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4764:. Natural gas appears in rocks deposited in the Miocene and Pliocene by the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester rivers, or in deep-water Oligocene-age rocks. Serious exploration began in 1999 with two deep-water wells, Limanköy-1 and Limanköy-2, drilled in Turkish waters. Next, the HPX (Hopa)-1 deepwater well targeted late Miocene sandstone units in Achara-Trialet fold belt (also known as the Gurian fold belt) along the Georgia-Turkey maritime border. Although geologists inferred that these rocks might have hydrocarbons that migrated from the Maykop Suite, the well was unsuccessful. No more drilling happened for five years after the HPX-1 well. In 2010, Sinop-1 targeted carbonate reservoirs potentially charged from the nearby Maykop Suite on the Andrusov Ridge, but the well-struck only Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Yassihöyük-1 encountered similar problems.
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1851:
400:
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1935:
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Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015).
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2953:) and has a wet section of around 38,000 m (410,000 sq ft). Inflow and outflow current speeds are averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 m/s (1.0 to 1.3 ft/s), but much higher speeds are found locally, inducing significant turbulence and vertical shear. This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers. Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17
2568:, the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter
4745:
However, this varies geographically. For example, prospects are poorer off the coast of
Bulgaria because of the large influx of sediment from the Danube which obscured sunlight and diluted organic-rich sediments. Many of the discoveries to date have taken place offshore of Romania in the Western Black Sea and only a few discoveries have been made in the Eastern Black Sea.
4768:
Miocene shale-cored anticlines in the
Western Black Sea. A year later in 2012, Romania drilled Domino-1 which struck gas prompting the drilling of other wells in the Neptun Deep. In 2016, the Bulgarian well Polshkov-1 targeted Maykop Suite sandstones in the Polshkov High and Russia is in the process of drilling Jurassic carbonates on the Shatsky Ridge as of 2018.
3110:
3204:. Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months, and surface-intensified autumn production. This pattern of productivity is augmented by an
3141:, acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development.
3762:
3579:
Since the 1960s, rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coastline and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N:P:Si ratio in the basin. In coastal areas, the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific
9245:
a new group of sea-going merchants - Greek and
Albanian subjects of the Porte flew the Russian flag after 1783 (making up the bulk of the first foreign flag commercial flotilla on the Black Sea since the departure of the Italians in the fifteenth century), taking up the slack after the collapse of
5842:
provides for free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the
Mediterranean seas. However, a single country (Turkey) has complete control over the straits connecting the two seas. Military ships are categorised separately from civilian vessels and can pass through
3627:
Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s, and an EU monitoring exercise, 'EROS21', revealed decreased nitrogen and phosphorus values, relative to the 1989 peak. Recently, scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery,
3623:
in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry, as calcium-producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH, although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified. In central Black Sea waters, silicon levels were also significantly reduced, due to a decrease in the flux of
2988:
that stops at the Cold
Intermediate Layer (CIL). This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer. The base of the CIL is marked by a
8863:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron,
4767:
Other
Turkish wells, Sürmene-1 and Sile-1 drilled in the Eastern Black Sea in 2011 and 2015 respectively tested four-way closures above Cretaceous volcanoes, with no results in either case. A different Turkish well, Kastamonu-1 drilled in 2011 did successfully find thermogenic gas in Pliocene and
2968:
known as the Rim
Current. The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50–100 cm/s (20–39 in/s). Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. The Eastern and Western Gyres are well-organized systems in the winter but
8923:
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles
Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March
4744:
The Black Sea contains oil and natural gas resources but exploration in the sea is incomplete. As of 2017, 20 wells are in place. Throughout much of its existence, the Black Sea has had significant oil and gas-forming potential because of significant inflows of sediment and nutrient-rich waters.
3877:
rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water. The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate. One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first, with excess freshwater flowing over the
Bosporus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea. There are also
2750:
faults dictates the current tectonic regime, which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the
Anatolian region. These geological mechanisms, in the long term, have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean
8774:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael
3269:. The life-cycle of most diatoms can be described as 'boom and bust' and the Black Sea is no exception, with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year, most reliably during March. In simple terms, the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in-wash of
4181:
scattered along the Black Sea's southern coast, attracting traders and colonists due to the grain grown in the Black Sea hinterland. By 500 BC, permanent Greek communities existed all around the Black Sea, and a lucrative trade-network connected the entirety of the Black Sea to the wider
3011:
Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass, where salinity increases to 22.3 PSU and temperatures rise to around 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen. Weak
3869:
There is evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period. Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) during the last glaciation and for some time after.
2915:
occurs near the surface. According to Gregg (2002), the outflow is 16,000 cubic metres per second (570,000 cubic feet per second) or around 500 cubic kilometres per year (120 cubic miles per year), and the inflow is 11,000 m/s (390,000 cu ft/s) or around 350 km/a
4508:
patrol mission.. and performed 'aggressive and dangerous' manoeuvres". The incident, which occurred "in international airspace over the Black Sea about 60km" east of Romanian airspace, "caused the crew of five Polish border guards to lose control of the plane and lose altitude."
3598:, are able to out-compete diatom species because of the limited availability of silicon, a necessary constituent of diatom frustules. As a consequence of these blooms, benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light, while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals.
9003:
The wheat trade was the reason for Greek colonization of Olbia and other Black Sea ports from c. 615 B.C. on. The Ukraine was the chief source of wheat imports to classical Athens: the sea route from the Crimea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Aegean was Athens'
3328:
into deeper waters, where more nutrients are available. This permits coccolithophores to utilize the nutrients in the upper waters, and by the end of May, with favorable light and temperature conditions, growth rates reach their highest. The major bloom-forming species is
3221:
Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer. In November, subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production, due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as
3232:
sp. Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species. This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea, which is attributable to the brackish conditions, low water transparency and presence of
3521:
1469:, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence, "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern
4416:. The Soviet naval base was one of the strongest fortifications in the world. Its site, on a deeply eroded, bare limestone promontory at the southwestern tip of the Crimea, made an approach by land forces exceedingly difficult. The high-level cliffs overlooking
813:
and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the
8850:
This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of
2910:
has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classic estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while the outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the
3937:. While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur, there is debate over the suddenness, dating, and magnitude of the events. Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric
5843:
the straits only if the ship belongs to a Black Sea country. Other military ships have the right to pass through the straits if they are not in a war against Turkey and if they stay in the Black Sea basin for a limited time. The 1982 amendments to the
8864:
Justyna; Della Casa, Philippe; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław (2015).
2980:
around the coastal apron and "wind curl" mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. During the spring, the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea.
3500:
has caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins. However, others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on the ecosystem, including
4424:
consisting of 180mm and 305mm re-purposed battleship guns which were capable of firing inland as well as out to sea. The artillery emplacements were protected by reinforced concrete fortifications and 9.8-inch thick armored turrets.
3492:, although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities. All three species have been classified as distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and are endemic to the Black and
2619:
The Black Sea is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by the Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the
8910:
Our genomic evidence for the spread of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to both northern Europe and Central Asia during the Early Bronze Age corresponds well with the hypothesized expansion of the Indo-European
3245:(an organism that uses organic carbon for growth) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species (able to exploit different trophic pathways), relative to autotrophs. Despite its unique hydrographic setting, there are no confirmed
2824:. Neoeuxinian deposits are found in the Black Sea below −20 m (−66 ft) water depth in three layers. The upper layers correspond with the peak of the Khvalinian transgression, on the shelf shallow-water sands and
781:
from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore
678:, covers 436,400 km (168,500 sq mi), has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft), and a volume of 547,000 km (131,000 cu mi). Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the
4843:
3035:
and is the first of its kind to be identified. The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through the Bosporus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content.
1145:
576:
3324:, as part of their life cycle. In the Black Sea, the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place. In May, the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal
6958:
3144:
During winter, strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients, while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm, shallow mixed layer. Day length and
4339:
2762:, however, are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km (12 mi) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The
9913:
4641:
The Black Sea plays an integral part in the connection between Asia and Europe. In addition to sea ports and fishing, key activities include hydrocarbons exploration for oil and natural gas, and tourism.
3165:
also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling, as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone, enhancing productivity.
9144:
A virtual cotton boom began with the onset of the American Revolutionary War in 1776, followed by a wheat boom beginning with the relaxation of Ottoman export controls following the French Revolution in
3393:
spp. can be found throughout the photic zone, although concentration decreases with increasing depth. Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability, predation, and
8079:
6621:
Moreover, the Abkhazian coast stretches 200 kilometres, which has the potential to significantly increase the influence of either Russia or Georgia on the Black sea, including their military presence.
9078:
Birsay, Cem (2007). "The Integration of Regional Efforts for Strengthening Stability Initiatives in the Wider Black Sea Area and Turkey's Position". In Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest (eds.).
4756:
Sea was partially isolated and sea levels fell. During this time sand shed off the rising Balkanide, Pontide and Caucasus mountains trapped organic material in the Maykop Suite of rocks through the
4733:, inviting major international oil companies for exploration. Discovery of the new, massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments. It also provoked a short-term peaceful
2758:
to the north of the basin is up to 190 km (120 mi) wide and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around
3447:
Another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea. It preys upon zebra mussels. Like the mussels and common carp, it has become invasive when introduced to other environments, like the
3624:
silicon associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces. This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localized alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin-wide effects.
1455:
region of the southern shoreline before Greek colonisation due to its difficult navigation and hostile barbarian natives (7.3.6), and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the
8951:
Most present-day Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of three ancient populations related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG), early farmers (EEF) and steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya) .
3580:
phytoplankton blooms, with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6. The non-diatoms, such as the prymnesiophytes
8584:"Modelling the Danube-influenced North-western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. II: Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972"
10133:
5912:
while the Russians claimed that an onboard fire had caused munitions to explode and damage the ship extensively. She was the largest ship to be lost in naval combat in Europe since
4332:
2949:
The southern sill of the Bosporus is located at 36.5 m (120 ft) below present sea level (deepest spot of the shallowest cross-section in the Bosporus, located in front of
7485:
7536:
Schuiling, Roelof Dirk; Cathcart, Richard B.; Badescu, Viorel; Isvoranu, Dragos; Pelinovsky, Efim (2006). "Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?".
3090:
There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms, possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths.
8182:
Emek Inanmaz, Özgür; Değirmenci, Özgür; Gücü, Ali Cemal (2014). "A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), in the Marmara Sea (Turkey)".
3516:
8727:
8105:
11097:
8762:
I believe with many others that the proto-Indo-European homeland was located in the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas in what is today southern Ukraine and Russia.
7782:
4420:
protected the anchorage, making an amphibious landing just as dangerous. The Soviet Navy had built upon these natural defenses by modernizing the port and installing heavy
4325:
8432:
Humborg, Christoph; Ittekkot, Venugopalan; Cociasu, Adriana; Bodungen, Bodo v. (1997). "Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure".
6955:
3883:
2957:(PSU) and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 PSU. Likewise, an inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 PSU experiences a decrease to about 34 PSU.
2583:
The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter. Other influencing factors include the regional
9259:
4775:
found 320 billion cubic metres (11 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the biggest ever discovery in the Black Sea, and hoped to begin production in the
3169:
In total, the Black Sea's biodiversity contains around one-third of the Mediterranean's and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or "Mediterranizations".
2133:
These rivers and their tributaries comprise a 2-million km (0.77-million sq mi) Black Sea drainage basin that covers wholly or partially 24 countries:
8475:
Sburlea, A.; L. Boicenco; et al. (2006). "Aspects of Eutrophication as a Chemical Pollution with Implications on Marine Biota at the Romanian Black Sea Shore".
3507:, now a vulnerable species, were historically abundant in the Black Sea, and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin in 1997. Monk seals were present at
9402:
2973:
in the summer and autumn. Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability.
2655:. Uplift and compressional deformation took place as the Neotethys continued to close. Seismic surveys indicate that rifting began in the Western Black Sea in the
5850:
The Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-
2883:
basin. The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is
1465:
Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark color of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of
11716:
10169:
7519:
5844:
5839:
4263:
9897:
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oceans, but the timings of these events remain uncertain. Arc volcanism and extension occurred as the Neo-Tethys Ocean subducted under the southern margin of
9372:
5893:
occurred, in which the Russian navy and coast guard took control of three Ukrainian vessels as the ships were trying to transit from the Black Sea into the
710:
considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi). Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the
9358:
6609:"The Class Roots and Sources of the Aggressive Actions of Georgia Against South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the Aggravation of the Situation in the Caucasus"
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4804:
1992:
1407:(Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name
873:
6262:
11090:
9999:
6114:
Murray, J. W.; Jannasch, H. W.; Honjo, S; Anderson, R. F.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Top, Z.; Friederich, G. E.; Codispoti, L. A.; Izdar, E. (30 March 1989).
7963:
Uysal, Z. (2006). "Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black, Marmara, Aegean, and eastern Mediterranean seas".
547:
9592:
8398:
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Shillington, Donna J.; White, Nicky; Minshull, Timothy A.; Edwards, Glyn R.H.; Jones, Stephen M.; Edwards, Rosemary A.; Scott, Caroline L. (2008).
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bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of
9320:
7762:
3862:. The Dardanelles is 55 m (180 ft) deep, and the Bosporus is as shallow as 36 m (118 ft). By comparison, at the height of the
3273:-bearing terrestrial sediments, and when the supply of silicon is exhausted, the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting
2832:
silts. The middle layers on the shelf are sands with brackish-water mollusc shells. Of continental origin, the lower level on the shelf is mostly
9854:
9103:
from the 18th century onwards, Russian ambitions fueled Turkish-Russian power conflict over the control of the Turkish Straits and the Black Sea.
8508:
Gregoire, M.; C. Raick; et al. (2008). "Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase".
8381:
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channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs, radioactive materials, and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism.
4474:
4417:
4238:
3789:
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6797:"Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation"
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3619:)—was able to establish itself in the basin, exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons. The change in
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9535:
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Korotaev, G. (2003). "Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data".
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Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name "Black Sea", including these given in the countries bordering the sea:
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9084:. Volume 26 of NATO science for peace and security series: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 91.
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4445:. It was subsequently bombarded heavily by Ukraine. On 30 June 2022, Ukraine announced that it had driven Russian forces off the island.
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The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding
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per year. The fishery is carried out mainly in winter, and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December.
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8724:
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species from becoming established. The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favor the development of
220:
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12234:
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5414:
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Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost cetacean diversity in the Turkish Straits and hence in the Black and Azov basins.
1689:
5882:. It has been estimated that approximately 5,000 to 7,000 people were killed during the sinking, making it one of the deadliest
4225:
losing control of the Crimean Peninsula in 1479, after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of
3341:
into the atmosphere. Overall, coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea, and although recent sediments are dominated by
2718:
strait near its entrance to the Black Sea. Connecting Europe and Asia, it is one of the tallest suspension bridges in the world.
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12417:
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inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure. Because of the extreme stratification, it is classified as a
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at about 100–200 metres (330–660 ft), and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water.
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Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the New and Emerging Democracies
7780:
Ships' ballast as a Primary Factor for 'Mediterranization' of Pelagic Copepod Fauna (Copepoda) in the Northeastern Black Sea
826:
today). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The
12850:
12830:
12585:
12356:
12208:
12096:
9492:
9270:
8155:
Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; Zonn, Igor S.; Zhiltsov, Sergei S.; Kosarev, Aleksey N.; Kostianoy, Andrey G. (30 September 2014).
7718:
9958:
7861:
Eker-Develi, E. (2003). "Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996, spring and autumn 1998".
7710:
3385:, and are present throughout the world's oceans. They exhibit a range of morphologies, including filamentous colonies and
3237:
bottom waters. It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) of the Black Sea prevent
12880:
12870:
12855:
12840:
12223:
12213:
11474:
9985:
Stella Ghervas, "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique", in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (ed),
8128:
6318:
Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018.
4413:
3726:
4741:
which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries.
4587:
12875:
12845:
12198:
12173:
12163:
12040:
9062:
8156:
6410:
3415:
is part of the zebra mussel's native range. The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an
9833:
7516:
4559:
12695:
12617:
12490:
12344:
12324:
12009:
11890:
11734:
10042:
10025:
10011:
8708:
6476:
4606:
4397:
3153:. Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability, as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced
491:
486:
9649:
6744:
Hurrell, J. W. (1995). "Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation".
