 2009. This caused Greece's debt-to-GDP ratio to increase to 127%. As a 8670:(which were under western rule) that major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first school of modern Greek classical music ( 17704: 15977:"Albania Eyes New Markets as Greek Crisis Hits Home Businesses affected by the economic downturn in Greece are seeking new markets in the West, hoping that a cheap and qualified labour force will draw fresh clients" 10550:

People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan

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According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. Since the late '70s, Saturday also is a non-school and not working day. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March

3224:, and subsequent austerity policies, resulted in social strife. The crisis ended around 2018, with the end of the bailout mechanisms and return of growth. Simultaneously, Tsipras, and the leader of North Macedonia, 12929: 7445:, a label used to describe the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (867–1056), which scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into 6692:

Greece is relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive

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According to an OECD report, Greeks display a moderate level of civic participation compared to most other developed countries; voter turnout was 58% during recent elections, lower than the OECD average of 69%.

3099:. Civil rights were suspended, political repression intensified, and human rights abuses, including torture, were rampant. Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in 1972. The brutal suppression of the 6642:

is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are no official statistics about the Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The

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that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The president of the republic formally appoints the prime minister and, on their recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.

19873:Παύλος Κυριαζής, «Σταμάτης Βούλγαρης. Ο αγωνιστής, ο πολεοδόμος, ο άνθρωπος», στο: Συλλογικό, Πρώτοι Έλληνες τεχνικοί επιστήμονες περιόδου απελευθέρωσης, εκδ. Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδος, Αθήνα, 1976, σελ.158 9537: 17285: 16170:

show that Greece has become the largest investor into Macedonia (FYRM), while Greek companies such as OTE have also developed strong presences in countries of the former Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.

7282:. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including 17402: 4190:

Due to its geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is of geostrategic importance, which it has leveraged to develop a regional policy to promote peace and stability in the

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Greek nationalism, in other words, was articulated as the boundaries of Byzantium shrank... the Palaeologian restoration that the two words are brought into definite and cognate relationship with 'nation'

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The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea that Greece is the cradle of civilisation is so much rooted in western minds and school curricula as to be taken for

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is generally one year for 19 to 45 year olds. Additionally, Greek males between the ages of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard.

2215: 18697: 13793: 5251:. The modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s. 11546: 10022: 4344:

on a per capita basis, and the second-highest in NATO after the United States. Moreover, Greece is one of only five NATO countries to meet or surpass the minimum defence spending target of 2% of GDP.

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its currency to regain competitiveness. In the 2012 elections, there was major political change, with new parties emerging from the collapse of the two main parties, PASOK and New Democracy. In 2015,

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The 1950s and early 1960s are considered to be a "golden age" of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognised as important figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim:

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second largest investor of foreign capital in Albania, and the third largest foreign investor in Bulgaria. Greece is the most important trading partner of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

4374:. The judicial system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between citizens and the Greek administrative authorities. 13318: 12757:, p. 239, "Διὰ τοῦ Συντάγματος τοῦ 1864 καθιερώθει ὡς πολίτευμα διὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἡ κοινοβουλευτικὴ μοναρχία, ἣ, ὅπως ἄλλως ἐχαρακτηρίσθη, ἡ «βασιλευομένη δημοκρατία» ἣ «δημοκρατικὴ βασιλεία»" . 3035:

in reprisals. Hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1 million Greeks left homeless. The Germans executed around 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000, and the Italians 9,000.

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This Hellenic League – the first union of Greek states since the mythical times of the Trojan War – was the instrument through which the Greeks organised their successful resistance to Persia.

1832:, a seminal period that laid many foundations of Western civilization. Lack of political unity resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the 27491: 27062: 16871: 16462: 12788:

The revolt marked the end of constitutional monarchy and the beginning of a crowned democracy with George-Christian-Wilhelm of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Glücksburg dynasty as monarch.

