Chechens - Knowledge

1850: 3219:«Chechens are not actually Caucasians, but ethnically and linguistically sharply separated from other mountain peoples of the Caucasus. They are the offspring of the great Hyperborean-Paleo-Asian tribe, displaced to the Caucasus, which extended from Turan through northern Mesopotamia and into Canaan.» «With its vocalism, its structure, the Chechen language as a member of the family, which once geographically and genetically stood closer to the Proto-Hamitic-Iberian, or Proto-Phrygian, than to the Caucasian languages proper.» «The Chechen is a leaping northern offspring of the proto-language, which once occupied a more southern territory, namely, in the pre-Armenian-Alarodian Western Asia. Traces of Nachtšuoi's stay in the country of Ararat are found in toponymy as Nachtševan, Nakhtshuan (Nachidschevan). This alone explains the strongly Alarodian -Armenoid character of the Chechen language, which deviates from the normal Caucasian sound system.» _______________________________________ Joseph Karst, Ph. D, 1. «Origines mediterraneae. Die vorgeschichtlichen Mittelmeervölker nach Ursprung, Schichtung und Verwandtschaft. Ethnologisch-Linguistische Forschungen». Heidelberg, 1931, p. 85.; 2. «Grundzüge einer Vergleichenden Grammatik des Ibero-kaukasischen», Band I, Strassburg, 1932, p. 29. 1889: 1324: 892: 814: 47: 1374: 3257:""The Urartians themselves, or Alarodians, called their country and state Biainili, from which comes the modern name of Lake Van, in the basin of which the center of this state was located. Since ancient times, Urartian (Alarodian) tribes, akin to the Hurrian population of the countries to the southwest of Lake Van, lived around Lake Van and in adjacent areas. The Urartian (as well as the Hurrian) language belonged to a special linguistic family, among the modern languages the closest to them are some languages of the North Caucasus – Chechen and Ingush."" 2622:Вот исчисление всех племен, на которые принято делить Чеченцев. В строгом же смысле деление это не имеет основания. Самим Чеченцам оно совершенно неизвестно. Они сами себя называют Нахче, т.е. "народ" и это относится до всего народа, говорящего на Чеченском языке и его наречиях. Упомянутые же названия им были даны или от аулов, как Цори, Галгай, Шатой и др., или от рек и гор, как Мичиковцы и Качкалыки. Весьма вероятно, что рано или поздно все или большая часть приведенных нами имен исчезнут и Чеченцы удержат за собою одно общее наименование. 1288:. The Chechens, however, never really fell under the rule of either empire. As Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. During these turbulent times, the Chechens were organized into semi-independent clans that were loyal to the Mehk-Khel (National Council). The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da (ruler of the nation). Several of these appeared during the Late Middle Ages such as 3327:"The most ancient state on the territory of our country was the Urartian kingdom in the Transcaucasus. The word "Urartu" (the memory of it is preserved in the name of Mount Ararat) is Assyrian, but the inhabitants themselves called their country Biainili (hence – Lake Van). The Alarodian (or Urartian) tribes living around this lake, who spoke a language that has not survived to this day (of the modern ones, Chechen and Ingush are the closest to it), back in the 13th century. BC e. created their own tribal union. " 3629:

first millennia BC, he did not rule out the possibility of their residence in the northern and eastern regions of the Caucasus. It is traditionally accepted that the Vainakh have existed in the Caucasus, with their present territory as a nucleus of a larger domicile, for thousands of years, and that it was the ‘birthplace’ of their ethnos, to which the peoples who inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the Volga in the northeast and the Caspian Sea to the east contributed."

1938: 1666:(24%)). It is notable that J2 suddenly collapses as one enters the territory of non-Nakh Northeast Caucasian peoples, dropping to very low values among Dagestani peoples. The overwhelming bulk of Chechen J2 is of the subclade J2a4b* (J2-M67), of which the highest frequencies by far are found among Nakh peoples: Chechens were 55.2% according to the Balanovsky study, while Ingush were 87.4%. Other notable haplogroups that consistently appeared at high frequencies included 4056:"But after their unification in 1934 into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic since 1936), the authorities did their best to ensure the merger of the Chechens and Ingush into a single people, for which a new name was created "Veinakhs / Vainakhs". In the 1960s–1980s. this identity was actively introduced into the consciousness of the Chechens and Ingush and gradually gained more and more popularity" 6008: 3203:"English translation: "Today, urartologists do not deny the kinship of the Chechens with the Urartians. The kinship of the Hurrians-Urartians-Chechens is confirmed by those who studied it. Hence the following conclusion follows. Chechens are Urartians. Urartians is the remaining branch of the Chechens in Asia Minor. Actually its structure, grammatical features, completeness and grammar of classes, etc. Urartian and Chechen are similar to each other" 1815: 1184:

Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege.

1195: 950:(whose people also spoke a language that was possibly related to the Nakh languages). The two theories are not mutually incompatible, and there has been much evidence that seems to link the two (either by dual origins or the "return" theory, in which the Nakh peoples originally lived in the Caucasus, migrated down to the south, lived there for a long period of time, and then returned to the Caucasus). 803: 3161:"Chechnya i Rossiya: obshchestva i gosudarstva: Sb. materialov konferentsii. Pod red. D.Furmana. M .: Polinform-Talburi." English translation: "This sounds extremely unexpected, but it is. The Chechen nation is the ethnic root part of the Caucasian race, one of the oldest sources of human civilization, the fundamental principle of spirituality, passed through the Hurrian, Mittani, Urartian cultures." 1756: 1740: 1451: 1222:. The Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols and defend themselves against their invasions; not once, but twice, though this came at great cost to them, as their states were utterly destroyed. These events were key in the shaping of the Chechen nationhood and their martial-oriented and clan-based society. 1292:, Tinavin-Visa, Zok-K'ant and others. The administration and military expeditions commanded by Aldaman Gheza during the 1650-1670s led to Chechnya being largely untouched by the major empires of the time. Alliances were concluded with local lords against Persian encroachment and battles were fought to stop Russian influence. One such battle was the 1934:(the Naqshbandiyya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriyya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively. 3232:

Caucasians [Mtebids], combine many elements of the Caspian and even the Pontid. In addition, the Chechens have the highest percentage of the dolichocephalic index among the characteristic brachycephalic Caucasions [Mtebids]. All this testifies that the Chechens, to a greater extent, have preserved the Hurrian substratum

1838:. Due to their strong dependence on the land, its farms and its forests (and indeed, the national equation with the wolf), Chechens have a strong affection for nature. According to Chechen philosopher Apty Bisultanov, ruining an ant-hill or hunting Caucasian goats during their mating season was considered extremely sinful. The 1424:" in 1956 and allowed to return the next year, the survivors lost economic resources and civil rights and, under both Soviet and post-Soviet governments, they have been the objects of both official and unofficial discrimination and discriminatory public discourse. Chechen attempts to regain independence in the 1990s after the 1037:, the eldest and most noble, receiving the Central Caucasus. Kavkasos engendered the Chechen tribes, and his descendant, Durdzuk, who took residence in a mountainous region, later called "Dzurdzuketia" after him, established a strong state in the fourth and third centuries BC. Among the Chechen teips, the teip 4008:

Dunlop p.29ff. Dunlop writes (p.30): "In 1860, according to Soviet-era figures, 81,360 Chechens left for Turkey; a second emigration took place in 1865, when an additional 22,500 Chechens left. More than 100,000 Chechens were thus ethnically 'cleansed' during this process. This was perhaps a majority

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The anthropology of Chechens and Ingush is somewhat different. The Ingush belong to the central cluster of the Caucasian [Mtebid] anthropotype, with pronounced brachycephalization, which indicates a strong mixing with the Koban culture. Whereas the Chechens, although they belong mainly to the

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Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens: A Handbook. Page 24. "Also, the Georgian historian G. A. Melikishvili maintained that the formation of the Vainakh took place much earlier than the first century BC. Though evidence of Nakh settlement was found on the southern slopes of the Caucasus in the second and

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The next year, with the onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies.

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When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble

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Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. They partook in numerous rites and rituals, many of them pertaining to farming; these included rain rites, a celebration that occurred on the first day of plowing, as well as the Day of the

1603:

Genetic tests on Chechens have shown roots mostly in the Caucasus and Europe. Studies on North Caucasian mtDNA indicated a closer relationship of the Caucasus with Europe (Nasidze et al. 2001), while the Y chromosome indicated a closer relationship with West Asia (Nasidze et al. 2003).

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Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct

3189:"English translation: "Most of the historical facts indicate that the language of the ancient state of Urartu is closer to the modern Chechen one. It is highly probable that the ancestors of modern Chechens moved to the territory of the North Caucasus from Anatolia, from Urartu" 3468:

Johanna Nichols (January 2003). "The Nakh Dagestanian consonant correspondences". In Dee Ann Holisky; Kevin Tuite (eds.). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 208.

3287:"The long-standing assumptions about the connections of Hurrian and Urartian with the Caucasian languages have received serious confirmation thanks to the collected ... correspondences identified in the North-East Caucasian languages, and especially in Vainakh" 1517:

In 1989, 73.4% spoke Russian, though this figure has declined due to the wars for a large number of reasons (including the lack of proper education, the refusal to learn the language, and the mass dispersal of the Chechen diaspora due to the war). Chechens in

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Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while.