3556:
were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes. Of these,
12407:
12349:
9196:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800, Studies in Modern Capitalism
8412:
6524:
6032:
5806:
2476:
600:
7059:"Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus"
3570:
into the Dardanelles, although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins.
12895:
12652:
12565:
12366:
12339:
12285:
12060:
11947:
11937:
10164:
9693:
9420:
5818:
4566:
4459:
As early as 29 April 2022 submarines of the Black Sea Fleet were used by Russia to bombard Ukrainian cities with
3601:
The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s, while the invasive ctenophore
3457:
3045:
8277:
7895:
Krakhmalny, A. F. (1994). "Dinophyta of the Black Sea (Brief history of investigations and species diversity)."
7172:
Nikishin, A. (2003). "The Black Sea basin: tectonic history and Neogene–Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling".
6686:
12625:
12452:
12329:
12146:
12025:
7913:
6426:
4796:
4544:
4298:
became Tsar. On 15 January 1856, the new tsar took Russia out of the war on the very unfavourable terms of the
1238:, the historical name "Euxine Sea", which holds a different literal meaning (see below), is still widely used:
8296:
Gladilina, E.V.; Kovtun, Oleg; Kondakov, Andrey; Syomik, A.M.; Pronin, K.K.; Gol'din, Pavel (1 January 2013).
4302:, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea, and the provision that the Black Sea was to be a
4290:, fought between 1853 and 1856, saw naval engagements between the French and British allies and the forces of
561:
184:
12590:
12312:
9719:
5213:
4493:
3104:
1785:
10179:
10174:
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12473:
12447:
12395:
12334:
12035:
11769:
8747:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
8298:"Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea: The first case of long-term survival of an exotic pinniped"
6268:
5873:
5298:
destination steadily increased. Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region's growth industries.
4573:
4401:
4171:
4159:
4075:
3462:
3048:
artifacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived
2599:
mountain ranges acting as waveguides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region.
1466:
787:
8633:
3712:
2564:
Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the
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12422:
12158:
12101:
11932:
11910:
11789:
8221:
8088:
6980:
4434:
3903:
3879:
3829:
3031:
of the Black Sea. The discovery of the river, announced on August 1, 2010, was made by scientists at the
6499:
3632:
plants in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union.
12764:
12657:
12595:
12570:
12091:
11844:
11275:
10425:
10199:
8350:
7759:
5265:
4989:
4540:
4442:
3949:
2565:
1781:
1743:
765:, with an annual net outflow of 300 km (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosporus and the
20:
9667:
6358:
6333:
4555:
12700:
12381:
12361:
11999:
11972:
9763:
7262:
Svitoch, Alexander A. (2010). "The Neueuxinian basin of the Black Sea and Khvalinian transgression".
6920:
Ozsoy, E. & U. Unluata (1997). "Oceanography of the Black Sea: A review of some recent results".
6872:
6100:
5559:
5273:
4155:
3261:
The Black Sea is populated by many species of the marine diatom, which commonly exist as colonies of
3184:
blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image.
3087:
clouds would pose a threat to health—and perhaps even life—for people living on the Black Sea coast.
2766:
in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres (7,257.22 feet) just south of
2723:
2703:
1735:
1209:
1004:
9125:. Studies in Modern Capitalism, ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
5878:
was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from
4182:
Mediterranean. While Greek colonies generally maintained very close cultural ties to their founding
12825:
12805:
12769:
12412:
12111:
11957:
11915:
11900:
11834:
8141:
7571:
5948:
5277:
5038:
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4384:
3508:
3024:
2540:
1060:
956:
827:
299:
9557:
9226:. Studies in Modern Capitalism ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
3746:
3435:. Like the zebra mussel, the common carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats.
3121:
The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the
2026:
1333:
12820:
12815:
12715:
12437:
11962:
11885:
11794:
11467:
10377:
7112:
6169:
5909:
4730:
4533:
4379:
3504:
2577:
2051:
1819:
1565:
1517:
1161:
777:) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more
12810:
12800:
11860:
10698:
9650:"Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii"
7692:
7346:
Gregg, M. C., and E. Özsoy (2002), "Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosporus",
6836:
Türkeş, Murat (1996). "Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey".
6651:
Aydin, Mustafa (2005). "Europe's new region: The Black Sea in the wider Europe neighbourhood".
5901:
5537:
4630:
4453:
4438:
4374:
4299:
4295:
4199:
3698:
2185:
1025:
9457:
9052:
8583:
7638:
6608:
3281:-based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle. Typically,
3064:, as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the
2976:
Outside of the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of
818:. During geological periods when this hydrological link was not present, the Black Sea was an
773:. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the
12885:
11967:
10223:
10219:
10192:
9558:"Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast".
8392:
8329:
7608:"A physical-biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea"
7208:
5890:
5866:
5390:
4369:
4364:
4271:
4101:
3672:
3658:
3644:
3638:
populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them.
3496:
seas, and are more active during nights in the Turkish Straits. However, construction of the
3125:, nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs, the Black Sea features a range of
2970:
2887:
water. The Black Sea's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and
2795:
2743:
1251:
861:
306:
252:
9832:
8560:
7400:
7371:
7131:
7058:
3775:
3027:
is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the
830:
is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the
12376:
11870:
11239:
10545:
8978:
Braun, Thomas (6 December 2012) . "Ancient Mediterranean Food". In Spiller, Gene A. (ed.).
8877:
8806:
8798:
8598:
8517:
8441:
8365:
8309:
7972:
7870:
7815:
7801:"Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995"
7727:
7676:
7662:"Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea: A modeling study"
7622:
7455:
7181:
7127:
7073:
7015:
6929:
6845:
6808:
6753:
6209:
6127:
5811:
4792:
4291:
4071:
3887:
3761:
2984:
Beneath the surface waters—from about 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft)—there exists a
2845:
2799:
2763:
2747:
2489:
989:
977:
794:, via the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small
8925:
8776:
8641:
7113:"Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: A test of depth-dependent stretching models"
6069:
2950:
8:
12550:
12527:
12188:
12030:
12004:
11927:
11880:
11784:
11405:
10846:
10640:
10269:
9373:"Russia says it fires cruise missiles from submarine, warns again on NATO arms shipments"
9343:
9264:
8700:
7934:
7490:
5159:
4734:
4258:
became a significant Black Sea power in the late-18th century, occupying the littoral of
4234:
4086:
3863:
3620:
3032:
1263:
1083:
853:
616:
581:
8881:
8802:
8602:
8521:
8445:
8369:
8313:
8220:
Frantzis A.; Alexiadou P.; Paximadis G.; Politi E.; Gannier A.; Corsini-Foka M. (2023).
8057:
First stranding record of a Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the Marmara Sea, Turkey
7976:
7874:
7819:
7731:
7680:
7626:
7459:
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7185:
7077:
7019:
6933:
6849:
6812:
6757:
6213:
6131:
5420:
4967:
4619:
1444:
1431:
1400:
1376:
12790:
12575:
12070:
12055:
11984:
11952:
11942:
11905:
11875:
11865:
11460:
10841:
10738:
10382:
10244:
10094:
9839:
8901:
8829:
8788:
8671:
8457:
8244:
8199:
7938:
7553:
7289:
7039:
6895:
6777:
6668:
6238:
6197:
6162:
6143:
5525:
5488:
4580:
4303:
4230:
4178:
4036:
3929:
3737:
3684:
3485:
3431:
The common carp's native range extends to the Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and
3061:
3013:
2867:
2640:
2596:
1533:
1459:
1224:
1200:
1019:
995:
683:
652:
264:
144:
114:
11075:
10048:
9855:"Ukraine claims it hit a Russian warship with a missile strike. Russia says otherwise"
7882:
7634:
7193:
6941:
6633:
3357:
sediments have been shown to also contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species.
12645:
12640:
12536:
12505:
12137:
11979:
11920:
11895:
11824:
11757:
11531:
11365:
11244:
10600:
10550:
10342:
10284:
10146:
10115:
10109:
10064:
10038:
10021:
10007:
9990:
9972:
9500:
9471:
9227:
9223:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800
9199:
9167:
9126:
9122:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800
9085:
9058:
9031:
8985:
8893:
8834:
8777:"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
8751:
8704:
8550:
8488:
8297:
8162:
7557:
7242:
7214:
7031:
6986:
6769:
6672:
6472:
6243:
6225:
6173:
6008:
5958:
5919:
In late 2023, Russia announced plans to build a naval base on the Black Sea coast of
5832:
5649:
5269:
5208:
4776:
4718:
4682:
4421:
4275:
4222:
4144:
4063:
4040:
3992:
3920:
3563:
3332:
3206:
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2899:
2853:
2828:
mixed with silty sands and brackish-water fauna, and inside the Black Sea Depression
2814:
2787:
2759:
2755:
2727:
2237:
1919:
1500:
1474:
1456:
1425:(1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often simply called "the Sea" (
1348:
1332:
was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern
1138:
1126:
1073:
1049:
971:
947:
810:
791:
687:
632:
551:
536:
353:
129:
84:
9339:"Russia says flagship missile cruiser has sunk after explosion off coast of Ukraine"
8248:
8203:
7942:
7841:
6899:
6781:
2964:; waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin-wide shelfbreak
2940:
Evaporation: 400 km/a (100 cu mi/a) (reduced greatly since the 1970s)
1320:
The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the
12705:
12510:
12485:
12193:
12086:
11804:
11799:
10861:
10713:
10264:
10184:
9964:
9463:
9403:"Russian fighter plane intercepts Polish aircraft over Black Sea, Romania confirms"
9023:
8933:
8905:
8885:
8824:
8816:
8606:
8525:
8480:
8461:
8449:
8373:
8317:
8236:
8191:
8137:
8056:
7980:
7930:
7878:
7831:
7823:
7735:
7684:
7630:
7545:
7463:
7351:
7271:
7189:
7135:
7081:
7043:
7023:
6937:
6887:
6873:"Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow"
6853:
6816:
6761:
6660:
6233:
6217:
6147:
6135:
5519:
5108:
4688:
4207:
4177:
Greek presence in the Black Sea began at least as early as the 9th century BC with
4008:
3934:
3873:
In the aftermath of the last glacial period, water levels in the Black Sea and the
3629:
3610:
3489:
3416:
3338:
3084:
2817:
was isolated from the mainland by a shallow strait during the Eemian Interglacial.
2680:
2592:
2096:
1813:
1739:
1624:
1592:
1559:
1194:
1182:
1176:
1152:
703:
679:
69:
54:
10052:
9742:
9623:
7688:
1231:
Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century.
12727:
12203:
12065:
12045:
11989:
11839:
11694:
11280:
11209:
11204:
11188:
11147:
10981:
10951:
10931:
10851:
10515:
10510:
10495:
10465:
10430:
10352:
10249:
10137:
10056:
9931:
9872:
9780:
9725:
9565:
9560:
Serdar Sakinan. Middle East Technical University – Institute of Marine Sciences.
9293:
9221:
9161:
9120:
9079:
9017:
8979:
8745:
8731:
8696:
Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History
8694:
8649:
8637:
8529:
8484:
8419:
8351:"The status of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in Turkey's waters"
8282:
8195:
8109:
8083:
8063:
7786:
7766:
7711:"Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North-western Black Sea"
7523:
7275:
7234:
6962:
6765:
6433:
6414:
6319:
6307:
5858:
5755:
5661:
5583:
5438:
5178:
4907:
4897:
4800:
4449:
4409:
4267:
4255:
4249:
4158:
to the north of the Black Sea is seen by several researchers as the pre-historic
4020:
3953:
3718:
3298:
3197:
3080:
2791:
2739:
2698:
2607:
2328:
2091:
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941:
920:
893:
819:
774:
719:
707:
520:
508:
159:
11390:
10625:
9989:(Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008), pp. 107–124.
9027:
6712:
4729:'s coast). Independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its
2481:
Some islands in the Black Sea belong to Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine:
499:
12522:
11420:
11410:
11229:
11214:
11107:
10921:
10901:
10866:
10856:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10655:
10645:
10535:
10520:
10402:
10254:
10231:
10142:
10030:
9597:
9359:"Russian submarine strikes Ukraine with cruise missiles, defence ministry says"
9260:"Ukrainian border guards may have survived reported last stand on Snake Island"
9119:
agriculture, western Macedonia, 1620-1830: The economic role of the district".
8865:
8734:. "Slavena", Varna, ISBN 954-579-335-X, 91 p., DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327
7984:
7743:
7237:
Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis
7139:
5847:
allow Turkey to close the straits at its discretion in both war and peacetime.
5828:
5761:
5613:
5143:
5073:
4932:
4673:). There were also around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea.
4501:
4359:
4195:
4194:. The coastal communities of Black Sea Greeks remained a prominent part of the
4148:
4056:
3988:
3891:
3795:
3535:
3497:
3481:
3382:
3214:
3189:
3138:
3017:
2912:
2731:
2625:
2224:
2111:
2106:
1777:
1700:
1657:
1488:
1485:
1340:
1288:
1270:
1242:
1043:
795:
668:
430:
324:
271:
202:
99:
27:
9968:
8377:
8321:
7549:
6891:
6664:
6551:
4466:. The Kalibr missile was so successful that on 10 March 2023 Defense Minister
4108:
The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world: the
3866:, sea levels were more than 100 m (330 ft) lower than they are now.
2663:
followed by the formation of oceanic crust 20 million years later in the
12784:
12685:
12580:
12557:
12515:
12427:
12298:
11443:
11380:
11350:
11320:
11310:
11285:
11234:
11224:
11142:
11063:
11051:
10871:
10763:
10733:
10718:
10708:
10688:
10615:
10585:
10540:
10530:
10505:
10485:
10455:
10435:
10347:
10322:
9157:
7921:
6229:
5905:
5824:
5673:
5454:
4470:
announced plans to broaden the type of ship which carried it, to include the
4467:
4400:(1914–1918) and saw both naval and land battles between 1941 and 1945 during
4274:, and the Ottomans relaxed export controls after the outbreak in 1789 of the
4266:
in 1783. Ottoman restrictions on Black Sea navigation were challenged by the
4191:
4067:
3767:
3567:
3362:
3313:
3238:
3234:
3201:
3181:
3177:
3126:
3073:
3057:
2884:
2841:
2735:
2730:, water levels fell but without drying up the sea. The collision between the
2588:
2573:
2558:
2121:
2036:
2031:
1754:
783:
762:
295:
235:
222:
10180:
Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: UNESCO IGCP 521 WG12
8219:
7760:
Mechanisms impeding the natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna
6407:
6115:
5426:
3820:
3609:
and other zooplankton in the late 1980s. Additionally, an alien species—the
3560:
and beluga whales have been recorded with successful, long-term occurrences.
2954:
2892:
2671:
in the basin, interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large-scale
2553:
12710:
12543:
12495:
11644:
11415:
11400:
11385:
11360:
11345:
11340:
11305:
11290:
11260:
11219:
11157:
11152:
10916:
10791:
10743:
10728:
10723:
10703:
10670:
10650:
10635:
10620:
10595:
10580:
10570:
10525:
10480:
10470:
10460:
10445:
10410:
10332:
10314:
10239:
9817:
9794:
8897:
8838:
8610:
8240:
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5953:
5940:
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was a source of contention. On 24 February 2022, two Russian navy warships
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317:
11609:
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8112:. Примечания. Новости Севастополя и Крыма. Retrieved on September 29, 2017
6858:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<1057::AID-JOC75>3.3.CO;2-4
6383:
6196:
Miladinova, S.; Stips, A.; Garcia-Gorriz, E.; Macias Moy, D. (July 2017).
5408:
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723:
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10683:
10678:
10630:
10605:
10420:
10372:
10367:
10337:
10327:
10304:
10274:
9530:
7467:
7397:"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1A"
7368:"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1B"
7355:
7086:
6821:
6796:
6221:
5963:
5894:
5800:
5713:
5498:
4983:
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2907:
2821:
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2016:
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which have been found in the Black Sea, which ultimately drains into the
766:
675:
287:
275:
11639:
9898:"Russia plans naval base in Abkhazia, triggering criticism from Georgia"
8889:
8820:
6590:
6528:
6036:
5577:
4547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4317:
3480:
Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphin (
2809:(MIS 5e). This may have been the highest sea levels reached in the late
1552:(both meaning Black Sea) originated during the 13th century. A 1570 map
12722:
11674:
11425:
11355:
11330:
11315:
11295:
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11162:
11137:
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10560:
10555:
10500:
10490:
10450:
10440:
10415:
10387:
10362:
10294:
10279:
8019:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tursiops truncatus ssp. ponticus"
7836:
5862:
5777:
5749:
5719:
5470:
5396:
4977:
4753:
4708:
4405:
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1309:
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770:
731:
699:
691:
524:
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190:
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11046:
10087:'The Most Marvellous of All Seas': the Greek Encounter with the Euxine
9531:"Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков"
8000:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Delphinus delphis ssp. ponticus"
6572:
6306:
The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985.
