1537:
2620:
5248:| A question of identity: who were the Galatians?. University of Wales. p. 62: The final reference to Galatian comes two hundred years later in the sixth century CE when Cyril of Scythopolis attests that Galatian was still being spoken eight hundred years after the Galatians arrived in Asia Minor. Cyril tells of the temporary possession of a monk from Galatia by Satan and rendered speechless, but when he recovered he spoke only in his native Galatian when questioned: 'If he were pressed, he spoke only in Galatian'.180 After this, the rest is silence, and further archaeological or literary discoveries are awaited to see if Galatian survived any later. In this regard, the example of Crimean Gothic is instructive. It was presumed to have died out in the fifth century CE, but the discovery of a small corpus of the language dating from the sixteenth century altered this perception.
2774:
2404:
1853:
50:
1178:
1582:
1862:
2924:
2910:
558:
9358:
2489:
2228:
1411:
2106:
2365:
7774:
7798:
7762:
2872:
9414:
6652:
7810:
2857:
3297:
2559:
2992:
1734:
2887:
7786:
6595:
1126:
and the
Iranian Plateau to refer to the region; the former two largely overlap. While a standard definition of Anatolia refers to the entire Asian side of Turkey, according to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result from the shifting political fortunes and
4611:
Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia (15 March 2019).
2331:
From the mid-5th century onwards, urbanism was affected negatively and began to decline, while the rural areas reached unprecedented levels of prosperity in the region. Historians and scholars continue to debate the cause of the urban decline in
Byzantine Anatolia between the 6th and 7th centuries,
1518:
eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the
Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria, which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire. The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in
2900:
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical
Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a
4743:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise
2388:
predominantly
Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). The early Turkic migrations and foundation of some feudalities after
2717:
Following the Russo-Persian Treaty of
Turkmenchay (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian
2796:
and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely
2387:
from
Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim. The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from
5228:
Clackson, James. "Language maintenance and language shift in the
Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire." Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (2012): 36–57. p. 46: The second testimonium for the late survival of Galatian appears in the Life of Saint Euthymius, who died in ad
4545:
Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan; Booth, Thomas J.; van Dorp, Lucy; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Stewardson, Kristin; Martiniano, Rui; Walsh, Susan (15 April 2019).
1536:
2396:, contributed to the acceleration of this process. In the following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
4154:"On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe."
1718:
encroached over the borders of south-central
Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans. These became known as
1441:(the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of
3011:: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.
3138:: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine
2453:
Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the
4677:
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023).
2469:
was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a
3516:, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)"
887:, known in Greek as the Eastern Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Asia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolian designations were employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5818:
2971:: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia.
3653:
Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces
4379:
Stiner, Mary C.; Kuhn, Steven L.; Güleç, Erksin (2013). "Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories".
4007:
Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism", p. 7 & footnote 34, in
4478:
Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (19 March 2019).
1461:
to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hittite language.
5910:
4069:
3780:
4456:
5586:
4253:
3640:
2961:: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of
2527:, came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known. The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of
5128:
3135:
4205:
3810:
1687:
valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley. From the 9th century BCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as
4100:
1259:
into the region. Anatolian derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles, as well as to the
5169:
3017:: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.
3020:
2137:
followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BCE. In 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the
1445:
around 2000 BCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted
782:) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from
4316:
Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar"
3076:
2102:
conquered the Anatolian peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Alexander's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence.
7654:
1385:, between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated
5792:
1146:, the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highlands, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to
3023:: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of
9514:
2045:
at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BCE in Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the
716:) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia".
4817:
2619:
6343:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
2968:
6780:
5365:
1491:, and northwest upper Mesopotamia. However, the Hittite advance toward the Black Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal
4986:
9402:
7848:
1373:
have been proposed, but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and
341:
to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits has either been expanded to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey, or to an imprecise line from the
7317:
3014:
2762:
1946:
and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included
704:) in 387 AD). Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory in eastern Turkey that was formerly referred to as
7480:
6859:
3606:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)"
2726:
622:
2627:
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the
9380:
4357:
4049:
3776:
2951:
2492:
2183:. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus. Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by
4464:
4323:
3860:
9122:
8981:
7453:
6854:
4021:
Fevzi Özgökçe; Kit Tan; Vladimir Stevanović (2005). "A new subspecies of Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey".
3700:
1060:), meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (
9524:
5857:
872:, but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolian designations was employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5560:
4227:
3624:
2337:
5102:
4201:
9308:
7251:
3987:
3806:
2359:
2208:
1251:
about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange. Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local
5241:
4847:
4092:
6640:
5888:
1671:. The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatolia, including (possibly)
3749:
9115:
9001:
7743:
6885:
6832:
5151:
4133:
1239:. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these. Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the
9602:
9597:
9110:
9044:
6472:
6416:
6397:
6370:
5480:
5453:
4439:
3634:
6321:
6285:
6249:
5404:
3962:
3898:
9105:
9069:
9008:
6763:
6618:
2935:
1433:(modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the
1298:
657:
5739:
388:
into Europe, with their descendants coming to dominate Europe as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles.
9098:
9093:
9039:
7210:
6925:
6751:
5968:
3008:
2974:
1817:
From the late 8th century BCE, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the
1487:
in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE, controlling much of Asia Minor, northwestern
1091:"the land of the Romans, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading
5769:
3670:
325:
continent, and constitutes the majority of contemporary territory of Turkey. Geographically, Anatolia is bounded by the
9395:
8967:
7841:
7701:
7241:
7231:
6451:
6351:
6315:
6279:
6243:
5945:
5851:
5812:
5617:
5580:
5398:
5337:
5290:
5163:
5122:
4890:
4351:
4284:
4247:
3956:
3926:
3893:
3854:
2758:
2258:
1612:
1570:
1523:. The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian) territory in these regions.
1032:
The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was
9049:
7246:
7193:
7131:
6819:
6802:
5543:
3742:"Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge"
2606:
1642:. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who controlled that region.
892:
512:
5444:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.).
2588:
9617:
9592:
9064:
9054:
8996:
8974:
8957:
8952:
8871:
7679:
7364:
7163:
7087:
6875:
2958:
1289:, the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.
1131:
665:
2474:, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoman Turks, had become formally independent from the Mongol Khans.
1158:
embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators".
9074:
8903:
8769:
8683:
8633:
7359:
6807:
6489:
4155:
1052:. As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranean, some Greeks in
709:
96:
2273:, so that by the 4th century CE, western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking.
1920:
were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (
9018:
7501:
7198:
7153:
7067:
7045:
6958:
5265:
5200:
3822:
2584:
2218:
1135:
685:
669:
2983:: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include
1744:
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, much of Anatolia (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the
9612:
9388:
9328:
9313:
7834:
7590:
7307:
7028:
5308:
3532:
2341:
2270:
1263:. Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.
54:
Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, has two definitions. It is either bounded by an imprecise line from the
9418:
9361:
9013:
8643:
8370:
8075:
7802:
7674:
7369:
7000:
6980:
3984:
A Comparative Analysis Regarding Pictures Included in Secondary School Geography Textbooks Taught in Turkey
3341:
2695:), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
2023:
1450:
1143:
1018:
1017:
The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of
1012:
134:
9410:
9607:
9499:
8500:
7629:
7256:
7236:
7158:
7082:
6827:
6633:
4809:
3542:
2939:
2765:. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.
2222:
2095:
1421:
Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in
1302:
1000:
996:
385:
27:
1775:
The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by
9627:
8678:
8663:
7961:
7946:
7352:
7327:
7205:
7055:
6892:
6880:
6746:
5043:
5017:
2195:, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the
2083:, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BCE, and the Ionian cities regained their independence. By the
2068:
1566:
1252:
1244:
930:
5431:
5357:
2449:. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia, Philadelphia, fell in 1390. The
9059:
8991:
8962:
8947:
8688:
8613:
7530:
7168:
7148:
6795:
6599:
4990:
2810:
2580:
2408:
1370:
1103:
became another name for Anatolia. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as
528:
216:
20:
6513:
2934:
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are
2871:
1212:
918:, and thus commonly referred to (in Greek) as the Eastern part of the Empire. At the same time, the
9622:
8648:
8565:
8148:
7861:
7728:
7394:
7092:
7021:
6790:
5938:
Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
5661:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p. 234
5516:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
3846:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
2980:
2569:
2188:
2142:
1623:
1543:
1458:
1366:
1155:
608:
Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the
515:. However, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia, including
444:
7826:
5535:
1499:
Indo-Europeans. Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of
9534:
9295:
8986:
8893:
8570:
8280:
8275:
7790:
7077:
7050:
6995:
6990:
6842:
5527:
4480:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
3563:
2856:
2698:
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia,
2659:
groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the
2573:
2372:
2196:
1921:
1278:
1139:
935:
720:
677:
661:
400:
138:
6837:
6503:
4314:
Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler",
3693:"Turkish Statistical Institute The Results of Address Based Population Registration System 2017"
9489:
9272:
9079:
8673:
8476:
7585:
7525:
7513:
7406:
7263:
6756:
6679:
6626:
3886:
Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule
3431:
3164:
3113:
2403:
2212:
2152:
1631:
1353:
further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of
1248:
1240:
1190:
1147:
258:
7580:
6435:
5426:
4341:
4065:
1255:, suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by
9365:
9229:
9149:
8792:
8693:
8302:
7733:
7518:
7508:
7475:
7215:
7038:
5511:
4319:
3844:
2947:
2913:
2536:
1045:
1040:), perhaps from an Akkadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the
992:
6648:
5841:
3692:
2977:: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.