1830:– the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. They are mythically descended from the epic hero, Turpalo-Nokhchuo ("Chechen Hero"). There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its 1174:

This twelve-year-old siege is not found in any other report, however, the Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the

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A stereotype of an average Chechen being a fundamentalist Muslim is incorrect and misleading. By the late 2000s, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya. A radicalized remnant of the armed Chechen separatist movement has become dominated by

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Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; Dupanloup, I.; Cordaux, R.; Rychkov, S.; Naumova, O.; Zhukova, O.; Sarraf-Zadegan, N.; Naderi, G. A.; Asgary, S.; Sardas, S.; Farhud, D. D.; Sarkisian, T.; Asadov, C.; Kerimov, A.; Stoneking, M. (2004).

2566:"Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." 984:

is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. However, nothing is known about Alarodians except that they "were armed like the

1811:) implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its teips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves". 1419:

SSRs; and their republic and nation were abolished. At least one-quarter—and perhaps half—of the entire Chechen population perished in the process, and a severe blow was made to their culture and historical records. Though

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The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community

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describes the appearance of the Chechens as follows: "The Chechen is handsome and strong. Tall, brunette, slender, with sharp features and a quick, determined look, he amazes with his mobility, agility, dexterity."

976:, that had profound influences upon other cultures of the region." According to some data, Chechens are genetically, linguistically and anthropologically considered the descendants of the Hurrians and Urartians. 3960:

Jaimoukha (p.50): "The Chechens suffered horrific losses in human life during the long war. From an estimated population of over a million in the 1840s, there were only 140,000 Chechens left in the Caucasus in

1690:(1.8%, but much higher in Chechnya itself as opposed to Dagestani or Ingushetian Chechens). Overall, tests have shown consistently that Chechens are most closely related to Ingush, Circassians and other 4659: 1052:

posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus. Prior to the invasion of the

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They are thought to either be descended from original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South) or supposedly Nakh-speaking ethnic minorities in the north-eastern regions of the ancient state of

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Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.

1351:. The Chechens were finally defeated in 1861 after a bloody war that lasted for decades, during which they lost most of their entire population. In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also 3135: 957:, "It is certain that the Nakh constituted an important component of the Hurrian-Urartian tribes in the Trans-Caucasus and played a role in the development of their influential cultures." 720:) by many Soviet and modern historians, although the historian N. Volkova considers the latter connection unlikely and states that the term Nakhchmatyan could have been mistaken for the 2576: 2124: 2089: 1611:

showed Chechens to be diverse in the mitochondrial genome, with 18 different haplogroups out of only 23 samples. This correlates with all other North Caucasian peoples such as the

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Chechens are accustomed to democratic ways, their social structure being firmly based on equality, pluralism and deference to individuality. Chechen society is structured around

1975: 1179:

mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at:

3330:. «Pavlenko N.I., Kobrin V.B., Fedorov V.A. Istoriya SSSR s drevneyshikh vremen do 1861 goda. (Uchebnik dlya pedagogicheskikh institutov), M., 1989 g.». Prosveshchenie. 1989. 928:

region since prehistory. There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the

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The discussion of their origins is intertwined with the discussion of the mysterious origins of Nakh peoples as a whole. The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens,

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Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; Marjanovic, Damir (24 December 2008).

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Thunderer Sela and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi. In addition to sparse written record from the Middle Ages, Chechens traditionally remember history through the

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in the 14th. The Mongol invasions are well known in Chechen folktales which are often connected with military reports of Alan-Dzurdzuk wars against the Mongols.

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Roshchin, Mikhail; Lunkin, Roman (2005). "Ислам в Чеченской Республике" [Islam in the Chechen Republic]. In Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergei (eds.).

3136:"The Urartian language itself took several generations to decipher and is now believed to be a distant ancestor of existing Caucasian languages such as Chechen" 8003: 6720: 3702: 1339:

who particularly disliked the Chechens, describing them as "a bold and dangerous people". Angered by Chechen raids, Yermolov resorted to a brutal policy of "

1312:, in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories for several years. The conflict notably marked the first military encounter between 628:

occurs in Russian sources in the late 16th century as "Chachana", which is mentioned as a land owned by the Chechen Prince Shikh Murza. The etymology is of

3259:. «Materialy po istorii SSSR. Dlya seminarskikh i prakticheskikh zanyatiy. Vyp. 1. Drevneyshiye narody i gosudarstva na territorii SSSR.». 1985. p. 7. 1323: 5569: 3976: 2312: 3409: 2248: 6739: 6484: 4784: 3139: 1694:, occasionally showing a kinship to other peoples in some tests. Balanovsky's study showed the Ingush to be the Chechens' closest relatives by far. 4758: 4875: 3365: 2440: 6938: 6734: 3370:. «Aleksandrova N.V., Ladynin I.A., Nemirovskiy A.A., Yakovlev V.M. Drevniy Vostok. Uchebnoye posobiye dlya vuzov.». Астрель. 2008. p. 371. 4563: 3867: 3311: 2634: 662:, some researchers united all Chechens and Ingush under the name "Chechens". In modern science, another term is used for this community — "the 7512: 2651: 4733: 8255: 6501: 5542: 4109: 4142: 2601: 1347:(now the capital of Chechnya) in 1818. Chechen resistance to Russian rule reached its peak under the leadership of the Dagestani leader 6927: 4906: 4608: 4586: 4188: 2173: 891: 853:

in 1859, and the forcible transfer of Chechens from Terek Oblast to the Ottoman Empire in 1865. Those in Kazakhstan originate from the

2705: 1091: 901: 846: 4406: 4127: 896: 3919: 1912:. The Shafi'i school has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced. Some adhere to the mystical 1272:

through the first half of the 19th century, the Caucasus was divided by these two powers, with the Ottomans prevailing in Western

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Die Tschetschenen: Forschungen zur Völkerkunde des nordöstlichen Kaukasus auf Grund von Reisen in den Jahren 1918—20 und 1927/28

3053: 2193: 6446: 5535: 4450: 2467: 1506:. Traditionally, linguists attributed both Ingush and Batsbi to the Chechen language (as its dialects) before the endoethnonym 1364: 854: 8250: 8245: 6477: 4803: 4546: 4088:"Yazyki i narechiya Rossiyskoy Imperii, Statisticheskiy atlas Rossii A.F. Marksa, prilozheniye 14, Sankt-Peterburg, 1907 god" 3929: 3877: 3850: 3613: 3375: 3240: 3168: 3119: 2559: 2297: 1577:, etc. However, this relationship is not a close one: the Nakho-Dagestani family is of comparable or greater time-depth than 644:, which altogether can be translated as "inside territory". The villages and towns named Chechan were always situated in the 3367:"Of the peoples existing in our time, the Chechens and Ingush are the closest to the Hurrian-Urartian in terms of language " 2425: 8225: 2468:"Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia" 4683: 2845: 2763: 2153: 1978:

actively promoting and enforcing their own version of a so-called "traditional Islam", including introducing elements of

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that tried to exert influence on Chechnya. As Russia set off to increase its political influence in the Caucasus and the

678:(Chechen) was a term used by Chechens to denote a certain geographic area (central Chechnya), Chechens called themselves 7438: 1880:, is literally translated as "enter in freedom". The word for freedom also encompasses notions of peace and prosperity. 733:, who have no connection to the Chechen people. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain 8210: 4626: 3996: 3285: 3058: 2222: 1075:

mention that the Durdzuks defeated Scythians and became a significant power in the region in the first millennium BC.

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The name "Chechens" is an exoethnonym that entered the Georgian and Western European ethnonymic tradition through the

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is prevalent and encouraged), and are bonded together to form the Chechen nation. Teips are further subdivided into

8240: 8230: 8220: 8200: 6470: 4536: 1412: 3692:Н. Г. Волкова. Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII-начале XX века — Москва: Наука, 1974. — с.169 813: 8235: 6441: 6396: 4091: 3647:Натаев Сайпуди Альвиевич. ПРОБЛЕМА ЭТНОТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЧЕЧНИ В XVIII–XIX ВВ. В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ. 1638:, and one from two sites in Dagestan) and found the following frequencies: A weak majority of Chechens belong to 1598: 1384:

Since then, there have been various Chechen rebellions against Russian/Soviet power in 1865–66, 1877, during the

1352: 1107: 1038: 3683:Пиотровский Б. Б. История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. — Наука, 1988. — с.239 1864:

Chechen culture strongly values freedom. This asserts itself in multiple ways. A large majority of the nation's

8215: 7728: 6401: 4899: 3474: 1942: 624:. These places include Chechan, Nana-Checha ("Mother Checha") and Yokkh Chechen ("Greater Chechena"). The name 4510: 4392: 3405: 3188: 714:

and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned as one of the peoples of Sarmatia in the 7th-century Armenian work

46: 8065: 7798: 7191: 7119: 5914: 5668: 5558: 1471: 1133: 841:). Those in Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan are mainly descendants of families who had to leave Chechnya during the 539: 187: 2259: 1373: 1086:

on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). According to a legend,

7754: 6436: 5504: 1156: 1145: 1005:. Additionally, leading Urartologist Paul Zimansky rejected a connection between Urartians and Alarodians. 776: 617: 8038: 4299: 2551: 1405: 1331:

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Russia embarked on full-scale conquest of the North Caucasus in the

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Tamerlane's late 14th-century invasions of the Caucasus were especially costly to the Chechen kingdom of

4831: 4058:. V. A. Shnirel'man. Byt' alanami. Intellektualy i politika na Severnom Kavkaze v XX veke. p. 279. 3565: 2363:"About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001" 943:, but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples. 5430: 5383: 4872: 4143:"ГПИБ | Вып. 1 : [Терская область : археологические экскурсии Всев. Миллера]. – 1888" 4073: 3391: 3351: 3270: 1722: 1378: 1336: 1111: 7940: 7793: 5134: 4892: 4567: 4059: 1958:

and present in Chechnya in small numbers since the 1990s), mostly abandoning nationalism in favor of

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ranked as the tallest region in Russia for men (179.1 cm) and second tallest for women (168.2).