6195:
5124:
2820:
The Neoeuxinian transgression began with an inflow of waters from the
307:
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11704:
11375:
11335:
11167:
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10896:
10821:
10801:
10796:
10781:
10753:
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10259:
10063:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 310–313.
9697:
9589:
8984:(reprint ed.). New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 29.
8453:
8077:
Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait
8037:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phocoena phocoena ssp. relicta"
7027:
6690:
6139:
5787:
5637:
4948:
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4000:
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published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an
3650:
3557:
3549:
3473:
3321:
3226:. The major bloom-forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is
3130:
3065:
2985:
2977:
2875:
view reveals the colorful interplay of currents on the sea's surface.
2856:
2672:
2664:
2656:
1721:
1305:
822:, operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the
802:. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the
695:
667:. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its
516:
206:
10077:
Rüdiger Schmitt, "Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea", in:
8477:
Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats
7006:
McKenzie, DP (1970). "Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region".
6198:"Black Sea thermohaline properties: Long-term trends and variations"
5861:
has its official primary headquarters and facilities in the city of
4687:
The Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons of
4522:
4104:(8th–3rd century BCE) of the Black Sea (Euxine, or "hospitable" sea)
3389:. In the Black Sea, several species are present, and as an example,
12690:
12293:
11726:
11634:
11624:
11518:
11505:
10999:
10989:
10956:
10911:
10881:
10876:
10776:
10357:
10289:
9935:
9918:
8938:
8811:
8793:
6003:
5994:
5920:
5851:
5679:
5625:
5571:
5549:
5543:
5444:
5291:
5173:
5007:
4927:
4471:
4165:
4117:
3968:
3924:
3859:
3835:
3825:
3781:
3704:
3566:
are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus Strait and
3545:
3432:
3378:
3354:
3306:
3278:
3246:
3122:
3053:
2903:
2833:
2715:
2707:
2684:
2667:. Since its initiation, compressional tectonic environments led to
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1961:
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1727:
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which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the
711:
664:
628:
624:
620:
512:
423:
340:
313:
291:
19:
This article is about the large body of water. For other uses, see
9459:
Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860
7572:"Asteroid impact in the Black Sea: tsunami and toxic gas emission"
6116:"Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea"
5194:
4244:
4097:
3912:
is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea
2046:
1715:
The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the
1394:), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite,
12263:
11819:
11814:
11689:
11684:
11614:
11583:
11544:
10748:
9901:
9781:"HMS Defender: What will be the fallout from Black Sea incident?"
9571:
8036:
8018:
7999:
6795:
Lamy, F.; Arz, H. W.; Bond, G. C.; Barh, A.; Pätzold, J. (2006).
5934:
5725:
5691:
5631:
5589:
5531:
5494:
5476:
5372:
5362:
5334:
5322:
5295:
5083:
5026:
5021:
4962:
4857:
4780:
4761:
4738:
4726:
4670:
4666:
4505:
4140:
4109:
4044:
3976:
3972:
3606:
3386:
3270:
3223:
3158:
3154:
3069:
2888:
2872:
2825:
2783:
2676:
2569:
2445:
2354:
2315:
2276:
2250:
2211:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2081:
2011:
1940:
1856:
1747:
1671:
1661:
1537:
1470:
1329:
1301:
751:
660:
648:
636:
612:
405:
366:
283:
8922:
7535:
6267:. İstanbul: Heyamola Yayınları. pp. 617–620. Archived from
5667:
5054:
3044:
Because of the anoxic water at depth, organic matter, including
2591:
are funneled through the low land around the Bosporus, with the
1296:
The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common
172:
12500:
12268:
11829:
11809:
11669:
11604:
11599:
11570:
11557:
10170:
Pictures of the Black sea coast all along the Crimean peninsula
9294:"Ukraine war: Snake Island and battle for control in Black Sea"
8862:
8630:
7110:
6498:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
5879:
5737:
5707:
5655:
5565:
5503:
5432:
5402:
5384:
5378:
5352:
5346:
5328:
5316:
5302:
5282:
5243:
5229:
5188:
5153:
5138:
5103:
5068:
5002:
4892:
4872:
4772:
4749:
4634:
4460:
4226:
4211:
4133:
4113:
4052:
3851:
3815:
3753:
3466:
3254:
3193:
3134:
3028:
3005:
2803:
2771:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2660:
2629:
2621:
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2380:
2367:
2341:
2263:
2126:
2101:
2076:
2006:
1877:
1835:
1793:
1731:
1416:
1384:
1235:
878:
831:
755:
747:
715:
656:
644:
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604:
570:
566:
555:
540:
504:
392:
379:
279:
10107:
9907:
9593:"Erdogan Unveils Biggest Ever Black Sea Natural Gas Discovery"
9054:
A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition
8431:
8154:
6408:§ 42. Discourse on the Country of Rūm, its Provinces and Towns
6097:
Environment and Enlargement – The Black Sea: Facts and Figures
4913:
4500:
fighter jet intercepted and threatened the safety of a Polish
842:
11699:
11679:
11649:
11629:
11020:
10215:
10061:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/3: Bibliographies II–Bolbol I
9834:"Prized Russian Ship Was Hit by Missiles, U.S. Officials Say"
9421:"Russian Jet Intercepts Polish Plane Over Black Sea: Romania"
9388:"Russian Navy to upgrade vessels with Kalibr cruise missiles"
9321:"Ukraine says it has pushed Russian forces from Snake Island"
9016:
King, Charles (18 March 2004). "Pontus Euxinus 700BC–AD500".
8773:
8295:
7153:
5767:
5743:
5697:
5685:
5607:
5601:
5464:
5340:
5310:
5048:
4837:
4623:
4497:
4485:
4186:, Greek colonies in the Black Sea began to develop their own
4183:
4024:
4012:
3803:
3266:
2767:
2612:
2289:
2056:
1998:
1633:
1601:
1439:
1426:
1408:
1395:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1358:("dark colored"). Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as
739:
727:
585:
11719:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory.
11452:
9891:
9590:
Selcan Hacaoglu; Vanessa Dezem; Cagan Koc (21 August 2020).
9491:
Houston, Fiona; Duncan Wood, W.; Robinson, Derek M. (2010).
9439:"Poland Border Guard says patrol intercepted by Russian jet"
7914:"An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea"
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
2996:
1438:). He thought that the sea was called the "Inhospitable Sea
690:
to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small
26:"Euxine" redirects here. For the town of ancient Caria, see
11664:
11659:
11654:
11619:
9963:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–266.
9671:
8222:"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"
6113:
5900:
In April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the
5643:
5619:
5513:
5248:
5223:
4646:
4463:
4016:
3690:
3274:
3188:
The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are
3114:
3001:
2965:
2943:
Outflow via Bosporus: 500 km/a (120 cu mi/a)
2926:
Total river discharge: 370 km/a (90 cu mi/a)
2849:
2066:
2061:
1645:
847:
786:. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of
743:
608:
9813:"Ukraine's ports partially unblocked by Russia, says Kiev"
9490:
8479:. NATO Security through Science Series. pp. 357–360.
8181:
7056:
6447:"Central Asia and Dravidan Connection - Revealed - Part 6"
3277:. Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and
2879:
The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water with a
11025:
8692:
6275:
4235:
trade route of slaves between Crimea and Ottoman Anatolia
2932:
Inflow via Bosporus: 350 km/a (80 cu mi/a)
1799:
1769:
1630:
1610:
1598:
1352:
257:
9914:"Russia to build naval base in breakaway Georgia region"
9525:
9523:
6591:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"
4637:, Turkey, is located on a small island in the Black Sea.
4070:
of the Black Sea, has attracted increased interest from
1094:
11105:
7391:
7389:
6979:
Simmons, M. D.; Tari, G. C.; Okay, A. I., eds. (2018).
6602:
6600:
6469:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
6033:""Black Sea Geography, Oceanography, Ecology, History""
4066:, combined with the preservative qualities of the deep
3109:
1214:
1009:
682:
to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the
10165:
Space Monitoring of the Black Sea Coastline and Waters
10131:
Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea
9925:
8474:
7856:
7854:
7708:
7526:
earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
6870:
4665:
2013 study, there were at least 30 operating merchant
4649:, the Black Sea is a strategic corridor that provides
3534:
sites post-1990. Very few animals still thrive in the
2813:. Based on this some scholars have suggested that the
1805:
Coastline length and area of exclusive economic zones
1711:
A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N).
961:
9520:
9219:
8926:"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"
8121:
7605:
6956:
Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin
3515:, until the 1950s, and several locations such as the
2587:, as depressions and storm systems arriving from the
1648:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1467:
colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions
1166:
10214:
10089:. Vol. 50. Greece & Rome. pp. 151–167.
8667:"Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge to Farming's Rise"
8507:
7798:
7386:
6597:
5930:
1492:
931:
904:
834:
of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered.
9932:"Russia's new Black Sea naval base alarms Georgia,"
9484:
7911:
7851:
6919:
6350:
2929:
Precipitation: 180 km/a (40 cu mi/a)
1726:(black soil belt) which goes from eastern Croatia (
1627:
1595:
1281:
1256:
9591:
9269:
7315:"Exploring Ancient Mysteries: A Black Sea Journey"
7057:McClusky, S.; S. Balassanian; et al. (2000).
6161:
5904:was sunk in the western Black Sea by sea-skimming
4805:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
3574:
1993:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
1527:
1522:
9057:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 184–185.
8324:(inactive 23 July 2024) – via ResearchGate.
7659:
6325:
4396:The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of
2937:Water out: 900 km/a (220 cu mi/a)
1315:
12782:
9251:
8743:
6093:"Europa – Gateway of the European Union website"
6066:University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
6007:independent since 1993, though still claimed by
4488:fighter jet intercepted and damaged an American
3210:bloom during the late spring and summer months.
2923:Water in: 900 km/a (220 cu mi/a)
1692:defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows:
1109:
213:
10084:
9945:
9577:
8215:
8213:
7241:. Geological Society of America. January 2011.
7159:
6985:. The Geological Society of London. p. 2.
6978:
6794:
4408:was obliterated by the Nazis, who even brought
3337:, which is also responsible for the release of
3072:, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of
1585:English writers of the 18th century often used
1347:is generally accepted to be a rendering of the
136:
106:
10111:The Black Sea, the Flood and the Ancient Myths
8142:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en
8103:Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря
8052:
8050:
7709:Friedrich, J.; C. Dinkel; et al. (2002).
7486:"Undersea river discovered flowing on sea bed"
6871:Cullen, H. M.; A. Kaplan; et al. (2002).
4815:Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea
4139:The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea,
1742:) to northeast Ukraine and further across the
1497:. In the tenth-century Persian geography book
1462:the region, bringing it into the Greek world.
1053:
121:
76:
11742:
11468:
11091:
10200:
9193:
8981:The Mediterranean Diets in Health and Disease
8725:The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths
8542:
7606:Oguz, T.; H. W. Ducklow; et al. (1999).
7106:
7104:
6967:Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean
6606:
5886:in history. There were only eight survivors.
5301:The following is a list of notable Black Sea
4333:
4074:who have begun to discover a large number of
3020:create a very thick convective bottom layer.
2919:The following water budget can be estimated:
2572:, which are largely responsible for regional
1757:of the Black Sea is often referred to as the
1547:
1541:
1510:
1498:
61:
46:
9873:"Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea"
8546:Ocean's end: travels through endangered seas
8397:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
8334:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
8210:
7799:Eker, E.; L. Georgieva; et al. (1999).
7066:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6260:
6168:. Marshall Cavendish. 21 July 2010. p.
4163:
3816:Mediterranean connection during the Holocene
2628:which were initiated by the splitting of an
151:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9536:International Transport Workers' Federation
9456:Witzenrath, Christoph, ed. (9 March 2016).
9198:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
9050:
8866:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
8229:Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
8047:
7860:
7441:
7439:
6567:
6565:
6563:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
4669:in the Black Sea (including at least 12 in
4663:International Transport Workers' Federation
4484:On the morning of 14 March 2023, a Russian
4306:similar to a contemporaneous region of the
4294:. On the 2 March 1855 death of Nicholas I,
4239:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
3633:
3614:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3348:
3342:
3330:
3288:
3282:
2844:. Inside the Black Sea Depression they are
2836:sands with pebbles, mixed with less common
1577:
1571:
1563:
1553:
1275:
91:
16:Eurasian sea northeast of the Mediterranean
11749:
11735:
11475:
11461:
11098:
11084:
10207:
10193:
10099:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9455:
8148:
7206:
7101:
4694:
4340:
4326:
3927:Strait. The hypothesis was headlined when
3373:(plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0
2969:dissipate into a series of interconnected
671:includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.
10108:Petko Dimitrov; Dimitar Dimitrov (2004).
9922:(Politico.eu), retrieved January 12, 2024
8937:
8828:
8810:
8792:
8693:William Ryan & Walter Pitman (1998).
8653:Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher
8348:
8122:Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). "
7835:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7307:
7085:
6820:
6543:
6363:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
6338:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
6237:
4607:Learn how and when to remove this message
4347:
3149:intensity also control the extent of the
3079:Modelling shows that, in the event of an
2624:. The basin includes two distinct relict
2602:
477:547,000 km (131,200 cu mi)
453:436,400 km (168,500 sq mi)
9957:. In Armitage, D.; Bashford, S. (eds.).
9718:Postcard from the Silk Road - Batumi...(
9611:
9385:
8665:Wilford, John Noble (17 December 1996).
8581:
7907:
7905:
7445:
7436:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7317:. University of Delaware. Archived from
7171:
7005:
6653:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
6560:
6549:
6493:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
6360:Strabo: Geography, Volume III: Books 6-7
5981:
5823:
5799:
5497:(Abkhazia/Georgia) and subsequently the
5281:
4786:
4725:in the sea's western portion (adjoining
4629:
4618:
4248:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
4243:
4096:
4085:
3948:
3834:
3819:
3456:
3249:dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea.
3176:
3108:
2995:
2866:
2697:
2606:
2552:
872:
860:
852:
841:
575:
560:
546:
530:
498:
429:A large number of countries included in
10047:
9952:
9757:"Montreaux Convention and Turkey (pdf)"
9365:
9351:
9257:
9156:
9114:
8664:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7479:
7477:
7282:
7261:
7207:Barale, Vittorio; Gade, Martin (2008).
6743:
6294:
6202:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
5969:
5294:, the popularity of the Black Sea as a
4512:
4090:A 16th-century map of the Black Sea by
3958:Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia
3628:in part due to the construction of new
1690:International Hydrographic Organization
12783:
9431:
9413:
9318:
9312:
9077:
8962:
8016:
7997:
7592:
7415:
6835:
6466:
6335:Strabo: Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2
5974:
5795:
5290:In the years following the end of the
4448:On 14 April 2022, the flagship of the
2738:plates and the westward escape of the
1800:Coastline and exclusive economic zones
1383:(Inhospitable Sea), first attested in
1118:
1103:
1042:
940:
11730:
11456:
11079:
10188:
10175:Black Sea Environmental Internet Node
9400:
9394:
9379:
9331:
8977:
8413:Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı!
8066:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7962:
7902:
7789:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7769:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7333:
6954:Brody, L. R., Nestor, M.J.R. (1980).
6650:
6525:"Agriculture in the Black Sea Region"
6356:
6331:
4321:
3878:catastrophic scenarios, such as the "
3265:, non-motile auto- and heterotrophic
3056:. Scientists have reported an annual
2777:
1734:(northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria (
1287:
1269:
1223:
1193:
1175:
1137:
1072:
1018:
988:
970:
913:
702:, a dwindling of the east end of the
12836:Bodies of water of Georgia (country)
11756:
10081:(Saarbrücken 1996), pp. 219–224
9821:. Associated Press. 4 December 2018.
