4454:
4508:
7394:
4486:
243:
5067:
controversy. The Muslim clergy and the more conservative segments of
Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script. While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as
4462:
6787:
5541:
5284:
5151:
4478:
10098:
9296:
7885:
359:
256:
4420:
230:
4470:
2438:. Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in the prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them:
4497:
7313:(Islamic terms, like "Iman", "Ilma", "Do'a") and a smaller amount from Turkic (like "kuzga", "shish", belonging to the universal Caucasian stratum of borrowings) and most recently Russian (modern terms, like computer – "kamputar", television – "telvideni", televisor – "telvizar", metro – "metro" etc.).
7345:
was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of
Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury
5058:
The first, most widespread modern orthography for
Chechen was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century. Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the
610:
forms the basis for much of the standard and literary
Chechen language, which can largely be traced to the regional dialects of Urus-Martan and contemporary Grozny. Laamaroy dialects include Chebarloish, Sharoish, Itum-Qalish, Kisti, and Himoish. Until recently, however, Himoy was undocumented and
7361:
is fluent but generally not literate in
Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system. The Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries, and thus for Jordan and Syria, they most use the Arabic alphabet, while in Turkey they use the Latin alphabet.
3966:
Verbs do not inflect for person (except for the special d- prefix for the 1st and 2nd persons plural), only for number and tense, aspect, mood. A minority of verbs exhibit agreement prefixes, and these agree with the noun in the absolutive case (what in
English translation would the subject, for
4546:
The current official script for
Chechen language is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the
674:
have good relations with the
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and are able to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community in Jordan. Jordanian Chechens are bilingual in both Chechen and Arabic, but do not speak Arabic among themselves, only
5066:
However, the Arabic alphabet, without modifications, would not be suitable for
Chechen, and modifications would be needed. The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without
2411:, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary, because the language's grammar does not permit the borrowing of new
5297:
These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were a great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents
Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself is an impure
5228:) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified a vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in Chechen Alphabet. otherwise, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920.
5063:. Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus the Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen.
617:". Laamaroy dialects such as Sharoish, Himoish and Chebarloish are more conservative and retain many features from Proto-Chechen. For instance, many of these dialects lack a number of vowels found in the standard language which were a result of
5208:) had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from Clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌̅) (
1890:
sounds, putting its range higher than most languages of Europe (most vowels being the product of environmentally conditioned allophonic variation, which varies by both dialect and method of analysis). Many of the vowels are due to
4453:
5075:, the modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on needs of Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this.
4752:
from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the
2957:
When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into the v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus
5486:
Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents.
6159:
The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of the alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words:
4916:, was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic.
5306:, which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by a non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in
7034:
In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences:
5231:
In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants:
5120:
In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants:
4081:
Verbal tenses are formed by ablaut or suffixes, or both (there are five conjugations in total, below is one). Derived stems can be formed by suffixation as well (causative, etc.):
4538:, consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves.
2160:), but are often still distinct from short vowels (shortened , , and vs. short , , , and , for example), although which ones remain distinct depends on the dialect.
7816:
Chentieva, M. D. (1958). History of Checheno-Ingush writing (История чечено-ингушской письменности). Checheno-Ingush Publishing House (Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во).
7553:
7309:
Most Chechen vocabulary is derived from the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, although there are significant minorities of words derived from
8475:
592:
Dialects of Chechen can be classified by their geographic position within the Chechen Republic. The dialects of the northern lowlands are often referred to as "
675:
speaking Chechen to other Chechens. Some Jordanians are literate in Chechen as well, having managed to read and write to people visiting Jordan from Chechnya.
7333:
texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after the
8816:
4433:
1895:, which is highly productive in the standard dialect. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.
7929:
7734:
611:
was considered a branch of Sharoish, as many dialects are also used as the basis of intertribal (teip) communication within a larger Chechen "
10152:
7972:
8836:
8468:
368:
8437:
8442:
1704:
2294:. Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb or an accompanying
8429:
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
7494:
9620:
8809:
10127:
8461:
7866:
7527:
1942:
1584:
7795:"Documentation and grammatical description of Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect | Endangered Languages Archive"
7610:
5971:
1838:" (actually epiglottalized) vowel. However, it does not have the distribution constraints characteristic of the anterior
1766:
1681:
1649:
1599:
1578:
389:
8802:
7676:
7453:
5655:
1966:
1333:
2208:
argues that this does not capture the situation in Chechen well, whereas it is more clearly a feature of the vowel in
7965:
7686:
7650:
7597:
7563:
475:
438:
10132:
7782:
5711:
5648:
4913:
4042:
construction, the main verb in participial form agrees with the object, while the auxiliary agrees with the agent.
2298:
agrees. The verb does not agree with person or number, having only tense forms and participles. Among these are an
2288:
1391:
1236:
6038:
5922:
5593:
5587:
3438:
2035:
2029:
1754:
1367:
589:, Chebarloish, Malkhish, Nokhchmakhkakhoish, Orstkhoish, Sharoish, Shuotoish, Terloish, Itum-Qalish and Himoish.
379:
9582:
7522:. Caucasus world Peoples of the Caucasus. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 202.
6044:
5634:
2204:
appears to be a feature of the consonants, though some analyses treat it as a feature of the vowels. However,
9527:
9235:
8912:
8484:
6024:
5627:
5621:
2397:
2393:
2002:
1997:
1746:
1727:
1462:
1287:
566:
502:
284:
112:
7898:
10147:
10137:
8432:
7958:
7419:
6012:
5992:
5718:
5704:
5690:
5614:
4754:
4749:
4552:
4548:
1774:
1438:
1377:
1222:
621:
between vowel sounds. Additionally, the Himoy dialect preserves word-final, post-tonic vowels as a schwa .
302:
7291:
7266:
7243:
7220:
7197:
7174:
7151:
7126:
7103:
7080:
5288:
5271:
5258:
5240:
5185:
5174:
5170:
5159:
5155:
5129:
5104:
5093:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
9613:
9071:
6058:
6031:
6018:
5697:
1947:
1710:
1419:
1324:
7861:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29, 46, 47, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 70–74, 77, 93.
10142:
9674:
9663:
8373:
6051:
5916:
5607:
4551:
from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of
2314:
2171:
1613:
1412:
1001:
987:
573:, with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the
10122:
9748:
8825:
6005:
5895:
5725:
5683:
5669:
5641:
5581:
5575:
3072:
in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in the romanizations below:
2291:
2050:
1990:
1985:
1959:
1954:
1859:
1847:
1823:
1812:
1772:
1764:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1691:
1679:
1665:
1663:
1647:
1448:
1405:
1273:
708:
9773:
9700:
7709:
7393:
683:
Some phonological characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to
9855:
9803:
9705:
9679:
9517:
8923:
8492:
8366:
8290:
8283:
5999:
5936:
2244:
1971:
1507:
1026:
745:
is found. Furthermore, all variants except the ejective are subject to phonemic pharyngealization.
5321:
Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized.
598:" (literally "lowlander's language") and the dialect of the southern mountain tribes is known as "
9721:
9716:
9690:
9577:
9350:
9304:
8337:
8316:
8297:
8201:
8041:
8034:
5950:
5662:
5600:
4733:
4490:
3251:
2361:
1849:
1814:
1476:
1062:
1048:
1019:
9865:
4507:
10101:
10022:
9982:
9962:
9957:
9943:
9912:
9798:
9685:
9606:
8969:
8535:
8330:
8323:
8079:
5929:
5909:
5732:
5307:
2389:
2284:
2268:
2225:
2014:
2009:
1801:
1113:
1104:
763:
10008:
4500:
Chechen-Soviet newspaper Serlo (Light), written in the Chechen Latin script during the era of
10027:
9977:
9835:
9653:
9560:
8305:
7856:
7826:
5985:
5978:
5676:
4438:
1693:
1572:
1543:
860:
846:
641:
9897:
7924:
10057:
10052:
9876:
9743:
9658:
9572:
9482:
9262:
8849:
8147:
8054:
5957:
5943:
4758:
3015:
In a few words, changing the prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus:
1133:
1080:
778:
618:
9881:
2110:. Nasalization is not strong, but it is audible even in final vowels, which are devoiced.