856:
The use of Anatolian designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the
9239:
8215:
7933:
7669:
7664:
7649:
7595:
7540:
7424:
7283:
7268:
7116:
7033:
6847:
5572:
5114:
4757:
4691:
4625:
4559:
4491:
4388:
4239:
3316:
2962:
2901:
temperate oceanic climate, with warm, foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
2886:
2284:
that ran through the peninsula. Literary evidence about the rural landscape stems from the
2031:
1852:
1270:
1232:
1033:
1025:, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient
984:
609:
562:
520:
254:
49:
9453:
5152:"Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian Incident of Ammianus Marcellinus"
2773:
2667:, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims (
620:. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of
8:
8888:
8553:
8490:
8466:
8297:
8158:
8104:
8045:
8016:
7956:
7951:
7545:
7496:
7429:
7379:
7278:
7188:
7136:
6949:
6930:
6716:
6426:
Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
5325:
5278:
5073:
Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998
3361:
2943:
2389:
2380:
2333:
2146:
2099:
2084:
1939:
1905:
1749:
1745:
1720:
1627:
1382:
1316:
1286:
1216:
1167:
910:
Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of
884:
673:
552:
408:
396:
370:
220:
5239:
4786:
4761:
4745:
4720:
4695:
4679:
4629:
4563:
4495:
4392:
3983:
2946:, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a
2397:
1900:
culture from the 20th century BCE, related to the Greeks of southeastern Europe and the
1096:
9529:
9176:
8797:
8760:
8638:
8084:
8006:
7966:
7941:
7716:
7659:
7639:
7552:
7441:
7384:
7180:
7102:
6768:
6689:
6684:
4839:
4654:
4613:
4588:
4547:
4522:
4479:
4030:
3537:
3351:
3336:
2692:
2439:
2368:
2353:
2293:
2277:
2080:
2046:
1995:
1933:
1454:
1177:
740:
724:
627:
464:
412:
346:
212:
55:
9519:
9504:
5880:
5353:
3576:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey"
3522:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey"
2276:
Byzantine Anatolia was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places in the
1200:
9587:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9257:
8876:
8703:
8668:
8529:
8524:
8505:
8314:
8141:
7901:
7814:
7761:
7723:
7686:
7572:
7557:
7374:
7312:
7299:
7273:
7141:
7072:
7016:
6935:
6728:
6703:
6664:
6468:
6447:
6412:
6393:
6376:
6366:
6347:
6311:
6275:
6239:
5941:
5847:
5808:
5613:
5576:
5539:
5476:
5449:
5394:
5333:
5286:
5261:
5196:
5159:
5118:
4886:
4791:
4773:
4725:
4707:
4659:
4641:
4593:
4575:
4527:
4509:
4435:
4412:
4404:
4347:
4280:
4243:
3952:
3922:
3889:
3850:
3818:
3630:
3346:
3326:
3119:
3061:
3054:
2845:
2793:
2742:
2730:
2703:
2548:
2516:
2446:
2393:
2281:
2156:
2122:
2060:
2027:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1600:
1588:
1581:
1555:
1324:
1282:
900:
896:
713:
650:
617:
601:
581:
536:
524:
516:
452:
436:
392:
326:
204:
200:
3083:
of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine
2909:
1861:
895:, known in Greek as the Eastern Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the
9338:
9333:
9323:
9252:
8929:
8883:
8826:
8755:
8618:
8512:
8461:
8439:
8292:
8239:
8178:
7644:
7612:
7434:
7389:
7332:
6985:
6908:
6723:
6439:
6431:
6265:
5800:
5568:
5531:
5110:
4781:
4765:
4715:
4699:
4649:
4633:
4583:
4567:
4517:
4499:
4396:
4235:
4061:
3826:
3451:
3421:
3411:
3356:
3080:
3031:
3000:
2996:
2829:
2798:
2789:
2289:
2262:
2176:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1668:
1465:
1434:
1362:
1358:
1123:
911:
904:
693:
456:
424:
420:
381:
298:
195:
180:
6198:
6172:
6146:
6120:
6094:
6068:
6042:
6016:
5990:
5804:
4277:'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide
3528:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)"
3222:
2965:
lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.
2280:. Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks, in part, to the
9560:
9555:
9509:
9224:
8725:
8713:
8698:
8653:
8603:
8543:
8485:
8446:
8434:
8427:
8336:
8153:
8136:
8111:
7778:
7711:
7691:
7622:
7617:
7562:
7535:
7446:
7419:
7097:
7062:
6462:
6341:
6337:
6305:
6301:
6269:
6233:
5470:
5388:
5312:
5245:
4400:
4327:
4209:
4163:
3991:
3946:
3902:
3896:
3814:
3784:
3426:
3331:
2923:
2917:
2754:
2738:
2504:
2192:
2126:
1955:
1664:
1496:
1378:
1256:
914:
eastern domains to Asia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the
812:
701:
697:
681:
654:
585:
472:
440:
432:
428:
334:
3830:
1908:
at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by
1479:) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BCE after the conquest of
1224:
1182:
557:
9539:
9494:
9369:
9318:
9217:
9181:
9161:
9144:
9084:
8848:
8740:
8718:
8708:
8560:
8538:
8422:
8417:
8402:
8397:
8324:
8270:
8222:
8193:
8099:
8089:
7634:
7414:
7337:
6970:
6738:
6699:
6508:
5731:
5013:
4769:
4703:
4504:
4048:
Palumbi, Giulio (5 September 2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
3441:
3436:
3416:
3406:
3254:
3102:
2734:
2711:
2699:
2676:
2656:
2648:
2628:
2524:
2520:
2500:
2488:
2483:
2450:
2435:
2180:
2160:
2138:
2088:
1901:
1780:
1469:
1111:
1053:
1049:
960:
919:
748:
643:
593:
540:
508:
404:
350:
278:
230:
208:
5962:
4571:
3919:
Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
1204:
511:
between the late 13th and early 20th centuries, and continues today under the
9581:
9343:
9212:
9204:
9171:
8908:
8858:
8750:
8745:
8735:
8585:
8548:
8456:
8451:
8353:
8258:
7766:
7706:
7607:
7347:
7342:
6975:
6920:
6711:
6380:
6229:
5761:
5523:
4777:
4711:
4645:
4579:
4513:
4408:
3666:
3396:
3302:
3094:
3046:
2707:
2684:
2528:
2432:
2428:
2419:
swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The
2134:
2121:
Following the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent breakup of the
2076:
2075:
city-states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The
1909:
1753:
1684:
1562:
1515:
1484:
1446:
1041:
888:
768:
639:
565:, c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until
504:
500:
111:
98:
6605:
5038:
4637:
4548:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
3558:
2227:
1228:
1114:, many mapmakers referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as
9247:
9186:
9166:
9156:
8866:
8838:
8593:
8331:
8265:
8234:
8183:
8055:
7984:
7921:
7911:
7738:
7696:
7322:
6773:
4795:
4729:
4676:
4663:
4597:
4531:
4416:
4125:
3321:
3024:
2722:
2384:
2250:
2236:
2114:
2105:
2050:
1807:, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.
1596:
1150:, this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the
1092:
736:
728:
689:
532:
496:
416:
5797:
The rise of the Ottomans (Chapter 11) – The New Cambridge History of Islam
4742:
4680:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
3274:
3242:
3230:
3218:
1638:, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the
1410:
638:. To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the
9437:
9303:
9262:
9193:
8898:
8787:
8730:
8658:
8608:
8495:
8471:
8360:
8198:
8116:
8094:
8070:
7916:
7906:
7602:
6913:
6461:
Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).
5670:
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman Empire, p. 33
3593:
3086:
3035:
2892:
2806:
2761:, most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923
2664:
2636:
2471:
2325:
2285:
2175:
region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the
2042:
1951:
1879:
1680:
1422:
1374:
1208:
1196:
744:
635:
584:
to rise around 120 m (390 ft), triggering the formation of the
358:
246:
4034:
2802:
1978:
belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions:
1791:
in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of
8833:
8802:
8628:
8623:
8287:
8248:
8210:
8128:
8001:
7886:
7881:
6443:
4614:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
4020:
3067:
2984:
2688:
2523:
during the 15th century. It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or
2364:
2168:
1983:
1917:
1875:
1871:
1818:
1800:
1769:
1761:
1738:
1480:
1308:
873:
869:
484:
376:
Anatolia was an early centre for the development of farming during the
330:
282:
5315:– an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)
5193:
Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word
3741:
3270:
2445:
In the early 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various
2125:, Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the
1442:
1393:
9458:
9280:
8939:
8913:
8843:
8821:
8814:
8598:
8375:
8309:
8205:
8028:
8011:
7896:
7891:
7865:
5488:
4971:
3391:
3266:
2746:
2672:
2458:
2420:
2266:
2172:
2130:
2110:
1971:
1943:
1886:, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.
1822:
1796:
1784:
1765:
1757:
1635:
1285:
in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the
1266:
1236:
1151:
1119:
732:
631:
613:
597:
577:
573:
476:
377:
342:
338:
318:
310:
270:
238:
59:
6271:
A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period
2718:
Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.
2558:
2296:. Large and prosperous urban centers of Byzantine Anatolia included
1369:. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous
1345:
The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the
845:
836:
8807:
8412:
8348:
8319:
8229:
8188:
7996:
7976:
7856:
7458:
6785:
3371:
3278:
3170:
3125:
2814:
2778:
2668:
2652:
2632:
2313:
2164:
2011:
1947:
1892:
The north-western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the
1714:
1551:
1492:
1426:
1405:
1396:, use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1320:
1312:
1307:
The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the
1274:
1127:
cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century".