9739:"Montreaux and the Bosporus Problem"
9624:"Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities"
9015:
8965:Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire
8620:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8591:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
8387:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8115:
7952:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7719:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
7648:
7588:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7483:
7474:
7149:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6969:, Naval Research Laboratory. Part 2.
6909:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6838:International Journal of Climatology
6381:
4545:adding citations to reliable sources
4516:
3897:
2786:is described by the accumulation of
1719:. Its northern part lies within the
519:which has led to the formation of a
8258:from the original on 9 October 2022
8129:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8041:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8023:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8004:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
7912:Gomez, F. & L. Briceno (2004).
7210:Remote Sensing of the European Seas
7120:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
6436:Georgian Chronicles, Line of ed: 14
6357:Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1924).
6332:Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1917).
4496:. At 13:20 on 5 May 2023 a Russian
4081:
2576:inputs and influence Mediterranean
1491:scripture, the Black Sea is called
1292:, is used, but is much less common.
13:
12041:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
8543:Colin Woodard (11 February 2001).
8278:Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists
7998:Birkun, A. A. Jr. (30 June 2008).
7935:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027336.05452.07
7097:from the original on 8 March 2012.
6982:Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea
6713:"UN Atlas of the Oceans: Subtopic"
5286:Black Sea beach in Zatoka, Ukraine
4779:by 2023. The sector is near where
4443:attacked and captured Snake Island
3846:The Black Sea is connected to the
3052:form organic rich layers known as
2794:) and the lowering of sea levels (
14:
12907:
11891:Unification of the Georgian realm
11717:partial international recognition
11491:Countries bordering the Black Sea
10158:
9987:Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites
9386:Starchak, Maxim (10 March 2023).
9258:Lamothe, Dan (26 February 2022).
8642:"The Black Sea's Cautionary Tale"
7660:Oguz, T. & A. Merico (2006).
7431:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
6593:. University of British Columbia.
6556:. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
4281:
4210:spanned the Black Sea to include
4198:for centuries, and the realms of
4078:in a high state of preservation.
4076:ancient ships and organic remains
3398:
3083:on the Black Sea, the release of
3039:
1986:
1364:, identified with the Greek word
674:The Black Sea, not including the
12136:
12010:Absorption by the Russian Empire
11576:
11563:
11550:
11537:
11524:
11511:
11498:
11437:
11058:
11057:
11045:
10079:Hellas und der griechische Osten
10016:William Ryan and Walter Pitman,
9865:
9847:
9843:. New York Times. 15 April 2022.
9825:
9805:
9787:
9773:
9749:
9731:
9712:
9686:
9660:
9642:
9583:
9551:
9449:
9286:
9212:
9187:
9115:McGowan, Bruce William (1981). "
8723:Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004.
8422:. Retrieved on September 4, 2017
7433:. Talley, Pickard, Emery, Swift.
5933:
5854:states in the Black Sea waters.
5236:
5228:
5201:
5193:
5166:
5158:
5131:
5123:
5096:
5088:
5061:
5053:
5014:
4995:
4982:
4955:
4947:
4920:
4912:
4885:
4877:
4850:
4842:
4521:
4477:and the nuclear-powered cruiser
4456:was sunk by Ukrainian missiles.
3788:
3774:
3760:
3745:
3725:
3711:
3697:
3683:
3671:
3657:
3643:
3172:
2477:List of islands in the Black Sea
2456:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2001:flowing into the Black Sea are:
1954:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1828:
1623:
1591:
416:
398:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
183:
171:
12866:Georgia (country)–Turkey border
12861:Georgia (country)–Russia border
10143:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
9497:NATO Advanced Research Workshop
9319:Koshiw, Isobel (30 June 2022).
9150:
9108:
9071:
9044:
9009:
8971:
8956:
8916:
8856:
8767:
8737:
8717:
8686:
8658:
8624:
8575:
8536:
8501:
8468:
8425:
8405:
8342:
8289:
8270:
8175:
8095:
8069:
8029:
8010:
7991:
7956:
7889:
7792:
7772:
7753:
7702:
7564:
7529:
7510:
7484:Gray, Richard (1 August 2010).
7448:Journal of Geophysical Research
7360:
7348:Journal of Geophysical Research
7255:
7227:
7200:
7165:
7050:
6999:
6972:
6948:
6913:
6864:
6829:
6788:
6737:
6723:
6705:
6679:
6644:
6626:
6607:Aleksey Danko (November 2008).
6583:
6517:
6485:
6460:
6439:
6420:
6401:
6375:
6312:
5819:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4532:needs additional citations for
4428:
4414:Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)
4217:The Black Sea became a virtual
3575:Ecological effects of pollution
3305:Coccolithophores are a type of
884:
12026:Democratic Republic of Georgia
9795:"MV Armenia (Армения) (+1941)"
9401:Mihai, Catalina (8 May 2023).
9220:Bruce William McGowan (1981).
9194:Bruce McGowan (4 March 2010).
8967:. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 3.
8750:. Princeton University Press.
8549:. Basic Books. pp. 1–28.
8092:. Retrieved on March 10, 2017.
8017:Birkun, Alexei (1 July 2008).
7808:ICES Journal of Marine Science
6300:
6254:
6189:
6182:– via Internet Archive.
6154:
6107:
6084:
6054:
6025:
4809:
4797:Superior Prut and Lower Danube
4221:lake within five years of the
3944:
3369:Cyanobacteria are a phylum of
2504:Sacalinu Mare Island – Romania
1699:The Northeastern limit of the
1316:Historical names and etymology
1065:
655:major rivers, principally the
1:
12796:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea
11482:
9578:Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018
9163:The Venetian Empire 1200–1670
9051:Paul Robert, Magocsi (2010).
8286:. Retrieved on April 21, 2016
7883:10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00031-9
7689:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.08.002
7635:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00074-0
7194:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00286-5
7160:Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018
6942:10.1016/S0012-8252(97)81859-4
6527:. Bs-agro.com. Archived from
6264:Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük
4783:has also found gas reserves.
4656:
4313:
4151:the edge of the known world.
3913:
3419:where it has been introduced.
3411:The Black Sea along with the
3381:that obtain their energy via
3105:List of fish of the Black Sea
2507:Sacalinu Mic Island – Romania
2495:St. Cyricus Island – Bulgaria
1680:), both meaning "Black Sea".
1540:. Other modern names such as
1388:
761:The Black Sea has a positive
177:The location of the Black Sea
12286:Russian-occupied territories
12117:Timeline of Georgian history
9946:General and cited references
9938:, retrieved January 12, 2024
9904:, retrieved January 12, 2024
9741:(in Turkish). Archived from
8530:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.002
8485:10.1007/978-1-4020-5098-5_28
8196:10.1080/09397140.2014.944438
7276:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.03.005
6766:10.1126/science.269.5224.676
6322:. Accessed 26 February 2024.
6184:Black Sea 1175 km east west.
6018:
4172:Proto-Indo-European language
3967:The Black Sea was sailed by
3530:were the last of the seals'
3517:Danube Plavni Nature Reserve
2960:Mean surface circulation is
2862:
2679:, causing the uplift of the
2486:St. Thomas Island – Bulgaria
1683:
1672:
1662:
1523:
1493:
1445:
1432:
1409:
1401:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1095:
932:
694:below foothills such as the
469:2,212 m (7,257 ft)
461:1,253 m (4,111 ft)
7:
12831:Bodies of water of Bulgaria
9539:. BlackSeaNews. 27 May 2013
9028:10.1093/0199241619.001.0001
9022:. Oxford University Press.
8655:, October 2007, pp. 244–245
8358:Marine Biodiversity Records
8302:Marine Biodiversity Records
8108:September 29, 2017, at the
8089:Russia Beyond the Headlines
7517:Black Sea Becomes Turquoise
6638:www.blacksea-commission.org
5926:
5831:artillery boat U170 in the
4494:to crash into the Black Sea
4435:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3904:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
3880:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
3830:International Space Station
2798:6, 8 and 10). The Karangat
2501:St. Peter Island – Bulgaria
1924:310 (without Abkhazia 100)
1576:(Great Sea), compare Latin
1542:
1511:
1499:
1336:, on the Black Sea coast."
1282:
1257:
1215:
1167:
1010:
962:
905:
535:Black Sea coast of western
445:1,175 km (730 mi)
10:
12912:
12881:Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
12841:Bodies of water of Romania
11845:Christianization of Iberia
11715:Disputed statehood —
11276:American Mediterranean Sea
10426:American Mediterranean Sea
9668:"Batumi City Hall website"
8418:September 4, 2017, at the
8184:Zoology in the Middle East
8158:The Black Sea Encyclopedia
8082:February 28, 2017, at the
7985:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.03.016
7140:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.033
6961:November 26, 2011, at the
6611:. Proletarskaya Gazeta #30
6413:February 25, 2021, at the
5266:Romanian Black Sea resorts
5263:
5259:
4790:
4698:
4680:
4676:
4492:drone, causing the latter
4112:to the west, the Eurasian
3901:
3850:by a chain of two shallow
3810:
3592:sp., and the Euglenophyte
3472:Marine mammals and marine
3102:
3093:
2566:North Atlantic oscillation
2548:
2498:St. Ivan Island – Bulgaria
2474:
2470:
1990:
1788:Bay, both in Ukraine; and
1744:Central Black Earth Region
1528:
1505:, the Black Sea is called
1451:by the inhabitants of the
1440:
1427:
1396:
1372:
1324:and their conquerors, the
1271:[ˈefksinosˈpondos]
1268:'Hospitable Sea',
1177:[ˈt͡ɕɵrnəjəˈmorʲe]
1110:
1087:
924:
877:Coast of the Black Sea at
846:Coast of the Black Sea at
189:Map of the Black Sea with
25:
21:Black Sea (disambiguation)
18:
12846:Bodies of water of Crimea
12742:
12673:
12616:
12481:
12472:
12403:
12394:
12320:
12311:
12284:
12244:
12154:
12145:
12134:
12079:
12018:
12000:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
11973:Principality of Mingrelia
11853:
11777:
11768:
11713:
11592:
11490:
11434:
11253:
11197:
11181:
11130:
11114:
11039:
11013:
10980:
10762:
10669:
10401:
10313:
10230:
10136:February 9, 2022, at the
9969:10.1017/9781108399722.010
9783:. BBC News. 23 June 2021.
9361:. Reuters. 29 April 2022.
8949:– via biorxiv.org.
8744:David W. Anthony (2010).
8648:February 7, 2009, at the
8380:(inactive 23 July 2024).
8378:10.1017/S1755267214000980
8349:Kabasakal, Hakan (2014).
8322:10.1017/S1755267213000018
8062:October 20, 2017, at the
7965:Deep-Sea Research Part II
7863:Journal of Marine Systems
7785:October 20, 2017, at the
7778:Selifonova, P.J. (2011).
7669:Journal of Marine Systems
7550:10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7
7522:October 28, 2008, at the
6665:10.1080/14683850500122943
5872:The Soviet hospital ship
5274:Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
5222:
5187:
5152:
5117:
5082:
5047:
4976:
4941:
4906:
4871:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4355:
4270:(founded in 1783) of the
4233:. The Black Sea became a
4170:) of the speakers of the
3796:Black Sea common dolphins
3350:Braarudosphaera bigelowii
3293:blooms during the autumn.
3290:Pseudosolenia calcar-avis
3287:blooms during spring and
3098:
2852:, and at the foot of the
2790:deposits (related to the
2724:Messinian salinity crisis
2704:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1973:
1952:
1931:
1910:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1746:and southern Russia into
1532:(Sea of Speri) after the
1370:(inhospitable). The name
1276:
1246:
1204:
1156:
1139:[ˈmare̯aˈne̯aɡrə]
1054:
999:
951:
897:
485:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
437:
323:
305:
263:
251:
212:
198:
182:
170:
152:
137:
107:
92:
77:
62:
42:
37:
12254:Administrative divisions
11995:Shah Abbas I's invasions
11958:Principality of Abkhazia
11901:First Kingdom of Kakheti
10232:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
10085:West, Stephanie (2003).
10004:The Black Sea: A History
9953:Ghervas, Stella (2017).
9246:French trade after 1789.
8510:Progress in Oceanography
7765:August 12, 2017, at the
7615:Deep-Sea Research Part I
7264:Quaternary International
7213:. Springer. p. 17.
6579:. Black Sea NGO Network.
6467:Gibbon, Edward (1993) .
6011:as one of its provinces.
5949:1927 Crimean earthquakes
5840:1936 Montreux Convention
5780:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5770:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5700:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5552:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5506:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5457:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5447:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5365:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5355:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5278:Black Sea Region, Turkey
5039:City with special status
4190:culture, known today as
3923:breaching a sill in the
3505:Mediterranean monk seals
3025:Black Sea undersea river
2955:practical salinity units
2916:(84 cu mi/a).
2578:sea surface temperatures
1820:Exclusive economic zones
1738:) and southern Romania (
828:Black Sea undersea river
300:Black Sea undersea river
12851:Bulgaria–Romania border
11963:Principality of Svaneti
11886:Kingdom of the Iberians
11790:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
10378:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
9694:"Bulgarian Sea Resorts"
9654:www.analizeeconomice.ro
9564:August 7, 2019, at the
9445:. AFP, dpa. 7 May 2023.
7132:2008E&PSL.265..360S
6892:10.1023/A:1020518305517
6550:Prothero, G.W. (1920).
4731:exclusive economic zone
4695:Hydrocarbon exploration
3919:due to waters from the
3605:reduced the biomass of
2531:Giresun Island - Turkey
1660:, it was called either
1566:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
1518:The Georgian Chronicles
1354:
1300:– the others being the
1289:[ˈmavɾiˈθalasa]
1286:, 'Black Sea',
1225:[ˈt͡ʃɔrneˈmɔre]
1020:[ˈt͡ʃɛrnomoˈrɛ]
837:
12896:Geography of West Asia
12871:Romania–Ukraine border
12856:Bulgaria–Turkey border
11861:Principality of Iberia
10699:Great Australian Bight
9375:. Reuters. 4 May 2022.
8963:Asimov, Isaac (1970).
8611:10.1006/ecss.2000.0659
8241:10.47536/jcrm.v5i3.801
7828:10.1006/jmsc.1999.0604
7740:10.1006/ecss.2000.0653
6634:"Marine Litter Report"
6471:. Everyman's Library.
6432:June 28, 2020, at the
6068:. 2003. Archived from
5910:Ukrainian armed forces
5902:Russian cruiser Moskva
5889:In December 2018, the
5835:
5821:
5415:Constantine and Helena
5287:
4638:
4627:
4454:Russian cruiser Moskva
4375:Battle of the Bosporus
4300:Treaty of Paris (1856)
4252:
4164:
4105:
4094:
3964:
3843:
3832:
3634:
3615:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3470:
3349:
3343:
3331:
3289:
3283:
3185:
3118:
3008:
2876:
2719:
2616:
2603:Geology and bathymetry
2561:
2541:Zmiinyi (Snake) Island
2186:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1713:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1186:
1130:
981:
881:
870:
858:
857:Kapchik Cape in Crimea
850:
589:
573:
558:
544:
539:, with the skyline of
528:
193:and surrounding relief
122:
47:
12876:Russia–Ukraine border
12005:1795 Persian Invasion
11968:Principality of Guria
11106:Marginal seas of the
10114:. Varna. p. 91.
9724:June 4, 2020, at the
9468:10.4324/9781315580777
8730:May 15, 2021, at the
8636:May 12, 2013, at the
8582:Lancelot, C. (2002).
8136:: e.T13653A45227543.
6922:Earth-Science Reviews
6731:"The Black Sea Basin"
6261:Özhan Öztürk (2005).
6164:World and Its Peoples
6062:"Black Sea Geography"
5891:Kerch Strait incident
5867:Sevastopol Naval Base
5827:
5803:
5285:
4787:Trans-sea cooperation
4633:
4622:
4349:Black Sea (1914–1918)
4272:Imperial Russian Navy
4247:
4200:Mithridates of Pontus
4156:Pontic–Caspian steppe
4100:
4089:
4072:marine archaeologists
4062:The concentration of
3952:
3838:
3823:
3460:
3180:
3112:
2999:
2870:
2840:silts and freshwater
2701:
2610:
2556:
2513:– Romania and Ukraine
2451:Unrecognised states:
1796:Bay, both in Turkey.