8:
10068:
9587:
8893:
8859:
8585:
8155:
7981:
5964:
4428:
1861:
1733:
1714:
1353:
1185:
1171:
1147:
1126:
948:
941:
923:
909:
720:
9972:
9380:
9272:
9060:
8702:
8360:
8226:
8196:
8140:
8094:
7406:
7334:
5902:
4519:
are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later, the
1805:
1797:
1659:
1639:
1313:
1243:
1229:
1097:
1008:
994:
955:
758:
739:
688:
665:
349:
9758:
7469:
335:
10018:
9967:
9948:
9819:
9788:
9441:
9396:
9335:
9315:
9216:
9191:
9138:
8964:
8959:
8946:
8864:
8735:
8675:
8580:
8530:
8525:
8515:
8267:
8181:
7862:
7778:
7682:
7646:
7593:
7559:
7523:
7449:
5303:
5212:) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters
2365:
2342:
2310:
2303:
2201:
2179:
2045:
1875:
1855:
1839:
1825:
1788:
1783:
1698:
is usually articulated with a single contact, and therefore sometimes described as a
1606:
1592:
1550:
1532:
1469:
1455:
1430:
1398:
1384:
1294:
1280:
1262:
1192:
1178:
1069:
1055:
1041:
970:
930:
916:
889:
867:
853:
832:
820:
808:
796:
783:
724:
574:
554:
127:
122:
385:
10078:
10048:
9998:
9938:
9902:
9860:
9850:
9824:
9808:
9793:
9778:
9695:
9492:
9487:
9432:
9413:
9406:
9401:
9375:
9367:
9340:
9323:
9245:
9174:
9111:
9055:
9031:
9021:
8986:
8955:
8941:
8707:
8692:
8652:
8637:
8602:
8557:
8520:
8505:
8407:
8397:
8345:
8277:
8262:
8242:
8211:
8129:
8074:
8059:
7995:
5311:
5068:
5059:
Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of
4485:
4034:
In transitive clauses in compound continuous tenses formed with the auxiliary verb
3259:
2369:
2350:
2318:
1886:
Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of
1793:
1771:
appears both in diphthongs and as a consonant; as a consonant, it has an allophone
1675:
1635:
1490:
1211:
980:
773:
753:
692:
449:
412:
207:
7911:
Wealth of linguistic information. (No longer active, some information is retained)
1843:
10072:
10043:
10032:
9887:
9840:
9783:
9738:
9643:
9535:
9474:
9449:
9345:
9267:
9255:
9187:
9183:
9162:
9084:
9016:
9011:
8999:
8994:
8931:
8869:
8752:
8670:
8642:
8632:
8627:
8615:
8610:
8575:
8565:
8500:
8412:
8392:
8350:
8272:
8257:
8247:
8221:
8168:
8109:
8104:
8089:
8084:
8064:
8028:
8018:
7890:
7585:
7474:
7342:
5315:
5072:
4535:
4516:
4038:'to be', both agent and object are in absolutive case. In this special case of a
3263:
2381:
2322:
2209:
2205:
2149:
2103:
1920:
1871:
1671:
840:
768:
696:
684:
570:
186:
104:
8453:
7903:
10037:
9988:
9953:
9922:
9917:
9829:
9814:
9554:
9459:
9454:
9280:
9250:
9196:
9125:
9106:
9089:
9050:
9039:
8950:
8785:
8722:
8697:
8680:
8665:
8660:
8570:
8540:
8310:
8216:
8206:
8191:
8186:
8176:
8161:
8119:
8023:
8013:
7618:
5084:
In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script:
2385:
1835:
1655:
742:
179:
117:
5169:, equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ч" and "Чӏ", representing the sounds
10116:
10063:
10013:
10003:
9907:
9629:
9464:
9200:
9133:
9004:
8976:
8936:
8902:
8883:
8730:
8620:
8592:
8547:
8510:
8355:
8252:
8134:
8114:
8049:
7945:
7759:Алиева, С. А.; Касумова, Б. С.-А.; Серганова, З. З.; Хамраева, Е. А. (2012).
7341:
began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The
7322:
4520:
4501:
3271:
3267:
2377:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2299:
2221:
2095:
1927:
1913:
1699:
1496:
1359:
1153:
895:
200:
8794:
7908:
5209:
5154:) , equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ц" and "Цӏ" and representing the sounds
4461:
9845:
9512:
9418:
9221:
9155:
9094:
9065:
8888:
8875:
8770:
8745:
8712:
8685:
8416:
8402:
8124:
8099:
7338:
6065:
4732:, is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms
2408:
2354:
2091:
1831:
962:
586:
542:
193:
153:
7495:"Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement)"
7381:
6786:
5540:
5283:
5150:
3970:
Example of verbal agreement in intransitive clause with a composite verb:
319:
9993:
9768:
5060:
4528:
3275:
2423:
2330:
2157:
1903:
629:
343:
7934:
7273:
7181:
7110:
5092:, equivalent to Cyrillic digraph "Кх" and representing the sound
4477:
3045:. Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2:
9753:
7386:
5270:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Цӏ" and representing the sound
5239:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Чӏ" and representing the sound
5220:) (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and
5128:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Пӏ" and representing the sound
2435:
2153:
2099:
1936:
1908:
1892:
550:
546:
534:
71:
7950:
7940:
7794:
5184:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Г" and representing the sound
5103: equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Кӏ" and representing the sound
4511:
Chechen Cyrillic on a plate in Grozny, using the digit 1 for palochka.
3068:
Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed
691:
of North America, as well as a large vowel system resembling those of
9870:
9763:
9648:
9355:
9295:
4527:. The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of
2373:
2295:
2237:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2058:
2022:
1979:
1867:
1820:
728:
712:
328:
312:
294:
276:
2198:
does not) but speakers strongly feel that they are distinct sounds.
1878:
in Chechen, it is more useful to analyze them as single consonants.
358:
9598:
9328:
8828:
7884:
7326:
4725:
3958:
The locative has still a few further forms for specific positions.
3255:
2415:
1760:
736:
732:
653:
644:, 1,490,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen in Russia.
510:
506:
497:
397:
261:
248:
85:
75:
67:
46:
1638:
because of focus gemination, but only the ones above are found in
9710:
9144:
7330:
7250:
7227:
7204:
7158:
7133:
7087:
7064:
6687:
6548:
6205:
3278:) in singular and plural. Below the paradigm for "говр" (horse).
2228:
onset after pharyngealized voiceless consonants. The high vowels
716:
538:
526:
393:
7703:
4469:
3437:
The first cell has it written in the orthography; the second in
2267:
plus any consonant, and any obstruent plus a uvular of the same
10083:
7919:
7758:
7354:
7350:
7310:
2426:
to correspond with new concepts imported from other languages.
1687:
671:
625:
530:
522:
518:
514:
365:
235:
57:
7930:
Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
7914:
5080:ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ك ق ڮ ڨ ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا
9522:
7358:
5299:
4524:
2401:
1887:
1160:
902:
461:
452:
424:
418:
7551:
3258:, Chechen nouns show no gender marking but decline in eight
9892:
3967:
intransitive verbs, or the object, with transitive verbs).
2412:
624:
Literary Chechen is based on Plains Chechen, spoken around
464:
455:
427:
421:
7915:
Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)
7827:
https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up
7014:
4481:
Chechen language Arabic script alphabet from 1925 ABC book
505:
spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the
396:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7678:
Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook
2224:
onset after pharyngealized voiced consonants and a noisy
7825:Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба) (1925)
4496:
723:. Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between
2434:
Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary
5302:, meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with
7761:Нохчийн мотт. Абат: йоза-дешар Ӏаморан Ӏамат. 1 класс
4058:
4003:
3983:
3236:
3222:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3152:
3138:
3124:
3110:
3096:
3082:
3046:
3031:
3016:
2980:
2974:
2959:
2930:
2906:
2897:
2881:
2852:
2828:
2820:
2810:
2794:
2765:
2741:
2732:
2716:
2687:
2663:
2654:
2638:
2609:
2585:
2576:
2560:
2531:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2467:
1690:, unless it is followed by a front vowel. The trill
612:
605:
599:
593:
476:
467:
439:
430:
7880:
2271:. The only cluster of three consonants permitted is
2194:
for most speakers—occurs in closed syllables, while
5257: was reduced to only representing the sound
2306:. Some verbs, however, do not take these prefixes.
1713:, and even then only for some speakers, the voiced
458:
415:
8483:
2985:if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word
2407:Chechen also presents interesting challenges for
2212:: Chechen "one", Ingush , which she analyzes as
1874:argues that given the severe constraints against
10114:
7675:Awde, Nicholas; Galaev, Muhammad (22 May 2014).
16:Northeast Caucasian language of Chechnya, Russia
7728:
7726:
7611:"Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)"
3470:
3465:
3455:
3254:code noun class and case conflated in the same
707:The Chechen language has, like most indigenous
7854:
3460:
3450:
9614:
8824:
8810:
8469:
7966:
5287:) was reduced to only representing the sound
4191:Permissive causative ("allow to make drink")
4074:agree with the object, whereas the auxiliary
4046:
3994:
3974:
3475:
3230:
3216:
3202:
3188:
3174:
3160:
3146:
3132:
3118:
3104:
3090:
3076:
3007:
3001:
2986:
2973:is normally considered class 1, but it takes
1804:consonants may be pharyngealized, except for
490:
484:
364:Chechen is classified as "vulnerable" by the
33:
27:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7723:
6072:
5886:
5814:
5739:
5565:
5491:
3480:
2357:to indicate the role of nouns in sentences.