1026:
1022:
857:
480:
468:
354:
242:
7468:
5039:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder"
4883:
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
4378:
3996:
International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education
3282:
3238:
3226:
3198:
3178:
2991:
1021:" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient
752:
8779:
8517:
8407:
8365:
8253:
8065:
8060:
7989:
5305:
3381:
3366:
3246:
3234:
3210:
3186:
3108:
2877:
2508:
2466:
2462:
2416:
2305:
2301:
2056:
During the 6th century BCE, all of Anatolia was conquered by the
2019:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1826:
1792:
1733:
1653:
1639:
1604:
1592:
1508:
1504:
1430:
1415:
1354:
1260:
1220:
1115:
1084:
980:
943:
939:
934:) covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day
865:
861:
833:
492:
488:
460:
448:
366:
6199:"Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests"
2813:
as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around
2133:, the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful
1243:
from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the
626:. Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the
384:. Beginning around 9,000 years ago there was major migration of
9413:
9285:
8389:
8343:
8050:
8037:
7463:
6656:
6651:
6594:
5519:
3311:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3174:
2862:
2833:
2785:
2757:
populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the
2750:
2680:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2532:
2455:
2424:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2240:
2184:
2057:
1830:
1788:
1700:
1672:
1558:
1547:
1526:
988:
802:
792:
791:'(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "
755:, these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatolia Region.
664:
by the newly established Turkish government. In 1941, with the
362:
314:
250:
163:
84:
4432:
Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition
3136:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
2745:
almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of
1100:
9136:
9031:
8575:
7873:
7857:
5512:"Chapter 3: Urbanism – The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia"
5448:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 41, 37–66.
4610:
3554:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia"
3446:
3376:
3262:
3258:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3169:
The largest cities in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of
3129:
3039:
2818:
2512:
2297:
2171:
region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate Asia Minor and the
2072:
2064:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1883:
1834:
1804:
1803:. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based
1776:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1608:
1520:
1500:
1488:
1381:, and was continued and intensified during the period of the
1044:
in western Anatolia. The Romans used it as the name of their
923:
783:
777:
771:
234:
6551:
Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009.
6147:"Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests"
4090:
2427:. After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the
1626:, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent
1453:, however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-European
8170:
6310:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3401:
3386:
3250:
2931:
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
2038:
1676:
1495:, a non-Indo-European people who had earlier displaced the
1399:
672:
based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern
589:
463:, central Anatolia. Ancient peoples in the region included
322:
62:, or it is the entirety of the Asiatic territory of Turkey.
6173:"Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests"
4544:
3079:: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate
3021:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
2407:
Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of
1138:
to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line, the
4343:
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide
4169:
4126:"Anatolia | Origin and meaning of the name Anatolia"
3721:
2942:
forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier
2163:
in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman
6460:
6428:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE)
3951:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
3623:
Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-Webster; 편집부 (2001).
3525:
3077:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
2828:
There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatolia: the
2635:, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly
2041:(as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in
1942:, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian
680:, which largely corresponds to the historical region of
435:, while other, poorly attested local languages included
4298:
4296:
4182:
4148:
2400:, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.
1048:, comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby
353:
connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the
6546:
Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In Achaemenid Anatolia
6392:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood.
4911:
2784:
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central
2702:
and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent
6579:
Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007.
6553:
Sacred Landscapes In Anatolia and Neighboring Regions
5195:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 246–66.
5191:
Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002).
5156:
Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices
4746:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"
3777:"The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood"
3507:
3505:
1837:, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.
1656:, rose to prominence in central and western Anatolia
6567:
Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural Anatolia
6523:
Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991.
6363:
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G
5446:
Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities
4953:
4951:
4477:
4293:
3948:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies
3292:
2079:, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the
950:
403:
language family, which were largely replaced by the
5681:
God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam
4899:
4862:
2010:spoken until the 7th century CE, local variants of
928:/ "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (
6017:"Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests"
5386:
5107:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
3736:
3734:
3732:
3502:
1679:), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the
1118:. Other contemporary sources called the same area
868:colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the
634:before that river bends to the southeast to enter
5650:Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
4948:
4457:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
3842:
3591:
2271:one of the first places where Christianity spread
2239:in 117 CE at its greatest extent, at the time of
1916:. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek
380:period following its origination in the adjacent
26:"Asia Minor" redirects here. For other uses, see
9579:
5843:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5693:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5472:Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times
4429:
2969:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
2191:, except for the southeastern frontier with the
1122:. Geographers have used East Anatolian Plateau,
423:periods. The major Anatolian languages included
6425:
6121:"Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests"
5468:
5190:
4302:
4219:
3729:
3622:
3579:
1994:. Languages spoken included the late surviving
1912:, usurping the area of the related but earlier
1829:and the Scythians threatened to do the same to
1195:Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the
751:and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the
5494:
4430:Whitehouse, Harvey; Martin, Luther H. (2004).
2037:Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted
1787:relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was
1392:, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of
507:in the late 11th century, continued under the
9396:
7842:
6634:
6610:
5081:
5079:
4810:"Indo-European Daughter Languages: Anatolian"
4225:
3836:
3807:The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths
3596:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress
3285:. All have populations of more than 500,000.
3015:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
2763:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
2265:, otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or
1630:, subsequent to losing much territory to the
1056:came to use the name Asia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία,
964:
5330:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2727:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
2179:) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the
2159:in northern Anatolia, waged war against the
1527:Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)
824:
815:
6365:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
5935:
5011:
4339:
4232:The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names
3944:
3912:
3910:
3880:
3878:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3771:
3769:
3767:
2952:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2788:composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded
2587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2519:were successively absorbed into the rising
2493:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
1377:started to emerge during the period of the
1065:
970:
806:
796:
447:were spoken in the southeastern kingdom of
9403:
9389:
7849:
7835:
6641:
6627:
6581:The Geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia
6532:Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism
6264:
5954:
5911:"The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey"
5631:
5629:
5491:river were held only in the years 116–117.
5387:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010).
5076:
4984:
4917:
4279:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
3594:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography"
2141:; western and central Anatolia came under
1667:belonged to the same linguistic branch as
321:. It is the westernmost protrusion of the
48:
5558:
5552:
5536:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0004
5509:
5324:
4933:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10
4785:
4719:
4653:
4587:
4521:
4503:
3849:. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–.
3626:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
3618:
3616:
3614:
2714:, Latin America, and the rest of Europe.
2607:Learn how and when to remove this message
2269:. In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became
2202:
623:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
131:756,000 km (292,000 sq mi)
6548:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5960:
5567:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5259:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia
5096:
5094:
4931:Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon
4234:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
3916:
3907:
3875:
3794:
3764:
2990:
2922:
2908:
2772:
2618:
2487:
2402:
2363:
2360:List of states in late medieval Anatolia
2226:
2209:Christianity as the Roman state religion
2104:
2006:, Greek in western and coastal regions,
1732:
1483:in the south-east and the defeat of the
1409:
1400:Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)
1330:
1323:, up to the conquest of Anatolia by the
1176:
556:
503:of Anatolia began under the rule of the
6574:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
6537:Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995.
6436:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001
6274:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
6228:
5626:
5565:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5362:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
5352:
5277:
4964:
4941:
4939:
4905:
4880:
4874:
4066:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0009
4054:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
4047:
4041:
2663:regions and then fragmented during the
1172:
604:, which separated Anatolia from Europe.
9580:
7571:
6406:
6387:
5936:Cemen, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, Yucel (2017).
5878:
5839:
5607:
5443:
4120:
4118:
4050:"The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia"
3611:
3585:
3526:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009
3513:
2725:until the early 20th century (see the
2091:, Persia regained control over Ionia.
1611:in the 6th century BC, was one of the
1464:The Hittites adopted the Mesopotamian
1281:, although linguists tend to favour a
747:connect the Armenian Highlands to the
9384:
7830:
6622:
6609:
6360:
6336:
6300:
6235:The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations
6095:"Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests"
6043:"Central Anatolian deciduous forests"
5929:
5790:
5149:
5100:
5091:
4978:
4868:
4850:from the original on 6 September 2015
4454:
4308:
4188:
3940:
3938:
3643:from the original on 28 November 2021
3519:
3471:Additional alternative names include
1927:
1550:) was built in the 4th century BC by
1003:), share the same linguistic origin.
969:derives directly from the Greek name
684:(named as such after the division of
7797:
7785:
6346:. London & New York: Routledge.
5971:from the original on 2 November 2013
5589:from the original on 6 December 2018
5573:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
5131:from the original on 6 December 2018
5115:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
4989:. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from
4972:"History of the Past: World History"
4936:
4274:
4268:
4256:from the original on 6 December 2018
4240:10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001
4200:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4091:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott.
4084:
3965:from the original on 10 October 2017
3458:
2585:adding citations to reliable sources
2552:
1457:) were themselves relatively recent
1319:spans from the emergence of ancient
1299:List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
1185:were erected as far back as 9600 BC.
963:innovation. The modern Turkish form
846:
837:
361:strait, and separates Anatolia from
5860:from the original on 2 January 2014
5799:. Cambridge Core. pp. 313–31.
5257:J. Eric Cooper, Michael J. Decker,
4115:
3752:from the original on 31 August 2021
3009:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
2975:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
2623:Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06
1365:belongs to a distinctive family of
1292:
825:
816:
16:Peninsula of Turkey in Western Asia
13:
6483:
6288:from the original on 28 April 2021
6252:from the original on 28 April 2021
5991:"Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests"
5967:. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
5891:from the original on 24 April 2018
5821:from the original on 24 April 2018
5772:from the original on 10 March 2018
5742:from the original on 24 April 2018
5407:from the original on 16 April 2020
4360:from the original on 10 March 2020
3935:
3863:from the original on 11 March 2020
3664:
2987:(salt tolerant) plant communities.