1772:of the Black Sea are
1694:
1555:Asiae Nova Descriptio
1473:: this points to the
1328:. The Hattic city of
915:[ɑmʂɨnɛjkʷʰɑ]
876:
864:
856:
845:
686:to the east, and the
579:
564:
550:
534:
502:
411:Unrecognised states:
12601:World Heritage Sites
12184:Environmental issues
11240:Gulf of St. Lawrence
10546:Gulf of St. Lawrence
9745:on 12 December 2013.
9493:"Black Sea Security"
8701:Simon & Schuster
8276:Anderson R. (1992).
8101:Reznikova E.. 2017.
7971:(17–19): 1976–1987.
7468:10.1029/2002JC001508
7356:10.1029/2000JC000485
7087:10.1029/1999JB900351
6822:10.1029/2005PA001184
6384:"Greater Bundahishn"
6382:Peterson, Joseph H.
6222:10.1002/2016JC012644
6103:on 14 November 2008.
5999:partially-recognized
5970:Notes and references
5810:(right) bumping the
4793:Black Sea Euroregion
4541:improve this article
4513:Economy and politics
4292:Nicholas I of Russia
2802:occurred during the
2800:marine transgression
2764:Euxine abyssal plain
2490:St. Anastasia Island
1195:[kaˈɾadeniz]
1105:[ˈutʃäˈzuɣä]
990:[kaˈɾadeniz]
12891:Geography of Europe
12051:Independent Georgia
11881:Kingdom of Abkhazia
11795:Kura–Araxes culture
11785:Prehistoric Georgia
11406:Sea of the Hebrides
10847:Gulf of Carpentaria
10641:Sea of the Hebrides
10270:King Haakon VII Sea
10128:Dimitrov, D. 2010.
9934:December 12, 2023,
9344:The Washington Post
9274:on 27 February 2022
9265:The Washington Post
8890:10.1038/nature14507
8882:2015Natur.522..167A
8821:10.1038/NATURE14317
8803:2015Natur.522..207H
8603:2002ECSS...54..473L
8522:2008PrOce..76..286G
8446:1997Natur.386..385H
8370:2014MBdR....7E.109K
8314:2013MBdR....6E..33G
7977:2006DSRII..53.1976U
7875:2003JMS....39..203E
7820:1999ICJMS..56...15E
7732:2002ECSS...54..369F
7681:2006JMS....59..173O
7627:1999DSRI...46..597O
7491:The Daily Telegraph
7460:2003JGRC..108.3122K
7186:2003SedG..156..149N
7174:Sedimentary Geology
7078:2000JGR...105.5695M
7020:1970Natur.226..239M
6934:1997ESRv...42..231O
6850:1996IJCli..16.1057T
6813:2006PalOc..21.1008L
6758:1995Sci...269..676H
6717:www.oceansatlas.org
6693:on 7 September 2020
6297:, pp. 310–313.
6271:on 15 October 2012.
6214:2017JGRC..122.5624M
6132:1989Natur.338..411M
6039:on 22 February 2018
5975:Informational notes
5845:Montreux Convention
5796:Modern military use
4832:Population (urban)
4816:
4735:territorial dispute
3917: 5600 BC
3621:species composition
3586:(coccolithophore),
3544:Various species of
3033:University of Leeds
3000:Black Sea coast in
2726:in the neighboring
1806:
1536:tribe of Speris or
1413:remained favoured.
1044:[qɑrɑdeŋiz]
942:[xɘʃʷʼtsʼɜ]
865:The Black Sea near
651:. The Black Sea is
627:. It is bounded by
617:East European Plain
503:The estuary of the
232: /
12443:Telecommunications
12071:Russo-Georgian War
11985:Kingdom of Kakheti
11953:Kingdom of Imereti
11948:Turkmen incursions
11943:Samtskhe atabegate
11906:Kingdom of Georgia
11876:Emirate of Tbilisi
11866:Bagrationi dynasty
10842:Gulf of California
10739:Mozambique Channel
10383:Queen Victoria Sea
10245:Bellingshausen Sea
9840:The New York Times
9801:. 27 October 2014.
9630:. 13 February 2023
9427:. AFP. 7 May 2023.
9166:. Bloomsbury USA.
8672:The New York Times
8075:Goldman E.. 2017.
7749:on 4 October 2011.
7403:on 29 January 2020
7374:on 29 January 2020
6531:on 31 October 2013
5884:maritime disasters
5836:
5822:
5628:(Abkhazia/Georgia)
5467:(Abkhazia/Georgia)
5288:
4814:
4713:In the 1980s, the
4639:
4628:
4304:demilitarized zone
4253:
4147:), marked for the
4136:to the southwest.
4132:to the south, and
4116:to the north, the
4106:
4095:
3965:
3960:, just before the
3930:The New York Times
3844:
3833:
3738:Diogenes pugilator
3564:Great white sharks
3471:
3186:
3119:
3062:marine archaeology
3014:geothermal heating
3009:
2893:salt wedge estuary
2877:
2778:Chronostratigraphy
2720:
2617:
2562:
2535:Dzharylhach Island
1804:
1482:Greater Bundahishn
1074:[ʃavizʁʷa]
972:[sɛvt͡sɔv]
882:
871:
859:
851:
788:ancient shipwrecks
684:Caucasus Mountains
590:
574:
559:
545:
529:
507:in the Black Sea.
12778:
12777:
12738:
12737:
12631:Ethnic minorities
12560:
12553:
12546:
12539:
12468:
12467:
12390:
12389:
12372:Political parties
12335:Foreign relations
12307:
12306:
12132:
12131:
12036:Red Army invasion
11980:Kingdom of Kartli
11938:Timur's invasions
11921:Battle of Didgori
11896:Kingdom of Hereti
11825:Kingdom of Iberia
11724:
11723:
11450:
11449:
11444:Oceans portal
11366:Mediterranean Sea
11245:Gulf of Venezuela
11073:
11072:
11052:Oceans portal
10601:Mediterranean Sea
10551:Gulf of Venezuela
10343:East Siberian Sea
10285:Riiser-Larsen Sea
10151:978-3-8383-8639-3
10121:978-954-579-335-6
10070:978-0-71009-126-0
9995:978-2-7351-1182-4
9978:978-1-1083-9972-2
9960:Oceanic Histories
9916:October 5, 2023,
9900:October 5, 2023,
9769:on 19 March 2013.
9674:on 21 August 2015
9506:978-1-60750-636-2
9477:978-1-317-14002-3
9233:978-0-521-24208-0
9205:978-0-521-13536-8
9173:978-0-85045-899-2
9160:(23 March 1989).
9132:978-0-521-24208-0
9091:978-1-58603-765-9
9037:978-0-19-924161-3
8991:978-1-4684-6497-9
8876:(7555): 167–172.
8787:(7555): 207–211.
8757:978-0-691-14818-2
8556:978-0-465-01571-9
8494:978-1-4020-5096-1
8440:(6623): 385–388.
8168:978-3-642-55227-4
8124:Monachus monachus
7847:on 26 April 2012.
7698:on 26 April 2012.
7644:on 26 April 2012.
7248:978-0-8137-2473-7
7220:978-1-4020-6771-6
7072:(B3): 5695–5719.
6992:978-1-78620-358-8
6752:(5224): 676–679.
6505:on 8 October 2011
6179:978-0-7614-7902-4
6126:(6214): 411–413.
5959:Regions of Europe
5833:Bay of Sevastopol
5783:
5773:
5703:
5555:
5509:
5460:
5450:
5368:
5358:
5270:Caucasian Riviera
5257:
5256:
4777:Sakarya Gas Field
4719:offshore drilling
4683:Fishing in Turkey
4617:
4616:
4609:
4591:
4422:coastal batteries
4393:
4392:
4276:French Revolution
4223:Republic of Genoa
4160:original homeland
4064:historical powers
3921:Mediterranean Sea
3898:Deluge hypothesis
3882:" put forward by
3828:, taken from the
3635:Mnemiopsis leidyi
3616:Mnemiopsis leidyi
3595:Eutreptia lanowii
3583:Emiliania huxleyi
3451:in North America.
3333:Emiliania huxleyi
3320:plates, known as
3316:that produce CaCO
3207:Emiliania huxleyi
3157:, in the form of
3133:algae, including
2951:Dolmabahçe Palace
2900:Mediterranean Sea
2854:continental slope
2815:Crimean Peninsula
2772:Crimean Peninsula
2728:Mediterranean Sea
2695:mountain ranges.
2689:Crimean Peninsula
2622:Crimean Peninsula
1984:
1983:
1697:On the Southwest.
1267:
1255:
1213:
1165:
1093:
1008:
960:
930:
903:
792:Mediterranean Sea
688:Crimean Mountains
601:mediterranean sea
497:
496:
433:for inflow rivers
12903:
12758:
12751:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12535:
12479:
12478:
12401:
12400:
12318:
12317:
12259:Cities and towns
12194:Greater Caucasus
12152:
12151:
12140:
12102:Military history
12087:Names of Georgia
11933:Mongol invasions
11805:Colchian culture
11800:Trialeti culture
11775:
11774:
11751:
11744:
11737:
11728:
11727:
11582:
11580:
11579:
11569:
11567:
11566:
11556:
11554:
11553:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11517:
11515:
11514:
11504:
11502:
11501:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11454:
11453:
11442:
11441:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11077:
11076:
11061:
11060:
11050:
11049:
10982:Endorheic basins
10862:Gulf of Thailand
10714:Gulf of Khambhat
10209:
10202:
10195:
10186:
10185:
10125:
10104:
10098:
10090:
10074:
10057:Yarshater, Ehsan
10049:Schmitt, Rüdiger
10037:(Vintage 1996),
9982:
9939:
9929:
9923:
9911:
9905:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9861:. 14 April 2022.
9851:
9845:
9844:
9836:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9791:
9785:
9784:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9762:. Archived from
9761:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9735:
9729:
9716:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9700:on 27 April 2020
9696:. Archived from
9690:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9670:. Archived from
9664:
9658:
9657:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9620:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9595:
9587:
9581:
9580:, p. 10-12.
9575:
9569:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9527:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9435:
9429:
9428:
9425:The Defense Post
9417:
9411:
9410:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9347:. 14 April 2022.
9335:
9329:
9328:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9273:
9268:. Archived from
9255:
9249:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9098:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8946:
8941:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8832:
8814:
8796:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8741:
8735:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8662:
8656:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8588:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8559:. Archived from
8540:
8534:
8533:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8454:10.1038/386385a0
8429:
8423:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8396:
8388:
8386:
8355:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8325:
8293:
8287:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8257:
8226:
8217:
8208:
8207:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8119:
8113:
8099:
8093:
8073:
8067:
8054:
8045:
8044:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7918:
7909:
7900:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7869:(3–4): 203–211.
7858:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7840:. Archived from
7839:
7805:
7796:
7790:
7776:
7770:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7742:. Archived from
7715:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7691:. Archived from
7675:(3–4): 173–188.
7666:
7657:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7637:. Archived from
7612:
7603:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7576:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7533:
7527:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7498:on 2 August 2010
7494:. Archived from
7481:
7472:
7471:
7443:
7434:
7428:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7399:. Archived from
7393:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7370:. Archived from
7364:
7358:
7344:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7180:(1–4): 149–168.
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7126:(3–4): 360–378.
7117:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7089:
7063:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7028:10.1038/226239a0
7014:(5242): 239–43.
7003:
6997:
6996:
6976:
6970:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6877:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6844:(9): 1057–1076.
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6801:Paleoceanography
6792:
6786:
6785:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6689:. Archived from
6683:
6677:
6676:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6569:
6558:
6557:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6443:
6437:
6424:
6418:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6329:
6323:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6273:
6272:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6208:(7): 5624–5644.
6193:
6187:
6186:
6167:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6140:10.1038/338411a0
6111:
6105:
6104:
6099:. Archived from
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6058:
6052:
6050:Living Black Sea
6048:
6046:
6044:
6035:. Archived from
6029:
6012:
5992:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5908:missiles of the
5781:
5771:
5701:
5553:
5516:(Artvin, Turkey)
5507:
5458:
5448:
5366:
5356:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4986:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4817:
4813:
4771:In August 2020,
4661:According to an
4612:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4549:
4525:
4517:
4479:Admiral Nakhimov
4350:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4169:
4143:(in present-day
4082:Recorded history
3935:academic journal
3918:
3915:
3910:Black Sea deluge
3792:
3778:
3764:
3749:
3729:
3715:
3701:
3687:
3675:
3661:
3647:
3637:
3630:sewage treatment
3618:
3611:warty comb jelly
3597:
3591:
3585:
3525:
3490:harbour porpoise
3465:with a ferry at
3461:Common dolphins
3417:invasive species
3352:
3346:
3339:dimethyl sulfide
3336:
3299:Coccolithophores
3292:
3286:
3198:coccolithophores
3085:hydrogen sulfide
2898:Inflow from the
2742:block along the
2681:Greater Caucasus
2462:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2097:Velykyi Kuialnyk
1960:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1814:Coastline length
1807:
1803:
1776:in Ukraine; the
1740:Wallachian Plain
1717:Black Sea Region
1675:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:Abraham Ortelius
1557:
1551:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1504:
1496:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:romanized:
1091:
1089:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
992:
987:
974:
969:
965:
955:
953:
944:
939:
935:
929:romanized:
928:
926:
917:
912:
908:
902:romanized:
901:
899:
704:Balkan Mountains
680:Pontic Mountains
422:
420:
419:
404:
402:
401:
391:
389:
388:
378:
376:
375:
365:
363:
362:
352:
350:
349:
339:
337:
336:
309:
308:Primary outflows
267:
247:
246:
244:
243:
242:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
215:
187:
175:
163:
155:
154:
148:
140:
139:
133:
125:
118:
110:
109:
103:
95:
94:
88:
80:
79:
73:
65:
64:
58:
50:
35:
34:
12911:
12910:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12826:Seas of Ukraine
12806:Back-arc basins
12781:
12780:
12779:
12774:
12761:
12754:
12747:
12734:
12669:
12612:
12586:Public holidays
12464:
12428:Lari (currency)
12386:
12357:Law enforcement
12303:
12280:
12240:
12219:Protected areas
12204:Lesser Caucasus
12141:
12128:
12075:
12066:Rose Revolution
12061:War in Abkhazia
12046:April 9 tragedy
12014:
11990:Safavid Georgia
11849:
11840:Sasanian Iberia
11764:
11755:
11725:
11720:
11709:
11588:
11577:
11575:
11564:
11562:
11551:
11549:
11538:
11536:
11525:
11523:
11512:
11510:
11499:
11497:
11486:
11481:
11451:
11446:
11436:
11430:
11281:Archipelago Sea
11249:
11210:Gulf of Finland
11205:Gulf of Bothnia
11193:
11189:English Channel
11177:
11148:Bay of Campeche
11126:
11110:
11104:
11074:
11069:
11044:
11035:
11009:
10976:
10952:South China Sea
10932:Seto Inland Sea
10852:Gulf of Fonseca
10758:
10665:
10516:Gulf of Finland
10511:Gulf of Bothnia
10496:English Channel
10466:Bay of Campeche
10431:Archipelago Sea
10397:
10353:Gulf of Boothia
10309:
10250:Cooperation Sea
10226:
10213:
10161:
10156:
10138:Wayback Machine
10122:
10092:
10091:
10071:
9979:
9955:"The Black Sea"
9948:
9943:
9942:
9930:
9926:
9912:
9908:
9896:
9892:
9882:
9880:
9879:. 15 April 2022
9871:
9870:
9866:
9853:
9852:
9848:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9766:
9759:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9737:
9736:
9732:
9726:Wayback Machine
9717:
9713:
9703:
9701:
9692:
9691:
9687:
9677:
9675:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9648:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9631:
9628:City Population
9622:
9621:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9588:
9584:
9576:
9572:
9566:Wayback Machine
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9489:
9485:
9478:
9454:
9450:
9437:
9436:
9432:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9399:
9395:
9390:. Defense News.