1691: 1683: 1219: 3787: 3510: 2064:

The actual number of Chechens living in the United States may be higher, as they are categorized as

1400:'s collectivization and anti-religion campaigns. In 1944, all Chechens, together with several other 8103: 7768: 6748: 5679: 4973: 3550:

Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.).

2929: 2388: 1425: 691: 4708: 2945: 2735:"РУССКО-ЧЕЧЕНСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XVI-XVII в. DrevLit.Ru – библиотека древних рукописей" 2485:

Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. – PMLP

1846:(unity) originated as a simple environmentalist organization in the republic's capital of Grozny. 8195: 7823: 6493: 6016: 5100: 5085: 4928: 3009: 2805:Чечня и чеченцы / Подгот. текста и предисл. Я. З. Ахмадова и И. Б. Мунаева, ред. Е. А. Куприянова 2006: 1647: 1578: 1421: 1401: 1249: 1025: 915: 560:(pronounced ; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhche). The vast majority of Chechens are 542: 3406:"Kul'tura suvaro-bulgar: istoriya vooruzheniya »Voyennaya istoriya suvaro-bulgar V. N. Almantay" 2842:""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей" 2756:""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей" 2734: 2362: 1803:

stands for "Chechen") and may be loosely translated as "Chechen character". The Chechen code of

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was still strong until the 19th century. Society was organised along feudal lines. Chechnya was

7584: 7420: 6451: 6097: 4980: 4737: 3983: 3583: 1991: 1687: 1679: 780: 750: 4105: 3840: 3582:

Zimansky, Paul "Urartian and Urartians." The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (2011): 556.

2662: 8205: 7876: 7589: 7560: 7497: 6171: 4995: 3774: 1667: 1639: 1570: 1474:). Literary Chechen is based on the central lowland dialect. Other related languages include 4185: 2484: 8023: 7634: 6825: 6384: 6379: 6106: 5582: 5494: 4389:"V.A. Potto. Kavkazskaya voyna v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiyakh" 2426:"Population 31.12. By Origin, Background country, Language, Year, Age, Sex and Information" 1675: 1671: 1159:, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years: 565: 2595: 8: 7891: 7881: 7868: 7686: 7579: 7565: 6237: 6208: 6119: 4632: 4363:

The key role of patrilineal inheritance in the genetic variation of Dagestani highlanders

1826:

Chechens have a strong sense of community, which is enforced by the old clan network and

1554: 1231: 1049: 981: 886: 728: 703: 569: 3674:Шавхелишвили А. И. «Грузино-чечено-ингушские взаимоотношения». Тбилиси, 1992. — с.65, 72 8174: 8098: 8043: 7935: 7862: 7778: 7262: 6159: 6067: 5469: 5378: 5361: 5304: 4327: 4241: 3525: 3498: 3385: 3345: 3305: 3184: 3031: 2990: 2628: 2036: 2026: 2016: 1643: 1433: 1293: 1129: 870: 573: 4821: 4123: 1557:, and as such are related to Nakho-Dagestanian family, including the languages of the 1060:, the Nakh had inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the 7809: 7803: 7783: 7739: 7550: 7269: 6215: 6129: 6027: 5484: 5420: 5373: 5040: 4852: 4799: 4752: 4684:"Virtue Campaign on Women in Chechnya under Ramzan Kadyrov | Human Rights Watch" 4602: 4542: 4332: 4300:"Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe" 4233: 4228: 4067: 3925: 3873: 3846: 3731: 3638:Крупнов Е. И. Древности Чечено-Ингушетии. — Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1963. — с. 256 3609: 3470: 3424: 3371: 3331: 3325: 3291: 3264: 3236: 3164: 3115: 3063: 3014: 2809:

Chechnya and chechenz. Ja. Z. Akhmadova and I. B. Munayeva, red. Well. A. Kuprianova.

2555: 2501: 2293: 2201: 2055:

The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations only.

2021: 1901: 1857: 1759:

An example of Chechen tower architecture, ruins of the medieval settlement of Nikaroy

1726: 1543: 1491: 1487: 1429: 1385: 1368: 1273: 1141: 711: 4458: 4245: 3035: 2994: 2401: 1779:, or clans. The teips are based more on land and one-side lineage than on blood (as 1454:

Chechen-Soviet newspaper, Serlo (light), written in the Chechen Latin script during

8028: 7886: 7830: 7614: 7487: 7315: 7081: 6888: 6354: 6253: 6203: 6190: 5840: 5780: 5737: 5697: 5489: 5279: 5172: 5095: 5090: 5080: 4963: 4848: 4322: 4314: 4223: 4211: 3601: 3107: 3023: 2982: 2338: 2031: 1963: 1955: 1651: 1616: 1547: 1523: 1519: 1463: 1445: 1083: 929: 866: 770: 699: 652: 509: 444: 391: 200: 173: 94: 3769:

Tesaev, Amin (2020). "К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.)".

3027: 2986: 1090:, chief of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE. 8169: 8118: 8093: 8013: 7969: 7917: 7843: 7451: 7398: 7370: 7363: 7342: 7292: 7228: 7066: 7051: 6832: 6374: 6075: 5900: 5895: 5864: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5351: 5264: 5254: 5249: 5197: 5177: 5105: 4968: 4879: 4793: 4192: 4106:"Kavkazskiy tolmach: (perevodchik s russkogo na glavnѣyshiye kavkazskiye yazyki)" 3992: 3256: 3229: 3049: 2867: 2445: 2180: 2160: 2011: 1951: 1831: 1730: 1586: 1581:, meaning Chechens are only as linguistically related to Avars or Dargins as the 1558: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1503: 1495: 1475: 1305: 1269: 1265: 954: 862: 716: 7094: 5527: 1945:. The flame in the background is from a gas line hit by shrapnel. (January 1995) 8083: 8073: 7773: 7733: 7699: 7668: 7661: 7599: 7525: 7502: 7356: 7321: 7071: 6951: 6839: 6627: 6601: 6596: 6349: 6267: 5785: 5707: 5692: 5615: 5464: 5457: 5440: 5322: 5284: 5187: 5162: 5075: 5045: 5028: 5005: 4941: 4438:

The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule

4374:

Nasidze et al. "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus",

1967: 1655: 1635: 1499: 1467: 1340: 1313: 1276:, while Persia kept the bulk of the Caucasus, namely Eastern Georgia, Southern 1245: 925: 850: 806: 629: 588: 553: 213: 133: 4036:

Dunlop, Chapter 2 "Soviet Genocide", particularly pp. 70–71 ("How many died?")

2313:"Circassian, Ossetian, Chechen Minorities Solicit Russian Help To Leave Syria" 8189: 8108: 8059: 7945: 7906: 7901: 7857: 7746: 7681: 7676: 7654: 7629: 7609: 7492: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7349: 7255: 7248: 7234: 7056: 7037: 7032: 7019: 6909: 6902: 6777: 6668: 6637: 6416: 6411: 6339: 6198: 6166: 6087: 5951: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5830: 5755: 5722: 5447: 5425: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5192: 5182: 5117: 4990: 4953: 3901:"Гази Алдамов, или Алдаман ГIеза, воевода и предвод (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру" 3842:

One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups

3205:. ATLAS monthly geography and exploration magazine. March 2003. Issue 120.2. 2688:"Миграционные и урбанизационные процессы в ходе ста (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру" 2590: 1937: 1927: 1905: 1630:

in 2011, sampled a total of 330 Chechens from three sample locations (one in

1612: 1582: 1483: 1455: 1393: 1332: 1317: 1289: 1261: 1235: 936: 874: 858: 842: 796: 738: 556:. They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as 420: 159: 120: 3235:. J. Taisayev. «Etnogenez narodov Kavkaza.». 5 September 2017. p. 131. 1872:, robbed from the Russian oppressors in order to feed Chechen children in a 8159: 7896: 7482: 7405: 7335: 7305: 7176: 7161: 7156: 7146: 7027: 6971: 6875: 6862: 6797: 6709: 6704: 6690: 6539: 6317: 6142: 6050: 5991: 5800: 5775: 5765: 5750: 5745: 5727: 5610: 5516: 5509: 5289: 5274: 5259: 5167: 5152: 5112: 5065: 5033: 5013: 4336: 4237: 3595: 3101: 2001: 1971: 1959: 1835: 1698: 1574: 1397: 1389: 1297: 1207: 921: 663: 659: 549: 545: 416: 6462: 5605: 4785:

The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present

4318: 3605: 3202: 3111: 648:("Chechen flatlands or plains") located in contemporary central Chechnya. 8149: 8139: 8078: 7995: 7817: 7713: 7571: 7412: 7328: 7241: 7181: 7166: 7061: 6804: 6714: 6606: 6511: 6344: 6309: 6147: 6045: 6040: 5941: 5869: 5818: 5808: 5687: 5651: 5630: 5294: 5214: 5207: 5157: 5124: 4657: 1962:

and merging with several other regional Islamic insurgencies to form the

1897: 1734: 1620: 1348: 1301: 1189:

Amin Tesaev, The Legend and struggle of the Chechen hero Idig (1238–1250)

1117: 1065: 998: 964:: "Some authorities believe that the Nakh nation was an offspring of the 940: 830: 424: 403: 306: 4845:

Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience

4834:

Pr., 11 (in German). Hamburg: Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Co m. b. H.