2347:
2259:first division of the Roman Empire
2063:, the Persians having usurped the
1652:Another Indo-European people, the
1613:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1571:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1154:presence as part of the policy of
14:
9639:
6587:
5368:from the original on 9 April 2019
4136:from the original on 13 July 2017
4009:Études arméniennes contemporaines
3994:, Okan Yasar and Mehmet Seremet,
3673:from the original on 6 April 2002
3030:, oak forests and woodlands, and
2477:
2411:in Asia Minor (11th–13th century)
1634:and being finally overrun by the
1315:. The most ancient period in the
893:Praetorian prefecture of the East
9412:
9357:
9356:
8689:West South Central United States
7808:
7796:
7784:
7773:
7772:
7760:
7164:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6650:
6593:
6544:Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013.
5637:Muḥammad and the course of Islám
5390:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
5219:, Edwin Mellen, 2001, pp. 11–12.
5172:from the original on 19 May 2022
5150:Honey, Linda (5 December 2016).
4820:from the original on 13 May 2021
4346:. Wayne State University Press.
4340:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998).
4162:, ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican:
4103:from the original on 26 May 2007
4072:from the original on 12 May 2018
3805:Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004.
3295:
3124:. Broadleaf trees include oaks,
2959:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
2885:
2870:
2855:
2557:
2431:'s legacy in the region was the
2332:variously attributing it to the
2187:, brought all of Anatolia under
1860:
1851:
1812:Cimmerian and Scythian invasions
1580:
1535:
1199:. Neolithic settlements include
8904:Latin America and the Caribbean
8770:Latin America and the Caribbean
7809:
6430:. Oxford University Press Inc.
6409:Encyclopedia of World Geography
6324:from the original on 5 May 2021
6238:. Ankara: Ministry of Culture.
6191:
6165:
6139:
6113:
6087:
6061:
6035:
6009:
5983:
5903:
5879:Genito, Bruno (1 March 2012) .
5872:
5833:
5784:
5754:
5724:
5711:
5698:
5686:
5673:
5664:
5655:
5642:
5601:
5514:. In Niewöhner, Philipp (ed.).
5462:
5437:
5419:
5380:
5346:
5318:
5299:
5271:
5251:
5232:
5222:
5209:
5184:
5143:
5067:
5058:
5031:
5005:
4923:
4832:
4802:
4744:Schjellerup (11 January 2024).
4736:
4670:
4604:
4538:
4471:
4448:
4434:. Rowman Altamira. p. 38.
4423:
4372:
4333:
4194:
4156:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4014:
4001:
3977:
3703:from the original on 2 May 2019
3629:. Merriam-Webster. p. 46.
3592:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995).
3158:
2542:
878:
5610:The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204
5487:. Fig. 1. Regions east of the
4552:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3715:
3685:
3658:
3465:
3034:of Turkish pine and evergreen
2927:Anatolia's dry central plateau
2797:confined to the deltas of the
2759:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922
2379:In the 10 years following the
2261:, Anatolia became part of the
2219:Christianity in late antiquity
1136:geographical regions of Turkey
723:(also the highest peak in the
1:
9549:Related geographical features
6583:. London: Geological Society.
5805:10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.013
4455:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
3945:Hovannisian, Richard (2007).
3490:
2904:
2805:and the valley floors of the
2507:emerged as great power under
1657:
1473:
1386:
1279:Indo-European language family
942:, but ruled from the city of
566:
9603:Historical regions in Turkey
9598:Geography of the Middle East
8371:Middle East and North Africa
8076:Middle East and North Africa
7655:Intangible cultural heritage
7001:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6833:Proclamation of the republic
6558:Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999.
6514:Resources in other libraries
6361:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008).
5101:Yavuz, Mehmet Fatih (2010).
4985:Paul Lunde (May–June 1980).
4401:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008
4275:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015).
4226:Everett-Heath, John (2018).
4166:, 1952, pp. 59 ff.
3495:
3342:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3154:spp.) woodlands and steppes.
3038:trees and shrubs, including
3003:of northern Anatolia, Turkey
2423:garrison was stationed near
2373:Byzantine-Arab frontier zone
1451:Proto-Indo-European homeland
1311:and continue throughout the
1144:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1099:in 1077. Thus (land of the)
1013:Place name changes in Turkey
778:
758:
719:The highest mountain in the
646:and the Mesopotamian plain.
546:
7:
6926:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
6539:The Royal Roads of Anatolia
6527:. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
6388:Howard, Douglas A. (2016).
6307:The Kingdom of the Hittites
5706:Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu
5510:Niewöhner, Philipp (2017).
5109:. Oxford University Press.
4945:Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq
4885:. Oxford University Press.
4303:Steadman & McMahon 2011
4130:Online Etymology Dictionary
3888:. Clarendon Press, 266 pp.
3831:10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327
3580:Steadman & McMahon 2011
3543:Central Intelligence Agency
3288:
2729:). During World War I, the
2710:, the southern part of the
2342:Arab invasion of the Levant
2223:Crisis of the Third Century
2087:(387 BCE), which ended the
2016:Galatian variant of Gaulish
1622:After 1180 BCE, during the
1303:Ancient regions of Anatolia
1249:early farmers from Anatolia
1001:Patriarch of Constantinople
997:Anatolius of Constantinople
991:, all stemming from saints
891:(306–337), who created the
386:Anatolian Neolithic Farmers
28:Asia Minor (disambiguation)
10:
9644:
8664:Northeastern United States
6757:Conquest of Constantinople
6576:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6569:. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
6562:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6560:Essays On Ancient Anatolia
6525:Anatolia: A World Heritage
6221:
6069:"Central Anatolian steppe"
5846:. Basic Books. p. 5.
5793:"The rise of the Ottomans"
5732:"Osman I | Ottoman sultan"
5283:Ancient History from Coins
5087:The World of Ancient Times
5044:World History Encyclopedia
5018:World History Encyclopedia
4770:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0
4704:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
4505:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
4381:Journal of Human Evolution
3843:Philipp Niewohner (2017).
3162:
2936:temperate broadleaf, mixed
2843:
2839:
2768:
2546:
2481:
2357:
2351:
2216:
2206:
2109:Sanctuary of the Kings of
2069:dominant dynasty of Persia
2026:in the homonymous region,
2022:until the 6th century CE,
1931:
1783:, Scythians and their own
1603:in Ephesus, built by king
1567:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1468:. In the Late Bronze Age,
1403:
1334:
1296:
1253:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
1188:
1165:
1161:
1010:
924:
811:'to arise, to originate',
784:
772:
763:The English-language name
670:seven geographical regions
668:which divided Turkey into
588:. As a result, two former
550:
337:to the northwest, and the
166: (pop. 5,700,000)
25:
18:
9548:
9467:
9446:
9425:
9352:
9294:
9271:
9238:
9202:
9135:
9029:
8937:
8928:
8857:
8778:
8584:
8388:
8169:
8127:
8036:
8027:
7975:
7932:
7872:
7756:
7489:
7405:
7298:
7264:The constitutional system
7224:
7179:
7124:
7115:
7009:
6957:
6948:
6901:
6868:
6818:
6796:Second Constitutional Era
6781:Decline and modernization
6737:
6698:
6672:
6663:
6616:
6611:Links to related articles
6509:Resources in your library
5940:. John Wiley & Sons.
5840:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
5559:Thonemann, Peter (2018).
5158:. Routledge. p. 50.
4881:Freeman, Charles (1999).
4572:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
3917:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
3884:Stephen Mitchell (1995).
1825:. The Cimmerians overran
1371:languages of the Caucasus
1349:in central Anatolia, and
979:). The Russian male name
971:
951:
529:North Caucasian languages
269:
264:
226:
217:North Caucasian languages
191:
175:
170:
159:
150:
145:
127:
90:
80:
75:
67:
47:
40:
21:Anatolia (disambiguation)
9145:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8149:Transantarctic Mountains
7247:Ministry of the Interior
7232:Administrative divisions
6791:First Constitutional Era
5762:"Orhan | Ottoman sultan"
5612:. Longman. p. 117.
5608:Angold, Michael (1997).
5469:Bennett, Julian (1997).
4023:Annales Botanici Fennici
3921:. Montreal: Arod Books.
2981:Central Anatolian steppe
2851:Temperatures of Anatolia
2801:, the coastal plains of
1624:Late Bronze Age collapse
1544:Theatre at Halicarnassus
1367:Hurro-Urartian languages
1327:in the 6th century BCE.
1156:Armenian genocide denial
1132:First Geography Congress
1006:
999:(d. 458; the first
666:First Geography Congress
600:) were connected to the
445:Hurro-Urartian languages
9618:Physiographic provinces
9593:Ancient Greek geography
8894:Caribbean South America
7194:Parliamentary elections
6996:Eastern Anatolia Region
6991:Central Anatolia Region
6673:Ancient and Middle Ages
6565:Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004.
6555:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
6534:. London: I. B. Tauris.
6530:Brewster, Harry. 1993.
5961:Prothero, W.G. (1920).
5766:Encyclopædia Britannica
5736:Encyclopædia Britannica
5528:Oxford University Press
5432:Encyclopædia Britannica
5393:. John Wiley and Sons.
5244:2 November 2018 at the
4961:. Penguin Books, 1966.
4844:Encyclopedia Britannica
4638:10.1126/science.aav4040
4326:9 November 2013 at the
4214:A Greek-English Lexicon
4097:A Greek-English Lexicon
3564:Encyclopedia Britannica
2706:, and also towards the
2438:that was overthrown by
2286:Christian hagiographies
1922:Pre-Socratic philosophy
1799:and his son and regent
1748:, including all of the
1390: 20th century BCE
1361:remains unclear, while
1140:Eastern Anatolia Region
936:Central Anatolia Region
721:Eastern Anatolia Region
678:Eastern Anatolia Region
662:Eastern Anatolia Region
616:, coterminous with the
349:. Topographically, the
139:Eastern Anatolia Region
9468:Peninsulas in Anatolia
8674:Southern United States
8477:Scandinavian Peninsula
7365:Science and technology
7199:Presidential elections
6680:Prehistory of Anatolia
6572:Taracha, Piotr. 2009.