9384:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9357:
9356:
9352:
9337:
9336:
9332:
9317:
9313:
9303:
9301:
9292:
9291:
9287:
9277:
9275:
9256:
9252:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9192:
9188:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9155:
9151:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9113:
9109:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9076:
9072:
9065:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9014:
9010:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8976:
8972:
8961:
8957:
8944:
8942:
8921:
8917:
8861:
8857:
8843:
8841:
8772:
8768:
8758:
8742:
8738:
8732:Wayback Machine
8722:
8718:
8711:
8691:
8687:
8677:
8675:
8663:
8659:
8650:Wayback Machine
8638:Wayback Machine
8629:
8625:
8617:
8586:
8580:
8576:
8566:
8564:
8563:on 16 June 2013
8557:
8541:
8537:
8506:
8502:
8495:
8473:
8469:
8430:
8426:
8420:Wayback Machine
8410:
8406:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8353:
8347:
8343:
8327:
8326:
8294:
8290:
8283:Chicago Tribune
8275:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8224:
8218:
8211:
8180:
8176:
8169:
8153:
8149:
8120:
8116:
8110:Wayback Machine
8100:
8096:
8084:Wayback Machine
8074:
8070:
8064:Wayback Machine
8055:
8048:
8043:. 30 June 2008.
8035:
8034:
8030:
8015:
8011:
7996:
7992:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7916:
7910:
7903:
7894:
7890:
7859:
7852:
7844:
7803:
7797:
7793:
7787:Wayback Machine
7777:
7773:
7767:Wayback Machine
7758:
7754:
7746:
7713:
7707:
7703:
7695:
7664:
7658:
7649:
7641:
7610:
7604:
7593:
7585:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7538:Natural Hazards
7534:
7530:
7524:Wayback Machine
7515:
7511:
7501:
7499:
7482:
7475:
7444:
7437:
7429:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7350:107(C3), 3016,
7345:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7321:on 16 June 2013
7313:
7312:
7308:
7298:
7296:
7294:Merriam-Webster
7288:
7287:
7283:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7205:
7201:
7170:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7146:
7115:
7109:
7102:
7094:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6977:
6973:
6963:Wayback Machine
6953:
6949:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6880:Climatic Change
6875:
6869:
6865:
6834:
6830:
6793:
6789:
6742:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6649:
6645:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6614:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6573:"Our Black Sea"
6571:
6570:
6561:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6434:Wayback Machine
6425:
6421:
6415:Wayback Machine
6406:
6402:
6392:
6390:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6326:
6317:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6293:
6276:
6259:
6255:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6112:
6108:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6072:on 7 April 2014
6060:
6059:
6055:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6015:
5993:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5939:
5932:
5929:
5859:Black Sea Fleet
5804:Soviet frigate
5798:
5793:
5280:
5262:
5237:
5235:
5202:
5200:
5167:
5165:
5132:
5130:
5097:
5095:
5062:
5060:
5037:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4956:
4954:
4921:
4919:
4886:
4884:
4851:
4849:
4812:
4807:
4801:Black Sea Games
4791:Main articles:
4789:
4711:
4697:
4685:
4679:
4659:
4613:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4550:
4548:
4538:
4526:
4515:
4450:Black Sea Fleet
4431:
4410:Schwerer Gustav
4404:. For example,
4394:
4389:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4316:
4284:
4268:Black Sea Fleet
4256:Imperial Russia
4250:Battle of Sinop
4188:Black Sea Greek
4084:
3954:Ivan Aivazovsky
3947:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3793:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3693:
3688:
3679:
3676:
3667:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3577:
3519:
3401:
3319:
3284:Proboscia alata
3215:Dinoflagellates
3190:dinoflagellates
3175:
3139:dinoflagellates
3107:
3101:
3096:
3081:asteroid impact
3042:
2865:
2792:Riss glaciation
2780:
2744:North Anatolian
2626:back-arc basins
2605:
2551:
2546:
2519:Krupinin Island
2479:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2439:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2335:
2333:
2329:North Macedonia
2322:
2320:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2138:
2131:
1995:
1989:
1955:
1953:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1911:
1892:
1890:
1871:
1869:
1850:
1848:
1829:
1827:
1802:
1759:Pontic littoral
1686:
1678:Ottoman Turkish
1626:
1622:
1594:
1590:
1570:labels the sea
1403:Eúxeinos Póntos
1397:Εὔξεινος Πόντος
1391:
1318:
1247:Εύξεινος Πόντος
1220:
1190:
1172:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1120:[ˈzuɣä]
1115:
1100:
1069:
1059:
1039:
1015:
985:
967:
937:
910:
887:
840:
820:endorheic basin
775:Turkish Straits
708:Dobruja Plateau
623:, and north of
615:, south of the
509:Longshore drift
431:drainage basins
428:
417:
415:
399:
397:
386:
384:
373:
371:
360:
358:
347:
345:
334:
332:
327: countries
266:Primary inflows
240:
238:
234:
231:
226:
223:
221:
219:
218:
194:
178:
166:
157:
142:
127:
112:
97:
93:Εύξεινος Πόντος
82:
67:
52:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12909:
12899:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12821:Seas of Turkey
12818:
12816:Seas of Russia
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12760:
12759:
12752:
12744:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12733:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
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12655:
12650:
12649:
12648:
12643:
12633:
12628:
12622:
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12614:
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12611:
12610:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12562:
12561:
12554:
12547:
12540:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12519:
12518:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12482:
12476:
12470:
12469:
12466:
12465:
12463:
12462:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12438:Stock Exchange
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12404:
12398:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12384:
12382:Prime Minister
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12321:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12301:
12296:
12290:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12278:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12250:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12238:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12214:National parks
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12155:
12149:
12143:
12142:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12126:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12083:
12081:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12022:
12020:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11924:
11923:
11913:
11911:Byzantine wars
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11857:
11855:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11781:
11779:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11754:
11753:
11746:
11739:
11731:
11722:
11721:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11596:
11594:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11586:
11573:
11560:
11547:
11534:
11521:
11508:
11494:
11492:
11488:
11487:
11480:
11479:
11472:
11465:
11457:
11448:
11447:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11428:
11423:
11421:Tyrrhenian Sea
11418:
11413:
11411:Sea of Marmara
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11257:
11255:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11230:Gulf of Mexico
11227:
11222:
11217:
11215:Gulf of Guinea
11212:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11134:
11132:
11128:
11127:
11125:
11124:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11111:
11108:Atlantic Ocean
11103:
11102:
11095:
11088:
11080:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11055:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10986:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10922:Sea of Okhotsk
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10902:Philippine Sea
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10867:Gulf of Tonkin
10864:
10859:
10857:Gulf of Panama
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10837:Gulf of Anadyr
10834:
10832:Gulf of Alaska
10829:
10827:East China Sea
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10768:
10766:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10663:
10658:
10656:Tyrrhenian Sea
10653:
10648:
10646:Sea of Marmara
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10536:Gulf of Mexico
10533:
10528:
10523:
10521:Gulf of Guinea
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10461:Bay of Bothnia
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10403:Atlantic Ocean
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10319:
10317:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10255:Cosmonauts Sea
10252:
10247:
10242:
10236:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10212:
10211:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10160:
10159:External links
10157:
10155:
10154:
10126:
10120:
10105:
10082:
10075:
10069:
10045:
10031:Neal Ascherson
10028:
10014:
9997:
9983:
9977:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9924:
9906:
9890:
9864:
9846:
9824:
9804:
9786:
9772:
9748:
9730:
9711:
9685:
9659:
9641:
9610:
9598:Bloomberg News
9582:
9570:
9550:
9519:
9505:
9483:
9476:
9448:
9443:Deutsche Welle
9430:
9412:
9393:
9378:
9364:
9350:
9330:
9311:
9285:
9250:
9232:
9211:
9204:
9186:
9172:
9158:Nicolle, David
9149:
9131:
9107:
9090:
9070:
9064:978-1442698796
9063:
9043:
9036:
9008:
8990:
8970:
8955:
8939:10.1101/016477
8915:
8855:
8812:10.1101/013433
8766:
8756:
8736:
8716:
8709:
8685:
8657:
8631:Woodard, Colin
8623:
8597:(3): 473–499.
8574:
8555:
8535:
8516:(3): 286–333.
8500:
8493:
8467:
8424:
8404:
8341:
8288:
8269:
8235:(3): 219–232.
8209:
8190:(3): 278–280.
8174:
8167:
8147:
8114:
8094:
8068:
8046:
8028:
8009:
7990:
7955:
7901:
7888:
7850:
7791:
7771:
7752:
7726:(3): 369–383.
7701:
7647:
7621:(4): 597–636.
7591:
7563:
7544:(2): 327–338.
7528:
7509:
7473:
7435:
7414:
7385:
7359:
7332:
7306:
7281:
7254:
7247:
7226:
7219:
7199:
7164:
7152:
7100:
7049:
6998:
6991:
6971:
6947:
6928:(4): 231–272.
6912:
6886:(3): 315–338.
6863:
6828:
6787:
6736:
6722:
6704:
6678:
6659:(2): 257–283.
6643:
6625:
6596:
6582:
6559:
6542:
6516:
6484:
6477:
6459:
6438:
6419:
6417:Hudud al-'Alam
6400:
6388:www.avesta.org
6374:
6349:
6324:
6311:
6299:
6274:
6253:
6188:
6178:
6153:
6106:
6090:Maximum depth—
6083:
6053:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6013:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5928:
5925:
5829:Ukrainian Navy
5797:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5501:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5360:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5307:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5198:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5176:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:Krasnodar Krai
5141:
5128:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:Krasnodar Krai
5071:
5058:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5031:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4882:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:Region/county
4827:
4824:
4821:
4811:
4808:
4788:
4785:
4696:
4693:
4678:
4675:
4658:
4655:
4615:
4614:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4504:on a "routine
4502:L-140 Turbolet
4430:
4427:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4385:8 January 1916
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:Black Sea raid
4356:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4283:
4282:Modern history
4280:
4208:Constantinople
4149:ancient Greeks
4102:Greek colonies
4083:
4080:
3946:
3943:
3902:Main article:
3899:
3896:
3892:Petko Dimitrov
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:basking sharks
3561:
3542:
3539:
3536:Sea of Marmara
3502:
3498:Crimean Bridge
3477:
3476:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:Animal species
3397:
3396:
3395:
3383:photosynthesis
3371:picoplanktonic
3366:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3317:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3218:
3217:
3174:
3171:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3041:
3040:Hydrochemistry
3038:
3018:residence time
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2913:Sea of Marmara
2864:
2861:
2848:non-carbonate
2842:mollusc shells
2779:
2776:
2748:East Anatolian
2714:, crosses the
2604:
2601:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2225:Czech Republic
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Çoruh/Chorokhi
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1991:Main article:
1988:
1987:Drainage basin
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1778:Gulf of Burgas
1736:Danubian Plain
1701:Sea of Marmara
1685:
1682:
1658:Ottoman Empire
1656:). During the
1543:Chyornoye more
1501:Hudud al-'Alam
1486:Middle Persian
1477:(550–330 BC).
1447:Póntos Áxeinos
1441:Πόντος Ἄξεινος
1410:Póntos Áxeinos
1379:Póntos Áxeinos
1373:Πόντος Ἄξεινος
1345:Póntos Áxeinos
1339:The principal
1317:
1314:
1294:
1293:
1283:Mávri Thálassa
1258:Éfxinos Póndos
1229:
1228:
1198:
1180:
1150:
1124:
1077:
1047:
1023:
993:
975:
945:
918:
886:
883:
839:
836:
796:Sea of Marmara
669:drainage basin
619:, west of the
611:, east of the
603:lying between
552:Swallow's Nest
543:on the horizon
511:has deposited
495:
494:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
427:
426:
409:
408:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
328:
321:
320:
311:
303:
302:
272:Sea of Marmara
269:
261:
260:
255:
249:
248:
216:
210:
209:
203:Eastern Europe
200:
196:
195:
188:
180:
179:
176:
168:
167:
165:
164:
149:
134:
119:
104:
89:
74:
59:
43:
40:
39:
28:Euxine (Caria)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12908:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12811:European seas
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12801:Anoxic waters
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12788:
12786:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12757:
12753:
12750:
12746:
12745:
12741:
12729:
12726:
12725:
12724:
12721:
12717:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12686:Bolnisi cross
12684:
12682:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12666:
12665:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12559:
12555:
12552:
12548:
12545:
12541:
12538:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12517:
12514:
12513:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12483:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12461:
12460:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12393:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12310:
12300:
12299:South Ossetia
12297:
12295:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12243:
12237:
12236:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12144:
12139:
12125:
12124:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12017:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11922:
11919:
11918:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11852:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11752:
11747:
11745:
11740:
11738:
11733:
11732:
11729:
11718:
11712:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11591:
11585:
11574:
11572:
11561:
11559:
11548:
11546:
11535:
11533:
11522:
11520:
11509:
11507:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11478:
11473:
11471:
11466:
11464:
11459:
11458:
11455:
11445:
11440:
11433:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11381:Norwegian Sea
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11351:Levantine Sea
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11321:Greenland Sea
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11311:Caribbean Sea
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11286:Argentine Sea
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11252:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11235:Gulf of Sidra
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11225:Gulf of Maine
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11180:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11143:Bay of Biscay
11141:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11101:
11096:
11094:
11089:
11087:
11082:
11081:
11078:
11066:
11065:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11038:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11012:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10872:Halmahera Sea
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10764:Pacific Ocean
10761:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10734:Laccadive Sea
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10719:Gulf of Kutch
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10709:Gulf of Aqaba
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10689:Bay of Bengal
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10616:Norwegian Sea
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10586:Levantine Sea
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10541:Gulf of Sidra
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10531:Gulf of Maine
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10506:Greenland Sea
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10486:Caribbean Sea
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10456:Bay of Biscay
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10436:Argentine Sea
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10348:Greenland Sea
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10323:Amundsen Gulf
10321:
10320:
10318:
10316:
10312:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10265:D'Urville Sea
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10210:
10205:
10203:
10198:
10196:
10191:
10190:
10187:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10127:
10123:
10117:
10113:
10112:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10088:
10083:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10044:
10043:0-09-959371-8
10040:
10036:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10026:0-684-85920-3
10023:
10019:
10015:
10013:
10012:0-19-924161-9
10009:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9937:
9933:
9928:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9878:
9874:
9868:
9860:
9856:
9850:
9842:
9841:
9835:
9828:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9790:
9782:
9776:
9765:
9758:
9752:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9715:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9673:
9669:
9663:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9629:
9625:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9599:
9594:
9586:
9579:
9574:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9554:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9526:
9524:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9487:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9462:. Routledge.
9461:
9460:
9452:
9444:
9440:
9434:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9389:
9382:
9374:
9368:
9360:
9354:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9315:
9300:. 11 May 2022
9299:
9295:
9289:
9272:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9235:
9229:
9225:
9224:
9215:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9190:
9175:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9146:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9093:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9074:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9047:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9019:The Black Sea
9012:
9005:
8993:
8987:
8983:
8982:
8974:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8919:
8912:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8859:
8852:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8770:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8740:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8720:
8712:
8710:0-684-85920-3
8706:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8689:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8661:
8654:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8627:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8539:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8496:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8471:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8411:Cuma (2009).
8408:
8400:
8394:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8254:
8250:
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8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8214:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8170:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8151:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8098:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8072:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8024:
8020:
8013:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7922:Hydrobiologia
7915:
7908:
7906:
7898:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7855:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7756:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7712:
7705:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7584:
7580:
7579:www.cosis.net
7573:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7513:
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7492:
7487:
7480:
7478:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7440:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7357:
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7343:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7230:
7222:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7162:, p. 11.
7161:
7156:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7105:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6622:
6610:
6603:
6601:
6592:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6501:
6494:
6488:
6480:
6478:0-679-42308-7
6474:
6470:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6404:
6389:
6385:
6378:
6362:
6361:
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6336:
6328:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
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6175:
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6166:
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6149:
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6137:
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6117:
6110:
6102:
6098:
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6038:
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6010:
6006:
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5991:
5989:
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5980:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5789:
5786:
5779:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4818:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4645:According to
4643:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4608:
4600:
4597:February 2024
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558: –
4557:
4553:
4552:Find sources:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4530:This section
4528:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:Steregushchiy
4473:
4469:
4468:Sergey Shoigu
4465:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4418:Severnaya Bay
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:'s old rival
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4214:territories.