5401:
5326:
4912:The first time that the Latin alphabet was
4427:It has been suggested that this section be
4023:(present tense of 'be') receive the prefix
2418:to express new concepts. Instead, the verb
9621:
9607:
8817:
8803:
8476:
8462:
7973:
7959:
7858:From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics
7674:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7400:
5192:In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms, the letters
4534:At the same time, the alphabet devised by
2259:Chechen permits syllable-initial clusters
1840:pharyngealized (epiglottalized) consonants
635:
357:
7801:
7517:
7500:. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
5318:and several more Arabic-derived scripts.
4736:in print or upright, but only upper-case
4531:, and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922.
7904:The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets
7732:
7590:The Indigenous languages of the Caucasus
4748:In 1992, with the de facto secession of
4506:
4495:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
585:There are a number of Chechen dialects:
369:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
7980:
7941:Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect
7555:Middle Eastern minorities and diasporas
7482:
7443:
7407:Glottopedia article on Chechen language
5403:Vowel as middle and final sound of word
4523:was introduced for Chechen, along with
1842:. Although these may be analyzed as an
390:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
10115:
7558:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 255.
4907:
4761:, the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.
4743:
719:and the analysis), far more than most
496:
45:
9602:
8798:
8457:
7954:
7552:Moshe Maʻoz, Gabriel Sheffer (2002).
7448:(3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL.
7377:
7375:
4431:out into another article titled
3262:, four of which are core cases (i.e.
3063:
2979:if referring to a male neighbour and
750:
10153:Languages written in Cyrillic script
9628:
7909:The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott
7641:Awde, Nicholas and Galäv, Muhammad,
5291:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ц";
5261:, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ч";
4541:
4413:
4011:) = I (female) will come in one hour
1786:consonants (marked with superscript
569:. Together with the closely related
6154:
2156:become short in most dialects (not
1854:(they surface for example as when
1811:Except when following a consonant,
715:: about 40 to 60 (depending on the
652:Chechen is an official language of
13:
9559:Languages between parentheses are
7935:Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter
7920:Russian–Chechen on-line dictionary
7855:Pieter Muysken (6 February 2008).
7733:Dotton, Zura; Wagner, John Doyle.
7372:
5816:Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)
5493:Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)
5053:
4015:Here, both the verb's future stem
3991:) = I (male) will come in one hour
1792:) also appear in the table above.
647:
604:" (lit. "mountainer's language").
14:
10164:
7876:
7775:Чеченский язык (Chechen Language)
7740:. Duke University, Slavic Centers
7705:Diccionario de la lengua española
7592:(Caravan Books, Delmar NY, 1994)
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5246:This letter was later revised to
5135:This letter was later revised to
5110:This letter was later revised to
4185:Causative ("make drink, drench")
2094:. Nasalization is imposed by the
2049:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1787:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1549:
1542:
1506:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1437:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1332:
1323:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1132:
1125:
1112:
1103:
1079:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1025:
1018:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
969:
961:
954:
947:
940:
929:
922:
915:
908:
866:
859:
852:
845:
560:
10097:
10096:
9294:
8443:Mass media by language of Russia
8438:Knowledge in languages of Russia
7883:
7617:. pp. 10–11. Archived from
7446:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
7392:
6785:
5539:
5282:
5149:
4418:
1658:; the others of that column are
448:
411:
254:
241:
228:
7831:
7819:
7787:
7767:
7752:
7695:
7668:
7655:
7635:
7603:
7579:
7420:"Chechen in Russian Federation"
6079:
5893:
5821:
5802:
5799:
5778:
5757:
5723:
5716:
5667:
5612:
5557:
5554:
5528:
5507:
4740:is normally used in computers.
4194:Potential ("be able to drink")
4177:
4085:
2429:
2404:rather than independent words.
2384:precede the nouns they modify.
2254:
1751:. A voiceless labial fricative
511:members of the Chechen diaspora
9668:
9563:of the language on their left.
8236:Languages with official status
7708:(in Spanish) (23.7 ed.).
7545:
7536:
7511:
7475:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
7462:
7437:
7412:
4457:Uslar and Kedi's 1862 alphabet
4188:Permissive ("allow to drink")
4019:(will come) and the auxiliary
3863:reflexive possessive pronouns
3231:
3217:
3203:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3147:
3133:
3119:
3105:
3091:
3077:
3060:, for example, is in class 3.
3006:refers to a male student, and
2263:and non-initially also allows
485:
28:
1:
10128:Northeast Caucasian languages
8485:Northeast Caucasian languages
7365:
7304:
4515:Numerous inscriptions in the
4473:Uslar's 1911 Chechen alphabet
4197:Inceptive ("start drinking")
4066:) = I (male) am making bread.
3245:
2398:Northwest Caucasian languages
702:
7518:Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2014).
5328:Vowel as first sound of word
4755:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
4750:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
4549:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
4409:
4027:for masculine agreement and
3012:refers to a female student.
2102:, and for some speakers the
1830:, and can be argued to be a
1634:Nearly any consonant may be
678:
567:Northeast Caucasian language
503:Northeast Caucasian language
7:
4059:
4004:
3984:
3910:substantives (mine, yours)
3432:
3237:
3223:
3209:
3195:
3181:
3167:
3153:
3139:
3125:
3111:
3097:
3083:
3047:
3032:
3017:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2931:
2907:
2898:
2882:
2853:
2829:
2821:
2811:
2795:
2766:
2742:
2733:
2717:
2688:
2664:
2655:
2639:
2610:
2586:
2577:
2561:
2532:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2484:
2468:
2360:Word order is consistently
613:
606:
600:
594:
580:
565:Chechen is the most-spoken
491:
34:
10:
10169:
7925:Chechen-Russian dictionary
7848:
7542:Constitution, Article 10.1
7316:
2315:dependent-marking language
2278:
2172:complementary distribution
1759:is found only in European
663:
619:long-distance assimilation
10092:
9931:
9731:
9636:
9545:
9505:
9473:
9440:
9431:
9389:
9366:
9314:
9303:
9292:
9234:
9209:
9173:
9124:
9030:
8985:
8922:
8911:
8848:
8835:
8779:
8763:
8721:
8651:
8601:
8556:
8491:
8427:
8385:
8235:
8004:
7988:
7691:– via Google Books.
5746:
5572:
5498:
5450:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5359:
5278:
5267:
5254:
5247:
5236:
5221:
5213:
5201:
5193:
5181:
5166:
5145:
5136:
5125:
5111:
5100:
5089:
4047:
3995:
3975:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
2809:
2731:
2653:
2491:
2422:(to do) is combined with
2292:morphosyntactic alignment
1907:
1902:
1900:
1881:
1709:. Except in the literary
1571:
1530:
1494:
1489:
1474:
1428:
1403:
1357:
1352:
1311:
1260:
1151:
1146:
1095:
1039:
893:
888:
839:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
709:languages of the Caucasus
659:
376:
356:
342:
326:
310:
292:
274:
269:
223:Official language in
221:
216:
176:
147:
101:
91:
81:
63:
53:
41:
26:
21:
9518:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
7899:Appendix:Cyrillic script
7520:The Chechens: a handbook
7349:The Chechen diaspora in
7299:
4202:Imperative (=infinitive)
4095:Imperative (=infinitive)
4031:for feminine agreement.
3961:
2353:) and a large number of
2220:. Vowels have a delayed
1642:. The consonants of the
10133:Agglutinative languages
9578:Languages of Azerbaijan
7773:Aliroev, I. Y. (1999).
5407:
5358:
4491:North Caucasian Emirate
4078:agrees with the agent.
3252:Indo-European languages
2390:adverbial subordinators
636:Geographic distribution
498:[ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩːmuɔt]
97:1.8 million (2020)
47:[ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩːmuɔt]
7735:"A Grammar of Chechen"
7710:Real Academia Española
7444:Longman, J.C. (2008).
6543:/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/
6322:/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/
4512:
4504:
4493:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
3008:
3002:
2987:
2285:agglutinative language
2269:manner of articulation
642:Russian Census of 2020
378:This article contains
4510:
4499:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4465:Uslar's 1888 alphabet
4464:
4456:
4182:Basic form ("drink")
4070:Here, the participle
2869:the scythes are heavy
2704:the rabbits are heavy
1782:Approximately twenty
1779:before front vowels.