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in 1862 because of the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottomans. He was replaced by Prince Wilhelm of Denmark, who took the name

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Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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recorded 9,903,268 Greek citizens (92%), 480,824 Albanian citizens (4.4%), 75,915 Bulgarian citizens (0.7%), 46,523 Romanian citizenship (0.4%), 34,177 Pakistani citizens (0.3%), 27,400

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Since the 1980s, the road and rail network has been modernised. With a total length of about 2,320 km (1,440 mi) as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the most extensive in

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citizens (0.25%) and 247,090 people had other or unidentified citizenship (2%). 189,000 people of the total population of Albanian citizens were reported in 2008 as ethnic Greeks from

17575: 4321: 17884: 15197: 6635: 3400:(the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east–west travel. Its extensions cross through the Peloponnese, ending in the island of Crete. The 2099:. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor 17522: 16250: 15137: 8989:

and wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs from different parts of the mainland and island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines:

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Greek vocal music extends back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments included the double-reed

7087:) are compulsory for any child above four. Children start primary school aged six and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts aged 12 and lasts for three years. 5063: 153: 19521: 14682: 2734:, the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated. Through the intervention of the Great Powers, however, Greece lost little territory, while Crete was established as an 16546: 13744: 13493: 15918: 14068: 13651: 13544: 10172:

Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries.

7818:

Modern Greek theatre was born after independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The

12817:

In 1862, however, a revolt brought about important changes in the political system that led to the so-called "crowned democracy", i.e. a kingdom with a democratic government.

6524:, range around 100,000, about 1% of the population. Some of the Albanian immigrants to Greece come from a nominally Muslim background, though most are secular. Following the 927:

is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece, the only country in the world where Eastern Orthodoxy is clearly recognized as a state religion.

26270: 18856: 18370: 10746: 12076: 12050: 5096:

In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the eurozone average economic growth of 0.8%.

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A 2011, OECD report showed Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members. The obesity rate is 18%, above the OECD average of 15%.

3984: 16708: 15773: 14987: 14334: 12921: 26468: 17539: 11812: 2580:. Kapodistrias established state, economic and military institutions. Tensions appeared between him and local interests and, following his assassination in 1831 and the 16797: 15884: 12656: 12222: 27055: 15359: 12837: 12775: 12614: 10110: 8584:. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, 5612: 3754: 16050: 10582: 9533: 3388:, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the 27471: 17293: 12450: 11287: 10949: 10906: 6051: 20542: 17394: 17367: 15539: 13226: 10352: 9407:. During the parade of nations, Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every 6781:

and who used to live scattered across areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups usually identify ethnically as Greek and are bilingual in Greek.

2071:

power. In 146 BC, Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate. The process was completed in 27 BC, when emperor

19660: 18896: 16379: 12024: 11585: 5778:

in 2016 was 8.5 per 1,000, significantly lower than the rate of 14.5 in 1981. The mortality rate increased from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 11.2 in 2016.

608: 18222: 15639: 15047: 14824: 14481: 27022: 18588: 18049: 17973: 15862: 15678: 10287: 7608:

After Greek Independence, modern Greek architects combined traditional Greek and Byzantine elements and motives with the western European movements and styles.

26788: 23895: 19578: 15824: 14755: 9924: 9411:, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 121 medals (35 gold, 45 silver and 41 bronze), Greece is ranked 33rd by gold medals in the 3180:

party, with the two political formations dominating government over the next four decades. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the

19249: 18689: 13785: 27048: 23215: 10016: 7851: 1995:. Greek science, technology, and mathematics reached their peak during the Hellenistic period. Aspiring to maintain their autonomy and independence from the 18199: 17910: 14719: 9994: 9077:, a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were minor productions such as newscasts before. In 1931, 5287:

Most visitors come from the European continent, while the most from a single nationality are from the United Kingdom, followed by Germany. The most visited

3020: 25209: 17081: 16841: 14921: 12733: 4341: 1280: 15491: 6878:. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s, but until the beginning of the 1990s, the main influx was returning Greek migrants or of 2103:

in 391–392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. The closure of the

27496: 19806: 19207: 4313:

for law enforcement at sea, search and rescue, and port operations. Though it can support the navy during wartime, it resides under the authority of the

18131: 17643: 17424: 8537:. Music played an important role in education. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the 7709:

There is an emerging need to secure the long-term preservation of the archaeological sites and monuments against the growing threats of climate change.