3921:

The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad

2194:"Итоги Национальной переписи населения 2021 года в Республике Казахстан" 869:

settled in the European Union and elsewhere as the result of the recent

8018: 7951: 7925: 7911: 7706: 7604: 7545: 7215: 7171: 6991: 6981: 6696: 6642: 6327: 6225: 6114: 6057: 5976: 5966: 5929: 5790: 5760: 5646: 5625: 5620: 5479: 5452: 5312: 5239: 5147: 2973:

Wuethrich, Bernice (19 May 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words".

2387:

Chechnya's Exodus to Europe, North Caucasus Weekly Volume: 9 Issue: 3,

1966:. At the same time, Chechnya under Moscow-backed authoritarian rule of 1873: 1792: 1479: 1281: 1215: 1176: 1087: 1053: 822: 792: 695: 146: 4795:

Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State

4275:, "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," 3703:"Islam: Islam in the Caucasus and the Middle Volga | Encyclopedia.com" 2605:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21. 620:, which had several important villages and towns named after the word 8154: 7984: 7959: 7838: 7692: 7555: 7520: 7204: 7089: 7043: 6895: 6791: 6783: 6657: 6652: 6552: 6524: 6332: 6289: 6137: 6035: 6007: 5981: 5637: 5595: 5590: 5435: 5330: 5050: 4936: 2289: 1931: 1869: 1865: 1814: 1257: 1211: 1149: 1057: 1042: 1002: 994: 990: 986: 973: 969: 5390: 4884: 4841:Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания 4388: 3665:Мамакаев М. «Чеченский тайп в период его разложения». Грозный, 1973. 3524:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages".

3488: 821:

Outside Russia, countries with significant diaspora populations are

694:

Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the 'People of Nakhche' among

8164: 7979: 7788: 7594: 7474: 7467: 7199: 7151: 7133: 7104: 7006: 6976: 6818: 6812: 6756: 6612: 6572: 6545: 6531: 6517: 6276: 6230: 6220: 5986: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5561: 5415: 5023: 4948: 4297: 4087: 3447: 1839: 1710: 1654:

populations. Other notable values were found among North Caucasian

1631: 1566: 1277: 1253: 1241: 1030: 1020: 1014: 965: 788: 534: 107: 3656:Марковин В. И. «В ущельях Аргуна и Фортанги». Москва, 1965 — с. 71 3448:"About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins" 2687: 1926:. The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the 1320:

led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century.

1244:

was a major competing area for two neighboring rival empires: the

658:

From the middle of the 19th century to the first few years of the

8134: 8113: 8033: 7974: 7930: 7456: 7431: 7425: 7300: 7282: 7277: 7109: 7001: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6870: 6762: 6675: 6647: 6577: 6567: 6559: 6423: 6284: 6176: 5946: 5924: 5889: 5885: 5770: 5474: 5410: 5368: 5269: 5219: 5142: 5055: 5018: 3900: 2906: 2594: 1922: 1819: 1780: 1765: 1706: 1663: 1562: 1507: 1285: 1121: 1095: 1071:

The state of Durdzuketi has been known since the 4th century BC.

725: 596: 561: 3552:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

3054:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information" 2402:"Национальный состав населения (оценка на начало года, человек)" 1194: 8088: 7989: 7964: 7624: 7619: 7461: 7446: 7127: 6996: 6986: 6946: 6917: 6880: 6856: 6848: 6769: 6685: 6662: 6619: 6322: 6299: 6294: 5499: 5070: 5060: 4985: 2887: 2154:

Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures

1979: 1976:

Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic

1920:, while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or 1804: 1659: 1486:, which is the language of the people in the adjoining part of 1344: 1203: 1034: 947: 834: 826: 742: 528: 81: 4564:"The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus" 4492: 4490: 4488: 4212:"Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" 1078:

The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the

802: 7760: 7720: 7648: 7640: 7310: 7223: 7209: 7141: 7099: 7012: 6588: 6152: 6080: 5823: 5658: 5600: 5356: 5346: 4958: 1917: 1775: 1608: 1137: 1125: 1079: 1061: 745:) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. The etymology of the term 581: 480: 471: 456: 450: 428: 4407:"В Росстате рассказали об увеличении среднего роста россиян" 4186:

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus

3077: 2441:"The Chechens in America: Why They're Here and Who They Are" 1140:

gradually spread among the Chechens, although the Chechens'

8144: 6391: 5934: 5641: 4830:]. Veröffentlichungen des Geographischen Instituts der 4731: 4485: 4208: 2940: 2938: 1996: 1913: 1909: 1876:-like fashion). A common greeting in the Chechen language, 1808: 1770: 838: 784: 592: 591:

and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called

483: 474: 459: 453: 4660:"Kadyrov Exploits Ties with Moscow to Build Islamic State" 4055: 1868:

fought for independence (or otherwise, like the legendary

1755: 1739: 1019:

Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as

779:. There are also significant Chechen populations in other 4777:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

4511:"Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya" 2406:Национальный статистический комитет Кыргызской Республики 2935: 1970:

has undergone its own controversial counter-campaign of

1450: 997:. Colchians and Saspeires are generally associated with 595:, informally organized into loose confederations called 4572:

Chechnya Weekly, Volume 7, Issue 34 (September 8, 2006)

2828:

Ancestral life and customary law of Chechens and Ingush

2246: 3869:

Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus

3566:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137" 2894: 1522:

often speak the language of the country they live in (

1502:

alphabets; as of 2008, the official script is Russian

2652:"The George Washington University – Washington, D.C." 2174:

Chechen refugee came to Finland via Baku and Istanbul

2139:

As Hit Men Strike, Concern Grows Among Chechen Exiles

1358: 517: 498: 489: 486: 465: 462: 35: 3425:"On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language" 2876:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 134–135. 1041:, consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in the 2249:"Iraqi Circassians (Chechens, Dagestanis, Adyghes)" 1490:. At various times in their history, Chechens used 1136:. With a presence dating back to the 14th century, 972:, builders of the magnificent civilizations of the 477: 447: 4561: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 1697:Russian military historian and Lieutenant General 1436:war with the new Russian state, starting in 1994. 1404:, were ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin 5557: 4873:Traditional Social Organisation of Chechen people 4357: 4355: 3523: 3487:Zimansky, Paul (2011). "Urartian and Urartians". 3007: 1626:The most recent study on Chechens, by Balanovsky 612:According to popular tradition, the Russian term 8187: 2874:Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus 2790:Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus 1343:" and deportations; he also founded the fort of 953:According to the opinion of Caucasus folklorist 4791: 4709:"Chechen Leader's Islamic Policies Stir Unease" 4658:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 4258: 4176: 4174: 3859: 3445: 3048: 2912: 2869:Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа 2786:Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа 1510:appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. 1120:, the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the 1082:of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of 4838: 4623:"Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1" 4496: 4451:"Chechen Republic – History – Born to be free" 4352: 4291: 3486: 3001: 2824:Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей 1169:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250 873:, especially in the wave of emigration to the 6478: 5543: 4900: 4732:Tom Parfitt, Grozny, Russia (16 March 2011). 4368: 3422: 2750: 2748: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 1974:of the republic, with the government and the 1795:families). The Chechen social code is called 1623:where the mitochondrial DNA is very diverse. 1327:Tomb of a Chechen warrior of the 19th century 29: 4757:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4171: 2540: 2438: 1900:. Most of the population follows either the 6492: 4798:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4635:, The Jamestown Foundation, October 2, 2003 4575: 3845:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 168. 3832: 2946:"ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS(5)" 2247:Ahmet Katav; Bilgay Duman (November 2012). 1462:The main language of the Chechen people is 1033:divided the country amongst his sons, with 6485: 6471: 5550: 5536: 4907: 4893: 4819: 4535:Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (2009-11-09). 3971: 3969: 3967: 3310:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2900: 2745: 2646: 2644: 2633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2514: 2223:"Jordan willing to assist Chechnya – King" 1822:, a traditional Chechen musical instrument 1752:, a collection of epic poems and stories. 686:(lowland dialects). The oldest mention of 45: 4847:] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: 4538:Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader 4326: 4227: 3593: 3099: 2972: 2283: 2277: 1478:, which has speakers in the neighbouring 1132:influence and some Chechens converted to 924:, who have lived in the highlands of the 916:Nakh peoples § Hypotheses of origins 855:ethnic cleansing of the entire population 764: 584:and helped shape its national character. 4562:Mairbek Vatchagaev (September 8, 2006). 3917: 3554:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286. 3042: 2589: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 1936: 1887: 1848: 1813: 1754: 1738: 1449: 1372: 1322: 1193: 909: 890: 812: 801: 3964: 3865: 3838: 3725: 3490:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 3283: 2968: 2966: 2865: 2834: 2792:] (in Russian). Наука. p. 144. 2641: 2369:. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine 2163:, Event Report, Caspian Studies Program 775:The Chechens are mainly inhabitants of 8188: 4607:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4534: 4180:I. Nasidze, E. Y. S. Ling, D. Quinque 3819: 3768: 3728:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3543: 3416: 2548:National Geographic Atlas of the World 2381: 2149: 2147: 1743:Istang, a type of woven Chechen carpet 1392:, as well as nonviolent resistance to 1365:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 1225: 6466: 5531: 4914: 4888: 4508: 3095: 3093: 2615: 2531: 2284:Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2008), "Syria", 2099: 1982:that replaced Russian official laws. 1553:The Nakh languages are a subgroup of 4140: 3730:. New York: Routledge. p. 280. 2963: 1128:. Local culture was also subject to 980:Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that 895:Chechen elders from the clan (teip) 710:has also been connected to the city 632:origin and originates from the word 76:Regions with significant populations 4646:Chechnya: the Case for Independence 4480:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 3866:Peimani, Hooman (17 October 2018). 3801:Krasnov, A.I. "Копье Тебулос-Мта". 3800: 3183: 3010:"Peering Into the Past, With Words" 2888:"Предание о происхождении чеченцев" 2783: 2336: 2144: 1466:. Chechen belongs to the family of 1353:emigrated or were forcibly deported 724:, a tribe of Sarmatia mentioned in 636:("inside") attached to the suffix - 13: 8256:Muslim communities of the Caucasus 4866: 4792:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). 4734:"The Islamic Republic of Chechnya" 4307:European Journal of Human Genetics 3997:University of California, Berkeley 3549: 3090: 3059:University of California, Berkeley 2821: 1842:era Chechen independence movement 1642:(56.7%), which is associated with 1359:Nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1335:. Much of the campaign was led by 1304:at the expense of Safavid Persia, 1146:devastated by the Mongol invasions 960:Amjad Jaimoukha notes in his book 14: 8267: 4736:. Pulitzer Center. Archived from 3008:Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). 2802: 1148:of the 13th century and those of 6006: 4725: 4701: 4676: 4651: 4638: 4615: 4555: 4528: 4502: 4472: 4443: 4430: 4417: 4399: 4395:from the original on 2011-11-13. 4381: 4343: 4282: 4229:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x 4202: 4159: 4130:from the original on 2014-12-11. 4124:"N. YA. Marr. Izbrannyye raboty" 4112:from the original on 2021-04-28. 4094:from the original on 2017-12-10. 4062:from the original on 2021-01-18. 3412:from the original on 2016-07-13. 3209:from the original on 2021-01-18. 2811:] (in Russian). p. 112. 2550:(7th ed.). Washington, DC: 2500:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. 2049: 443: 16:Northeast Caucasian ethnic group 6442:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan 4277:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4134: 4116: 4098: 4080: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4002: 3954: 3945: 3911: 3893: 3820:Tesaev, Amin (2018). "Симсим". 3813: 3794: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3719: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3622: 3594:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). 3587: 3576: 3558: 3534: 3517: 3480: 3462: 3439: 3398: 3358: 3318: 3277: 3249: 3222: 3213: 3195: 3177: 3153: 3128: 3100:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2004-11-10). 2918: 2880: 2859: 2815: 2796: 2777: 2727: 2698: 2680: 2609: 2583: 2569: 2489: 2478: 2460: 2439:Andrew Meier (April 19, 2013). 2432: 2418: 2394: 2355: 2330: 2317:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2305: 2058: 1941:A Chechen man prays during the 1599:Genetic history of the Caucasus 1108:Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia 932:c. 10,000–8,000 B.C. 526:), historically also known as 6633:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan 4816:. London; New York: Routledge. 2240: 2215: 2186: 2166: 2132: 2082: 1954:(popularly known in Russia as 865:in 1944. Tens of thousands of 513: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 1: 4779:. Cambridge University Press. 4009:of their total population..." 3028:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 2987:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 2924:Chechnya's Exodus to Europe, 2075: 1472:Northeast Caucasian languages 1210:and anti-Timurid. Its leader 1134:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 616:(Чеченцы) comes from central 188:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 68: 52: 8251:Indigenous peoples of Europe 8246:Muslim communities of Russia 6447:Ethnic minorities in Georgia 6437:Ethnic minorities in Armenia 5505:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 3918:Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). 1296:between Gheza and the rival 1155:According to the missionary 1008: 920:The Chechens are one of the 749:can also be understood as a 602: 7: 8226:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan 6452:Ethnic minorities in Russia 4851:; Logos. pp. 152–169. 3726:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). 3163:. Полинформ-Талбури. 1999. 2715:(in Russian). February 1951 1985: 1892:Chechen Mosque Architecture 1883: 1592: 1439: 1101: 669: 587:Chechen society is largely 518: 36: 10: 8272: 4820:Plaetschke, Bruno (1929). 4769: 4497:Roshchin & Lunkin 2005 2620:. Тифлис. pp. 65–66. 1908:schools of jurisprudence, 1896:Chechnya is predominantly 1787:(branches), and gars into 1723:Vainakh tower architecture 1720: 1716: 1596: 1443: 1362: 1229: 1112:Timurid invasion of Simsir 1105: 1012: 913: 884: 880: 768: 607: 8211:Ethnic groups in Dagestan 8127: 8052: 7538: 7511: 7291: 7190: 7118: 7080: 6937: 6926: 6500: 6432: 6367: 6308: 6275: 6266: 6246: 6189: 6128: 6105: 6096: 6066: 6026: 6015: 6004: 5913: 5878: 5839: 5799: 5736: 5678: 5667: 5581: 5568: 5403: 5339: 5321: 5303: 5133: 5004: 4927: 4920: 4812:Jaimoukha, Amjad (2005). 