1732:have merged into the
9809:Marwari (Rajasthani)
9583:Languages of Georgia
9573:Languages of Armenia
4759:Russian Armed Forces
4553:the separatist state
2947:the apples are heavy
2182:consonants, whereas
711:, a large number of
10148:Languages of Jordan
10138:Languages of Russia
9588:Languages of Russia
8433:Languages of Russia
8007:of federal subjects
7982:Languages of Russia
7946:Chechen Text Corpus
7325:, most writings in
6074:Cyrillic Equivalent
5741:Cyrillic Equivalent
4908:1925 Latin alphabet
4744:1992 Latin alphabet
2845:the scythe is heavy
2680:the rabbit is heavy
2626:the women are heavy
2456:Singular agreement
2289:ergative–absolutive
2232:are diphthongized,
190:(present, official)
113:Northeast Caucasian
9072:Caucasian Albanian
7478:. Merriam-Webster.
7335:October Revolution
4757:government by the
4513:
4505:
4494:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4151:repeated preterite
3996:Со цхьан сахьтехь
3976:Со цхьан сахьтехь
3241:): 'large/big/old'
3070:classed adjectives
3064:Classed adjectives
2923:the apple is heavy
2782:the oaks are heavy
2602:the woman is heavy
2548:the boys are heavy
2090:All vowels may be
1876:consonant clusters
721:European languages
689:Salishan languages
666:Chechens in Jordan
10143:Languages of Iraq
10110:
10109:
9596:
9595:
9555:extinct languages
9501:
9500:
9427:
9426:
9290:
9289:
9230:
9229:
8792:
8791:
8786:extinct languages
8451:
8450:
8419:
8374:Southern Yukaghir
8367:Northern Yukaghir
8044:
8037:
7868:978-90-272-9136-3
7529:978-1-138-87445-9
7390:(27th ed., 2024)
7297:
7296:
7032:
7031:
6313:E e, Ie ie, Ye ye
6152:
6151:
5810:
5809:
5484:
5483:
5435:ـیـ / یـ / ـی / ی
5051:
5050:
4905:
4904:
4738:⟨Ӏ⟩
4730:⟨ӏ⟩
4722:
4721:
4558:Modern alphabet:
4542:Cyrillic alphabet
4451:
4450:
4446:
4434:Chechen alphabets
4407:
4406:
4174:
4173:
4111:present composite
3956:
3955:
3430:
3429:
3260:grammatical cases
2955:
2954:
2459:Plural agreement
2202:Pharyngealization
2117:have significant
2088:
2087:
1930:
1923:
1632:
1631:
1535:
1499:
1433:
1362:
1316:
1265:
1214:
1163:
1156:
1100:
1044:
983:
905:
898:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
640:According to the
404:
403:
386:rendering support
382:phonetic symbols.
212:
205:
198:
191:
10160:
10123:Chechen language
10100:
10099:
9630:Arabic alphabets
9623:
9616:
9609:
9600:
9599:
9438:
9437:
9312:
9311:
9298:
8920:
8919:
8846:
8845:
8826:Languages of the
8819:
8812:
8805:
8796:
8795:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8455:
8454:
8411:
8408:Mongolian script
8398:Cyrillic Braille
8376:
8369:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8171:
8164:
8150:
8143:
8040:
8033:
7989:Federal language
7975:
7968:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7939:ELAR archive of
7893:
7888:
7887:
7872:
7842:
7835:
7829:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7785:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7739:
7730:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7672:
7666:
7661:Awde and Galäv;
7659:
7653:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7623:
7607:
7601:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7491:
7480:
7479:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7379:
7323:Russian conquest
7293:
7268:
7245:
7222:
7199:
7176:
7153:
7128:
7105:
7082:
7037:
7036:
6789:
6162:
6161:
6155:Comparison chart
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5812:
5811:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5543:
5489:
5488:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5324:
5323:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:Thus the letter
5273:
5269:
5260:
5256:
5253:Thus the letter
5249:
5242:
5238:
5223:
5215:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5113:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5081:
4919:
4918:
4764:
4763:
4739:
4731:
4561:
4560:
4489:Banknote of the
4442:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4403:мала д*олур д*у
4397:мала д*ойтур д*у
4176:
4175:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4010:
4005:so tsHan saHteH
4001:
4000:
3990:
3985:so tsHan saHteH
3981:
3980:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
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3281:
3280:
3240:
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3233:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3023:
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3011:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2951:
2948:
2945:
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2927:
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2921:
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2903:
2894:
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2885:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2762:
2759:
2758:the oak is heavy
2756:
2753:
2738:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2660:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2582:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2528:
2525:
2524:the boy is heavy
2522:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2441:
2440:
2382:relative clauses
2274:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2197:
2193:
2190:—identical with
2189:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2150:closed syllables
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1928:
1921:
1898:
1897:
1865:
1853:
1829:
1818:
1791:
1778:
1770:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1731:
1723:
1708:
1697:
1685:
1674:, but not quite
1669:
1653:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
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1553:
1546:
1531:
1510:
1495:
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1022:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
979:
973:
965:
958:
951:
944:
933:
926:
919:
912:
901:
894:
870:
863:
856:
849:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
748:
747:
616:
609:
603:
597:
517:and the rest of
507:Chechen Republic
500:
494:
488:
487:
480:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
442:
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429:
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420:
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361:
352:
338:
322:
315:
306:
305:
297:
288:
287:
279:
260:
258:
257:
247:
245:
244:
234:
232:
231:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
107:
49:
37:
31:
30:
19:
18:
10168:
10167:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10088:
10033:Koyraboro Senni
9927:
9804:Ottoman Turkish
9727:
9706:Ottoman Turkish
9632:
9627:
9597:
9592:
9566:
9541:
9536:Shirvani Arabic
9497:
9469:
9450:Karachay-Balkar
9423:
9385:
9362:
9306:
9299:
9286:
9238:
9226:
9205:
9169:
9120:
9026:
8981:
8915:
8907:
8870:Judaeo-Georgian
8852:
8839:
8831:
8823:
8793:
8788:
8775:
8759:
8717:
8647:
8597:
8552:
8487:
8482:
8452:
8447:
8423:
8381:
8372:
8365:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8296:
8291:Southern Khanty
8289:
8284:Northern Khanty
8282:
8231:
8167:
8160:
8146:
8139:
8105:Karachay-Balkar
8006:
8005:State languages
8000:
7984:
7979:
7891:Language portal
7889:
7882:
7879:
7869:
7851:
7846:
7845:
7836:
7832:
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7815:
7802:
7793:
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7788:
7772:
7768:
7757:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7724:
7715:
7713:
7712:. November 2023
7701:
7700:
7696:
7689:
7673:
7669:
7660:
7656:
7640:
7636:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7615:Ingush.narod.ru
7609:
7608:
7604:
7586:Johanna Nichols
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7530:
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7512:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7483:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7442:
7438:
7428:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7343:Cyrillic script
7319:
7307:
7302:
7052:
7047:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6157:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6090:
5748:
5479:
5474:
5460:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5411:ـا / ا / ـآ / آ
5409:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5079:
5078:
5073:Ottoman Turkish
5056:
5054:Arabic alphabet
4910:
4840:
4746:
4737:
4729:
4544:
4536:Peter von Uslar
4517:Georgian script
4447:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4362:possible future
4335:мала д*аьллера
4329:мала д*айтинера
4317:plusquamperfect
4159:possible future
4143:plusquamperfect
3964:
3435:
3248:
3066:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3027:
3024:
3021:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2847:
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2841:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2450:Singular prefix
2432:
2424:nominal phrases
2386:Complementizers
2281:
2257:
2104:nominative case
1912:
1884:
1846:consonant plus
705:
681:
668:
662:
650:
648:Official status
638:
583:
563:
478:
451:
447:
440:
414:
410:
384:Without proper
372:
371:
350:Tschetschenisch
348:
334:
318:
311:
301:
300:
293:
283:
282:
275:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
227:
224:
217:Official status
208:Georgian script
206:
199:
192:
187:Cyrillic script
183:
178:
143:
108:
105:Language family
103:
94:
93:Native speakers
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10166:
10156:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10108:
10107:
10105:
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10093:
10090:
10089:
10087:
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10081:
10076:
10066:
10061:
10055:
10046:
10041:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
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9941:
9935:
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9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9879:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9719:
9713:
9711:Serbo-Croatian
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9691:Dobrujan Tatar
9688:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
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9603:
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9525:
9515:
9509:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9435:
9429:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9378:
9372:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9320:
9318:
9309:
9301:
9300:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9242:
9240:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9219:
9213:
9211:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9194:
9180:
9178:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9148:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9087:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8953:
8944:
8939:
8928:
8926:
8917:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8872:
8856:
8854:
8843:
8833:
8832:
8822:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8799:
8790:
8789:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8767:
8765:
8761:
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8758:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8750:
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8748:
8733:
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8695:
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8678:
8673:
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8657:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8607:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8497:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8481:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8458:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:Southern Mansi
8334:
8327:
8320:
8317:Northern Mansi
8308:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:Eastern Khanty
8294:
8287:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
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8174:
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8172:
8165:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8144:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:Southern Altai
8038:
8035:Northern Altai
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7878:
7877:External links
7875:
7874:
7873:
7867:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7830:
7818:
7800:
7786:
7766:
7751:
7722:
7702:"estudiante".