25907: 20694: 16819: 16353: 14957: 13676: 13421:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51, Figure 2.3 "Numeracy in selected Balkan and Caucasus countries", based on data from Crayen and Baten (2010). 12139: 11838: 5917: 5502:) which is under construction and opening in stages. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. 4987: 3054:

forces and the anti-communist Greek government, which lasted until 1949, with the latter's victory. The conflict, one of the earliest struggles of the

16897: 16676: 13859: 13707:"After the Prespa Agreement: Why North Macedonia's Accession to EU won't happen in the near future | Ústav mezinárodních vztahů – Expertise to impact" 13706: 13570: 11386: 3322:

in the world, with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes

2365:

The nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied, though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh. Some cities had governors appointed by the

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measures to bring its deficit down. A second bail-out of €130 billion was agreed in 2012, subject to financial reforms and further austerity. A

4999: 4179:. There is a long-standing conflict between Turkey and Greece over natural resources in the eastern Mediterranean. Turkey does not recognize a legal 18556: 16867: 16763: 16454: 15802: 15719: 11094: 7421:

and luxury works, were much rarer. It has been established that ancient Greek sculptures were painted with a variety of colours, a feature known as

5615:

was founded in 1959 and is the largest multidisciplinary research center in Greece. Its activities cover several fields of science and engineering.

2890:(1914–22), when Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks, along with similar numbers of 17828: 16511: 15617: 14799: 9549: 9545: 579: 16579: 12528: 11898:

The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence

25882: 25877: 24821: 24817: 24813: 24809: 24805: 16312: 14657: 6705:

dialect came due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and barely spoken. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the

6544:, were exchanged with approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in 3111:

in response to a Greek-backed Cypriot coup, triggering a crisis in Greece that led to the regime's collapse and restoration of democracy through

1567:

settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe, as Greece lies on the route by which farming spread from the

17939: 16945: 15453: 11310: 26206: 24801: 22740: 21785: 21706: 21545: 20172: 19016: 18986: 17618: 11232: 5608: 4221: 4145: 2249: 1876: 17454: 15009: 12246: 5093:

policies have been blamed for worsening the crisis, while others stressed the creditors' share in responsibility. The bailouts ended in 2018.

3318:) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its highly indented coastline and numerous islands give Greece the 21858: 20502: 19223: 18109: 18020: 10192: 9568:

are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions.

6627: 6533: 2899: 716: 19046: 18528: 18299: 17585: 16920:"Pavlopoulos to Moscovici: the mistakes that led to painful sacrifices for the Greek people should not be repeated (Kathimerini, in Greek))" 16285: 11387:

Gerard Friell; Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams; Stephen Williams (8 August 2005).

5607:(ESA) in 1994 and has been its member since 2005. The country participates in the ESA's telecommunication and technology activities and the 27476: 27461: 26256: 24797: 22915: 21795: 19149: 18262: 17880: 17233: 14304: 14264: 9541: 9308: 771: 20418: 15580: 15189: 12859: 12381: 3408:

in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the

27030: 26446: 25849: 24825: 20380: 18718:

Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). "Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century: an Overview" in Lucian N. Leustean (editor),

16610: 16242: 15385: 15286: 15129: 11912: 11727: 10537: 10391: 9928: 8113:

refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century. The Cretan Renaissance poem

7048: 7023: 5316:

in Greece, and Greece is ranked 17th in the world in total sites. Thirteen further sites are on the tentative list, awaiting nomination.

3506:, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey; the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey; the 2107:

Academy of Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the academy continued.

21242: 19076: 18161: 17995:

Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (4 November 2023).