3889:– via Google Books. 3600:. Routledge. p. 31. 1220:Battle of the Terek River 1206:which was an ally of the 1064:in the northeast and the 414: 409: 402: 397: 390: 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 301: 293: 285: 277: 269: 222: 209: 196: 183: 168: 155: 142: 129: 116: 103: 90: 80: 75: 67: 62: 44: 30: 27: 4814:The Chechens: A Handbook 4775:Dunlop, John B. (1998). 4376:Annals of Human Genetics 4216:Annals of Human Genetics 4197:Annals of Human Genetics 3527:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3446:Fournet, Arnaud (2013). 3284:Wilhelm, Gernot (1982). 2950:Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp 2930:The Jamestown Foundation 2577:"Russian Census of 2021" 2389:The Jamestown Foundation 2286:The Chechens: A Handbook 2141:, RFE/RL, March 12, 2009 2090:"Russian Census of 2021" 2042: 1426:fall of the Soviet Union 1377:Chechen veterans of the 690:occurred in 1310 by the 211: 198: 185: 171: 157: 144: 131: 118: 105: 92: 51:A group of Chechen men, 8241:Ethnic groups in Turkey 8231:Ethnic groups in Russia 8221:Ethnic groups in Jordan 8201:Peoples of the Caucasus 6494:Ethnic groups in Russia 4782:Ilyasov, Lechi (2009). 3977:"Who are the Chechens?" 3924:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3839:Minahan, James (2000). 2866:Volkova, N. G. (1973). 2602:Encyclopædia Britannica 2498:The Chambers Dictionary 2339:"Chechen in Azerbaijan" 2007:North Caucasian peoples 1585:are to the Russians or 1402:peoples of the Caucasus 1355:to the Ottoman Empire. 1073:The Armenian Chronicles 1026:The Georgian Chronicles 757:('people') attached to 682:(highland dialects) or 522:, Old Chechen: Нахчой, 8236:Ethnic groups in Syria 4832:Universität Königsberg 4788:. Moskow (in Russian). 4361:Caciagli et al, 2009. 4167:Chechnya and Tatarstan 4072:: CS1 maint: others ( 3782:Cite journal requires 3429:Bibliotheca Orientalis 3423:Smeets, Rieks (1989). 3390:: CS1 maint: others ( 3350:: CS1 maint: others ( 3269:: CS1 maint: others ( 2125:Russian Census of 2021 1992:List of Chechen people 1946: 1893: 1861: 1823: 1760: 1744: 1459: 1381: 1328: 1199: 1192: 1172: 1094:is one of the Chechen 906: 847:annexation of Chechnya 818: 810: 781:subdivisions of Russia 765:Geography and diaspora 8216:Ethnic groups in Iraq 4440:. London 2006. Page 4 4319:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 4165:Mikhailov, Valentin. 4108:. 1891. p. 681. 3606:10.4324/9780203356432 3570:penelope.uchicago.edu 3112:10.4324/9780203356432 2926:North Caucasus Weekly 2616:Berge, Adolf (1859). 2258:(134). Archived from 2172:Kristiina Markkanen: 1940: 1891: 1852: 1817: 1758: 1742: 1597:Further information: 1453: 1376: 1326: 1197: 1181: 1161: 910:Prehistory and origin 894: 816: 805: 655:in the 18th century. 410:Related ethnic groups 8053:Unrecognized peoples 7539:Other ethnic peoples 6826:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks 5559:Ethnic groups in the 4664:Refworld.org (UNHCR) 3707:www.encyclopedia.com 2928:Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 2913:Hamed-Troyansky 2024 1705:According to a 2021 1607:A 2004 study of the 1268:and decisively from 1045:region of Chechnya. 1029:, before his death, 787:(part of modern-day 346:United Arab Emirates 8128:Assimilated peoples 6721:Meadow-Eastern Mari 4633:Brian Glyn Williams 4199:(2004) 68, 205–221. 3750:Jaimoukha pp. 33–34 2890:. 18 February 2017. 2830:]. p. 382. 2552:National Geographic 2367:Ukraine Census 2001 1807:and customary law ( 1555:Northeast Caucasian 1379:Great Patriotic War 1232:Circassian genocide 1226:Early modern period 1050:Giorgi Melikishvili 1048:Georgian historian 887:History of Chechnya 845:, which led to the 704:Northeast Caucasian 570:autonomous republic 24: 8175:Siberian Bukharans 7311:Aukhovite Chechens 7263:Siberian Bukharans 6589:Aukhovite Chechens 6160:Trialeti Ossetians 5384:in the Netherlands 4974:in the Netherlands 4878:2011-07-19 at the 4509:McDermott, Roger. 4191:2011-06-08 at the 2932:, January 24, 2008 2668:on 11 October 2017 2596:"Chechenzes" 2532:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 2391:, January 24, 2008 2179:2011-11-21 at the 2159:2011-07-22 at the 2037:Chechens in France 2027:Chechens in Turkey 2017:Chechens in Jordan 1947: 1894: 1862: 1824: 1761: 1745: 1460: 1382: 1329: 1316:and the Chechens. 1294:Battle of Khachara 1200: 1142:own pagan religion 907: 819: 811: 706:nations. The term 574:Russian Federation 305:10,100 (including 22: 8183: 8182: 7812: 7810:Astrakhan Kazakhs 7534: 7533: 7270:Zabolotnie Tatars 6749:Northwestern Mari 6460: 6459: 6363: 6362: 6262: 6261: 6185: 6184: 6002: 6001: 5909: 5908: 5525: 5524: 5485:Megleno-Romanians 5399: 5398: 4915:Muslims in Europe 4805:978-1-5036-3696-5 4548:978-0-7656-2931-9 3931:978-0-313-38634-3 3879:978-1-59884-054-4 3852:978-0-313-30984-7 3615:978-0-203-35643-2 3452:Archiv Orientální 3377:978-5-17-045827-1 3242:978-5-04-005867-9 3170:978-5-93516-004-3 3121:978-0-203-35643-2 3066:on March 11, 2008 3052:(February 1997). 2915:, p. 40, 74. 2561:978-0-7922-7528-2 2343:joshuaproject.net 2337:Project, Joshua. 2299:978-0-415-32328-4 2022:Chechens in Syria 1997:Teip (Nakh clans) 1858:Theodor Horschelt 1727:Vainakh mythology 1386:Russian Civil War 1369:First Chechen War 1310:Russo-Persian War 1264:). Starting from 737:(near modern-day 435: 434: 8263: 8099:Crimean Italians 8068: 7998: 7954: 7920: 7887:Meskhetian Turks 7871: 7852: 7833: 7831:Sakhalin Koreans 7826: 7808: 7763: 7749: 7742: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7643: 7615:Crimean Karaites 7574: 7477: 7470: 7441: 7434: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7218: 7136: 7046: 7022: 7015: 6935: 6934: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6889:Astrakhan Tatars 6884: 6865: 6851: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6807: 6800: 6786: 6772: 6765: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6730: 6729: 6699: 6678: 6671: 6622: 6615: 6591: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6407:Azerbaijani Jews 6355:Meskhetian Turks 6273: 6272: 6103: 6102: 6024: 6023: 6010: 5676: 5675: 5579: 5578: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5101:Western Thracian 4925: 4924: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4862: 4849:Keston Institute 4835: 4809: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4625:. Archived from 4619: 4613: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4585:. Archived from 4579: 4573: 4571: 4566:. Archived from 4559: 4553: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4457:. Archived from 4447: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4413:. 10 March 2023. 4403: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4271:Oleg Balanovsky 4269: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4231: 4206: 4200: 4178: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4141:ИнфоРост, Н. П. 4138: 4132: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3982:. Archived from 3981: 3973: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3591: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3484: 3478: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3138:. Archived from 3132: 3126: 3125: 3097: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3062:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3039: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2942: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2844:. Archived from 2838: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2762:. Archived from 2752: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2667: 2661:. Archived from 2656: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2512: 2511: 2493: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2472:data.stat.gov.lv 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319:. 12 August 2012 2309: 2303: 2302: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2200:. Archived from 2190: 2184: 2170: 2164: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2032:Chechens in Iraq 1964:Caucasus Emirate 1943:Battle of Grozny 1773:) and about 130 1692:North Caucasians 1652:Fertile Crescent 1446:Chechen language 1337:General Yermolov 1190: 1170: 993:," according to 930:Fertile Crescent 905: 867:Chechen refugees 783:, especially in 771:Chechen diaspora 653:Russian language 521: 515: 505: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 212: 201:Astrakhan Oblast 199: 186: 176: 174:Volgograd Oblast 172: 158: 145: 132: 119: 106: 93: 70: 63:Total population 57: 54: 49: 39: 33: 32: 25: 21: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8123: 8094:Caucasus Greeks 8066:Afro-Abkhazians 8064: 8048: 7994: 7950: 7918:Kola Norwegians 7916: 7867: 7848: 7829: 7822: 7759: 7745: 7738: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7639: 7570: 7530: 7507: 7473: 7466: 7437: 7430: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7287: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7229:Siberian Tatars 7214: 7186: 7132: 7114: 7076: 7042: 7018: 7011: 6929: 6922: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6878: 6861: 6847: 6838: 6833:Baikal Cossacks 6831: 6824: 6817: 6803: 6796: 6782: 6768: 6761: 6747: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6719: 6695: 6674: 6667: 6618: 6611: 6587: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6428: 6359: 6304: 6258: 6242: 6181: 6124: 6092: 6076:Caucasus Greeks 6062: 6018: 6011: 5998: 5917: 5905: 5874: 5835: 5795: 5732: 5671: 5663: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5526: 5521: 5395: 5335: 5317: 5299: 5135:North Caucasian 5129: 5041:Dobrujan Tatars 5000: 4916: 4913: 4880:Wayback Machine 4869: 4867:Further reading 4859: 4806: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4589:on May 11, 2011 4583:"Archived copy" 4581: 4580: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541:. M.E. Sharpe. 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4517:. Jamestown.org 4507: 4503: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4436:Gammer, Moshe. 4435: 4431: 4422: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4353: 4349:Yunusbaev 2006. 