7694:
7687:
7667:
7654:
7634:
7602:
7578:
7564:
7544:
7535:
7528:
7510:
7481:
7461:
7455:978-1405881173
7454:
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7070:
7068:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7049:
7048:(before 1925)
7044:
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7026:
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7011:
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6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6135:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6035:
6028:
6009:
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5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5737:
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5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5559:
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5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5251:
5190:
5189:
5178:
5163:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5097:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4745:
4742:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4543:
4540:
4449:
4448:
4426:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:мала д*ийр д*у
4389:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:witnessed past
4268:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:near preterite
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4225:simple present
4222:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:witnessed past
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:near preterite
4116:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:simple present
4100:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4068:
4067:
4013:
4012:
3992:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3214:
3200:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3144:
3130:
3116:
3102:
3088:
3065:
3062:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2904:
2895:
2879:
2878:6. b-class II
2875:
2874:
2850:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2763:
2739:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2685:
2661:
2652:
2636:
2635:3. y-class II
2632:
2631:
2607:
2583:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2529:
2505:
2490:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:Plural prefix
2451:
2448:
2445:
2431:
2428:
2392:, as in other
2378:demonstratives
2362:left-branching
2309:Chechen is an
2283:Chechen is an
2280:
2277:
2256:
2253:
2236:, whereas the
2180:pharyngealized
2086:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1883:
1880:
1836:pharyngealized
1784:pharyngealized
1678:. The lateral
1656:denti-alveolar
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
976:
975:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
936:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
837:
836:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
793:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
704:
701:
680:
677:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
649:
646:
637:
634:
601:Laamaroy muott
582:
579:
575:Vainakh branch
562:
561:Classification
559:
402:
401:
388:, you may see
374:
373:
363:
362:
354:
353:
346:
340:
339:
332:
324:
323:
316:
308:
307:
298:
290:
289:
280:
272:
271:
270:Language codes
267:
266:
265:
264:
251:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
213:
211:(historically)
204:(historically)
197:(historically)
184:
180:Writing system
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
128:Chechen–Ingush
111:
109:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
43:
39:
38:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10165:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10103:
10095:
10094:
10091:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10064:Swahili Ajami
10062:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9930:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9686:Crimean Tatar
9684:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9624:
9619:
9617:
9612:
9610:
9605:
9604:
9601:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9562:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9504:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9430:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9302:
9297:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9164:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8945:
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8935:
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8933:
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8929:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8895:
8892:
8890:
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8886:
8885:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8873:
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8868:
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8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8827:
8820:
8815:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8726:
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8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
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8684:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8479:
8474:
8472:
8467:
8465:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8418:
8417:Kalmyk script
8414:
8413:Buryat script
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:Eastern Mansi
8328:
8325:
8324:Western Mansi
8321:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8080:Crimean Tatar
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7886:
7881:
7870:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7777:(pp. 24–31).
7776:
7770:
7763:(in Chechen).
7762:
7755:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7688:9781136802331
7684:
7681:. Routledge.
7680:
7679:
7671:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7651:0-7818-0446-9
7648:
7644:
7638:
7624:on 2016-03-04
7620:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7599:
7598:0-88206-068-6
7595:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7567:
7565:1-902210-84-0
7561:
7557:
7556:
7548:
7539:
7531:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7486:
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7471:
7465:
7457:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7376:
7371:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7346:of writings.
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7329:consisted of
7328:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7290:
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7275:
7272:
7271:
7265:
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7260:
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6607:
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6400:
6397:
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6380:
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6376:
6372:
6369:
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6338:
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6332:
6329:
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6321:
6318:
6315:
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6309:
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5805:
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5619:
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5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5568:
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5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5504:
5501:
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5440:
5432:
5424:
5416:
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5336:
5333:
5332:
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5245:
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5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5179:
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5123:
5122:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4735:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:Arabic script
4518:
4509:
4503:
4502:Korenizatsiya
4498:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:молуьйтур д*у
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:мала д*ойтура
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:repeated past
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4312:мала д*аьлла
4311:
4308:
4306:мала д*айтина
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:мала д*ēлира
4288:
4285:
4283:мала д*айтира
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
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3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
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3818:
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3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
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3780:
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3739:
3736:
3733:
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3716:
3713:
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3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
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3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:/yʃ/, /yzəʃ/
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3061:
3049:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3009:la estudiante
3004:
3003:el estudiante
2989:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2355:postpositions
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2186:does not and
2181:
2178:occurs after
2173:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
977:
972:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
891:
887:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
788:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
676:
673:
667:
657:
655:
645:
643:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:
615:
608:
602:
596:
590:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
493:
482:
481:
472:
445:
444:
435:
408:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
381:
375:
370:
367:
360:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
314:
309:
304:
299:
296:
291:
286:
281:
278:
273:
268:
263:
252:
250:
239:
238:
237:
226:
220:
215:
209:
202:
201:Arabic script
195:
188:
185:
181:
175:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
146:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
42:Pronunciation
40:
36:
25:
20:
10028:Koyra Chiini
9673:Circassian (
9550:
9534:
9513:Kalmyk Oirat
9419:Pontic Greek
9279:
9150:
9143:
9070:
8876:Old Georgian
8874:
8853:(Kartvelian)
8840:
8781:
8740:
8403:Latin script
8306:Komi-Permyak
8069:
7857:
7838:
7833:
7821:
7789:
7783:587444-105-0
7774:
7769:
7760:
7754:
7742:. Retrieved
7714:. Retrieved
7704:
7697:
7677:
7670:
7662:
7657:
7642:
7637:
7626:. Retrieved
7619:the original
7614:
7605:
7589:
7581:
7569:. Retrieved
7554:
7547:
7538:
7519:
7513:
7502:. Retrieved
7473:
7464:
7445:
7439:
7427:. Retrieved
7423:
7414:
7402:
7385:
7348:
7339:Latin script
7320:
7308:
7033:
6180:(1922–1925)
6175:(1925–1938)
6170:(1992–2000)
6158:
6073:
5887:
5815:
5740:
5566:
5492:
5485:
5402:
5327:
5320:
5296:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5119:
5083:
5077:
5065:
5057:
4911:
4747:
4723:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4514:
4443:
4432:
4380:мала д*олур
4374:мала д*ойтур
4332:мала д*елера
4286:мала д*елира
4170:д*уьгур д*у
4114:д*уьгуш д*у
4080:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4049:
4040:biabsolutive
4039:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4006:
3997:
3986:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3764:/tsʰærtsʰə/
3722:instrumental
3436:
3424:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3390:
3384:
3380:instrumental
3373:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3249:
3069:
3067:
3014:
2956:
2937:
2933:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2859:
2855:
2835:
2831:
2819:
2812:
2772:
2768:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2694:
2690:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2616:
2612:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2538:
2534:
2514:
2510:
2492:
2485:
2447:Noun example
2436:noun classes
2433:
2430:Noun classes
2419:
2409:lexicography
2406:
2359:
2343:instrumental
2317:using eight
2308:
2282:
2258:
2255:Phonotactics
2200:
2162:
2147:
2113:Some of the
2112:
2089:
1885:
1832:glottal stop
1821:phonetically
1810:
1802:postalveolar
1781:
1643:
1633:
764:Postalveolar
706:
682:
670:Chechens in
669:
651:
639:
623:
607:Oharoy muott
595:Oharoy muott
591:
584:
564:
543:Central Asia
492:Noxçiyn mott
486:Нохчийн мотт
406:
405:
377:
327:
194:Latin script
132:
35:Noxçiyn mott
29:Нохчийн мотт
10058:Tawellemmet
10053:Air Tamajeq
10009:Serer Ajami
9994:Hausa Ajami
9978:Fuuta Tooro
9973:Fuuta Jalon
9923:Xiao'erjing
9744:Azerbaijani
9659:Azerbaijani
9483:Azerbaijani
8192:Yakut/Sakha
8055:Azerbaijani
7837:Jaimoukha.