6407:McColl, R. W. (2014).
6203:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6177:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6151:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6125:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6099:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6073:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6047:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6021:Terrestrial Ecoregions
5995:Terrestrial Ecoregions
5427:Mithradates VI Eupator
5332:. Brill. p. 294.
4814:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3432:Seven churches of Asia
3165:Demographics of Turkey
3114:Juniperus foetidissima
3004:
2928:
2920:
2781:
2624:
2496:
2412:
2376:
2375:in the mid-9th century
2338:Byzantine–Sasanian War
2254:
2213:Spread of Christianity
2203:Early Christian period
2153:Mithridates VI Eupator
2149:remained predominant.
2118:
2014:in the northwest, the
1741:
1632:Middle Assyrian Empire
1418:
1191:Prehistory of Anatolia
1186:
1110:During the era of the
965:
959:ending, is probably a
807:
797:
712:population before the
708:(which had a sizeable
696:(Western Armenia) and
605:
411:as well as during the
395:spoke the now-extinct
302:
265:Additional information
184:
71:"the East", from Greek
9150:Antarctic Convergence
8694:Western United States
7360:Free trade agreements
7242:Intelligence Services
7039:North Anatolian Fault
6390:The History of Turkey
6205:. World Wildlife Fund
6179:. World Wildlife Fund
6153:. World Wildlife Fund
6127:. World Wildlife Fund
6101:. World Wildlife Fund
6075:. World Wildlife Fund
6049:. World Wildlife Fund
6023:. World Wildlife Fund
5997:. World Wildlife Fund
5885:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5311:17 March 2020 at the
5217:The Galatian Language
4840:"Anatolian languages"
4484:Nature Communications
4208:27 April 2011 at the
3990:13 April 2015 at the
3901:29 March 2017 at the
3667:"History of Anatolia"
2994:
2948:Mediterranean climate
2926:
2914:Mediterranean climate
2912:
2776:
2622:
2547:Further information:
2537:Knights of Saint John
2495:between 1359 and 1683
2491:
2482:Further information:
2406:
2367:
2352:Further information:
2230:
2217:Further information:
2108:
1904:. Beginning with the
1736:
1413:
1331:Hattians and Hurrians
1241:spread of agriculture
1180:
1011:Further information:
993:Anatolius of Laodicea
853:'to rise, to shine'.
832:'to rise, to shine',
676:were placed into the
560:
9613:Peninsulas of Turkey
9459:Gelibolu (Gallipoli)
9447:Peninsulas in Thrace
9419:Peninsulas of Turkey
8216:Greater Central Asia
7744:World heritage sites
7269:Turkish Armed Forces
7154:Constitutional Court
7068:Flora and vegetation
7046:Environmental issues
7034:East Anatolian Fault
6981:Mediterranean Region
6602:at Wikimedia Commons
5791:Fleet, Kate (2010).
4177:Byzantium, a History
3817:. "Slavena", Varna,
3723:Güncel Türkçe Sözlük
3317:Anatolian hypothesis
2963:temperate rainforest
2916:is prevalent in the
2817:(Salt Lake) and the
2811:Büyük Menderes River
2792:, covered by recent
2581:improve this section
2263:Eastern Roman Empire
2127:Attalids of Pergamum
2032:Kartvelian languages
1842:Early Greek presence
1173:Prehistoric Anatolia
1134:in 1941 created two
949:The Latinized form "
610:Gulf of Alexandretta
563:Last Glacial Maximum
19:For other uses, see
9362:Continents of Earth
8889:Brazilian Highlands
8298:Indian subcontinent
8159:Antarctic Peninsula
7957:Southern Hemisphere
7952:Northern Hemisphere
7313:Banking and Finance
6931:History of Anatolia
6828:War of Independence
6820:Republic of Türkiye
6717:Battle of Manzikert
5364:. pp. 656–58.
4987:"The Seven Wonders"
4762:2024Natur.625..301A
4696:2023Natur.618..550S
4630:2019Sci...363.1230O
4624:(6432): 1230–1234.
4564:2019NatEE...3..765B
4496:2019NatCo..10.1218F
4461:National Geographic
4393:2013JHumE..64..380S
4179:, 2002, p. 32.
3813:15 May 2021 at the
3783:21 May 2021 at the
3775:Dimitrov P., 2003.
3748:. 26 January 2014.
3697:www.turkstat.gov.tr
3477:Anatolian Peninsula
3362:Empire of Trebizond
3091:, Cedar of Lebanon
2944:continental climate
2880:(southern Anatolia)
2390:Battle of Manzikert
2381:Battle of Manzikert
2340:(602–628), and the
2334:Plague of Justinian
2288:of the 6th-century
2199:(54 BCE – 217 CE).
2197:Roman–Parthian Wars
2147:Hellenistic culture
2100:Alexander the Great
2085:Peace of Antalcidas
1958:; to the west were
1940:Classical antiquity
1906:Bronze Age collapse
1750:Syro-Hittite states
1746:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1728:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1721:Syro-Hittite states
1699:, all of which had
1628:Syro-Hittite states
1470:Hittite New Kingdom
1414:The Sphinx Gate in
1383:Old Assyrian Empire
1317:history of Anatolia
1287:Anatolian languages
1168:History of Anatolia
1148:Richard Hovannisian
885:Diocese of the East
883:), who created the
731:(5123 m). The
674:provinces of Turkey
572:, when the melting
553:Geography of Turkey
513:Republic of Türkiye
409:classical antiquity
397:Anatolian languages
371:Southeastern Europe
108: /
37:
9608:Peninsulas of Asia
9433:Anadolu (Anatolia)
9177:Great Barrier Reef
8798:Mainland Australia
8506:Apennine Peninsula
7967:Western Hemisphere
7942:Eastern Hemisphere
7370:Telecommunications
7159:Court of Cassation
6860:Multi-party period
6769:Ottoman Old Regime
6690:Byzantine Anatolia
6685:Classical Anatolia
6541:. Istanbul: Dünya.
6467:. Academic Press.
5917:. 7 September 2023
5719:A Monetary History
5530:. pp. 39–59.
4993:on 13 October 2009
4191:, pp. 297–98.
3538:The World Factbook
3352:Doris (Asia Minor)
3337:Anatolian Shepherd
3005:
2995:A panorama of the
2929:
2921:
2895:(eastern Anatolia)
2865:(central Anatolia)
2782:
2721:Anatolia remained
2625:
2497:
2440:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2413:
2377:
2369:Byzantine Anatolia
2354:Byzantine Anatolia
2294:Theodore of Sykeon
2278:Later Roman Empire
2255:
2119:
2081:Greco-Persian Wars
2071:. In 499 BCE, the
2034:in the northeast.
1996:Anatolic languages
1934:Classical Anatolia
1928:Classical Anatolia
1742:
1737:Fairy chimneys in
1455:ancient Anatolians
1419:
1269:Anatolia has been
1187:
995:(d. 283) and
938:, centered around
899:and spanning from
889:Constantine I
725:Armenian Highlands
628:Armenian Highlands
606:
561:Europe during the
347:Gulf of Iskenderun
329:to the south, the
56:Gulf of Iskenderun
35:
9628:Regions of Turkey
9575:
9574:
9569:
9568:
9378:
9377:
9258:Mediterranean Rim
9131:
9130:
9070:Mediterranean Sea
8924:
8923:
8877:Amazon Rainforest
8704:Canadian Prairies
8669:Pacific Northwest
8530:Iberian Peninsula
8315:Arabian Peninsula
8142:Antarctic Plateau
7902:Three/Four Worlds
7824:
7823:
7752:
7751:
7294:
7293:
7237:Foreign relations
7211:Political parties
7111:
7110:
6944:
6943:
6936:History of Thrace
6838:Atatürk's reforms
6729:Anatolian beyliks
6598:Media related to
6490:Library resources
6474:978-0-08-091908-9
6418:978-0-8160-7229-3
6411:. Facts On File.
6399:978-1-4408-3466-0
6372:978-0-231-14554-1
6266:Barjamovic, Gojko
5482:978-0-415-16524-2
5455:978-1-56859-155-1
5215:Freeman, Philip,
5012:Mark Cartwright.
4756:(7994): 301–311.
4690:(7965): 550–556.
4467:on 19 March 2021.
4441:978-0-7591-0621-5
3746:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
3636:978-0-87779-546-9
3481:Anatolian Plateau
3459:Explanatory notes
3347:Antigonid dynasty
3327:Anatolian leopard
3146:and Turkish Pine
3062:Quercus coccifera
3055:Arbutus andrachne
2846:Climate of Turkey
2743:Assyrian genocide
2731:Armenian genocide
2704:Kingdom of Greece
2681:Muslim Bulgarians
2617:
2616:
2609:
2549:History of Turkey
2517:Anatolian beyliks
2447:Anatolian beyliks
2409:Turkish invasions
2157:Kingdom of Pontus
2123:Macedonian Empire
2117:(1st century BCE)
2061:Achaemenid Empire
2030:in the east, and
1966:, and Caria; and
1768:, and swathes of
1601:Temple of Artemis
1595:was built by the
1589:Library of Celsus
1516:Ancient Egyptians
1429:were centered at
1357:. Affiliation of
1325:Achaemenid Empire
897:Late Roman Empire
767:derives from the
714:Armenian genocide
651:Armenian genocide
618:Anatolian Plateau
602:Mediterranean Sea
393:Anatolian peoples
333:to the west, the
327:Mediterranean Sea
305:), also known as
292:
291:
9635:
9417:
9416:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9360:
9359:
9339:Global Southwest
9334:Global Southeast
9324:Global Northwest
9319:Global Northeast
9309:Global Heartland
9253:Indian Ocean Rim
8935:
8934:
8827:Island Melanesia
8518:Balkan Peninsula
8293:Himalayan states
8240:Russian Far East
8034:
8033:
7962:Water Hemisphere
7851:
7844:
7837:
7828:
7827:
7812:
7811:
7800:
7799:
7788:
7787:
7776:
7775:
7764:
7569:
7568:
7454:Cities and towns
7435:Turkish language
7390:Turkish Airlines
7206:Electoral system
7169:Council of State
7122:
7121:
7056:Waste management
6986:Black Sea Region
6964:
6955:
6954:
6909:Turkic migration
6855:One-party period
6724:Sultanate of Rum
6670:
6669:
6655:
6654:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6607:
6606:
6597:
6478:
6464:Rivers of Europe
6457:
6422:
6403:
6384:
6357:
6338:Bryce, Trevor R.