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:to the east,
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:anoxic waters
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:Walter Pitman
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3768:Spiny dogfish
3763:
3758:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3391:Synechococcus
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:Cyanobacteria
3361:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3314:phytoplankton
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:heterotrophic
3240:
3239:thermophilous
3236:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:cyanobacteria
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3182:Phytoplankton
3179:
3173:Phytoplankton
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:groups, with
3128:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3074:Sinop, Turkey
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:phytoplankton
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:anthropogenic
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:hydrotroilite
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:and numerous
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:Mediterranean
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:precipitation
2571:
2567:
2560:
2559:Gulf of Odesa
2555:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:Kefken Island
2524:
2522:Sudiuk Island
2521:
2518:
2516:Utrish Island
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2395:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Kodori/Kwydry
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:in Bulgaria;
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:littoral zone
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:), along the
1729:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:Kertch Strait
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1618:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1521:use the name
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:daryā-yi Gurz
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392: 475 BC
1386:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1277:Μαύρη Θάλασσα
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1033:
1027:
1026:Crimean Tatar
1024:
1021:
1012:
1006:
997:
994:
991:
983:
979:
976:
973:
964:
958:
949:
946:
943:
934:
922:
919:
916:
907:
895:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
868:
863:
855:
849:
844:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:water balance
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
587:
583:
578:
572:
568:
565:Coastline of
563:
557:
553:
549:
542:
538:
533:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:Average depth
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
414:
413:
412:
407:
396:
394:
383:
381:
370:
368:
357:
355:
344:
342:
331:
330:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
268:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
245:
217:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
192:
186:
181:
174:
169:
161:
150:
146:
135:
131:
124:
120:
116:
105:
101:
90:
86:
75:
71:
60:
56:
49:
45:
44:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
12886:Seas of Asia
12711:Saint George
12696:Coat of arms
12662:
12618:Demographics
12605:
12491:Architecture
12457:
12413:Central bank
12345:Human rights
12325:Constitution
12273:
12246:Subdivisions
12233:
12168:
12121:
12031:Armenian War
11645:Novorossiysk
11483:
11416:Thracian Sea
11401:Sea of Crete
11391:Sea of Åland
11386:Sargasso Sea
11361:Ligurian Sea
11346:Labrador Sea
11341:Irminger Sea
11306:Bothnian Sea
11300:
11291:Balearic Sea
11261:Adriatic Sea
11220:Gulf of Lion
11158:Bothnian Bay
11153:Bay of Fundy
11062:
11043:
10917:Sea of Japan
10792:Bismarck Sea
10744:Persian Gulf
10729:Gulf of Suez
10724:Gulf of Oman
10704:Gulf of Aden
10671:Indian Ocean
10651:Thracian Sea
10636:Sea of Crete
10626:Sea of Åland
10621:Sargasso Sea
10596:Ligurian Sea
10581:Labrador Sea
10571:Irminger Sea
10526:Gulf of Lion
10481:Bothnian Sea
10475:
10471:Bay of Fundy
10446:Balearic Sea
10411:Adriatic Sea
10333:Beaufort Sea
10315:Arctic Ocean
10240:Amundsen Sea
10129:
10110:
10086:
10078:
10060:
10034:
10018:Noah's Flood
10017:
10003:
10000:Charles King
9986:
9959:
9927:
9917:
9909:
9893:
9881:. Retrieved
9876:
9867:
9858:
9849:
9838:
9827:
9818:The Guardian
9816:
9807:
9799:Wrecksite.eu
9798:
9789:
9775:
9764:the original
9751:
9743:the original
9733:
9714:
9702:. Retrieved
9698:the original
9688:
9676:. Retrieved
9672:the original
9662:
9653:
9644:
9632:. Retrieved
9627:
9601:. Retrieved
9585:
9573:
9553:
9543:20 September
9541:. Retrieved
9534:
9510:. Retrieved
9496:
9486:
9458:
9451:
9442:
9433:
9424:
9415:
9406:
9396:
9381:
9367:
9353:
9342:
9333:
9325:The Guardian
9324:
9314:
9302:. Retrieved
9297:
9288:
9276:. Retrieved
9271:the original
9263:
9253:
9244:
9237:. Retrieved
9222:
9214:
9195:
9189:
9177:. Retrieved
9162:
9152:
9143:
9136:. Retrieved
9121:
9116:
9110:
9102:
9095:. Retrieved
9080:
9073:
9053:
9046:
9018:
9011:
9002:
8995:. Retrieved
8980:
8973:
8964:
8958:
8950:
8943:. Retrieved
8929:
8918:
8909:
8873:
8869:
8858:
8849:
8842:. Retrieved
8784:
8780:
8769:
8761:
8746:
8739:
8719:
8703:Paperbacks.
8699:. New York:
8695:
8688:
8676:. Retrieved
8670:
8660:
8652:
8626:
8594:
8590:
8577:
8565:. Retrieved
8561:the original
8545:
8538:
8513:
8509:
8503:
8476:
8470:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8407:
8393:cite journal
8361:
8357:
8344:
8330:cite journal
8305:
8301:
8291:
8281:
8272:
8260:. Retrieved
8232:
8228:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8161:. Springer.
8157:
8150:
8133:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8097:
8087:
8071:
8040:
8031:
8022:
8012:
8003:
7993:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7929:(1): 43–59.
7926:
7920:
7896:
7891:
7866:
7862:
7842:the original
7811:
7807:
7794:
7774:
7755:
7744:the original
7723:
7717:
7704:
7693:the original
7672:
7668:
7639:the original
7618:
7614:
7578:
7566:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7512:
7500:. Retrieved
7496:the original
7489:
7454:(C4): 3122.
7451:
7447:
7430:
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7376:. Retrieved
7372:the original
7362:
7347:
7323:. Retrieved
7319:the original
7309:
7297:. Retrieved
7293:
7290:"Meromictic"
7284:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7238:
7235:
7229:
7209:
7202:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7155:
7123:
7119:
7069:
7065:
7052:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6981:
6974:
6966:
6950:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6883:
6879:
6866:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6804:
6800:
6790:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6725:
6716:
6707:
6695:. Retrieved
6691:the original
6681:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6620:
6613:. Retrieved
6585:
6577:www.bsnn.org
6576:
6552:
6545:
6533:. Retrieved
6529:the original
6519:
6507:. Retrieved
6500:the original
6487:
6468:
6462:
6450:. Retrieved
6441:
6422:
6403:
6391:. Retrieved
6387:
6377:
6365:. Retrieved
6359:
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6334:
6327:
6320:Google Books
6314:
6308:Google Books
6302:
6295:Schmitt 1989
6269:the original
6263:
6256:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6183:
6163:
6156:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6101:the original
6096:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6070:the original
6065:
6056:
6049:
6041:. Retrieved
6037:the original
6027:
6002:
5954:Kerch Strait
5941:Water portal
5918:
5914:World War II
5899:
5888:
5874:
5871:
5857:The Russian
5856:
5849:
5837:
5813:
5805:
5732:Tsikhisdziri
5596:Novorossiysk
5483:Golden Sands
5300:
5289:
5119:Novorossiysk
5034:Federal city
5025:
5006:
4770:
4766:
4747:
4743:
4715:Soviet Union
4712:
4705:South Stream
4686:
4660:
4644:
4640:
4603:
4594:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4551:
4539:Please help
4534:verification
4531:
4483:
4458:
4447:
4439:Snake Island
4432:
4429:21st century
4402:World War II
4395:
4296:Alexander II
4285:
4262:in 1764 and
4254:
4219:Ottoman Navy
4216:
4187:
4176:
4153:
4138:
4122:Central Asia
4107:
4061:
3966:
3957:
3928:
3909:
3907:
3884:William Ryan
3872:
3868:
3864:last ice age
3845:
3736:
3626:
3602:
3600:
3578:
3554:beluga whale
3513:Danube Delta
3509:Snake Island
3405:Zebra mussel
3390:
3227:
3205:
3187:
3168:
3163:benthic zone
3143:
3120:
3113:The port of
3089:
3078:
3050:algal blooms
3043:
3022:
3010:
2983:
2975:
2959:
2948:
2918:
2902:through the
2897:
2878:
2819:
2807:Interglacial
2781:
2753:
2721:
2639:of both the
2633:volcanic arc
2618:
2582:
2563:
2528:Oreke Island
2480:
2450:
2132:
2042:Southern Bug
1997:The largest
1996:
1786:Dniestrovski
1774:Karkinit Bay
1768:The largest
1767:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1668:Perso-Arabic
1663:Bahr-e Siyah
1586:
1584:
1529:ზღუა სპერისა
1524:zğua sperisa
1516:
1507:Georgian Sea
1506:
1479:
1464:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1415:
1402:
1378:
1344:
1338:
1319:
1295:
1233:
1230:
1205:Чо́рне мо́ре
1168:Čórnoje móre
1157:Чёрное мо́ре
1131:Marea Neagră
1108:, or simply
1036:Къара денъиз
1029:
888:
885:Modern names
808:
804:Kerch Strait
779:saline water
760:
736:Novorossiysk
673:
593:
591:
527:, Bulgaria).
474:Water volume
450:Surface area
410:
318:Kerch Strait
123:Marea Neagră
32:
12653:Health care
12408:Agriculture
12179:Earthquakes
11916:Seljuk wars
11396:Sea of Azov
11371:Myrtoan Sea
11326:Icarian Sea
11271:Alboran Sea
11173:Pottles Bay
10995:Caspian Sea
10967:Visayan Sea
10947:Solomon Sea
10942:Sibuyan Sea
10937:Shantar Sea
10892:Molucca Sea
10887:Mar de Grau
10817:Chilean Sea
10812:Celebes Sea
10807:Camotes Sea
10772:Arafura Sea
10684:Arabian Sea
10679:Andaman Sea
10631:Sea of Azov
10606:Myrtoan Sea
10421:Alboran Sea
10373:Pechora Sea
10368:Lincoln Sea
10338:Chukchi Sea
10328:Barents Sea
10305:Weddell Sea
10275:Lazarev Sea
10053:"BLACK SEA"
9512:31 December
9278:27 February
7837:11511/32054
7270:: 230–234.
6697:7 September
6687:"Black Sea"
6509:28 December
6367:26 November
6342:26 November
6043:18 February
5964:Sea of Azov
5895:Sea of Azov
5817:during the
5714:Sunny Beach
5499:Gudauta Bay
4810:Urban areas
4748:During the
4701:Blue Stream
4556:"Black Sea"
4490:MQ-9 Reaper
4433:During the
4398:World War I
4370:10 May 1915
4365:Cape Sarych
4288:Crimean War
4260:Novorossiya
4196:Greek world
4130:Mesopotamia
4092:Diogo Homem
3962:Crimean War
3945:Archaeology
3939:flood myths
3856:Dardanelles
3848:World Ocean
3841:Dardanelles
3839:Map of the
3800:kite-surfer
3733:Hermit crab
3532:hauling-out
3520: [
3511:, near the
3449:Great Lakes
3425:Common carp
3413:Caspian Sea
3326:thermocline
3311:autotrophic
3263:unicellular
3229:Gymnodinium
3151:photic zone
3131:autotrophic
2908:Dardanelles
2859:sediments.
2846:terrigenous
2822:Caspian Sea
2811:Pleistocene
2788:eolian silt
2722:During the
2687:, southern
2651:during the
2611:The bay of
2557:Ice on the
2420:Switzerland
2077:Enguri/Egry
1782:Dnieprovski
1763:Pontic zone
1573:Mar Maggior
1489:Zoroastrian
1475:Achaemenids
1422:Geographica
1334:Kızıl Irmak
1298:color terms
1274:; the name
1066:shavi zghva
978:Azerbaijani
906:Amŝən Ejkʷa
898:Амшын Еиқәа
824:Caspian Sea
816:World Ocean
800:Dardanelles
767:Dardanelles
692:floodplains
676:Sea of Azov
653:supplied by
442:Max. length
276:Sea of Azov
239: /
214:Coordinates
153:Амшын Еиқәа
63:Чёрное море
12785:Categories
12723:Saint Nino
12551:Mingrelian
12532:Languages
12367:Parliament
12340:Government
11928:Golden Age
11675:Sevastopol
11426:Wadden Sea
11356:Libyan Sea
11331:Ionian Sea
11316:Celtic Sea
11296:Baltic Sea
11266:Aegean Sea
11163:Hudson Bay
11138:Baffin Bay
11122:Foxe Basin
11031:Superocean
11005:Salton Sea
10972:Yellow Sea
10962:Tasman Sea
10907:Salish Sea
10787:Bering Sea
10694:Flores Sea
10661:Wadden Sea
10591:Libyan Sea
10561:Ionian Sea
10556:Hudson Bay
10501:Foxe Basin
10491:Celtic Sea
10451:Baltic Sea
10441:Baffin Bay
10416:Aegean Sea
10388:Wandel Sea
10363:Laptev Sea
10295:Scotia Sea
10280:Mawson Sea
9704:2 February
9634:23 January
8932:: 016477.
8911:languages.
8794:1502.02783
7899:4: 99–107.
7897:Algologiya
7407:29 January
7378:29 January
7325:14 January
7299:14 January
6807:(1): n/a.
6535:14 January
5863:Sevastopol
5807:Bezzavetny
5782:(disputed)
5778:Yevpatoria
5772:(disputed)
5758:(Bulgaria)
5750:Vama Veche
5722:(Bulgaria)
5720:Sveti Vlas
5716:(Bulgaria)
5702:(disputed)
5694:(Bulgaria)
5652:(Bulgaria)
5640:(Bulgaria)
5634:(Bulgaria)
5604:(Bulgaria)
5592:(Bulgaria)
5562:(Bulgaria)
5554:(disputed)
5540:(Bulgaria)
5534:(Bulgaria)
5528:(Bulgaria)
5508:(disputed)
5485:(Bulgaria)
5471:Gelendzhik
5459:(disputed)
5449:(disputed)
5441:(Bulgaria)
5427:Costinești
5417:(Bulgaria)
5397:Cap Aurora
5393:(Bulgaria)
5387:(Bulgaria)
5375:(Bulgaria)
5367:(disputed)
5357:(disputed)
5349:(Bulgaria)
5325:(Bulgaria)
5264:See also:
4978:Sevastopol
4867:1,003,705
4760:and early
4754:Paratethys
4709:TurkStream
4699:See also:
4681:See also:
4657:Navigation
4567:newspapers
4406:Sevastopol
4314:World Wars
4308:Baltic Sea
4126:Asia Minor
4049:Bulgarians
4029:Varangians
4009:Byzantines
3997:Cimmerians
3875:Aegean Sea
3603:Mnemiopsis
3589:Chromulina
3558:grey seals
3488:) and the
3486:bottlenose
3463:porpoising
3441:Round goby
3344:E. huxleyi
3322:coccoliths
3147:insolation
3103:See also:
2991:pycnocline
2881:meromictic
2838:lacustrine
2782:The Paleo-
2754:The large
2693:Balkanides
2669:subsidence
2643:- and Neo-
2637:subduction
2585:topography
2492:– Bulgaria
2303:Montenegro
2117:Bzyb/Bzipi
2052:Yeşilırmak
2027:Kızılırmak
1822:area (km)
1587:Euxine Sea
1579:Mare major
1534:Kartvelian
1471:(red) seas
1361:Á-xe(i)nos
1310:Yellow Sea
1216:Čórne móre
1135:pronounced
1096:Ucha Zugha
1084:Mingrelian
1031:Qara deñiz
1011:Čérno moré
1000:Чeрно морe
982:Qara dəniz
933:Xə Šʷʼucʼɛ
771:Aegean Sea
732:Sevastopol
706:; and the
700:Cape Emine
582:sanatorium
525:Sinemorets
515:along the
466:Max. depth
191:bathymetry
138:Чорне море
108:Черно море
12791:Black Sea
12636:Georgians
12626:Education
12576:Mythology
12453:Transport
12418:Companies
12377:President
12330:Elections
12229:Volcanoes
12169:Black Sea
12147:Geography
12056:Civil War
11871:Arab rule
11835:Roman era
11705:Zonguldak
11610:Constanța
11484:Black Sea
11376:North Sea
11336:Irish Sea
11301:Black Sea
11168:James Bay
10927:Seram Sea
10897:Moro Gulf
10822:Coral Sea
10802:Bohol Sea
10797:Bohai Sea
10782:Banda Sea
10754:Timor Sea
10611:North Sea
10576:James Bay
10566:Irish Sea
10476:Black Sea
10393:White Sea
10300:Somov Sea
10260:Davis Sea
10095:cite book
10035:Black Sea
9678:10 August
9603:22 August
9218:Compare:
9004:lifeline.
7814:: 15–22.