7588:, Chechen,
7321:Before the
6747:X̌ x̌ (Ꜧ ꜧ)
5266:The letter
5235:The letter
5180:The letter
5165:The letter
5144:The letter
5124:The letter
5099:The letter
5088:The letter
5061:Imam Shamil
4724:Lower-case
4529:Imam Shamil
4400:малалур д*у
4385:real future
4326:малийтинера
4309:мала д*елла
4266:мала д*ēли
4260:мала д*айти
4243:мала д*олу
4237:мала д*ойту
4220:мала д*āла
4214:мала д*айта
4167:real future
3934:/vieʃənɪg/
3816:comparative
3752:/txʰɥœtsʰə/
3740:/tsʰyntsʰə/
3576:/tsʰierən/
3414:comparative
3227:): 'spread'
2968:a neighbour
2791:5. b-class
2713:4. d-class
2689:ph'āgalash
2557:2. y-class
2464:1. v-class
2444:Noun class
2372:), so that
2351:comparative
2304:antipassive
2230:/i/,/y/,/u/
2154:long vowels
1573:Approximant
630:Urus-Martan
513:throughout
392:instead of
344:Glottopedia
10117:Categories
9954:Fula Ajami
9759:Burushaski
9754:Buri Wolio
9664:Belarusian
9263:Circassian
8924:Avar–Andic
8894:Mingrelian
8586:Inkhoqwari
8493:Avar–Andic
7841:. Page 212
7716:2024-05-10
7628:2016-01-21
7504:2022-02-04
7470:"Chechnya"
7424:UNESCO WAL
7387:Ethnologue
7366:References
7337:, and the
7305:Vocabulary
6563:/ø/, /yø/
6534:O o, Uo uo
6373:/z/, /dz/
6356:/ʒ/, /dʒ/
6316:E e, Je je
6220:/æ/, /æː/
6200:/ɑ/, /ɑː/
5304:diacritics
4914:introduced
4734:consistent
4444:(May 2024)
4349:молуьйтура
4346:мала д*ора
4263:мала д*ели
4217:мала д*ала
3940:/txəɪnɪg/
3858:/tsʰarɛl/
3811:/tsʰarəx/
3717:/tsʰærgə/
3623:/tsʰarnə/
3526:уьш, уьзаш
3505:/ɪ/, /ɪzə/
3487:absolutive
3391:gourashtsa
3295:absolutive
3264:absolutive
3246:Declension
3224:d-aerzhana
3199:): 'light'
3185:): 'short'
3143:): 'cheap'
3129:): 'thick'
3087:): 'heavy'
2988:estudiante
2854:mangalash
2374:adjectives
2323:absolutive
2245:metathesis
2238:diphthongs
2115:diphthongs
2108:adjectives
2100:infinitive
1834:before a "
1734:fricatives
1715:affricates
1670:is a back
779:Epiglottal
713:consonants
703:Consonants
551:Kyrgyzstan
547:Kazakhstan
535:Azerbaijan
72:Ingushetia
9939:Afrikaans
9888:Sulat Sug
9882:Kohistani
9871:Shahmukhi
9799:Malayalam
9764:Cham Jawi
9722:Yaña imlâ
9717:İske imlâ
9680:Kabardian
9649:Aljamiado
9561:varieties
9553:indicate
9381:Ukrainian
9356:Judeo-Tat
9273:Kabardian
9236:Northwest
9081:Southern
9061:Tabasaran
8916:(Caspian)
8913:Northeast
8860:Karto-Zan
8837:Caucasian
8784:indicate
8703:Tabasaran
8227:Ukrainian
8197:Tabasaran
8095:Kabardian
7645:; p. 11.
7040:Cyrillic
7028:/ʡ/, /ˤ/
6526:/n/, /ŋ/
6165:Cyrillic
5888:IPA value
5567:IPA value
5281: (
5224: (
5216: (
5204: (
5196: (
5148: (
4410:Alphabets
4388:молур д*у
4371:молуьйтур
4368:мала д*ер
4303:малийтина
4280:малийтира
4154:д*уьгура
4146:д*игнера
4060:so bepig
4048:Cо бепиг
4007:yoghur yu
3987:voghur vu
3978:вогІур ву
3952:/ʃəɪnɪg/
3946:/ʃəɪnɪg/
3922:/ʜəɪnɪg/
3916:/səɪnɪg/
3887:/vieʃən/
3787:/tsʰunəx/
3746:/vaɪtsʰə/
3734:/ʜɥœtsʰə/
3728:/sɥœtsʰə/
3705:/txʰɥœgə/
3693:/tsʰyngə/
3670:/tsʰarə/
3599:/tsʰunːə/
3552:/tsʰynən/
3389:говрашца
3374:gourashka
3372:говрашка
3340:gourashna
3338:говрашна
3334:gour(a)na
3256:morphemes
3213:): 'full'
3171:): 'thin'
3154:d-erstana
3115:): 'long'
2767:niežnash
2416:morphemes
2394:Northeast
2364:(like in
2296:adjective
2241:/je/,/wo/
2226:aspirated
2119:allophony
2092:nasalized
2059:Diphthong
1922:unrounded
1868:voiceless
1806:ejectives
1761:loanwords
1688:velarized
1646:cell and
1497:voiceless
1360:voiceless
1354:Fricative
1154:voiceless
1148:Affricate
896:voiceless
729:voiceless
679:Phonology
329:Glottolog
313:ISO 639-3
295:ISO 639-2
277:ISO 639-1
167:Cheberloi
82:Ethnicity
10102:Category
10069:Wadaad's
10014:Shimaore
9949:Comorain
9856:Rohingya
9820:Sarikoli
9774:Kashmiri
9644:Albanian
9569:See also
9523:Assyrian
9397:Armenian
9336:Ossetian
9329:Kurmanji
9307:European
9239:(Pontic)
9217:Khinalug
9192:Khwarshi
9177:(Didoic)
9103:Western
9047:Eastern
8965:Chamalal
8960:Godoberi
8947:Bagvalal
8865:Georgian
8829:Caucasus
8676:Khinalug
8581:Khwarshi
8531:Godoberi
8526:Chamalal
8516:Bagvalal
8393:Cyrillic
8361:Yukaghir
8268:Karelian
8182:Ossetian
7839:Chechens
7327:Chechnya
6520:N n, Ŋ ŋ
6517:N n, Ŋ ŋ
6191:A a, Ə ə
5499: ا / آ
5443:ـوٓ / وٓ
5378:ایـ / ای
4726:palochka
4355:малалора
4323:малийнер
4234:молуьйто
4231:мала д*о
4162:д*уьгур
4130:д*игира
4090:Example
4062:diesh vu
3998:йогІур ю
3937:тхайниг
3931:вешаниг
3928:/ʃɛnɪg/
3919:хьайниг
3893:/txəɪn/
3846:/txʰʷɔl/
3799:/txʰʷɔx/
3769:locative
3758:/ʃytsʰə/
3675:allative
3628:ergative
3611:/txʰunə/
3534:genitive
3433:Pronouns
3397:locative
3385:gouratsa
3383:говраца
3363:allative
3357:gourasha
3355:говраша
3346:ergative
3332:говрана
3321:говрийн
3312:genitive
3287:singular
3272:genitive
3268:ergative
3250:Whereas
3218:даьржана
3157:): 'fat'
3148:дерстана
3101:): 'hot'
3000:, where
2665:ph'āgal
2533:k'entii
2366:Japanese
2347:locative
2339:allative
2335:ergative
2327:genitive
2311:ergative
2300:optative
2287:with an
2261:/stpxtx/
2243:undergo
2222:murmured
2168:/e/,/eː/
2164:/æ/,/æː/
2096:genitive
1844:anterior
1798:alveolar
1711:register
1660:alveolar
1314:ejective
1098:ejective
759:Alveolar
737:geminate
733:ejective
687:and the
654:Chechnya
581:Dialects
545:(mainly
398:Help:IPA
336:chec1245
262:Dagestan
249:Chechnya
170:Ploskost
148:Dialects
86:Chechens
76:Dagestan
68:Chechnya
10023:Humburi
10019:Songhay
9999:Kanembu
9989:Kibushi
9983:Maasina
9968:Nigeria
9963:Bagirmi
9958:Adamawa
9903:Turkmen
9898:Torwali
9877:Gilgiti
9875:Shina (
9861:Saraiki
9851:Persian
9836:Parkari
9825:Shughni
9815:Munjani
9813:Pamir (
9789:Kurdish
9749:Balochi
9715:Tatar (
9669:Chechen
9551:Italics
9493:Turkmen
9488:Turkish
9442:Kipchak
9407:Western
9402:Eastern
9376:Russian
9341:Persian
9324:Kurdish
9316:Iranian
9151:Chechen
9145:Arshtin
9139:Vainakh
9112:Tsakhur
9022:Kubachi
8956:Botlikh
8942:Akhvakh
8841:(areal)
8782:Italics
8741:Chechen
8736:Vainakh
8708:Tsakhur
8638:Kubachi
8521:Botlikh
8506:Akhvakh
8386:Scripts
8263:Finnish
8243:Chukchi
8212:Tsakhur
8156:Mordvin
8075:Chuvash
8070:Chechen
8060:Bashkir
7996:Russian
7849:Sources
7744:10 June
7665:; p. 11
7663:Chechen
7643:Chechen
7429:22 June