6333:
6331:
6329:
6302:Bryce, Trevor R.
6297:
6295:
6293:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5728:
5722:
5715:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5507:
5492:
5486:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5441:
5435:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5326:Dandamaev, M. A.
5322:
5316:
5306:Asia Minor Coins
5303:
5297:
5296:
5275:
5269:
5255:
5249:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5074:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5014:"Celsus Library"
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4943:
4934:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4507:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4463:. Archived from
4452:
4446:
4445:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4337:
4331:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4223:
4217:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3905:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3840:
3834:
3803:
3792:
3773:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3738:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3620:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3509:
3484:
3469:
3452:Turkic migration
3357:Empire of Nicaea
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3142:Pinus halepensis
3081:Taurus Mountains
3071:(Laurus nobilis)
3032:maquis shrubland
3001:Black Sea Region
2997:Pontic Mountains
2889:
2874:
2859:
2777:Salty shores of
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2561:
2553:
2398:Sultanate of Rûm
2392:, also known as
2292:and 7th-century
2290:Nicholas of Sion
2248:
2234:
2177:Mithridatic Wars
2094:In 334 BCE, the
1914:Mycenaean Greeks
1864:
1855:
1662:
1659:
1599:in 114–117. The
1584:
1539:
1478:
1475:
1466:cuneiform script
1435:Hittite language
1391:
1388:
1363:Hurrian language
1359:Hattian language
1293:Ancient Anatolia
1124:Armenian Plateau
1097:Sultanate of Rûm
1095:, who founded a
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
974:
973:
968:
954:
953:
927:
926:
882:
880:
849:
848:
840:
839:
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
800:
787:
786:
781:
775:
774:
694:Byzantine Empire
571:
568:
459:, was spoken in
382:Fertile Crescent
367:Balkan peninsula
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
52:
38:
34:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9623:Regions of Asia
9578:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9556:Capes of Turkey
9544:
9525:Kapıdağ (Muğla)
9463:
9442:
9438:Trakya (Thrace)
9426:Main peninsulas
9421:
9411:
9409:
9379:
9374:
9348:
9290:
9267:
9234:
9198:
9127:
9116:South China Sea
9025:
8968:Central America
8920:
8853:
8774:
8726:Northern Mexico
8714:Northern Canada
8699:Atlantic Canada
8654:Mountain states
8580:
8435:European Russia
8428:Southern Russia
8384:
8337:Iranian Plateau
8165:
8154:West Antarctica
8137:East Antarctica
8123:
8023:
7971:
7947:Land Hemisphere
7928:
7868:
7855:
7825:
7820:
7748:
7567:
7563:Women in Turkey
7531:Law enforcement
7485:
7481:Life expectancy
7447:Islam in Turkey
7401:
7290:
7252:National Police
7220:
7175:
7107:
7098:Turkish Riviera
7005:
6962:
6961:
6940:
6897:
6864:
6843:Language reform
6814:
6733:
6694:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6612:
6590:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6484:Further reading
6481:
6475:
6454:
6419:
6400:
6373:
6354:
6327:
6325:
6318:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6255:
6253:
6246:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6182:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5881:"Halicarnassus"
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5854:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5815:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5716:
5712:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5647:
5643:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5583:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5508:
5495:
5483:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5442:
5438:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5358:"ARTAXERXES II"
5351:
5347:
5340:
5323:
5319:
5313:Wayback Machine
5304:
5300:
5293:
5276:
5272:
5256:
5252:
5246:Wayback Machine
5237:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5166:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5125:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4983:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4924:
4918:Barjamovic 2011
4916:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4741:
4737:
4675:
4671:
4609:
4605:
4543:
4539:
4476:
4472:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4424:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4338:
4334:
4328:Wayback Machine
4313:
4309:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4224:
4220:
4210:Wayback Machine
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4164:Vatican Library
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4046:
4042:
4019:
4015:
4011:volume 6, 2015.
4006:
4002:
3992:Wayback Machine
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3915:
3908:
3903:Wayback Machine
3883:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3815:Wayback Machine
3804:
3795:
3785:Wayback Machine
3774:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3665:Sansal, Burak.
3663:
3659:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3621:
3612:
3599:
3597:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3531:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3427:Seleucid Empire
3332:Anatolian Plate
3301:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3167:
3161:
3050:(Arbutus unedo)
3047:Strawberry Tree
3043:(Olea europaea)
2918:Turkish Riviera
2907:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2771:
2737:(especially in
2693:Greek Macedonia
2613:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2578:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2486:
2480:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2348:Medieval period
2253:
2246:
2244:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2207:Main articles:
2205:
2193:Parthian Empire
2155:, ruler of the
1936:
1930:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1795:, the Assyrian
1660:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:was one of the
1540:
1529:
1497:Palaic-speaking
1477: 1650 BCE
1476:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1379:Akkadian Empire
1343:
1335:Main articles:
1333:
1305:
1297:Main articles:
1295:
1257:demic diffusion
1193:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1015:
1009:
925:Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα
877:
761:
702:Eastern Armenia
698:Sassanid Persia
686:Greater Armenia
682:Western Armenia
655:Western Armenia
586:Turkish Straits
570: 5600 BCE
569:
555:
549:
457:Celtic language
357:strait and the
335:Turkish Straits
288:
198:
155:
132:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
63:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9641:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9573:
9572:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9561:Bays of Turkey
9558:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9408:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9385:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9370:Physical Earth
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9277:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9244:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9209:
9207:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9182:Mariana Trench
9179:
9169:
9164:
9162:Atlantic Ocean
9159:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9141:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9123:Southern Ocean
9120:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9111:East China Sea
9103:
9102:
9101:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9045:Atlantic Ocean
9042:
9036:
9034:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9006:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8863:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8849:Remote Oceania
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8784:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8719:Western Canada
8716:
8711:
8709:Eastern Canada
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8590:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8498:
8493:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8423:South Caucasus
8420:
8418:North Caucasus
8410:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8325:South Caucasus
8317:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8194:Aralkum Desert
8191:
8181:
8175:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8151:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8133:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8092:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7985:Africa-Eurasia
7981:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7930:
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7927:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7831:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7806:
7794:
7782:
7770:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7680:Radio stations
7677:
7672:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
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7466:
7461:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7415:Turkish people
7411:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7380:Transportation
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
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7296:
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7196:
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7161:
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7146:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7088:National parks
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7022:Climate change
7013:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6971:Marmara Region
6967:
6965:
6963:(west to east)
6952:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6876:Constitutional
6872:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6766:
6764:Transformation
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6739:Ottoman Empire
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6708:
6706:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6589:
6588:External links
6586:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6458:
6453:978-0195376142
6452:
6423:
6417:
6404:
6398:
6385:
6371:
6358:
6353:978-1134159079
6352:
6334:
6317:978-0199279081
6316:
6298:
6281:978-8763536455
6280:
6262:
6245:978-9751727565
6244:
6230:Akurgal, Ekrem
6225:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6190:
6164:
6138:
6112:
6086:
6060:
6034:
6008:
5982:
5953:
5947:978-1118945018
5946:
5928:
5902:
5871:
5853:978-0465008506
5852:
5832:
5814:978-1139056151
5813:
5783:
5753:
5723:
5710:
5697:
5685:
5679:Peter Partner
5672:
5663:
5654:
5641:
5635:H. M. Balyuzi
5625:
5619:978-0582294684
5618:
5600:
5582:978-0198662778
5581:
5551:
5544:
5493:
5481:
5461:
5454:
5436:
5418:
5400:978-1405179362
5399:
5379:
5345:
5339:978-9004091726
5338:
5317:
5298:
5292:978-0415089920
5291:
5279:Howgego, C. J.
5270:
5250:
5231:
5221:
5208:
5201:
5183:
5165:978-1351875745
5164:
5142:
5124:978-0195170726
5123:
5090:
5085:Carl Roebuck,
5075:
5066:
5057:
5030:
5004:
4977:
4963:
4957:Georges Roux,
4947:
4935:
4922:
4910:
4898:
4892:978-0198721949
4891:
4873:
4861:
4831:
4801:
4735:
4669:
4603:
4558:(5): 765–771.
4537:
4470:
4447:
4440:
4422:
4371:
4353:978-0814327777
4352:
4332:
4320:pp. 34–35
4307:
4292:
4286:978-1400865581
4285:
4267:
4249:978-0191866326
4248:
4218:
4193:
4181:
4168:
4147:
4114:
4083:
4040:
4029:(2): 143–149.