7558:129038790
6673:154395443
6615:2 October
6230:2169-9275
6019:Citations
5788:Zonguldak
5764:(Romania)
5752:(Romania)
5746:(Georgia)
5734:(Georgia)
5710:(Romania)
5682:(Ukraine)
5664:(Romania)
5638:Primorsko
5616:(Romania)
5610:(Ukraine)
5586:(Romania)
5580:(Romania)
5574:(Romania)
5568:(Romania)
5546:(Georgia)
5522:(Romania)
5491:(Georgia)
5435:(Romania)
5429:(Romania)
5423:(Romania)
5411:(Romania)
5409:Constanța
5405:(Georgia)
5399:(Romania)
5381:(Georgia)
5337:(Georgia)
5319:(Romania)
5313:(Romania)
4968:Constanța
4943:Constanța
4758:Oligocene
4723:petroleum
4689:anchovies
4651:smuggling
4264:of Crimea
4045:Georgians
4037:Venetians
4033:Crusaders
4001:Scythians
3985:Thracians
3981:Armenians
3977:Colchians
3719:Goat fish
3651:Jellyfish
3550:sea otter
3546:pinnipeds
3528:Doğankent
3501:dolphins.
3474:megafauna
3394:salinity.
3117:, Georgia
3066:Byzantine
3054:sapropels
3016:and long
2986:halocline
2978:upwelling
2863:Hydrology
2857:turbidite
2740:Anatolian
2677:orogenies
2673:volcanism
2665:Santonian
2657:Barremian
2543:– Ukraine
2537:– Ukraine
1790:Sinop Bay
1722:Chernozem
1684:Geography
1673:Karadeniz
1549:Karadeniz
1460:colonised
1457:Milesians
1434:ho Pontos
1306:White Sea
1252:romanized
1210:romanized
1201:Ukrainian
1187:Karadeniz
1162:romanized
1061:romanized
1055:შავი ზღვა
1005:romanized
996:Bulgarian
957:romanized
925:Хы Шӏуцӏэ
869:, Romania
867:Constanța
769:into the
724:Constanța
696:Strandzha
594:Black Sea
517:shoreline
236:44°N 35°E
207:West Asia
145:Ukrainian
115:Bulgarian
78:შავი ზღვა
48:Karadeniz
38:Black Sea
12765:Category
12691:Borjgali
12646:Diaspora
12591:Religion
12537:Georgian
12528:Gambling
12486:Alphabet
12362:Military
12313:Politics
12294:Abkhazia
12189:Glaciers
12092:Monarchs
12080:By topic
11762:articles
11640:Năvodari
11635:Mangalia
11625:Istanbul
11519:Bulgaria
11506:Abkhazia
11182:Channels
11064:Category
11000:Dead Sea
10990:Aral Sea
10957:Sulu Sea
10912:Savu Sea
10882:Koro Sea
10877:Java Sea
10777:Bali Sea
10358:Kara Sea
10290:Ross Sea
10134:Archived
10051:(1989).
10020:, 1999,
10006:, 2004,
9936:BBC News
9919:Politico
9877:BBC News
9722:Archived
9562:Archived
9499:. NATO.
9407:EURACTIV
9298:BBC News
9179:12 April
9117:Chiftlik
9097:12 April
8898:26062507
8839:25731166
8728:Archived
8646:Archived
8634:Archived
8615:Archived
8567:1 August
8416:Archived
8382:Archived
8262:21 April
8253:Archived
8249:56221055
8204:83515152
8106:Archived
8080:Archived
8060:Archived
7947:Archived
7943:30559038
7783:Archived
7763:Archived
7583:Archived
7520:Archived
7502:2 August
7144:Archived
7092:Archived
7036:16057188
6959:Archived
6904:Archived
6900:13472363
6782:23769140
6774:17758812
6553:Anatolia
6430:Archived
6411:Archived
6248:28989833
6004:de facto
6001:nation,
5995:Abkhazia
5927:See also
5921:Abkhazia
5852:littoral
5814:Yorktown
5790:(Turkey)
5740:(Russia)
5728:(Turkey)
5688:(Russia)
5680:Skadovsk
5676:(Turkey)
5670:(Turkey)
5658:(Turkey)
5646:(Turkey)
5626:Pitsunda
5622:(Turkey)
5598:(Russia)
5578:Năvodari
5572:Mangalia
5560:Lozenetz
5550:Koktebel
5544:Kobuleti
5479:(Turkey)
5473:(Russia)
5445:Feodosia
5343:(Russia)
5331:(Turkey)
5292:Cold War
5253:190,425
5218:204,156
5183:223,902
5174:Bulgaria
5148:241,952
5113:293,661
5078:343,334
5043:379,200
5008:de facto
4990:disputed
4972:491,498
4937:500,076
4928:Bulgaria
4902:639,930
4826:Country
4717:started
4667:seaports
4626:, Crimea
4472:corvette
4237:via the
4179:colonies
4166:Urheimat
4118:Caucasus
4057:Ottomans
3993:Persians
3969:Hittites
3925:Bosporus
3860:Bosporus
3858:and the
3826:Bosporus
3782:Seahorse
3705:Stingray
3607:copepods
3433:Aral Sea
3387:biofilms
3379:bacteria
3355:Holocene
3279:ammonium
3123:brackish
2962:cyclonic
2904:Bosporus
2834:alluvial
2784:Euxinian
2751:system.
2732:Eurasian
2716:Bosporus
2708:Istanbul
2685:Pontides
2653:Mesozoic
2649:Laurasia
2635:and the
2615:, Crimea
2597:Caucasus
2580:(SSTs).
2570:cyclones
2511:K Island
2464:Abkhazia
2407:Slovenia
2394:Slovakia
2199:Bulgaria
2087:Molochna
2072:Kamchiya
2022:Dniester
1980:460,084
1962:Abkhazia
1899:Bulgaria
1864:132,414
1843:172,484
1810:Country
1784:Bay and
1728:Slavonia
1428:ὁ πόντος
1355:axšaina-
1326:Hittites
1322:Hattians
1308:and the
1127:Romanian
1088:უჩა ზუღა
1050:Georgian
948:Armenian
712:Bosporus
665:Dniester
629:Bulgaria
625:Anatolia
621:Caucasus
598:marginal
588:, Russia
513:sediment
424:Abkhazia
341:Bulgaria
314:Bosporus
292:Dniester
199:Location
130:Romanian
85:Georgian
12749:Outline
12674:Symbols
12511:Cuisine
12474:Culture
12448:Tourism
12396:Economy
12269:Regions
12264:Tbilisi
12209:Mammals
12174:Climate
12159:Borders
12112:Battles
11820:Colchis
11815:Diauehi
11770:History
11758:Georgia
11690:Trabzon
11685:Sukhumi
11615:Giresun
11584:Ukraine
11545:Romania
11532:Georgia
10749:Red Sea
10153:. 244p.
10059:(ed.).
9902:Reuters
9883:15 June
9239:2 April
9138:5 April
8997:2 April
8945:5 April
8930:bioRxiv
8924:2015).
8906:4399103
8878:Bibcode
8851:Europe.
8844:5 April
8830:5048219
8807:bioRxiv
8799:Bibcode
8781:bioRxiv
8678:17 June
8599:Bibcode
8518:Bibcode
8462:4347576
8442:Bibcode
8366:Bibcode
8310:Bibcode
7973:Bibcode
7871:Bibcode
7816:Bibcode
7728:Bibcode
7677:Bibcode
7623:Bibcode
7456:Bibcode
7182:Bibcode
7128:Bibcode
7074:Bibcode
7044:2991363
7016:Bibcode
6930:Bibcode
6846:Bibcode
6809:Bibcode
6754:Bibcode
6746:Science
6452:15 June
6427:Part II
6239:5606501
6210:Bibcode
6148:4306135
6128:Bibcode
6076:3 April
6009:Georgia
5906:Neptune
5875:Armenia
5726:Trabzon
5692:Sozopol
5650:Rusalka
5632:Pomorie
5590:Nesebar
5532:Kavarna
5526:Kamchia
5520:Jupiter
5495:Gudauta
5477:Giresun
5373:Balchik
5363:Alushta
5335:Anaklia
5323:Ahtopol
5305:towns:
5296:tourist
5260:Tourism
5209:Georgia
5109:Trabzon
5084:Trabzon
5027:de jure
5022:Ukraine
4963:Romania
4858:Ukraine
4781:Romania
4762:Miocene
4739:Romania
4727:Ukraine
4677:Fishing
4671:Ukraine
4581:scholar
4506:Frontex
4412:to the
4212:Crimean
4174:(PIE).
4145:Georgia
4141:Colchis
4114:steppes
4110:Balkans
4041:Genoese
3973:Carians
3852:straits
3811:History
3798:with a
3678:Actinia
3665:Actinia
3271:silicon
3255:Diatoms
3247:endemic
3224:nitrite
3194:diatoms
3159:ammonia
3155:nitrate
3135:diatoms
3127:trophic
3094:Ecology
3070:Sinop D
2889:fluvial
2873:SeaWiFS
2826:coquina
2770:on the
2760:Georgia
2736:African
2549:Climate
2471:Islands
2446:Ukraine
2355:Romania
2316:Moldova
2277:Hungary
2251:Germany
2238:Georgia
2212:Croatia
2173:Belarus
2160:Austria
2147:Albania
2092:Tylihul
2082:Kalmius
2037:Sakarya
2012:Dnieper
1948:29,756
1941:Romania
1927:22,947
1920:Georgia
1906:35,132
1885:67,351
1857:Ukraine
1748:Siberia
1705:In the
1538:Saspers
1494:Siyābun
1480:In the
1367:áxeinos
1349:Iranian
1302:Red Sea
1266:
1254::
1212::
1183:Turkish
1164::
1153:Russian
1123:, "Sea"
1007::
963:Sev cov
959::
952:Սեւ ծով
752:Trabzon
661:Dnieper
649:Ukraine
637:Romania
633:Georgia
613:Balkans
537:Georgia
487:Islands
406:Ukraine
367:Romania
354:Georgia
284:Dnieper
70:Russian
55:Turkish
12770:Portal
12681:Anthem
12596:Sports
12506:Cinema
12501:Chokha
12433:Mining
12423:Energy
12224:Rivers
12097:States
12019:Modern
11854:Middle
11830:Lazica
11810:Mushki
11760:
11670:Samsun
11605:Burgas
11600:Batumi
11593:Cities
11581:
11571:Turkey
11568:
11558:Russia
11555:
11542:
11529:
11516:
11503:
11115:Basins
11014:Others
10220:oceans
10149:
10118:
10067:
10041:
10024:
10010:
9993:
9975:
9503:
9474:
9304:27 May
9230:
9202:
9170:
9129:
9088:
9061:
9034:
8988:
8904:
8896:
8870:Nature
8837:
8827:
8809:
8754:
8707:
8553:
8491:
8460:
8434:Nature
8247:
8202:
8165:
7941:
7556:
7245:
7217:
7042:
7034:
7008:Nature
6989:
6898:
6780:
6772:
6671:
6475:
6393:1 July
6246:
6236:
6228:
6176:
6146:
6120:Nature
5880:Crimea
5738:Tuapse
5708:Sulina
5662:Saturn
5656:Samsun
5584:Neptun
5566:Mamaia
5504:Gurzuf
5433:Eforie
5403:Chakvi
5385:Burgas
5379:Batumi
5353:Alupka
5347:Albena
5329:Amasra
5317:Agigea
5303:resort
5276:; and
5244:Turkey
5241:
5214:Adjara
5206:
5189:Batumi
5179:Burgas
5171:
5154:Burgas
5139:Russia
5136:
5104:Turkey
5101:
5069:Russia
5066:
5019:
5003:Russia
5000:
4960:
4925:
4898:Samsun
4893:Turkey
4890:
4873:Samsun
4855:
4823:Image
4803:, and
4773:Turkey
4752:, the
4750:Eocene
4707:, and
4635:Amasra
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4461:Kalibr
4380:Kirpen
4231:Ragusa
4227:Venice
4192:Pontic
4134:Greece
4053:Tatars
4005:Romans
3989:Greeks
3854:, the
3754:sponge
3552:, and
3482:common
3467:Batumi
3307:motile
3235:anoxic
3161:. The
3099:Marine
3068:wreck
3029:seabed
3006:Turkey
2989:major
2971:eddies
2885:anoxic
2804:Eemian
2712:Turkey
2661:Aptian
2645:Tethys
2630:Albian
2593:Pontic
2461:
2443:
2433:Turkey
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2381:Serbia
2378:
2368:Russia
2365:
2352:
2342:Poland
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2264:Greece
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2127:Mzymta
2107:Rezovo
2102:Veleka
2007:Danube
1999:rivers
1977:5,800
1974:Total
1959:
1938:
1917:
1896:
1878:Russia
1875:
1861:2,782
1854:
1840:1,329
1836:Turkey
1833:
1794:Samsun
1732:Danube
1453:Pontus
1417:Strabo
1385:Pindar
1304:, the
1236:Greece
1052::
921:Adyghe
894:Abkhaz
879:Burgas
832:seabed
784:anoxic
756:Samsun
748:Batumi
716:Burgas
657:Danube
647:, and
645:Turkey
641:Russia
605:Europe
571:Turkey
567:Samsun
556:Crimea
541:Batumi
505:Veleka
421:
403:
393:Turkey
390:
380:Russia
377:
364:
351:
338:
280:Danube
241:44; 35
160:Abkhaz
156:
141:
126:
111:
96:
81:
66:
51:
12756:Index
12728:cross
12716:cross
12706:Motto
12658:Women
12581:Names
12571:Music
12566:Media
12523:Dance
12199:Lakes
12164:Birds
11778:Early
11700:Yalta
11695:Varna
11680:Sochi
11650:Odesa
11630:Kerch
11198:Gulfs
11021:Ocean
10216:Earth
10055:. In
9767:(PDF)
9760:(PDF)
9145:1789.
8902:S2CID
8789:arXiv
8618:(PDF)
8587:(PDF)
8458:S2CID
8385:(PDF)
8354:(PDF)
8256:(PDF)
8245:S2CID
8225:(PDF)
8200:S2CID
7950:(PDF)
7939:S2CID
7917:(PDF)
7845:(PDF)
7804:(PDF)
7747:(PDF)
7714:(PDF)
7696:(PDF)
7665:(PDF)
7642:(PDF)
7611:(PDF)
7586:(PDF)
7575:(PDF)
7554:S2CID
7147:(PDF)
7116:(PDF)
7095:(PDF)
7062:(PDF)
7040:S2CID
6907:(PDF)
6896:S2CID
6876:(PDF)
6778:S2CID
6669:S2CID
6503:(PDF)
6496:(PDF)
6144:S2CID
5997:is a
5768:Yalta
5762:Venus
5756:Varna
5744:Ureki
5698:Sudak
5686:Sochi
5674:Sinop
5614:Olimp
5608:Odesa
5602:Obzor
5538:Kiten
5489:Gonio
5465:Gagra
5455:Foros
5439:Emona
5421:Corbu
5391:Byala
5341:Anapa
5311:2 Mai
5049:Sochi
4933:Varna
4908:Varna
4863:Odesa
4838:Odesa
4820:City
4737:with
4624:Yalta
4588:JSTOR
4574:books
4498:Su-35
4486:Su-27
4464:SLCMs
4184:polis
4025:Slavs
4021:Avars
4013:Goths
3804:Sochi
3752:Blue
3524:]
3275:cysts
3267:algae
2871:This
2850:silts
2768:Yalta
2756:shelf
2641:Paleo
2613:Sudak
2290:Italy
2122:Supsa
2057:Rioni
2032:Kuban
1816:(km)
1670:) or
1558:from
1353:*
1351:word
1343:name
1341:Greek
1330:Zalpa
1243:Greek
811:shelf
740:Sochi
728:Odesa
720:Varna
596:is a
586:Sochi
325:Basin
296:Kuban
100:Greek
12701:Flag
12664:more
12641:List
12607:more
12558:Svan
12516:Wine
12459:more
12350:LGBT
12275:more
12235:more
12123:more
12107:Wars
11665:Rize
11660:Poti
11655:Ordu
11620:Hopa
11254:Seas
11131:Bays
10224:seas
10222:and
10147:ISBN
10116:ISBN
10101:link
10065:ISBN
10039:ISBN
10022:ISBN
10008:ISBN
9991:ISBN
9973:ISBN
9885:2022
9706:2007
9680:2017
9636:2024
9605:2020
9545:2013
9514:2010
9501:ISBN
9472:ISBN
9306:2022
9280:2022
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