4348: 4344: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4207: 4203: 4193:Wayback Machine 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4139: 4135: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4003: 3993:Johanna Nichols 3986: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3799: 3795: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3506: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3481: 3467: 3463: 3444: 3440: 3421: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3098: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3050:Johanna Nichols 3047: 3043: 3006: 3002: 2971: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2901:Plaetschke 1929 2899: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2820: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2625: 2618:Чечня и Чеченцы 2614: 2610: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2515: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2446:The Daily Beast 2437: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2292:, p. 232, 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2265:on 3 April 2013 2262: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2181:Wayback Machine 2171: 2167: 2161:Wayback Machine 2152: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2012:Islam in Russia 1988: 1886: 1866:national heroes 1832:national animal 1737: 1731:Chechen cuisine 1719: 1601: 1595: 1448: 1442: 1406:to be deported 1371: 1363:Main articles: 1361: 1314:Imperial Russia 1238: 1230:Main articles: 1228: 1214:supported Khan 1198:Chechen warrior 1191: 1188: 1171: 1168: 1157:Pian de Carpine 1114: 1106:Main articles: 1104: 1023:. According to 1017: 1011: 955:Amjad Jaimoukha 918: 912: 899: 889: 883: 863:Lavrentiy Beria 857:carried out by 773: 767: 761:('territory'). 717:Ashkharhatsuyts 702:and many other 672: 610: 605: 503: 499: 470: 446: 442: 260: 259: 255: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 240: 239: 235: 234: 230: 229: 225: 224: 210: 197: 184: 170: 169: 156: 143: 130: 117: 104: 91: 58: 55: 40: 34: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8269: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8196:Chechen people 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084:Astrakhan Jews 8081: 8076: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7860: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7841: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669:Siberian Finns 7665: 7662:Murmansk Finns 7658: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7526:Tver Karelians 7523: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7016: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840:Kuban Cossacks 6836: 6829: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6731: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Crimean Tatars 6625: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6508: 6506: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6032: 6030: 6021: 6013: 6012: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Finnish Tatars 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5029:Crimean Tatars 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4942:Cham Albanians 4933: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4836: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4724: 4700: 4675: 4650: 4648:. pp. 127–145. 4637: 4629:on 2004-01-29. 4614: 4574: 4570:on 2007-10-11. 4554: 4547: 4527: 4501: 4484: 4471: 4455:Chechen.8m.com 4442: 4429: 4416: 4398: 4380: 4367: 4351: 4342: 4313:(6): 820–830. 4290: 4288:Yunusbaev 2006 4281: 4257: 4222:(3): 205–221. 4201: 4170: 4158: 4133: 4115: 4097: 4079: 4047: 4045:Jaimoukha p.60 4038: 4029: 4027:Jaimoukha p.58 4020: 4018:Jaimoukha p.50 4011: 4001: 3989:on 2006-09-15. 3963: 3953: 3944: 3930: 3910: 3892: 3878: 3858: 3851: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3784:|journal= 3761: 3752: 3743: 3736: 3718: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3614: 3586: 3575: 3557: 3542: 3533: 3516: 3507:|journal= 3493:. p. 556. 3479: 3461: 3438: 3415: 3397: 3376: 3357: 3336: 3317: 3296: 3276: 3248: 3241: 3221: 3212: 3194: 3185:Ortaylı, Ilber 3176: 3169: 3152: 3127: 3120: 3106:. p. 28. 3089: 3076: 3041: 3022:(5469): 1158. 3000: 2981:(5469): 1158. 2962: 2934: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2879: 2858: 2833: 2814: 2795: 2776: 2744: 2726: 2697: 2679: 2640: 2608: 2593:, ed. (1911). 2591:Chisholm, Hugh 2582: 2568: 2560: 2539: 2513: 2506: 2488: 2477: 2459: 2431: 2417: 2393: 2380: 2354: 2329: 2304: 2298: 2276: 2239: 2214: 2185: 2165: 2143: 2131: 2098: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2057: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1984: 1968:Ramzan Kadyrov 1885: 1882: 1718: 1715: 1656:Turkic peoples 1636:Achkhoy-Martan 1594: 1591: 1468:Nakh languages 1444:Main article: 1441: 1438: 1360: 1357: 1341:scorched earth 1227: 1224: 1186: 1166: 1103: 1100: 1013:Main article: 1010: 1007: 926:North Caucasus 914:Main article: 911: 908: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 851:Russian Empire 817:Khoy, Chechnya 807:Lake Kezenoyam 769:Main article: 766: 763: 671: 668: 664:Vainakh people 609: 606: 604: 601: 554:North Caucasus 552:native to the 433: 432: 412: 411: 407: 406: 400: 399: 395: 394: 388: 387: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 367: 366: 363: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 339: 335: 334: 331: 327: 326: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 303: 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 287: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 265:130,000 (2009) 263: 223:European Union 220: 219: 216: 214:Saratov Oblast 207: 206: 203: 194: 193: 190: 181: 180: 177: 166: 165: 162: 153: 152: 149: 140: 139: 136: 134:Stavropol Krai 127: 126: 123: 114: 113: 110: 101: 100: 97: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 73: 72: 65: 64: 60: 59: 50: 42: 41: 28: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8268: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:Pontic Greeks 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:Mountain Jews 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824:North Koreans 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7748: 7747:Volga Germans 7744: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7729:Georgian Jews 7727: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655:Ingrian Finns 7652: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7610:Bukharan Jews 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7256:Kalmak Tatars 7253: 7250: 7249:Eushta Tatars 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235:Baraba Tatars 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903:Mishar Tatars 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6735:Mountain Mari 6732: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6504:nationalities 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6417:Mountain Jews 6415: 6413: 6412:Georgian Jews 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402:Armenian Jews 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6209:in Azerbaijan 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6088:Pontic Greeks 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6009: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5118:Mishar Tatars 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4929:Indo-European 4926: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4858:5-98704-044-2 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4760: 4754: 4740:on 2013-06-07 4739: 4735: 4728: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4461:on 2013-05-18 4460: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3978: 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Darmstadt. 3289: 3288: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3142:on 2020-10-14 3141: 3137: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2889: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2848:on 2022-01-24 2847: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2766:on 2022-01-24 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2507:0-550-10105-5 2503: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2421: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2261: 2257: 2256:ORSAM Reports 2250: 2243: 2228: 2227:Reliefweb.int 2224: 2218: 2204:on 2022-09-02 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2067: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1928:Naqshbandiyya 1925: 1924: 1919: 1916:tradition of 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Mediterranean 1641: 1640:Haplogroup J2 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579:Indo-European 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1456:Korenizatsiya 1452: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:rehabilitated 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Russification 1391: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Caucasian War 1325: 1321: 1319: 1318:Sheikh Mansur 1315: 1311: 1308:launched the 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Aldaman Gheza 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Turco-Persian 1247: 1243: 1237: 1236:Caucasian War 1233: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124:and then the 1123: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Malkh Kingdom 1076: 1074: 1069: 1068:to the east. 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 917: 903: 898: 893: 888: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859:Joseph Stalin 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 815: 808: 804: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 772: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 667: 665: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 600: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 541: 537: 536: 531: 530: 525: 520: 511: 507: 506: 494: 440: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 408: 405: 401: 396: 393: 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 370:United States 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289:12,000–30,000 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 221: 217: 215: 208: 204: 202: 195: 191: 189: 182: 178: 175: 167: 163: 161: 160:Moscow Oblast 154: 150: 148: 141: 137: 135: 128: 124: 122: 121:Rostov Oblast 115: 111: 109: 102: 98: 96: 89: 85: 83: 79: 74: 66: 61: 48: 43: 38: 26: 8206:Nakh peoples 7897:Montenegrins 7585:Azerbaijanis 7421:Azerbaijanis 6876:Volga Tatars 6863:Tozhu Tuvans 6705:Komi-Permyak 6582: 6318:Azerbaijanis 6098:Indo-Iranian 5813: 5611:Imerkhevians 5573: 5510:Crimean Roma 5202: 5113:Volga Tatars 5066:Lipka Tatars 5034:Crimean Roma 5014:Azerbaijanis 4844: 4840: 4828:The Chechens 4827: 4822: 4813: 4794: 4783: 4776: 4742:. Retrieved 4738:the original 4727: 4716:. Retrieved 4712: 4703: 4692:. Retrieved 4690:. 