4013:
4000:
3976:
3958:978-1412835923
3957:
3934:
3928:978-0969987970
3927:
3906:
3894:978-0198150299
3874:
3856:978-0190610470
3855:
3835:
3793:
3763:
3728:
3725:, s.v. Anadolu
3714:
3684:
3657:
3635:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3555:
3529:
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3499:
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3486:
3485:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Seven Sleepers
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Saint Nicholas
3414:
3409:
3407:Saint Anatolia
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3290:
3287:
3255:Afyonkarahisar
3163:Main article:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:, and dry oak
3148:(Pinus brutia)
3133:
3103:Abies cilicica
3074:
3036:sclerophyllous
3028:(Pinus brutia)
3018:
3012:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2844:Main article:
2841:
2838:
2770:
2767:
2735:Greek genocide
2712:Russian Empire
2700:Constantinople
2629:Russian Empire
2615:
2614:
2597:September 2020
2565:
2563:
2556:
2544:
2541:
2521:Ottoman Empire
2484:Ottoman Empire
2479:
2478:Ottoman Empire
2476:
2436:Eretna Dynasty
2349:
2346:
2282:Pilgrim's Road
2245:
2231:
2204:
2201:
2181:Hellenic world
2161:Roman Republic
2139:Roman Republic
2089:Corinthian War
1932:Main article:
1929:
1926:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1815:
1814:
1731:
1730:
1711:
1710:
1665:Their language
1650:
1649:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1561:(governor) of
1541:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1332:
1329:
1294:
1291:
1217:Boncuklu Höyük
1189:Main article:
1181:The henges in
1174:
1171:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1112:Ottoman Empire
1054:Late Antiquity
1050:Aegean Islands
1008:
1005:
961:Medieval Latin
920:Anatolic Theme
916:Byzantine East
881: 284–305
760:
757:
749:South Caucasus
649:Following the
594:Sea of Marmara
551:Main article:
548:
545:
509:Ottoman Empire
405:Greek language
351:Sea of Marmara
290:
289:
287:
286:
275:
273:
267:
266:
262:
261:
228:
224:
223:
193:
189:
188:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
146:Administration
143:
142:
129:
125:
124:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9640:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
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9616:
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9611:
9609:
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9270:
9264:
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9208:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9172:Pacific Ocean
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9124:
9121:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9106:Pacific Ocean
9104:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9060:Caribbean Sea
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9028:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9003:
9002:by population
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8975:South America
8973:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8958:North America
8956:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8909:Southern Cone
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8884:Andean States
8882:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8859:South America
8856:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8586:North America
8583:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8549:Low Countries
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8525:South-western
8523:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:South-eastern
8511:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8501:South-central
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8491:Mediterranean
8489:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8457:British Isles
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8354:Levantine Sea
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:Mediterranean
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7840:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7817:
7816:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7051:Air pollution
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:Aegean Region
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6921:Turkification
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:Classical Age
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6712:Seljuk Empire
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6644:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5545:9780190610487
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5475:. Routledge.
5474:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5285:. Routledge.
5284:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:Norton, Tom.
5235:
5225:
5218:
5212:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5064:Melchert 2003
5061:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4871:, p. 12.
4870:
4865:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:(5): 380–98.
4386:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4305:, p. 466
4304:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4216:, on Perseus.
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4175:John Haldon,
4172:
4165:
4161:
4160:De Thematibus
4157:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:, p. 466
3581:
3578:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Pontic Greeks
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:Turkey portal
3293:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:Kahramanmaraş
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3099:, Taurus fir
3098:
3096:
3095:Cedrus libani
3090:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3058:, Kermes Oak
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:United States
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Greek Muslims
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2600:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2566:This section
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:Halicarnassus
2526:
2525:Ottoman Turks
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:leaders, the
2502:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:Mongol Empire
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:In 1255, the
2410:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:in 1071, the
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2251:vassal states
2242:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Roman control
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:Roman control
2140:
2136:
2135:Hellenization
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Ionian Revolt
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Ionian Greeks
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:Median Empire
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
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1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Assuwa league
1482:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Kurgan theory
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1380:
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1090:
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1081:
1063:
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1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Assuwa league
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
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990:
986:
983:, the French
982:
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637:
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629:
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599:
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591:
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583:
582:Mediterranean
579:
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564:
559:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Seljuk Empire
502:
501:Turkification
498:
497:Aeolic Greeks
494:
490:
487:, as well as
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Indo-European
398:
394:
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387:
383:
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374:
372:
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364:
360:
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352:
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344:
340:
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308:
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296:
284:
280:
277:
276:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
252:
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244:
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232:
229:
227:Ethnic groups
225:
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218:
214:
210:
206:
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197:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
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169:
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79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
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39:
33:
29:
22:
9432:
9368: /
9366:List of seas
9364: /
9329:Global South
9314:Global North
9248:Atlantic Rim
9187:Ring of Fire
9167:Indian Ocean
9157:Arctic Ocean
9099:Persian Gulf
9094:Indian Ocean
9075:Adriatic Sea
9040:Arctic Ocean
8872:Amazon Basin
8867:Amazon Plain
8839:Near Oceania
8644:Mid-Atlantic
8594:Aridoamerica
8554:Northwestern
8467:Northwestern
8440:Southeastern
8332:Greater Iran
8271:Southeastern
8266:Pacific Asia
8235:Pacific Asia
8223:Northeastern
8179:Asia–Pacific
7922:Fourth World
7912:Second World
7813:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7650:Illumination
7586:Architecture
7514:Human rights
7502:Universities
7420:Ethnic Kurds
7407:Demographics
7318:Construction
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6504:Online books
6494:
6463:
6427:
6408:
6389:
6362:
6342:
6326:. Retrieved
6306:
6290:. Retrieved
6270:
6254:. Retrieved
6234:
6207:. Retrieved
6202:
6193:
6181:. Retrieved
6176:
6167:
6155:. Retrieved
6150:
6141:
6129:. Retrieved
6124:
6115:
6103:. Retrieved
6098:
6089:
6077:. Retrieved
6072:
6063:
6051:. Retrieved
6046:
6037:
6025:. Retrieved
6020:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5994:
5985:
5973:. Retrieved
5963:
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5937:
5931:
5919:. Retrieved
5914:
5905:
5893:. Retrieved
5884:
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5842:
5835:
5823:. Retrieved
5796:
5786:
5774:. Retrieved
5765:
5756:
5744:. Retrieved
5735:
5726:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5649:
5648:John Freely
5644:
5636:
5609:
5603:
5591:. Retrieved
5564:
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5445:
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5430:
5421:
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5389:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5361:
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5320:
5301:
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5273:
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5253:
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5174:. Retrieved
5155:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5106:
5086:
5069:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5042:
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
5007:
4997:12 September
4995:. Retrieved
4991:the original
4980:
4966:
4959:Ancient Iraq
4958:
4930:
4929:Carruba, O.
4925:
4913:
4906:Akurgal 2001
4901:
4882:
4876:
4864:
4852:. Retrieved
4843:
4834:
4822:. Retrieved
4813:
4804:
4753:
4749:
4738:
4687:
4683:
4672:
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4617:
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4551:
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4473:
4465:the original
4460:
4450:
4431:
4425:
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4380:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4342:
4335:
4315:
4310:
4276:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4231:
4221:
4213:
4196:
4184:
4176:
4171:
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4138:. Retrieved
4129:
4105:. Retrieved
4096:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4057:
4053:
4043:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3979:
3969:10 September
3967:. Retrieved
3947:
3918:
3885:
3865:. Retrieved
3845:
3838:
3788:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3722:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3696:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3660:
3652:
3645:. Retrieved
3625:
3598:. Retrieved
3568:. Retrieved
3562:
3546:. Retrieved
3536:
3480:
3476:
3473:Asian Turkey
3472:
3467:
3322:Anatolianism
3168:
3159:Demographics
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3118:
3111:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3027:
3025:Turkish pine
2954:ecoregions.
2933:
2930:
2899:
2827:
2822:
2783:
2723:multi-ethnic
2720:
2716:
2697:
2687:such as the
2655:and several
2626:
2603:
2594:
2579:Please help
2567:
2543:Modern times
2511:and his son
2498:
2444:
2414:
2385:Seljuk Turks
2378:
2330:
2275:
2256:
2237:Roman Empire
2151:
2120:
2115:Mount Nemrut
2093:
2055:
2036:
1937:
1891:
1841:
1816:
1811:
1774:
1743:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1651:
1646:
1621:
1513:
1463:
1438:
1420:
1344:
1306:
1283:later origin
1265:
1225:Göbekli Tepe
1213:Aşıklı Höyük
1194:
1183:Göbekli Tepe
1129:
1109:
1104:
1093:Seljuq Turks
1088:
1082:
1061:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1016:
976:
956:
955:", with its
948:
929:
915:
909:
855:
850:
841:
829:
823:'east' from
820:
801:'to rise', "
788:
764:
762:
745:Murat rivers
729:Mount Ararat
718:
705:
688:between the
648:
621:
607:
391:The ancient
390:
375:
319:Western Asia
317:situated in
306:
294:
293:
171:Demographics
160:Largest city
152:
135:Southeastern
32:
9344:Global West
9304:Global East
9263:Pacific Rim
9205:waterbodies
9194:World Ocean
9019:New Zealand
8899:The Guianas
8788:Australasia
8731:West Indies
8659:New England
8639:Great Lakes
8609:Mesoamerica
8496:Middle East
8472:Scandinavia
8361:Middle East
8199:Caspian Sea
8105:Great Lakes
8085:Sub-Saharan
8071:Middle East
7934:Hemispheres
7917:Third World
7907:First World
7860:'s primary
7803:WikiProject
7734:Video games
7526:Individuals
7519:LGBT rights
7509:Health care
7476:Immigration
7257:Gendarmerie
7216:Referendums
7132:Legislative
7029:Earthquakes
6914:Oghuz Turks
6803:Dissolution
6444:11693/51311
5975:6 September
5921:3 September
5721:, pp. 30–31
5354:Schmitt, R.
5050:17 February
4490:(1): 1218.
4107:20 February
3791:, 4, 52–57.
3707:2 September
3588:, p. 7
3586:Howard 2016
3570:29 February
3548:20 February
3514:McColl 2014
3087:Pinus nigra
2836:mountains.