15976: 14895: 14212: 13191: 12533: 10673: 3510:, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea; and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea. 3255:. In February 2024, Greece became the first Orthodox Christian country to recognise same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples. 26831: 26781: 25872: 23285: 23245: 22778: 19529: 18934: 17082:"Έφτασαν το 1,5 εκατ. οι πελάτες των εναλλακτικών προμηθευτών ρεύματος - Τι δείχνουν τα στοιχεία του ΔΕΔΔΗΕ για την μετακίνηση πελατών" 15428: 13308: 12403: 9898: 9529: 9461:

has a decades-long tradition of excellence, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the

9318: 8353:

was characterised by a Christian world-view, but one which could draw ideas directly from the Greek texts of Plato, Aristotle, and the

7187:", a region where people allegedly live longer than average and have lower rates of cancer, heart disease, or other chronic illnesses. 7114:

According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα,

4363: 4337: 4172: 2600:

and, later, by Otto himself, as King and Premier. Greece remained under the influence of its three protecting great powers. In 1843 an

1574:

Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and considered the birthplace of Western civilisation, beginning with the

543: 19398: 18792: 18632: 18506: 17099: 16542: 16017: 14694: 13830: 12591: 10861: 7004:. The reason given is: The description of the secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education does not reflect the current situation. 5178:(known by its acronym ΔΕΗ, transliterated as DEI), which supplied 75% of electricity in 2021. Some of DEI's output is generated using 2346:

population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to

27079: 27071: 25122: 24845: 19195: 14518: 14090: 13736: 13485: 12473: 9576: 9092: 4925: 2820: 2339: 1057: 664: 20617: 18820: 15517: 14857: 13643: 13618: 13536: 12800: 7183:

has the highest percentage of nonagenarians in the world; 33% of islanders are 90 or older. Icaria is subsequently classified as a "

1792:

controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and Macedonia. Attempts by Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule

27026: 25202: 23502: 23152: 21819: 19311: 15227: 14627: 9680: 9591:, is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and Greek clubs have had significant success in European competitions. 9572: 9553: 7043: 5568: 3956: 3319: 19609:

Economou C, Kaitelidou D, Karanikolos M, Maresso A. Greece: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2017; 19(5):1–192.

19250:"Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population" 14417:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 12072: 12046: 11349: 10730: 7819: 7731: 5833: 5639: 5152:. As a result of entry to the European Community, much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and output increased. 3479:—between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition, 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; 26618: 25503: 23167: 21330: 21139:

Trudgill, P. (2000). "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In Barbour, S.; Carmichael, C. (eds.).

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in 1981, ushering in sustained growth. Investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the

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within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

20128:

Patiniotis M. (2015) "Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment: In Search of a European Identity," in Arabatzis T., Renn J., Simões A. (eds),

18740: 13136: 9431: 7968:, composed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. 7179:

is among the highest in the world; life expectancy in 2015 was 81.1 years, slightly above the EU average of 80.6. The island of

6688:

Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Today, Greek is the dominant language throughout the country.

3302:

and Southeast Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the

27441: 25927: 25127: 23755: 23014: 22892: 22862: 22598: 22594: 22590: 18374: 17255: 16698: 15770: 14242: 11808: 7465: 6343: 6291: 5910: 5513:

served over 28 million passengers in 2023. Most Greek islands and main cities are connected by air, by the two major airlines,

5313: 3932: 3901: 1977:, were settled by Greeks as members of a ruling minority. As a result, during the centuries that followed a vernacular form of 1292: 17550: 17203: 16186: 14979: 13998:

Glytsos, Nicholas P.; Katseli, Louka T. (2005). "10. Greek Migration: The Two Faces of Janus". In Zimmermann, Klaus F. (ed.).

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seed. Many recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example

3502:

in the Saronic gulf near Athens; the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea; the

26774: 23398: 23029: 22429: 22358: 21716: 21259: 21169: 21117: 20983: 20800: 20779: 20743: 20291: 20209: 20156: 20113: 20050: 19768: 19708: 19567: 19437: 18766: 18727: 18332: 17361: 17143: 16793: 16429: 16156: 16118: 16081: 15280: 15223: 15163: 14953: 14206: 14154: 14040: 14009: 13971: 13933: 13895: 13601: 13523: 13426: 13364: 13035: 13002: 12810: 12483: 12256: 12216: 11906: 11682: 11579: 11540: 11501: 11474: 11437: 11398: 11320: 11281: 11242: 11215: 11166: 10985: 10943: 10900: 10845: 10818: 10701: 10576: 10531: 10458: 10427: 10346: 9525:

triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball.