7382:Chechen
7331:Islamic
7317:History
6843:/t͡ʃʼ/
5453:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5372:
5364:
5316:Kurdish
5250:
5206:zād/ḍād
5198:ṣād/sād
5139:
5114:
5069:Persian
4439:Discuss
4377:малалур
4320:меллера
4300:малийна
4294:perfect
4277:малийра
4257:малийти
4211:малийта
4179:Tempus
4138:д*игна
4135:perfect
4106:д*уьгу
3949:шайниг
3943:шайниг
3913:сайниг
3905:/ʃəɪn/
3899:/ʃəɪn/
3875:/ʜəɪn/
3869:/səɪn/
3834:/tsʰul/
3699:/vaɪgə/
3687:/ʜɥœgə/
3681:/sɥœgə/
3646:/tsʰuo/
3605:/vaɪnə/
3593:/ʜuːnə/
3587:/suːnə/
3564:/txʰən/
3517:/txʷʰo/
3425:gouriäl
3423:говрел
3417:говрал
3408:gouriäx
3406:говрех
3400:говрах
3323:gouriin
3315:говран
3306:gourash
3304:говраш
3290:plural
3168:d-ytq’a
3162:дуьткъа
3140:d-oraxa
3025:brother
2995:student
2961:lūlaxuo
2932:ˤežash
2830:mangal
2640:ph'āgal
2611:zudari
2402:affixes
2396:and in
2370:Turkish
2302:and an
2279:Grammar
2218:/tsaˤʔ/
2214:/tsˤaʔ/
2206:Nichols
2170:are in
1929:rounded
1914:Central
1872:Nichols
1686:may be
890:Plosive
784:Glottal
717:dialect
693:Swedish
614:tukkhum
555:Georgia
539:Ukraine
527:Austria
509:and by
501:) is a
407:Chechen
394:Unicode
161:Melkhin
133:Chechen
123:Vainakh
22:Chechen
10084:Yoruba
10073:Somali
10049:Tuareg
10044:Sorabe
9944:Berber
9932:Africa
9913:Uyghur
9866:Sindhi
9841:Pashto
9794:Kyrgyz
9784:Khowar
9779:Kazakh
9739:Arabic
9696:Kazakh
9675:Adyghe
9637:Europe
9528:Bohtan
9506:Others
9433:Turkic
9414:German
9390:Others
9368:Slavic
9346:Talysh
9268:Adyghe
9256:Abkhaz
9246:Abazgi
9210:Others
9197:Hinukh
9188:Hunzib
9184:Bezhta
9175:Tsezic
9163:Ingush
9085:Budukh
9056:Lezgin
9044:Samur
9032:Lezgic
9017:Kaitag
9012:Itsari
9000:Dargwa
8995:Chirag
8987:Dargin
8970:Karata
8753:Ingush
8693:Lezgin
8671:Budukh
8653:Lezgic
8643:Mehweb
8633:Kaitag
8628:Itsari
8616:Dargwa
8611:Chirag
8603:Dargin
8576:Hunzib
8571:Hinukh
8566:Bezhta
8558:Tsezic
8536:Karata
8351:Selkup
8346:Nenets
8278:Khanty
8273:Kazakh
8258:Evenki
8248:Dolgan
8222:Udmurt
8169:Moksha
8148:Meadow
8130:Lezgin
8110:Khakas
8100:Kalmyk
8090:Ingush
8085:Dargwa
8065:Buryat
8019:Adyghe
7865:
7781:
7685:
7649:
7596:
7571:12 May
7562:
7526:
7452:
7357:, and
7355:Turkey
7351:Jordan
7311:Arabic
7053:Latin
7051:Modern
7046:Arabic
6826:/t͡ʃ/
6809:/tsʼ/
6178:Arabic
5806:ТӀ тӀ
5749:Аь аь
5747: А а
5451:ـو / و
5427:ـە / ە
5419:ـا / ا
5355:Уь уь
5312:Kazakh
5308:Uyghur
5241:/t͡ʃʼ/
5210:U+0305
5200:) and
5175:/t͡ʃʼ/
5021:Th th
5006:Qh qh
5000:Ph ph
4974:Kh kh
4957:Gh gh
4940:Čh čh
4937:Ch ch
4876:Th th
4861:Q̇ q̇
4853:Ph ph
4841:(Ŋ ŋ)
4825:Kh kh
4785:Ç̇ ç̇
4685:Чӏ чӏ
4679:Цӏ цӏ
4671:Хӏ хӏ
4668:Хь хь
4659:Уь уь
4651:Тӏ тӏ
4639:Пӏ пӏ
4633:Оь оь
4616:Кӏ кӏ
4613:Къ къ
4610:Кх кх
4579:Гӏ гӏ
4567:Аь аь
4343:молура
4274:мелира
4240:малало
4122:д*игу
4098:д*ига
4087:Tense
4072:d-iesh
4017:-oghur
3925:шениг
3890:тхайн
3884:вешан
3881:/ʃɛn/
3872:хьайн
3840:/vəɪl/
3828:/ʜʷɔl/
3822:/sʷɔl/
3793:/vəɪx/
3781:/ʜʷɔx/
3775:/sʷɔx/
3761:цаьрца
3749:тхоьца
3737:цуьнца
3731:хьоьца
3714:цаьрга
3711:/ʃygə/
3702:тхоьга
3690:цуьнга
3684:хьоьга
3664:/ʔaʃə/
3658:/ʔɔxə/
3617:/ʃunə/
3581:dative
3558:/vəɪn/
3549:цуьнан
3502:и, иза
3419:goural
3402:gourax
3368:gourie
3366:говре
3351:gouruo
3349:говро
3329:dative
3317:gouran
3276:dative
3274:, and
3238:d-oqqa
3232:доккха
3210:d-yzna
3204:дуьзна
3134:дораха
3126:d-yq’a
3120:дуькъа
3112:d-iexa
3098:d-ouxa
3040:sister
2803:scythe
2796:mangal
2647:rabbit
2509:k'ant
2413:verbal
2400:, are
2331:dative
2210:Ingush
1893:umlaut
1882:Vowels
1856:voiced
1794:Labial
1676:uvular
1636:fortis
1533:voiced
1491:Rhotic
1431:voiced
1263:voiced
1212:fortis
1042:voiced
981:fortis
827:plain
815:plain
803:plain
791:plain
774:Uvular
754:Labial
740:fortis
725:voiced
697:German
685:Arabic
672:Jordan
660:Jordan
626:Grozny
571:Ingush
553:) and
531:Turkey
523:Jordan
519:Europe
515:Russia
441:CHETCH
366:UNESCO
259:
246:
236:Russia
233:
164:Kistin
158:Shatoi
64:Region
58:Russia
10079:Wolof
10038:Zarma
9918:Uzbek
9893:Tamil
9846:Pegon
9830:Wakhi
9475:Oghuz
9460:Nogai
9455:Kumyk
9305:Indo-
9281:Ubykh
9251:Abaza
9107:Rutul
9090:Kryts
9051:Aghul
9040:Archi
9005:Kadar
8951:Tindi
8932:Andic
8850:South
8764:Other
8698:Rutul
8681:Kryts
8666:Archi
8661:Aghul
8621:Kadar
8541:Tindi
8501:Andic
8311:Mansi
8217:Tuvan
8207:Tatar
8187:Rutul
8177:Nogai
8162:Erzya
8120:Kumyk
8029:Altai
8024:Aghul
8014:Abaza
7738:(PDF)
7622:(GIF)
7498:(PDF)
7359:Syria
7300:Notes
7285:Üy üy
7261:Uv uv
7238:Tt tt
7215:Ss ss
7192:Rh rh
7169:Pp pp
7145:Ov ov
7121:Qq qq
7098:Kk kk
7075:Iy iy
7056:Name
7043:Name
7009:/jæ/
7003:Jä jä
7000:Yä yä
6997:Яь яь
6992:/ja/
6986:Ja ja
6983:Ya ya
6975:/jy/
6969:Jü jü
6966:Yü yü
6963:Юь юь
6958:/ju/
6952:Ju ju
6949:Yu yu
6914:(Ь ь)
6898:(Ы ы)
6881:(Ъ ъ)
6871:Šč šč
6868:Şç şç
6865:(Щ щ)
6837:Čh čh
6834:Ç̇ ç̇
6831:Чӏ чӏ
6803:Ch ch
6797:Цӏ цӏ
6792:/ts/
6758:Хӏ хӏ
6741:Хь хь
6665:/tʼ/
6659:Th th
6656:Th th
6653:Тӏ тӏ
6597:/pʼ/
6591:Ph ph
6588:Ph ph
6585:Пӏ пӏ
6475:/kʼ/
6469:Kh kh
6466:Kh kh
6463:Кӏ кӏ
6458:/qʼ/
6452:Qh qh
6449:Q̇ q̇
6446:Къ къ
6429:Кх кх
6339:/jo/
6330:Yo yo
6282:Gh gh
6276:Гӏ гӏ
6173:Latin
6168:Latin
6134:ХӀ хӀ
6131:Оь оь
6126:Уь уь
6109:КӀ кӀ
6100:Къ къ
6097:Кх кх
6094:ПӀ пӀ
6086:ГӀ гӀ
5791:ЦӀ цӀ
5773:ЧӀ чӀ
5764:Хь хь
5350:Оь оь
5337:Аь аь
5300:abjad
5272:/tsʼ/
5160:/tsʼ/
4525:Islam
4429:split
4365:молур
4297:мелла
4254:малий
3962:Verbs
3902:шайн
3896:шайн
3866:сайн
3855:царел
3852:/ʃul/
3808:царах
3805:/ʃux/
3784:цунах
3755:шуьца
3743:вайца
3725:соьца
3708:шуьга
3696:вайга
3678:соьга
3652:/vəɪ/
3634:/ʔəs/
3620:царна
3608:тхуна
3602:вайна
3596:цунна
3590:хьуна
3573:церан
3570:/ʃun/
3546:/ʜən/
3540:/sən/
3511:/vəɪ/
3499:/ʜʷɔ/
3493:/sʷɔ/
3471:1EXCL
3466:1INCL
3447:Case
3298:говр
3196:d-ain
3182:d-oca
3092:довха
3084:d-eza
3055:child
3033:yisha
3018:vоsha
2890:apple
2822:b-/Ø-
2771:-eza
2747:-eza
2693:-eza
2669:-eza
2591:-eza
2587:zuda
2569:woman
2469:k'ant
2319:cases
2273:/rst/
2265:/xrl/
2158:Kisti
1904:Front
1888:vowel
1866:when
1864:]
1860:[
1828:]
1824:[
1777:]
1773:[
1707:]
1703:[
1672:velar
1640:roots
1161:lenis
903:lenis
841:Nasal
833:phar.
821:phar.
809:phar.
797:phar.
769:Velar
743:stops
154:Akkin
10004:Maba
9908:Urdu
9769:Jawi
9732:Asia
9654:Avar
9465:Urum
9201:Tsez
9156:Aukh
9134:Bats
9126:Nakh
8977:Avar
8937:Andi
8903:Svan
8746:Aukh
8731:Bats
8723:Nakh
8593:Tsez
8548:Avar
8511:Andi
8356:Veps
8253:Even
8141:Hill
8135:Mari
8115:Komi
8050:Avar
7863:ISBN
7779:ISBN
7746:2020
7683:ISBN
7647:ISBN
7594:ISBN
7573:2011
7560:ISBN
7524:ISBN
7450:ISBN
7431:2024
7292:/yː/
7267:/uː/
7244:/tː/
7221:/sː/
7198:/r̥/
7175:/pː/
7152:/ɔʊ/
7127:/qː/
7104:/kː/
7081:/iː/
7059:IPA
6941:/e/
6893:/ʔ/
6860:/ʃ/
6770:/h/
6753:/ħ/
6736:/x/
6719:/f/
6702:/y/
6682:/u/
6648:/t/
6631:/s/
6614:/r/
6580:/p/
6509:/m/
6492:/l/
6441:/q/
6424:/k/
6407:/j/
6390:/i/
6305:/d/
6288:/ɣ/
6271:/g/
6254:/v/
6237:/b/
6183:IPA
6148:Ъ ъ
6080:З з
5879: ای
5803:З з
5800:С с
5797:Ш ш
5779:З з
5776:Д д
5758:С с
5755:Т т
5698:t͡sʼ
5656:t͡ʃʼ
5552: ش
5480:Ü ü
5289:/ts/
5259:/tʃ/
5173:and
5171:/tʃ/
5158:and
5156:/ts/
5130:/pʼ/
5105:/kʼ/
5071:and
5047:Ž ž
5044:Z z
5041:Y y
5038:Ẋ ẋ
5035:X x
5032:V v
5029:Ü ü
5026:U u
5018:T t
5015:Š š
5012:S s
5009:R r
5003:Q q
4995:P p
4992:Ö ö
4989:O o
4986:Ņ ņ
4983:N n
4980:M m
4977:L l
4969:K k
4966:J j
4963:I i
4960:H h
4954:G g
4951:F f
4948:E e
4943:D d
4934:Č č
4931:C c
4928:B b
4925:Ä ä
4922:A a
4899:Ə ə
4896:Ƶ ƶ
4893:Z z
4890:Y y
4887:V v
4884:Ü ü
4879:U u
4873:T t
4870:Ş ş
4867:S s
4864:R r
4856:Q q
4850:P p
4847:Ö ö
4844:O o
4836:N n
4831:M m
4828:L l
4822:K k
4819:J j
4816:I i
4813:Ẋ ẋ
4808:X x
4805:H h
4802:Ġ ġ
4799:G g
4796:F f
4793:E e
4790:D d
4782:Ç ç
4779:Ċ ċ
4776:C c
4773:B b
4770:Ä ä
4767:A a
4714:Ӏ ӏ
4711:Я я
4708:Ю ю
4705:Э э
4702:Ь ь
4697:Ы ы
4694:Ъ ъ
4691:Щ щ
4688:Ш ш
4682:Ч ч
4674:Ц ц
4665:Х х
4662:Ф ф
4656:У у
4648:Т т
4645:С с
4642:Р р
4636:П п
4628:О о
4625:Н н
4622:М м
4619:Л л
4605:К к
4602:Й й
4599:И и
4596:З з
4593:Ж ж
4590:Ё ё
4587:Е е
4582:Д д
4576:Г г
4573:В в
4570:Б б
4564:А а
4251:малу
4228:молу
4208:мало
4205:мала
3878:шен
3843:тхол
3837:вайл
3825:хьол
3796:тхох
3790:вайх
3778:хьох
3667:цара
3640:/əʜ/
3614:шуна
3584:суна
3561:тхан
3555:вайн
3543:хьан
3523:/ʃu/
3300:gour
3284:Case
3190:дайн
3176:доца
3106:деха
3078:деза
2936:eza
2912:eza
2908:ˤaž
2858:eza
2834:eza
2743:naž
2615:eza
2562:zuda
2537:eza
2513:eza
2388:and
2380:and
2349:and
2216:and
2196:/eː/
2188:/æː/
2166:and
2139:/uo/
2131:/yø/
2123:/ɥø/
1937:High
1909:Back
1858:and
1800:and
1654:are
1244:tʃːˤ
1230:tsːˤ
735:and
695:and
628:and
587:Aukh
549:and
479:CHEN
477:chə-
118:Nakh
9701:Lak
9351:Tat
9222:Lak
9095:Jek
9066:Udi
8889:Laz
8884:Zan
8771:Lak
8713:Udi
8686:Jek
8202:Tat
8125:Lak
7384:at
7279:уьй
7276:уьй
7274:Уьй
7184:рхӏ
7182:Рхӏ
7142:وٓو
7113:ккх
7111:Ккх
7022:Y y
7019:J j
7015:Ӏ ӏ
6980:Я я
6946:Ю ю
6935:E e
6932:E e
6929:Э э
6854:Š š
6851:Ş ş
6848:Ш ш
6820:Č č
6817:Ç ç
6814:Ч ч
6800:Ċ ċ
6784:ر̤
6781:C c
6778:C c
6775:Ц ц
6764:H h
6761:H h
6744:Ẋ ẋ
6730:X x
6727:X x
6724:Х х
6713:F f
6710:F f
6707:Ф ф
6696:Ü ü
6693:Ü ü
6676:U u
6673:U u
6670:У у
6642:T t
6639:T t
6636:Т т
6625:S s
6622:S s
6619:С с
6608:R r
6605:R r
6602:Р р
6574:P p
6571:P p
6568:П п
6560:اوٓ
6557:Ö ö
6554:Ö ö
6540:اوٓ
6537:O o
6531:О о
6514:Н н
6503:M m
6500:M m
6497:М м
6486:L l
6483:L l
6480:Л л
6435:Q q
6432:Q q
6418:K k
6415:K k
6412:К к
6401:J j
6398:Y y
6395:Й й
6384:I i
6381:I i
6378:И и
6367:Z z
6364:Z z
6361:З з
6350:Ž ž
6347:Ƶ ƶ
6344:Ж ж
6327:Ё ё
6310:Е е
6299:D d
6296:D d
6293:Д д
6279:Ġ ġ
6265:G g
6262:G g
6259:Г г
6248:V v
6245:V v
6242:В в
6231:B b
6228:B b
6225:Б б
6214:Ä ä
6211:Ä ä
6194:A a
6188:А а
6145:И и
6142:Й й
6139:Э э
6137:Е е
6129:О о
6124:У у
6121:В в
6118:Н н
6115:М м
6112:Л л
6106:Г г
6103:К к
6091:Ф ф
6089:П п
6083:Ӏ ӏ
5867:اوٓ
5849: ࢰ
5828: غ
5794:С с
5788:Ц ц
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