2823:Konya Ovasi
2807:Gediz River
2799:Kızıl River
2741:), and the
2665:Balkan Wars
2637:Circassians
2535:) from the
2344:(634–638).
2336:(541), the
2326:Aphrodisias
2098:Greek king
2043:Mesopotamia
2024:Cappadocian
1952:Paphlagonia
1918:city-states
1880:Aphrodisias
1878:(right) in
1874:(left) and
1703:influence.
1661: 2000
1423:Mesopotamia
1375:Mesopotamia
1209:Nevali Cori
1197:Paleolithic
658:was renamed
636:Mesopotamia
576:caused the
521:Neo-Aramaic
413:Hellenistic
359:Dardanelles
247:Circassians
179:Anatolian (
115: /
91:Coordinates
9582:Categories
9085:Ionian Sea
9080:Aegean Sea
9050:Baltic Sea
8982:Antarctica
8834:Micronesia
8803:New Guinea
8761:Portuguese
8684:West Coast
8634:East Coast
8629:Bible Belt
8624:Appalachia
8303:Subregions
8211:Inner Asia
8129:Antarctica
8029:Continents
8002:Antarctica
7977:Landmasses
7887:Down Under
7882:Arab World
7866:subregions
7675:Newspapers
7660:Literature
7640:Folk dance
7541:Corruption
7425:Minorities
7353:Renewables
7308:Automotive
7117:Government
6848:Secularism
5915:archive.is
5593:6 December
5561:"Anatolia"
5266:0230361064
5202:0199245061
5176:8 November
5135:5 December
5103:"Anatolia"
5023:2 February
4869:Bryce 2005
4854:26 January
4824:26 January
4364:5 December
4260:5 December
4228:"Anatolia"
4189:Bryce 2009
3867:7 December
3825:, 91 pp.,
3823:954579335X
3789:Oceanology
3677:7 December
3559:"Anatolia"
3520:Cohen 2008
3491:References
3479:, and the
3422:Saint Paul
3412:Saint John
3120:J. excelsa
3068:Bay Laurel
2985:halophytic
2950:, contain
2940:coniferous
2905:Ecoregions
2689:Vallahades
2499:Among the
2358:See also:
2257:After the
2169:Aegean Sea
2096:Macedonian
1984:Cappadocia
1876:Tetrapylon
1872:Sebasteion
1819:Cimmerians
1801:Belshazzar
1785:Babylonian
1770:Cappadocia
1762:Cimmerians
1739:Cappadocia
1481:Kizzuwatna
1459:immigrants
1309:Bronze Age
1233:Köşk Höyük
1229:Norşuntepe
1201:Çatalhöyük
1058:Mikrà Asía
987:and plain
874:Diocletian
870:Aegean Sea
642:valley in
630:, and the
574:ice sheets
485:Cimmerians
331:Aegean Sea
307:Asia Minor
257:, various
219:, various
199:Minority:
9500:Karaburun
9281:Antarctic
9065:Irish Sea
9055:Black Sea
9014:Australia
8963:Caribbean
8940:continent
8914:Patagonia
8844:Polynesia
8822:Melanesia
8815:Zealandia
8793:Australia
8679:Southwest
8599:Caribbean
8376:Near East
8017:submerged
8012:Zealandia
8007:Australia
7897:Old World
7892:New World
7729:TV series
7687:Miniature
7630:Festivals
7546:Terrorism
7497:Education
7430:Languages
7274:Air Force
7189:Elections
7137:Executive
7083:Mountains
6950:Geography
6869:Overviews
6808:Partition
6774:Tulip era
6381:212893637
6328:7 January
6304:(2005) .
6292:7 January
6256:7 January
5489:Euphrates
4778:0028-0836
4712:0028-0836
4646:0036-8075
4580:2397-334X
4514:2041-1723
4409:0047-2484
4093:"ἀνατολή"
3496:Citations
3392:Pentarchy
3275:Çanakkale
3267:Zonguldak
3243:Eskişehir
3231:Adapazarı
3219:Balıkesir
2673:Albanians
2568:does not
2472:sovereign
2459:Ilkhanids
2442:in 1381.
2421:Ilkhanate
2267:Byzantium
2243:'s death.
2173:Black Sea
2131:Seleucids
2111:Commagene
1972:Pamphylia
1944:Herodotus
1898:Mycenaean
1823:Scythians
1797:Nabonidus
1766:Scythians
1758:Commagene
1636:Phrygians
1267:Neolithic
1245:migration
1237:Yumuktepe
1130:Turkey's
1120:Kurdistan
1087:Ῥωμανία (
912:Byzantine
759:Etymology
733:Euphrates
632:Euphrates
614:Black Sea
598:Black Sea
578:sea level
547:Geography
477:Armenians
473:Assyrians
465:Galatians
421:Byzantine
378:Neolithic
343:Black Sea
339:Black Sea
311:peninsula
283:UTC+03:00
271:Time zone
239:Armenians
213:Kabardian
192:Languages
185:Anadolulu
112:39°N 35°E
76:Geography
68:Etymology
60:Black Sea
9588:Anatolia
9535:Çukurbağ
9530:Bozburun
9505:Güvercin
8808:Tasmania
8756:Hispanic
8619:Northern
8566:Germanic
8544:Atlantic
8486:Southern
8447:Northern
8413:Caucasus
8349:Dead Sea
8320:Caucasus
8288:Southern
8281:Maritime
8276:Mainland
8249:Northern
8230:Far East
8189:Aral Sea
8112:Southern
8056:Northern
7779:Category
7717:Football
7702:Painting
7645:Folklore
7553:Marriage
7459:Istanbul
7442:Religion
7395:Railways
7385:Aviation
7323:Currency
7181:Politics
7149:Judicial
7125:Branches
7103:Wildlife
6893:Military
6881:Economic
6786:Tanzimat
6600:Anatolia
6495:Anatolia
6340:(2009).
6322:Archived
6286:Archived
6268:(2011).
6250:Archived
6232:(2001).
5969:Archived
5964:Anatolia
5895:23 April
5889:Archived
5858:Archived
5825:23 April
5819:Archived
5776:23 April
5770:Archived
5746:23 April
5740:Archived
5717:Pamuk –
5704:Artuk –
5683:, p. 122
5639:, p. 342
5587:Archived
5524:New York
5405:Archived
5372:21 April
5366:Archived
5356:(1986).
5328:(1989).
5309:Archived
5281:(1995).
5242:Archived
5170:Archived
5129:Archived
4848:Archived
4818:Archived
4796:38200295
4787:10781627
4730:37286608
4721:10266975
4664:30872528
4598:30988490
4532:30890703
4417:23481346
4358:Archived
4324:Archived
4254:Archived
4206:Archived
4134:Archived
4101:Archived
4070:Archived
4035:23726860
3988:Archived
3963:Archived
3899:Archived
3861:Archived
3811:Archived
3781:Archived
3750:Archived
3701:Archived
3671:Archived
3641:Archived
3533:"Turkey"
3372:Lycaonia
3289:See also
3279:Osmaniye
3171:Istanbul
3152:(Quercus
3126:hornbeam
2832:and the
2815:Lake Tuz
2809:and the
2803:Çukurova
2794:deposits
2779:Lake Tuz
2755:Assyrian
2747:Armenian
2669:Bosniaks
2653:Chechens
2633:Caucasus
2531:(modern
2505:Ottomans
2371:and the
2314:Pergamum
2165:hegemony
2129:and the
2028:Armenian
2012:Thracian
2008:Phrygian
2004:Pisidian
2000:Isaurian
1948:Bithynia
1781:Persians
1715:Arameans
1708:Arameans
1701:Hellenic
1552:Mausolus
1546:(modern
1507:and the
1493:Kaskians
1427:Hittites
1406:Hittites
1351:Hurrians
1347:Hattians
1341:Hurrians
1337:Hattians
1321:Hattians
1313:Iron Age
1275:homeland
1271:proposed
1152:Armenian
1142:and the
1075:the East
1046:province
1027:Hittites
1023:Hattians
952:Anatolia
789:anatello
785:ἀνατέλλω
765:Anatolia
710:Armenian
596:and the
537:Georgian
525:Armenian
481:Hattians
469:Hurrians
453:Galatian
451:, while
437:Phrygian
355:Bosporus
295:Anatolia
243:Chechens
205:Armenian
81:Location
36:Anatolia
9490:Kapıdağ
9485:Armutlu
9480:Kocaeli
9475:Boztepe
9454:Çatalca
9009:Oceania
8997:by area
8953:America
8930:Islands
8780:Oceania
8649:Midwest
8604:Central
8571:Romance
8539:Western
8408:Balkans
8403:Eastern
8398:Central
8366:Mashriq
8310:Western
8254:Siberia
8206:Eastern
8184:Central
8117:Western
8090:Central
8066:Mashriq
8061:Maghreb
8051:Saharan
7997:America
7990:Eurasia
7862:regions
7815:Outline
7791:Commons
7724:Theater
7707:Pottery
7623:Ottoman
7618:Cuisine
7596:Ottoman
7573:Culture
7558:Poverty
7490:Society
7375:Tourism
7328:Defense
7300:Economy
7142:Cabinet
7073:Geology
7017:Climate
6959:Regions
6886:Ottoman
6704:Beyliks
6700:Seljuks
6665:History
6222:Sources
5695:, p. 13
5652:, p. 83
5411:20 June
5268:, p. 14
4758:Bibcode
4692:Bibcode
4655:6436108
4626:Bibcode
4618:Science
4589:6520225
4560:Bibcode
4523:6425003
4492:Bibcode
4389:Bibcode
3998:, 2007.
3382:Miletus
3367:Gordium
3271:Kütahya
3247:Trabzon
3235:Denizli
3211:Kayseri
3187:Antalya
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2020:Galatia
1992:Galatia
1988:Pisidia
1980:Phrygia
1976:Cilicia
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