2012-10-29 4687: 4678: 4667:. Retrieved 4663: 4653: 4645: 4644:Wood, Tony. 4640: 4627:the original 4617: 4591:. Retrieved 4587:the original 4577: 4568:the original 4557: 4537: 4530: 4519:. Retrieved 4514: 4504: 4479: 4478:Wood, Tony. 4474: 4463:. Retrieved 4459:the original 4454: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4383: 4375: 4370: 4362: 4345: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4249:. Retrieved 4219: 4215: 4204: 4196: 4181: 4166: 4161: 4150:. Retrieved 4147:elib.shpl.ru 4146: 4136: 4118: 4100: 4082: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4004: 3984:the original 3956: 3947: 3935:. Retrieved 3920: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3872:. ABC-CLIO. 3868: 3861: 3841: 3834: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3803:Вокруг света 3802: 3796: 3775:cite journal 3764: 3755: 3746: 3727: 3721: 3710:. Retrieved 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3624: 3597:The Chechens 3596: 3589: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3526: 3519: 3489: 3482: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3400: 3366: 3360: 3326: 3320: 3286: 3279: 3251: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3197: 3179: 3160: 3155: 3144:. Retrieved 3140:the original 3130: 3103:The Chechens 3102: 3084: 3079: 3068:. Retrieved 3064:the original 3057: 3044: 3019: 3013: 3003: 2978: 2974: 2953:. Retrieved 2949: 2925: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2882: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2850:. Retrieved 2846:the original 2836: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2768:. Retrieved 2764:the original 2759: 2738: 2729: 2717:. Retrieved 2712: 2706:"декларация" 2700: 2691: 2682: 2670:. Retrieved 2663:the original 2658: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2600: 2585: 2571: 2547: 2542: 2534:The Chechens 2533: 2497: 2491: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2444: 2434: 2420: 2409:. Retrieved 2405: 2396: 2383: 2371:. Retrieved 2366: 2357: 2346:. 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Retrieved 2202:the original 2197: 2188: 2168: 2134: 2128:(in Russian) 2095:(in Russian) 2084: 2068:in censuses. 2065: 2060: 2051: 2002:Nakh peoples 1972:Islamization 1960:Pan-Islamism 1948: 1921: 1898:Sunni Muslim 1895: 1878:marsha oylla 1877: 1863: 1854:Chechen kids 1853: 1843: 1827: 1825: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1749: 1746: 1704: 1699:Vasily Potto 1696: 1627: 1625: 1606: 1602: 1552: 1520:the diaspora 1516: 1512: 1461: 1407: 1398:Soviet Union 1390:World War II 1383: 1330: 1298:Avar Khanate 1239: 1208:Golden Horde 1201: 1182: 1173: 1162: 1154: 1115: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1047: 1024: 1018: 978: 962:The Chechens 961: 959: 952: 945: 934: 922:Nakh peoples 919: 877:after 2002. 871:Chechen Wars 843:Caucasus War 833:(especially 820: 774: 758: 754: 753:formed with 746: 734: 729: 721: 715: 707: 687: 683: 679: 675: 673: 660:Soviet state 657: 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 625: 621: 613: 611: 586: 578: 564:and live in 557: 550:Nakh peoples 546:ethnic group 533: 527: 523: 438: 436: 417:Nakh peoples 317:6,000–35,000 19:Ethnic group 8079:Armeno-Tats 7996:Ural Swedes 7882:Macedonians 7877:Lithuanians 7714:Mingrelians 7590:Belarusians 7572:Cherkesogai 7242:Chat Tatars 6738: [ 6724: [ 6397:Abkhaz Jews 6345:Karapapakhs 6310:Oghuz Turks 6046:Cherkesogai 6041:Armeno-Tats 5942:Circassians 5652:Mingrelians 5631:Meskhetians 5215:Circassians 4423:Jaimoukha. 3951:Dunlop p.14 3937:25 December 3083:Jaimoukha. 2719:25 November 2496:"Chechen". 2198:stat.gov.kz 1797:nokhchallah 1769:(unions of 1735:Chechen art 1621:Circassians 1428:led to the 1349:Imam Shamil 1302:Caspian Sea 1218:during the 1118:Middle Ages 1116:During the 1066:Caspian Sea 1062:Volga river 999:Kartvelians 900: [ 831:Arab states 646:Chechan-are 589:egalitarian 572:within the 404:Sunni Islam 349:2,000–3,000 307:Kist people 56: 1870 8190:Categories 8039:Vietnamese 8024:Ukrainians 7952:Ruska Roma 7926:Pakistanis 7912:Norwegians 7869:Latgalians 7779:Hungarians 7740:Mennonites 7605:Bulgarians 7488:Tabasarans 6982:Kamchadals 6928:Indigenous 6697:Izhma Komi 6643:Kabardians 6385:in Georgia 6380:in Armenia 6328:Karadaghis 6238:Ukrainians 6226:Doukhobors 6204:in Armenia 6107:Indo-Aryan 5977:Kabardians 5967:Chemirgoys 5930:Abkhazians 5781:Tabasarans 5680:Avar–Andic 5626:Kakhetians 5621:Javakhians 5583:Kartvelian 5480:Pakistanis 5470:Macedonian 5453:Vallahades 5379:in Belgium 5305:Kartvelian 5280:Tabasarans 5148:Abkhazians 5096:Meskhetian 5086:Dodecanese 4964:in Germany 4744:2013-04-22 4718:2013-04-22 4694:2013-04-22 4669:2013-04-22 4521:2013-04-19 4465:2013-04-20 4251:2022-02-28 4152:2022-04-23 3885:17 October 3759:Dunlop p.3 3712:2022-03-10 3475:9027247587 3435:: 260–280. 3146:2020-10-09 3087:. 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Page 83 3822:РЕФЛЕКСИЯ 3509:ignored ( 3499:cite book 3386:cite book 3346:cite book 3306:cite book 2784:Волкова. 2629:cite book 2452:April 30, 2290:Routledge 1932:Qadiriyya 1870:Zelimkhan 1686:(3%) and 1670:(20.9%), 1648:Caucasian 1634:, one in 1575:Rutulians 1550:, etc.). 1258:Afsharids 1252:empires ( 1212:Khour Ela 1150:Tamerlane 1088:Adermalkh 1058:Scythians 1043:Itum-Kale 1009:Antiquity 1003:Scythians 995:Herodotus 991:Saspeires 987:Colchians 982:Alarodian 974:Near East 970:Urartians 730:Geography 726:Ptolemy's 722:Iaxamatae 674:Although 614:Chechency 603:Etymology 543:Caucasian 540:Northeast 386:Languages 373:250–1,000 99:1,456,792 86:1,674,854 71:2 million 8165:Meschera 8119:Sireniki 8060:Africans 8009:Turkmens 7980:Slovenes 7936:Persians 7863:Latvians 7794:Japanese 7789:Italians 7595:Bosniaks 7503:Tsakhurs 7475:Karagash 7468:Ak Nogai 7399:Khwarshi 7371:Godoberi 7357:Botlikhs 7322:Akhvakhs 7293:Dagestan 7283:Tofalars 7200:Kamasins 7152:Negidals 7120:Far East 7105:Vepsians 7067:Yukaghir 7007:Alyutors 6977:Itelmens 6952:Chukchis 6819:Cossacks 6813:Russians 6757:Mordvins 6613:Besleney 6607:Cherkess 6583:Chechens 6573:Bashkirs 6560:Tubalars 6546:Chelkans 6540:Altaians 6532:Shapsugs 6518:Bzhedugs 6277:Kipchaks 6231:Molokans 6221:Cossacks 6216:Russians 6068:Hellenic 6028:Armenian 6019:European 5987:Shapsugs 5972:Cherkess 5962:Bzhedugs 5952:Adygeans 5918:(Pontic) 5843:(Didoic) 5814:Chechens 5786:Tsakhurs 5708:Botlikhs 5693:Akhvakhs 5616:Ingiloys 5562:Caucasus 5441:Ingiloys 5416:Bengalis 5404:Minority 5362:in Spain 5285:Tsakhurs 5203:Chechens 5163:Akhvakhs 5024:Bashkirs 4949:Bosniaks 4921:Majority 4876:Archived 4753:cite web 4603:cite web 4593:July 24, 4425:Chechens 4393:Archived 4337:19107149 4246:27204150 4238:15180701 4189:Archived 4128:Archived 4110:Archived 4092:Archived 4068:cite web 4060:Archived 3961:1861..." 3905:proza.ru 3828:: 61–67. 3410:Archived 3265:cite web 3207:Archived 3085:Chechens 3036:82205296 2995:82205296 2822:Далгат. 2692:proza.ru 2554:. 1999. 2269:15 April 2177:Archived 2157:Archived 2066:Russians 1986:See also 1956:Wahhabis 1930:and the 1918:muridism 1884:Religion 1840:glasnost 1801:Nokhchuo 1766:tukkhums 1711:Chechnya 1688:R1b-M269 1682:(3.9%), 1678:(5.5%), 1674:(7.0%), 1632:Malgobek 1593:Genetics 1587:Iranians 1567:Lezghins 1544:Georgian 1504:Cyrillic 1492:Georgian 1440:Language 1432:and the 1408:en masse 1396:and the 1278:Dagestan 1254:Safavids 1242:Caucasus 1187:— 1167:— 1130:Georgian 1102:Medieval 1096:tukkhums 1084:Bosporus 1039:Zurzakoy 1035:Kavkasos 1031:Targamos 1021:Durdzuks 1015:Durdzuks 966:Hurrians 789:Dagestan 777:Chechnya 751:compound 747:Nakhchiy 739:Kağızman 708:Nakhchiy 692:Georgian 688:Nakhchiy 684:Nokhchiy 680:Nakhchiy 670:Nokhchiy 618:Chechnya 597:tukkhums 566:Chechnya 558:Nokhchiy 538:, are a 535:Durdzuks 439:Chechens 398:Religion 108:Dagestan 95:Chechnya 23:Chechens 8135:Agrzhan 8114:Qaratay 8104:Korlaks 8044:Yazidis 8034:Uyghurs 7975:Slovaks 7931:Pamiris 7850:Kurmanj 7818:Koreans 7804:Kazakhs 7784:Indians 7734:Germans 7700:Ingiloy 7630:Dungans 7600:Britons 7551:Afghans 7457:Lezgins 7432:Kaitags 7426:Dargins 7392:Karatas 7385:Hunzibs 7378:Hinukhs 7350:Bezhtas 7301:Abazins 7278:Teleuts 7192:Siberia 7110:Votians 7057:Selkups 7002:Koryaks 6967:Dolgans 6962:Chuvans 6957:Chulyms 6930:peoples 6871:Udmurts 6763:Mokshas 6676:Abugach 6669:Koibals 6648:Kalmyks 6602:Chuvash 6597:Chukchi 6578:Buryats 6568:Balkars 6502:Titular 6424:Kalmyks 6285:Balkars 6254:Germans 6177:Yazidis 6130:Iranian 5947:Abzakhs 5925:Abazins 5890:Kaitags 5886:Dargins 5860:Hunzibs 5855:Hinukhs 5850:Bezhtas 5771:Lezgins 5756:Budukhs 5723:Karatas 5606:Gurians 5574:(areal) 5411:Afghans 5369:Berbers 5270:Lezgins 5220:Dargins 5188:Botlikh 5143:Abazins 5081:Cypriot 5056:Kazakhs 5019:Balkars 4981:Muslims 4770:Sources 4713:Npr.org 4688:Hrw.org 4328:2947100 3015:Science 2975:Science 2803:Берже. 2659:Gwu.edu 1952:Salafis 1923:tariqah 1904:or the 1902:Shafi'i 1820:phandar 1799:(where 1781:exogamy 1717:Culture 1707:Rosstat 1664:Balkars 1563:Dargins 1548:Turkish 1524:English 1508:Vainakh 1488:Georgia 1464:Chechen 1417:Kirghiz 1411:to the 1306:Peter I 1286:Armenia 1274:Georgia 1246:Ottoman 1122:Khazars 881:History 849:by the 676:Chechan 626:Chechen 622:Chechen 608:Chechen 562:Muslims 548:of the 510:Chechen 392:Chechen 381:136–189 362:Finland 338:Ukraine 302:Georgia 273:100,000 253:Denmark 243:Germany 238:Belgium 233:Austria 8155:Muroma 8089:Buzava 8029:Uzbeks 8004:Tajiks 7990:Swedes 7965:Rusyns 7858:Kyrgyz 7755:Greeks 7682:Gagauz 7677:French 7625:Czechs 7620:Cubans 7546:Abkhaz 7493:Talysh 7483:Rutuls 7462:Nogais 7447:Kumyks 7406:Tindis 7336:Archis 7306:Aghuls 7224:Soyots 7162:Orochs 7157:Nivkhs 7128:Evenks 7072:Yupiks 7038:Nenets 7033:Naukan 7020:Karaga 6997:Khanty 6987:Kereks 6947:Aleuts 6918:Yakuts 6881:Tatars 6857:Tuvans 6849:Pomors 6798:Digors 6778:Nenets 6770:Erzyas 6686:Khanty 6663:Khakas 6638:Ingush 6620:Ademey 6512:Adyghe 6368:Others 6340:Bayats 6323:Ayrums 6300:Nogais 6295:Kumyks 6268:Turkic 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