4291: 4133: 4050: 3881: 3548:), featuring mild to cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at most of the coastal locations, including 2489: 1397:

and is often rendered in this way in the formal names of Greek institutions, as in the official name of the Greek state, the

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Livanios, Dimitris (1999). "Conquering the souls: nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904-1908".

18964: 18378: 16971: 16738: 15348: 15313: 15252: 14160: 12829: 12767: 11982: 11869: 11688: 11532:

Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present

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treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were

7064:

was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning, and by some measures was the world's first university.

2847:

and charismatic Venizelos over foreign policy on the eve of First World War dominated politics and divided the country into

2507:

with an army, in return for territorial gain. By the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control. Three

26819: 22955: 22712: 22507: 21779: 18461: 16043: 15832: 13114: 10482: 10106: 7090:

Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο,

5166: 4129: 4038: 4030: 4022: 2751: 475: 16643: 15167: 12885:

Immig, Nicole (2009). "The "New" Muslim Minorities in Greece: Between Emigration and Political Participation, 1881–1886".

5807:

Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are

5066:. Greece's borrowing rates increased, causing a crisis of confidence in Greece's ability to pay back loans in early 2010. 3058:, resulted in further economic devastation, population displacement and political polarisation for the next thirty years. 1661:, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first 27397: 26843: 25955: 25195: 23679: 23319: 23106: 22750: 21790: 21631: 20893:[The economic crisis in Greek lands in the beginning of 19th century and its effects on the Revolution of 1821]. 20621: 20532: 19651: 19496: 17289: 15997:

Greece is the Balkan region's largest economy and has been an important investor in Southeast Europe over the past decade

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The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation.

9580: 4046: 4000: 3944: 2312: 2286: 19758: 17682: 14831: 10615: 5474:

Railway connections play a lesser role than in many other European countries, but have been expanded, with new suburban/

2319:

until 1797, after which they fell under first French, then British control. While some Greeks in the Ionian islands and

26864: 26450: 26279: 25687: 23487: 23255: 23144: 22871: 22701: 22546: 21941: 18236: 17512:"International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter" 17106: 15653: 12018: 11976: 11949: 11721: 11104: 10021:[Results of Population-Housing Census 2021] (in Greek). Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 19 July 2022. 9412: 6919:. The total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000. 6785: 6639: 5802: 4540: 4402: 3629: 2573: 2485: 1018: 697: 411: 27: 18878: 18599: 17059: 13442:

Chourchoulis, Dionysios; Kourkouvelas, Lykourgos (26 November 2012). "Greek perceptions of NATO during the Cold War".

6965:, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea had increased dramatically due to the 3380:

Approximately 80% of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe.

25887: 24853: 23350: 22707: 22692: 21805: 21760: 21691: 21686: 21383: 21200: 21057: 21033: 18628: 18502: 18342: 18045: 18014: 17965: 15682: 14867: 12727: 12666: 12624: 12444: 12375: 12351: 12133: 11359: 10740: 10492: 10385: 10165: 9584: 9557: 8475: 8378: 7111:(upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education. 6969:. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the 6525: 5903: 5600: 4899: 3968: 3940: 3765:

mean score of 6.6/10, ranking it 70th globally out of 172 countries. In 2024, Greece became the first country in the

2879: 2727: 1813: 20235: 18666: 15836: 14762: 11752: 7193:

In 2008, infant mortality, with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9.

25945: 23330: 23325: 23157: 23074: 22604: 21356: 19260: 17328: 13766: 13238: 9734: 9565: 9416: 5812: 5234:

is the largest in the world at 18% of global capacity. The merchant fleet ranks first in tonnage (384 million

4995: 4070: 3960: 3762: 3154: 2126: 1797: 21770: 18446: