Nakh peoples - Knowledge

1926: 1053: 3325: 3334:, p. 97: "ჩაჩნური, ანუ ნახჭოური, ინგუშური, ანუ ქისტური ჩრდილოეთს კავკასიაში და წოვური, ანუ ბაცბური საქართველოში, თუშეთის თეშში. ენათა შეორე ცალკეულ ჯგუფს შეადგენენ, რომელსაც ამჟამად აგრეთვე თავისი ცალკეული ზოგადი სახელი არ მოეპოება. ძველად, ბერძენთა და რომალითა იეოგრაფები იმიერკავკასიის შუა და აღმოსავლეთის ნაწილის მიწა-წყალზე მობინადრედ გელ-ებსა და ლეგ-ებს ასახელებდენ. გელ-ების სახელი უდრის იქაურსი და თუშურს თანამედროვე ღალღას, ლეგ-ებისა კი ქართულს ლეკებს პირველი სახელის ქართ. შესატყვისობა ღილღვი (მხ. რ.) და ლილივებია (მრ. რ.), რომელიც ძველს თუშურ ხალხურ ლექსებში ხშირად გვხვდება. სხვაგან და ჩვეულებრივ საქართველოში კი მათ აღსანიშნივად ღლილვია მიღებული. რაკი ზემოაღნიშნული სამი ენის ზოგადი სახელი არ არსებობს, ასეთი სახელი კი საჭიროა, ამიტომ, ხელოვნურად შეთხზულის მაგოერ, აქაც ისევ ძველად არსებული ასეთი სახელის გამოყენება სჯობია, სწორედ ამ მოსაზრებით ვხელმძღვანელობ, რომ ენათა მეორე ჯგუფის. — ჩაჩნურიიხა, ქისტურისა და წოვური ენების, — ზოგად სახელად ისევ ღილღღურის შემოღებას ვრჩეობ". 1915: 2588:В старинных русских дипломатических актах, относящихся к 16−17 столетиям, упоминается в горах по Тереку народ мичкизы. Впоследствии, когда русские войска побывали за Тереком, появились названия чеченцев и кистов, наконец, при более близком знакомстве с горцами восточной половины северного склона Кавказского хребта, мы узнали о существовании галгаев, глигвов, ингушей, карабулаков, назрановцев, ичкеринцев, ауховцев и много других народов. После лингвистических исследований оказалось, что все они составляют одно племя или народ, который сам себя называет нахчий, у нас же известен теперь под именем чеченцев. Bcе же приведенные выше названия означают или родовые подразделения этого народа, или заимствованы нами от названий селений (напр. назрановцы и чеченцы) и местностей (ауховцы, ичкеринцы), или же, наконец, взяты у соседних народов 1572: 729:"Chachnuri" (Chechen) – i.e. "Nakhchouri" (Nakhchoy), "Ingushuri" (Ingush) – i.e. "Kisturi" (Kist) in the North Caucasus, and "Tsovuri" (Tsova) – i.e. "Batsburi" (Batsbi) in Georgia, in the Tushin community, constitute another separate group, which currently does not have its own common distinct name. In ancient times, Greek and Roman geographers called the native inhabitants of the middle and eastern parts of the North Caucasus – "Geli" and "Legi". The name Geli (Gelae) is the equivalent of the modern "Ghalgha", as pronounced in their own language and in the Tushin language; and the equivalent of Legi is the Georgian "Lekebi" (Leks, Avars). In Georgian, the first corresponds to "Gh 20: 2570:Чеченцев обыкновенно делят на множество групп, или обществ, давая им имя от рек и гор, на которых они обитали, или от значительных аулов, обнаруживающих влияние на другие. Таковы алдинцы, атагинцы, назрановцы, карабулаки, джерахи, галгаевцы, мичиковцы, качкалыковцы, ичкеринцы, ауховцы и прочие, и прочие. Но это разделение чеченского народа на множество отдельных родов сделано, однако же, русскими и, в строгом смысле, имеет значение только для них же. Местным жителям оно совершенно неизвестно. Чеченцы сами себя называют нахче, то есть народ, и название это относится одинаково ко всем племенам и поколениям, говорящим на чеченском языке и его наречиях. 2298:. Another theory posits that the Dvals were of Karvelian (Georgian) origin. Various evidence given to support the Nakh theory (Different scholars use different arguments.) includes the presence of Nakh placenames in former Dval territory, taken as evidence of Nakh–Svan contact, which probably would have indicated the Nakh nature of the Dvals or of people there before them, and the presence of a foreign-origin Dval clan among the Chechens. The Dvals were assimilated by the Georgians and the Ossetians. It is thought that Dval did not become fully extinct until the 18th century, making the Dvals the most recent Nakh people known to have disappeared. 1622:

Deeli-Malkhi. Deeli-Malkhi was larger than the human realm and took seven years to create. Nakhs believed that when the sun sets in the west it goes to the netherworld and rises out of it in the east. Deeli-Malkhi was not an evil realm of the dead or undead, but not far removed in morality from the upper world – even superior to it in some respects – most notably in its social structures. Unlike in certain other religions, there was no judgment in the afterlife. Dela-Malkh was the sun god playing a central role in religious celebrations. On December 25, Nakhs celebrated the Sun Festival in honour of the Sun God's birthday.

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them, keeping only a morsel of burnt bread for themselves, while giving an unburnt loaf of fine white bread to their guests. On leaving the house, the grateful strangers told the family that after some time had passed, water would begin to form puddles outside their front door, and that when this happened they should gather up only the barest of necessities, leave their home, and go to the mountains. The poor family heeded this advice, but, before departing for higher ground, warned the rich of the town of the impending disaster, and begged them to follow them, but, such was the

2506:Вот исчисление всех племен, на которые принято делить Чеченцев. В строгом же смысле деление это не имеет основания. Самим Чеченцам оно совершенно неизвестно. Они сами себя называют Нахче, т.е. "народ" и это относится до всего народа, говорящего на Чеченском языке и его наречиях. Упомянутые же названия им были даны или от аулов, как Цори, Галгай, Шатой и др., или от рек и гор, как Мичиковцы и Качкалыки. Весьма вероятно, что рано или поздно все или большая часть приведенных нами имен исчезнут и Чеченцы удержат за собою одно общее наименование. 2538:Предлагаемая азбука составлена для языка народа, который сам себя назвал "нахчуй" или "нахчий" (в единственном числе – "нахчуо"), а у нас называемо чеченцами или кистинцами (последнее название грузинское). Язык нахчуй дробится на множество наречий, которые возникли частью по уединенному положению некоторых обществ, частью под влиянием языков соседних народов, осетин, и в особенности кумыков» язык нахчуй демонстрирует «замечательное характерное единство» за исключением диалекта джераховцев, которые говорят весьма измененным наречием. 2339:. Some researchers localize the Durdzuks in the mountainous Ingushetia and identify them with the Ingush, others believe that during the Middle Ages the population of Chechnya was known to the South Caucasian peoples under the name "Durdzuks" (or "Dzurdzuks"), and the population of Ingushetia under the names "Gligvi" The Georgian historian V. N. Gamrekeli claims that "Durdzuk" is definitely and, with all its references, uniformly localized, between Didoet-Dagestan in the east and the gorge of the Terek River, in the west. 1583:, daughter of the Vainakh supreme deity Dela. The goddess, outraged at such sacrilege, punished the offenders by turning them into two stones. This, however, did not solve the problem of the ritually impure lake and the enraged goddess could no longer bear to dwell in its sullied waters. Emerging from them, she assumed the form of a supernatural bull, and began systematically to destroy the villages that dotted the hillside. This destruction continued until, at last, the bull was tamed in the 1117: 1903: 5520: 2343:

mercenaries by various parties. They had a written language using Georgian script (It is not known whether they spoke that language however.), but most of these writings have been lost, with only a few pieces surviving. After the 14th-century Second Mongol Invasion of Durdzuketi and the destruction wrought by the two invasions (including, as Amjad Jaimoukha notes, the destruction of their memory of their past), they radically changed their culture.

31: 1513:. The legendary war of Pkhalberi (hare riders) dwarves against the Narts can be compared to the Greek myth of "Cranes and Pygmies war". The Golden Fleece myth appears to be intricately intertwined with the Nakh 11-year calendar tradition. According to this myth, a ram's skin was ceremonially placed within an oak frame known as "Jaar" for a duration of 11 years, eventually yielding the revered Golden Fleece known as "Dasho Ertal." 949: 2620:В Чечне живут чеченцы, число которых по переписи 1897 года простирается до 283 421 лиц обоего пола. Имя свое получили они от разрушенного большого аула Чечень, расположенного в нижнем течении Аргуна. Русские делили их на 20 различных племен, как-то: назрановцев, кистин, галгаев, цоринов, шатойцев, шароецев, чабирлойцев, ичкеринцев, качкаликов и т. д. Народ сам не знает этих названий. Они сами называют себя "нахче", т.е. народ» 1379: 1522: 2452:Но после их объединения в 1934 г. в единую Чечено-Ингушскую автономную область (Чечено-Ингушская АССР с 1936 г.) власти всеми силами пытались обеспечить слияние чеченцев и ингушей в единый народ, для которого было создано новое название «вейнахи/вайнахи». В 1960-1980-х гг. эта идентичность активно внедрялась в сознание чеченцев и ингушей и постепенно приобретала все большую популярность. 1312: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1303: 1201: 1065: 1148:, and filled artificial terraces with it. For maximum harvest was organized by the entire irrigation system, which consisted of a small artificial stream canals connected with the mountain rivers, these canals were called Taatol, they also built a small stone canals called Epala, and quite small wooden troughs Aparri. Some scholars notably 1925: 1052: 965:, a unit of tribal organization of Vainakh people. Teip has its own Council of Elders and unites people from the political, economic and military sides. Teips leave all cases to the democratically elected representatives of houses i.e. "Tsa". The number of participants of Teipan-Kheli depends on the number of houses. 1783:, located mainly in the Middle East, Caucasus and Mediterranean) was highly associated with Nakh peoples. J2a4b* accounted for the majority of the Y-chromosomes of Ingush and Chechen men, with the Ingush having a much higher percentage, 87.4%, than Chechens, who had 51–58% depending on region (the lowest being in 1034:'s regime, the Teip-Council system was strongly criticized by the federal and local administration installed in Chechnya and Ingushetia, who viewed it as a destabilizing force and an obstacle to maintaining order. They said that such a system was illustrative of the anarchic nature of the Caucasian ethos. 1562:

Interestingly, the tradition of an ancient settlement associated with the lake is borne out by the archeological record for the area: traces of human habitation dating back as far as 40,000 BC have been found near Kouzan-am. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence bear witness to

1471:

Burial vaults or crypts remained from the pagan period in the history of Vainakhs, before some of them converted to Islam in the 16th century (Islam has spread throughout the entire region only in the 17th century). They were built either a bit deepening into the ground or half underground and on the

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ghvi". Since there is no common name for the above three languages, such a name is necessary, therefore, instead of an artificially invented name, it is better to use the (traditional) name that existed in antiquity. It is with this in mind that I choose to present this group of languages – Chachnuri

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was their state, and it distinguished itself by the decisive role it and its people played in fending off the Arab invasion of Georgia. Their language is thought by many historians (including Vladimir Minorsky and Amjad Jaimoukha) to be Nakh, based on placenames, geographic location, and other such

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by Diakonoff). Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Various interpretations of the Nakh-Urartian relationship exist: another,

1475:

The general Islamic rituals established burials with the further penetration of Islam inside the mountainous regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Stone steles, churts, inscribed with prayers and epitaphs, began to be erected at the graves and more prosperous mountaineers were honoured with mausoleums

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their traditional aristocracy and established a democratic, egalitarian society, with some adoptions from the Nakh system. This advance, which may have spread eventually to all of the Circassian tribes, was halted by their political state being annihilated by Russian conquest, a fate later shared by

372:"Nakhchoy". Cheese in Chechen is called "nakhchi"; the plural form of the word is "nakhchiy", hence the popular name "Nakhchoy", that is, "people abounding with cheese." It is also possible that this name was ascribed to the lowland Chechens as a mockery, calling them raw foodists, just as today the 351:

claimed that the terms "Nakh" and "Nakhchi" are not the same, and have different foundations and different origins. Whatever the case, contemporary historians and linguists agree that the ethnonym includes the term "Nakh" (people). Many historians such as Potto, Berge, Gan, Dubrovin believed that it

2342:

The Durdzuks constructed numerous kingdoms, notably Durdzuketi; and they were noted for their exceptionally fierce devotion to freedom and their ability to resist invaders, ranging from the Arabs to the Scythians to Turkic peoples to the Mongolian invaders. They seemed also to have been employed as

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to Kazakhstan in 1944). The inhabitants of Galain-Chazh harnessed the energies of the newly-tamed animal, availing themselves of its mighty strength to plough their fields; but the following Spring torrential rain began to fall upon the fields which the sacred animal had ploughed. This pelting rain

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nature of the indigenous Chechen governments prior to Russian conquest. According to the Western Ichkerophile Tony Wood, the Vainakh peoples, in particular the Chechens (as the Ingush and the Batsbi have fallen under foreign domination much more frequently and as a result, the indigenous system and

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and covetousness. Thus it came to pass that the supreme god Dela sent his representatives in the guise of beggars, to test them. They begged the wealthy citizens to give them food, but were driven away with only blows and curses in return. Only one poor family in the village shared their food with

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minority (Sunni sect). The two main groups (Salafism is more of a modern introduction to the region, and is still considered to be completely foreign) have often had divergent responses to events (for example, the Qadiri authorities initially backing the Bolsheviks who promised to grant freedom to

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who believed the etymology made no sense. Linguists and historians such as Shavlaeva and Tesaev, however, believed the etymology confused "Nakhch" (cheese) with the Chechen term "Nakhch" (processed), which has the same root. In their version, the etymology would mean "the processed ones" (i.e. the

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In primitive times, having not yet been acquainted with arable farming, for lack of bread they (lowland Chechens) ate a large amount of cheese; boasting of their abundance in front of their compatriots who lived in the meager Argun mountains and populous Ichkeria, they called themselves in Chechen

1022:

It is notable that the Chechen and Ingush systems, as well as the system later adopted from them by some Eastern Circassian tribes, resembles the typical Western democratic republic. It has a central government with a legislative body (the Mehk-Khel), a body resemblant of an executive branch (the

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The national scale issues were addressed through Mehk-Khel, the People's Council. Representatives of the Council were elected by each Teip Council and had an enormous influence on the destiny of the people. They could start a war or prohibit and prevent any teip from starting one. Mehk-Khel could

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and Nazranians are reluctant to call themselves Nakhchoy, which stems from their previous hostile attitudes towards the Chechens. But with the outpouring of heartfelt feelings at meetings, at a party, on the way, etc. they always confirm their unity of tribe, expressing themselves: "We are common

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In ancient Nakh cosmology, the universe was created by the supreme god Dela. Earth, created in three years, was three times larger than the heavens and was propped up on gigantic bull horns. The realm of the Vainakh Gods lay above the clouds. Ishtar-Deela was the ruler of the subterranean world,

1803:, which would have had a greater effect among the Ingush than the Chechens due to their smaller population. The Chechens and the Ingush have the highest frequencies of J2a4b* yet reported (other relatively high frequencies, between 10 and 20 percent, are found in the Mediterranean and Georgia). 253:

There is a tribe of people differing entirely from all other inhabitants of the Caucasus, in language as well as in stature, and features of the countenance: the Galgai or Ingush, also referred to as Lamur, meaning "inhabitants of mountains". Their nearest relatives, both by consanguinity and

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The Dvals were a historic people living in modern-day South Ossetia and some nearby regions, as well as the southern parts of North Ossetia (South and West of the Gligvs, South and East of the Malkh). They integrated themselves into the Georgian kingdom and produced a number of fine Georgian

2219:(referring to the lake Durdukka in the South Caucasus, where they are thought to have migrated from, as noted by Strabo, before intermixing with the local population) which they applied to a Nakh people who had migrated north across the mountains to settle in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia. 1558:

of the rich folk, that they would not abandon their treasures – not even to save themselves from a watery grave. That evening, the family watched from the mountains as a terrible catastrophe unfolded: they saw the water cover their house and with it the greedy folk who had stayed behind. To

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Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; Schurr, T.; Haak, W.; Kuznetsova, M.; Radzhabov, M.; Balaganskaya, O.; Romanov, A.; Zakharova, T.; Soria Hernanz, D. F.; Zalloua, P.; Koshel, S.; Ruhlen, M.; Renfrew, C.; Wells, R. S.;

828:). "Maghas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically, Maghas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built." However, there are many other theories as to where Maghas was originally located, such as in 1472:

surface. The latter formed whole "towns of the dead" on the outskirts of the villages and reminded sanctuaries from the outside, with a dummy vaults constructed of overlapping stones. The deceased were placed on the special shelves in the crypts, in clothes and decorations and arms.

976:, a military-economic or military-political union of teips. However, this has been heavily disputed by several historians and ethnographers, including Dalgat who claims that most Chechens never used tukkhums. He also claims that they were only used by some societies in the lowlands. 119:

into one term. The terms "Vainakh" (our people) and "Nakh" (people) were first used as a term to unite two peoples in 1928. It was subsequently popularized by other Soviet authors, poets, and historians such as Mamakaev and Volkova in their research. According to the historian

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are mockingly called “kaldash yuts nakh”, that is, people who eat cottage cheese. That the Chechens got the name "Nakhchoy" from cheese is also confirmed by the fact that the Nazrans, who do not speak in the same Chechen language, call cheese "nakhchi", and the Chechens -

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Mehk-Khetasho) as well as a judicial branch (the other councils). The adat and other bodies have served as the constitution. The members of all three of the main national councils of the nation were elected, producing an indigenous democracy of the Nakh peoples.

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Traditionally, Nakh peoples were known as a society with a highly developed and complex clan system. Individuals are united in family groups called "Tsa" – house. Several Tsa's are part of the "Gar" -branch or "Nekh"-road, a group of Gar's is in turn called a

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was the second one to use this term for both the Chechens and Ingush. The famous Russian linguist Peter von Uslar, who studied the North Caucasian languages, also referred to both nations in 1888 as "Nakhchuy"/"Nakhchiy". This classification was also used by

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The democratic and egalitarian nature, the values of freedom and equality of Chechen society have been cited as factors contributing to their resistance to Russian rule (in addition, there was no elite to be coopted by Tsarist authorities, as Wood notes).

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published several works about Chechen and Ingush ethnography. He proposed to use the term "Nakhchuy" for both the Chechens and Ingush. This, however, had no fruition in Caucasology, mainly due to the fact that the Ingush commonly referred to themselves as

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in their letters to Russian Government, despite the fact that they are a natural enemy of the tree. In 1722 the Russian Army bought 616 vehicles for 1308 rubles, at a time when the annual salary of the governor of the three villages was only 50 rubles.

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The Khamekits were another ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were also probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name may now be reflected in the Ingush teip

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is an earlier form of the Vainakh ethnonym. Jaimoukha notes that "Gargarean" is one of many Nakh root words - gergara, meaning, in fact, "kindred" in proto-Nakh. If this is the case, it would make Gargarei virtually equivalent to the Georgian term

1504:

The Nakh myth recounts the tale of the legendary figure Pkharmat, who was purportedly shackled atop Mount Kazbek by God Sela as punishment for his audacious theft of heavenly fire. This narrative bears notable similarities to the Greek myth of

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Residential towers had two or three floors, supported by a central pillar of stone blocks, and were topped with flat shale roofing. These towers have been compared in character to the prehistoric mountain settlements dating to 8000 BC.

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The Isadiks were an ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name can now be seen in the Chechen teip

210: 95: 1010:; notably, all three, much like the Vainakh peoples, are mountain dwelling peoples with a clan-based social organization and a strong attachment to the concept of freedom). In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a couple of 1216:(Chechen). Ingush and Chechen rugs are distinguished by a peculiar pattern and high quality. Jacob Reineggs, who visited the region in the 18th century, noticed that Chechen and Ingush women skillfully manufactured carpets and 988:

Chechen-Ingush society has always been egalitarian, unstratified, and classless. Traditionally, there was no formal political organization and no political or economic ranking. Many observers, including famous Russians such as

980:

gather in different places at different times. It used to gather in Terloy-Mokhk and Akkhi-Mokhk's Galain-Chozh region. A gigantic Mehk-Kheli stone still stands in Galain-Chozh, around which Mehk-Kheli members solved issues.

3666:"Ингуши трудолюбивы, особенно женщины. Они не только хлопочут по хозяйству, но также шьют одежду для своих мужей, ходят в лес за дровами и несут этот тяжелый груз верст 10 через горные хребты. Женщины работают на мельницах, 1083:

Military ("combat") towers were 25 meters high or more, with four of five floors and a square base approximately six meters wide. Access to the second floor was through a ladder. The defenders fired at the enemy through

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of the Ingush. Starting in the second half of the 19th century, the term was used by some Russian officers, historians and linguists for both the Chechen and Ingush nations (and sometimes for the Batsbi, notably by

4391:Латышев В. В. Известия древних писателей греческих и латинских о Скифии и Кавказе, т. 1, Греческие писатели, СПб, 1890; т.2, Латинские писатели, вып.1, СПб, 1904, вып.2, СПб, 1906; Крупнов Е. И. Ук.соч., page.25. 2257:

evidence. However, there is opposition to the theory that theirs was a Nakh language. Others claim they spoke a Sarmatian language like Ossetic. The Tsanars, too, eventually were assimilated within Georgiandom.

273: 124:, the terms "Vainakh" and "Nakh" were introduced more actively during the period from the 1960s through the 1980s. The first documented collective term used to refer to the Nakh peoples in general " 4905: 1076:. This was a kind of multi-floor structure that was used for dwelling or defense (or both). Nakh tower architecture and construction techniques reached their peak from the 15th to 17th centuries. 1579:

Legend has it that two women once decided to wash their laundry in the purest water to be found near their village, and that this water proved to be that of the sacred Lake Galain-am, abode of

1607:

continued to flood the fields until at last they disappeared beneath the waters of a new lake, into which Tusholi gratefully disappeared, rejoicing in the purity of her newly-formed abode.

5014: 4508: 998:

democratic values are less deeply ingrained), could be described as one of the few nations in the world with an indigenous system highly resemblant of democracy (others cited are often

1549:. It relates that there once stood a very rich town at the place where now there is only a lake. Despite their great wealth, the people of this town were afflicted with insatiable 662:), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin. Some scholars associate it with the ancient 199: 1658:, seven sons of Tq'a were punished by his wife Khimekhninen for help Magal, stealing fire from Tq'a. She lifted them up into the air, far from land that they have become the 704:. In Russian sources, "Ghalghaï" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Kolkans"/"Kalkans", "Kolki"/"Kalki", "Kalkan people". The famous 90: 2206:

also localizes Gargarei as living north of the Caucasus, but calls them Gegar. Some scholars (P. K. Uslar, K. Miller, N. F. Yakovleff, E. I. Krupnoff, L. A. Elnickiy,

1140:. On the barren rocky slopes of rocks, which are unsuitable for agriculture, Vainakhs hew foundations for terraces. On carts harnessed donkeys and oxen, they brought 871:

started its spread in the region. The spread of Islam seems to have started in the lowland part of the Vainakh states at this time, associated with the advent of the

4734:(in Georgian). Vol. 2: ქართული და კავკასიური ენების თავდაპირველი ბუნება და ნათესაობა. თბილისი: სსრკ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია - საქართველოს ფილიალი. pp. 1–754. 1490:

Only a few fragments of Vainakh mythology have survived to modern times. These fragments consist of the names of deities personifying elements of animist ideas, the

1409:, Christianity was extinguished (due to the temporary loss of contacts between Georgia and Nakh Christians) and gradually the Chechens and Ingush returned to their 3777: 1092:– overhanging small balconies without a floor. These towers were usually crowned with pyramid-shaped roofing built in steps and topped with a sharpened capstone. 5061: 4608:

Kharadze R.L., Robakidze A.I.'' On the issue of Nakh ethnonymy // Caucasian ethnographic collection. II. - Tbilisi: "Metsniereba", 1968. - P. 12-40. — 268 p.

1889:, meaning "kindred" in proto-Nakh. However, Jaimoukha's theory is unlikely as Strabo and other ancient Greek writers considered the Gargareans to be Greeks. 5081: 3729: 1501:, Lake Galanchozh, the epic war of Pkhagalberi (hare riders) dwarves against the Narts, Lake Kezenoyam, and myths about how sun, moon and stars appeared. 2152:

was occupied by the ancient Nakh tribe Tzov, the state of which is called Tsobena in ancient Georgian historiography. Sophene was part of the kingdom of

183: 156:

The term Nakhchiy (in the form of Natschkha, Nakhchui and Nacha) at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th centuries was mentioned as the name (i.e.

341: 340:

The etymology of "Nakhchi" is believed to have come from "Nakh" (people) + "-chi" (suffix) or "Nakh" (people) + "Chuo" (territory). Chechen researcher

205: 101: 1843:

Another view, not necessarily contradicting the previous one, posits a migration of Nakh into their present location in the North Caucasus during the

3604:

Igor M. Diakonoff, Sergei A. Starostin. "Hurro-Urartian and East Caucasian Languages", Ancient Orient. Ethnocultural Relations. Moscow, 1988, pp. 170

1405:

in some parts of the country (particularly the mountainous South). However, Christianity did not last long. After the devastation of the country by

2401: 4970: 4877:Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Часть вторая / Императорская академия наук. Непременный секретарь академик К. Веселовский 1095:

Buildings combining the functions of residential and military towers were intermediate in size between the two types, and had both loop-holes and

4777:

Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere. Pt.2 of Volume 50

1476:

after death. The Borgha-Kash Mausoleum dating to the very beginning of the 15th century and built for a Noghai prince is a good example of this.

268: 2962: 2869: 2840: 2811: 2662: 2600: 2550: 2518: 1870:

held by Kassian (2011), is that Urartian and Nakh's common vocabulary instead reflects a history of intense borrowing from Urartian into Nakh.

260: 2024:(sub-group) among the Chechen and Ingush people. In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical 3390:Хизриев X. А. Чечено-Ингушетия в период феодальной раздроб- ленности (ХШ-XV вв.). История Чечено-Ингушетии, 7 8 кл., Грозный, 1991, page. 41. 919: 903: 737:

ghvelebi" (plural), which are often found in old Tushin folk poems. And in other regions of Georgia, it is customary to designate them as "Gh

5023:]. Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии: в IV частях (1976-1985 гг.) (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–233. 3642: 1914: 391: 6019: 5054: 3294: 194: 4766:

Second voyage de Pallas, ou voyages entrepris dans les gouvernemens méridionaux de l'Empire de Russie: pendant les années 1793 et 1794

4954:] (in Russian). СПб: Российская академия наук; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–264. 4034: 791:

in the 9th to 10th centuries, stating "the construction of Chosroes Anushirvanom (VI) in Durzukia 12 gates and stone fortifications".

1563:

continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.

885:

Ongoing struggle over the independence of Chechnya; Ingush remain less openly rebellious, but still have a particularly problematic

4211: 1592: 3935: 6014: 5958: 5047: 4566:

From the cultural past of the Ingush// Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum of the USSR Academy of Sciences

2381: 1600: 1179:

made by Vainakh masters were highly valued in the region and beyond. Products of Vainakh masters brought power not only to the

3685:

Iz istorii razvitii︠a︡ shersti︠a︡nogo promysla chechent︠s︡ev v XIX--nachale XXv. : istoriko-ėtnograficheskoe issledovanie

3670:. Они также изготовляют тонкую шерстяную ткань, предназначаемую для тцуки, которая служит одеждой для мужчин, женщин и детей." 4959: 4522: 4263: 3856: 3693: 3418: 2750: 2685: 1559:

commemorate the terrible flood, the Vainakhs named the newly-formed lake Kouzan-am/Kezenoyam 'lake of sorrow and cruelty'.

1187:. To support non-competitive domestic producers, Russia overlaid Vainakh manufacturers with large fees. At this complaining 249:

in the late 18th century that a clear distinction between self-designation of the Ingush and Chechens had already existed:

4357:Гаджиева В. Г. Сочинение И. Гербера Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курой находящихся, М, 1979, page.55. 2704: 2294:

is thought to be Nakh by many historians, though there is a rival camp which argues for its status as a close relative of

1072:

A characteristic feature of Vainakh architecture in the Middle Ages, rarely seen outside Chechnya and Ingushetia, was the

747:

I. Javakhishvili, "The initial structure and relationship of the Georgian and Caucasian languages." Tbilisi, 1937. / p. 97

1132:

forced Vainakhs to use their territory of residence as efficiently as possible. They leveled the steep slopes, organized

89:"Nakh peoples" and "Vainakh peoples" are two terms that were coined by Soviet ethnographers such as the Russian linguist 4764: 4253: 4411: 3940: 3781: 3749: 3659: 3411:

Ancestral life and common law of the Chechens and Ingush / Preparation of the publication and foreword by U. B. Dalgat

2308:

The Malkhs were a Nakh people, who were deemed to be the westernmost Nakh people, and made an alliance with the Greek

1103:, such as solar signs or depictions of the author's hands, animals, etc. Military towers often bore a Golgotha cross. 5918: 4995: 4847: 4837: 4537: 4288: 3716:Хасбулатов А. И. Чечено-Ингушетия накануне первой русской буржуазно-демократической революции, Грозный, 1963, page,38 3446: 3304: 1571: 3354: 5989: 2290:

calligraphers and historians. They also produced an Orthodox saint: Saint Nicholas of Dvaleti. The language of the

2130:

The following is a list of historical or prehistoric peoples who have been proposed as speakers of Nakh languages.

1862: 1954:(pronounced ). Their worldwide population is around 2 million, approximately 75% of which live in the Republic of 5953: 5908: 1761: 846: 3846: 2156:

from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE. After uniting the region with his kingdom in the early 8th century BCE, king

320:) by many Soviet and modern historians. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain 5913: 4721: 3736: 2900:

Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia, performed in the years 1807 and 1808, by command of the Russian government

4806: 3631:Русскодагестанские отношения (XVII – первая четверть XVIII в.), Документы и материалы, Махачкала, 1958, с.274. 2331:

sources in the 9th-18th centuries, in which most researchers identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern

19: 5426: 5180: 5070: 3077:"Кисты сами себя называютъ поперемѣнно Кисты, Галга, Ингуши, и одно названiе вмѣсто другаго употребляютъ..." 2391: 1829: 1445: 1402: 129: 742:(Chechen), Kisturi (Ingush) and Tsovuri (Tsova, i.e. Batsbi) — under the general name "Ghilghuri" (Ghalghaï) 352:

meant "the nation". Linguists like Arbi Vagapov have also pointed out that similar terms are found in other

5948: 2928:

Salgiriev, A.M (2019). "Chronicle of the exodus of Chechens from Nakhchuvan (translation and commentary)".

2480: 1792: 2007:, despite popular misconceptions, and they are closely related. Their total population is estimated to be 889:; Batsbi and Kists are considered Georgians and are part of Georgia (living mainly in the Tusheti region). 4512: 2448:

Be Alans. Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century. -M.: New literary review

1861:

have suggested that Nakh is distantly related to Hurro-Urartian, which they included as a branch of the

1494:, cosmogonic tradition, remnants of stock-breeding and landtilling, totemic beliefs, and folk calendar. 3800: 1047: 3613:Полное собрание законов Российской империи c 1649 г., т. XIX, 1770-1774-1830, No 13602, pages 267–268. 1947: 879:. Inscriptions on monuments from this time, preserved in some Vainakh villages, also testify to this. 46: 4180: 2489:] (in German). Halle und Berlin: In den Buchhandlungen des Hallischen Waisenhauses. p. 239. 5191: 4581:

Trade routes of Transcaucasia in the era of the Sassanids. According to Tabula Peutingiriana // VDI

3787: 1468:

the Chechens from Russia; while the Naqshbandis were more sceptical of the Bolsheviks' sincerity).

886: 291: 1164:"pilli/a". Some irrigation structures were built also on lowlands but they were less complicated. 169:). Today, the term is in its modern lowland version of "Nokhchi" and is only used by Chechens and 6009: 5528: 5034: 2386: 2187: 1073: 911: 813: 695: 651: 4895:Бердзенешвили, Н. А.; Дондуа, В. Д.; Думбадзе, М. К.; Меликишвили, Г. А.; Месхиа, Ш. А. (1962). 2705:""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей" 6004: 5963: 5609: 4747:] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Тбилисский Гос. Университет им. И. Джаважишвили. Изд. «Универсал». 2406: 2109:(known to them as "Tsovata"), where they are believed to have settled after migrating from the 1959: 1881:, a group who migrated from eastern Asia Minor to the North Caucasus mentioned by Greek writer 1799:

speculated that the differences between fraternal Caucasian populations may have arisen due to

1665: 701: 667: 111:. The reasoning behind the creation of these terms was to unite the closely related nations of 1220:. Vainakh carpets were divided among themselves into different groups dependent on patterns: 5984: 5683: 3458: 2157: 1780: 1701: 1133: 1121: 1015: 762: 4753: 2248:

The Tsanars were a people of East-Central Northern Georgia, living in an area around modern

5896: 5891: 5618: 5094: 1774: 4926:Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI - 30-е годы XVIII века) 261:"Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794" 8: 5999: 5749: 5720: 5631: 4717: 4472:Меликишвили Г. А. К изучению древней восточномалоазийской этнонимики. ВДИ, 1962,1 page 62 4339:Джавахишвили И. А. Введение в историю грузинского народа. кн.1, Тбилиси, 1950, page.47-49 2856:Этническая история Терско-Сулакского междуречья (на примере семьи Башир-шейха Аксайского) 2272: 2141: 1866: 1546: 1539: 1382: 758: 709: 474:"Travels through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire in the years 1793 and 1794" 353: 303: 133: 121: 3595:История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII, М, 1988, page.376. 2885:

Travels through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, in the years 1793 and 1794

402:

people who are accepted in society due to their qualities and lineage). Authors such as

5671: 5579: 4596:

The North Caucasus in Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish relations in the 18th century

4195: 4168: 3985: 3908: 3883: 3399:Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа (XVTII-XIX вв.), part. 2, М, 1968, page. 28. 2956: 2863: 2834: 2805: 2656: 2594: 2544: 2512: 2199: 1535: 1129: 833: 687: 658:) – meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person – "gha" ( 469: 246: 235:

brothers (wai tsa vezherey detsy)" or "We are the same Nakhchoy (wai tsa nakhchoy du)".

4981: 4879:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типография Императорской академии наук. pp. 1–602. 4817: 5994: 5727: 5641: 5539: 5001: 4991: 4955: 4843: 4518: 4284: 4259: 4112: 3968: 3945: 3913: 3852: 3699: 3689: 3688:. Nalʹchik: Respublikanskiĭ poligrafkombinat im. Revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii 1905 g. p. 65. 3442: 3414: 3300: 2746: 2681: 2098: 2055: 1616: 1543: 1485: 1410: 1208:

Since ancient times Ingush and Chechens have been producing thin felt carpets called

895: 713: 675: 605: 311: 240:

Umalat Laudaev, "Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders, Vol. VI."

62: 4988:

The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait

3989: 3214: 1654:) meets 7 sons of the god of the universe Tq'a. In the Ingush version of the legend 5866: 5765: 5715: 5702: 5352: 5292: 5249: 5209: 3977: 3903: 3895: 2309: 2295: 2161: 2118: 2036: 2004: 1858: 1837: 1741: 1733: 1719: 1705: 1691: 1669: 1647: 1633: 1398: 1285: 1266: 1244: 1225: 1153: 969: 953: 943: 299: 125: 4538:

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/000355/inglisuri%20osebis%20texti.pdf

4086: 3981: 3495: 2070:, however, there are still remaining small pockets of Christian Kists in Pankisi, 1766:

A 2011 study by Oleg Balanovsky and a number of other geneticists showed that the

725:) as a general name or classification for the Ingush, Chechen and Bats languages: 5886: 5587: 5412: 5407: 5376: 5229: 5224: 5214: 4775: 3931: 3745: 3520: 2678:Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей / Подготовка издания и предисловие 2476: 2267:

Ghlighvi has been a historical name for the Ingush, deriving from their ethnonym

2203: 2191: 2000: 1874: 1821: 1274: 1252: 1233: 999: 872: 670:

mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer

633: 487: 383: 316: 166: 5039: 4551:

Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808

4060: 2482:

Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unter nommen in den Jahren 1807 and 1808

390:

This version has been criticized by many authors including the Chechen linguist

5861: 5779: 5297: 5219: 5204: 5127: 4983:Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета 4885: 2396: 2110: 2094: 1980: 1854: 1825: 1525: 1188: 1184: 1031: 876: 587: 364: 219: 112: 74: 54: 50: 5021:

Part 2: Mountainous Ingushetia (southwest) and Chechnya (center and southeast)

406:

mentioned also that the term "Nakhchi" could mean "the people of excellence".

5978: 5928: 5923: 5851: 5710: 5678: 5599: 5463: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5342: 5267: 5234: 5005: 3703: 3660:"Топографическое, статистическое, этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа" 2336: 2207: 2059: 2032: 1996: 1975: 1963: 1929: 1918: 1844: 1800: 1437: 1217: 1149: 837: 694:

in the 1st century. They are also mentioned in the 18th century edition of

647: 231: 116: 66: 34: 4819:Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе // ВЕСТНИК ДРЕВНЕЙ ИСТОРИИ, №4 4758:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское Востоковедение. pp. 1–508. 3899: 314:

and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned in the 7th-century Armenian work

5829: 5654: 5562: 5503: 5287: 5277: 5262: 5257: 5239: 5122: 4934: 4061:"Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European" 3917: 3580: 3440:

The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present.

2164:. However, Djavashvili's and Melikishvili's theory is not widely accepted. 2067: 1588: 1027: 923: 864: 825: 788: 784: 683: 357: 179: 78: 5117: 4035:"Long-Range Linguistic Relations: Cultural Transmission or Consanguinity?" 3683: 1116: 5856: 5821: 5659: 5557: 5552: 5453: 5381: 5330: 5320: 5199: 5163: 5142: 4861:(in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Журнал Министерства народного просвещения. 4786: 4620:

Aus den Hochregionen des Kaukasus. Wanderungen, Erlebnisse, Beobachtungen

3358: 2179: 2085: 2066:, where there are approximately 5,000 Kist people. Majority of Kists are 2046: 2021: 1715: 1449: 1441: 1429: 1394: 1137: 1011: 990: 691: 537: 403: 174: 170: 84: 70: 58: 4463:Гамрекели В. Н. Двалы и Двалетия в I–XV вв. н. э. Тбилиси, 1961 page 138 1902: 1099:. Nakh towers used to be sparingly decorated with religious or symbolic 627: 5839: 5737: 5626: 5569: 5488: 5478: 5441: 5302: 5272: 5158: 5137: 5132: 4945: 2211: 2175: 2168: 2117:

3000. Unlike the other Nakh peoples the Bats people are overwhelmingly

2039:. Many sources refer to them as one of the most militant Vainakh tribe. 1984: 1967: 1878: 1770: 1683: 1659: 1643: 1506: 1460: 1386: 1100: 1057: 847:

Independence wars against Tatar-Mongol hordes and the army of Tamerlane

663: 295: 223: 141: 4928:(in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. pp. 1–373. 4894: 4868:Путешествие через Россию к Кавказскому перешейку — 1836, 1837, 1838 г. 4798:Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии 4278: 3966:

Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words".

3220: 367:

offered a different etymology for the origin of the ethnonym Nakhchi:

5844: 5801: 5649: 5547: 5519: 5493: 5149: 5107: 5102: 4907:Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России 4899:(in Russian). Тбилиси: Издательство учебно-педагогической литературы. 2566:Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях 2360: 2222:

Despite Jaimoukha's claims, Strabo suggests that the Gargareans were

1833: 1629: 1491: 1406: 1176: 1141: 1085: 1003: 994: 817: 705: 384:"Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders, Vol. VI." 30: 4952:

Islam in Ingushetia: ethnography and historical and cultural aspects

4194:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages".

4158: 2783:Из истории развития шерстяного промысла чеченцев в XIX – начале XX в 1625:

The names of stars and constellations were also connected to myths:

1417:

began to spread on Nakh peoples lands from 16th and 17th centuries.

294:

Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the "People of Nakhche" among

5788: 5742: 5732: 5498: 5483: 5473: 5468: 5325: 5073: 5016:Часть II: Горная Ингушетия (юго-запад) и Чечня (центр и юго-восток) 4791:(in Russian). Москва: Типография С. Селивановского. pp. 1–458. 4788:Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе: Часть II 4135: 2429:КУЛЬТУРНАЯ РАБОТА В ЧЕЧНЕ И ИНГУШИИ В СВЯЗИ С УНИФИКАЦИЕЙ АЛФАВИТОВ 2332: 2316: 2253: 2242: 2223: 2025: 2016: 1955: 1942: 1907: 1813: 1788: 1784: 1655: 1532: 1498: 1433: 1425: 1180: 1157: 948: 829: 776: 642: 492:"Description of trips to the Caucasus and Georgia in 1807 and 1808" 325: 23: 4136:"About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins" 3884:"Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region" 2003:, which, according to some authors, is mutually intelligible with 283:", while the Chechens called themselves "Nakhchoy" or "Nokhchoy". 5935: 5796: 5688: 5458: 5436: 5401: 5397: 5282: 4939:(in Russian). Москва: Университетская типография. pp. 1–715. 2680:. Институт мировой литературы имени А. М. Горького. p. 382. 2432: 2324: 2283: 2238: 2227: 2195: 2149: 2134: 2106: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2028: 1988: 1687: 1580: 1510: 1161: 1145: 1007: 973: 939: 161: 137: 4822:(in Russian). Москва-Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. 3936:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information" 3459:"The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information" 3082: 5834: 5811: 5806: 4366: 3377: 2718: 2328: 2261: 2183: 2153: 2145: 1882: 1848: 1679: 1464: 1456: 1421: 1378: 1183:, but also by such excess power to the established industry of 856: 821: 806: 802: 798: 720: 679: 671: 329: 157: 4219: 4213:

Some considerations on Hurrian-North Caucasian lexical matches

2993:История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе. Том I, Книга 1 2731:Ахмад Сулейманов. «Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии.» Грозный, 1978. 2634:История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе. Том I, Книга 1 1811:

The Vainakh have been referred to by various names, including

1521: 53:

and other cultural similarities. These are chiefly the ethnic

5664: 5592: 5335: 5170: 5112: 4232: 3274: 2302: 2291: 2279: 2249: 2231: 2160:

resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of

1767: 1729: 1555: 1550: 1440:(approx. 1 million people) are Muslim of the Shafi`i school. 1414: 868: 809: 654:

people, that is most often associated with the word "ghāla" (

145: 4279:

Nichols, Johanna; Sprouse, Ronald L.; Vagapov, Arbi (2003).

3880: 3053: 2827:Известия груз. летописей и историков о Сев. Кавказе и России 2105:

after the Ts’ova Gorge in the historic Georgian province of

1200: 5903: 5446: 5153: 4947:Ислам в Ингушетии: этнография и историко-культурные аспекты 4684: 4671: 4650:

To the ethnography of the inhabitants of the Caucasian Alps

3760: 3758: 3118: 2051: 1596: 1311: 1172: 962: 956:), and tower of Tsoi-Pheda protecting the peace of the dead 935: 860: 772: 613: 595: 577: 574:"History of war and domination of Russians in the Caucasus" 561: 545: 527: 511: 495: 477: 459: 443: 4897:История Грузии: с древнейших времён до 60-х годов XIX века 4309: 3812:Далгат У.Б. Героический эпос чеченцев и ингушей. М., 1972. 3262: 3029: 2487:

Journeys to the Caucasus and Georgia made in 1807 and 1808

2457: 2174:

Jaimoukha argued that the Vainakhs are descended from the

1497:

The greatest samples of Nakh mythology are the legends of

1452:(approx. 3,000 people) are Christian (Georgian Orthodox). 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1302: 863:. They started a national struggle of liberation from the 4321: 4297: 4255:

Delphi Complete Works of Strabo - Geography (Illustrated)

3882:

Tyler-Smith, C.; Balanovska, E.; Genographic, C. (2011).

3313: 2198:

live close to Gargarei, on the northern foothills of the

2113:

in the 16th century. Their population is estimated to be

1910:

men and young woman in traditional costumes, 19th century

1584: 1064: 3755: 3413:. nstitute of World Literature named after A. M. Gorky. 3226: 3130: 2323:

Durdzuk is a medieval ethnonym used mainly in Georgian,

226:(a subgroup of Ingush) used this ethnonym occasionally: 3178: 3154: 3830:Хасиев С.-М. О традиционном отсчете времени у чеченцев 3238: 2534:Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. Ч. II. Чеченский язык 1444:(about 15,400 people) are mainly Sunni Muslims with a 280: 160:) that the Ingush gave to the Chechens and not as the 4382:Чечня и Ингушетия В XVIII – начале XIX века. Page 51 4094:

Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences

3821:Хасиев С.-М. Мифы о «заячьих всадниках» // Рукопись . 3622:Гриценко Н. П. Истоки дружбы, Грозный, 1975, Page 27. 3521:"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features" 3496:"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features" 3355:"Maghas – 'The Sun City' – New Capital of Ingushetia" 3106: 3094: 3041: 2616:Путешествие в страну пшавов, хевсур, кистин и ингушей 2140:

According to Georgian scholars I. A. Djavashvili and

1817:

in medieval Arab, Georgian and Armenian ethnography.

254:

language, are the Chechens, whom they call Natschkha.

4936:Сношения России с Кавказом. Выпуск 1-й. 1578-1613 гг 4348:Чечня и Ингушетия В XVIII- начале XIX века. Page 52 4113:"On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language" 3644:Искусство ингушей в памятниках материальной культуры 3250: 3190: 3142: 1128:

Lack of arable land in sufficient quantities in the

621: 335: 4990:] (in Russian). Москва: Форум. pp. 1–384. 3202: 151: 4910:(in Russian). Тифлис: Типография К.П. Козловского. 4800:(in Russian). Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333. 4728:Introduction to the history of the Georgian nation 4017: 3166: 5069: 4593: 4489: 4487: 4193: 4157:Zimansky, Paul (2011). "Urartian and Urartians". 4018:Starostin, Sergei A.; Diakonoff, Igor M. (1986). 3965: 3876: 3874: 3657: 1979:are a North Caucasian native ethnic group of the 1950:native ethnic group, they refer to themselves as 1413:(while the Bats were permanently Christianized). 1156:proposed that Epala and Aparri may correspond to 409: 5976: 5013:Сулейманов, А. С. (1978). Шайхиев, А. Х. (ed.). 4769:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris. pp. 1–383. 4007:. Translated by Lori Jennings. New York: Delmar. 3010:. Tbilisi: Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах. 2402:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus 2178:, a mythological tribe who are mentioned in the 1262:Plain rug, without any decorations or ornaments. 968:Some believe that most teips made unions called 682:, modern researchers mention them living in the 222:, the first Chechen ethnographer and historian, 148:term "Mizdschegi" to refer to the Nakh peoples. 77:, including closely related minor or historical 4917:Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа 4133: 4020:Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language 4002: 3930: 2210:, V. N. Gamrekeli) supported the proposal that 2050:are a Chechen sub-ethnos, belonging to Chechen 1204:Nakh traditional feasting carpet: Isting/Istang 4859:Древней Кавказской Албании. Часть LII. Отд. II 4484: 4281:Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary 4156: 3871: 3778:"Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1" 717: 5055: 4745:Introduction to Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics 4503: 4501: 4499: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4110: 3640: 3299:(in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 538. 2194:(1st century CE). Strabo wrote that "... the 1068:Chechen military tower near settlement Chanta 920:Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 904:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 4919:(in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211. 4751: 4531: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3513: 3352: 3292: 3035: 2824: 2649:Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах Вып. VI 2463: 2445: 1983:, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of 136:believed the term Kists only applied to the 4943: 4890:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 1–417. 4741:Введение в иберийско-кавказское языкознание 4716: 4514:Essays on the history of Alans (in Russian) 3764: 3374:Чечня и Ингушетия в XVIII – начале XIX века 3331: 1937:Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush dialect continuum) 1566: 1516: 360:where "Nukhchi" translates to "Tribesman". 5062: 5048: 5012: 4975:. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76. 4968: 4903: 4831:. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76. 4826: 4784: 4647: 4617: 4496: 4448: 4420: 4327: 4303: 3724: 3722: 3538: 3476: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3232: 3136: 3071: 2961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2868:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2839:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2699: 2697: 2661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2581: 2549:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1111: 610:"Armenian geography of the 7th century AD" 4932: 4795: 4662: 4507: 4032: 3907: 3844: 3833: 3681: 3346: 3293:Богуславский, Владимир Вольфович (2004). 3280: 3088: 3020: 2927: 2912: 2035:tradition as one of the seven historical 1610: 215:and many others during the 19th century. 4856: 4773: 4738: 4632: 4578: 3924: 3851:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 110. 3319: 3184: 3160: 3059: 3023:Armenian geography of the 7th century AD 2897: 2780: 2743:Этимологический словарь чеченского языка 2631: 2475: 2426: 1924: 1913: 1901: 1806: 1570: 1531:This legend has explicit parallels with 1520: 1479: 1377: 1199: 1120:Ruins of ancient Ingush settlement, and 1115: 1063: 1051: 947: 29: 18: 4979: 4914: 4815: 4804: 4706:, London and New York: Routledge, 2005. 4665:Dval and Dvaletia in the I-XV centuries 4315: 4251: 4160:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 4084: 4078: 3959: 3719: 3427: 3371: 3268: 3244: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3005: 2853: 2740: 2694: 2646: 1892: 1056:Ruins of the medieval settlement Erzi ( 812:) and Alan confederacy of the Northern 57:(including the Chechen sub-ethnos, the 5977: 4923: 4874: 4762: 4409: 4104: 4058: 4005:The Pre-History of the Armenian People 3569:An Encyclopedia by Brockgaus and Efron 3408: 3256: 3196: 3047: 2882: 2675: 2382:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 1995:. The Ingush people are predominantly 1401:influence that led to the adoption of 1106: 983: 783:) is mentioned by the Persian writers 641: 5043: 4933:Белокуров, Сергей Алексеевич (1889). 4835: 4785:Броневский, Семён Михайлович (1823). 4755:Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770-1773 гг 4563: 4087:"The Urartian substratum in Armenian" 3148: 2975: 2946: 2795: 2563: 2531: 2499: 1960:subdivision of the Russian Federation 1732:depending on daytime as sunset star ( 1041: 4883: 3208: 2234:, in the far west of modern Turkey. 2062:, in the eastern Georgian region of 1646:as the seven brothers’ seven stars ( 816:highlanders, nations, and tribes by 310:has also been connected to the city 4865: 4774:Klaproth, Julius Heinreich (1814). 4752:Гюльденштедт, Иоганн Антон (2002). 4635:In the gorges of Argun and Fortanga 4451:Description of the Georgian Kingdom 3799:Мадаева З.А. Вайнахская мифология// 3558:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 3484:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 3372:Ахмадов, Шарпудин Бачуевич (2002). 3172: 2990: 2765: 2719:"Предание о происхождении чеченцев" 2613: 1865:language family (which were dubbed 929: 332:) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. 13: 6020:Muslim communities of the Caucasus 3941:University of California, Berkeley 3845:Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (2005-03-01). 3750:University of California, Berkeley 2226:Greeks and locates their homeland 2020:are a historical ethnoterritorial 1932:woman in traditional costume, 1881 993:, have been very impressed by the 85:The ethnonyms "Vainakh" and "Nakh" 14: 6031: 5028: 4972:Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush) 4829:Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush) 4811:(in Russian). Москва: Изд. Наука. 4283:. Taylor&Francis. p. 4. 4252:Amaseia, Strabo of (2016-02-13). 3647:. Владикавказ: ИНГИК. p. 29. 3343:Волкова Н. Г. Ук. соч., page 135. 2768:Язык, история и культура вайнахов 1991:they use for self-designation is 1885:, are connected to the Nakh root 1632:as the route of scattered straw ( 1195: 1160:irrigation canal name "pili" and 686:at the time of the deployment of 336:Etymology of the ethnonym Nakhchi 5518: 4656: 4641: 4626: 4611: 4602: 4587: 4572: 4557: 4542: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4442: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4272: 4245: 3296:Славянская энциклопедия XVII век 1820:Historical linguists, including 1397:, Vainakh society felt a strong 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1224:Сarpet with colorful ornaments ( 5954:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan 4710: 4439:. Routledge Curzon: Oxon, 2005. 4204: 4187: 4150: 4127: 4052: 4026: 4011: 3996: 3888:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3824: 3815: 3806: 3793: 3770: 3710: 3675: 3668:делают ковры и войлочные одеяла 3651: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3488: 3451: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3365: 3337: 3286: 3065: 3014: 2999: 2984: 2969: 2940: 2921: 2906: 2891: 2876: 2847: 2818: 2789: 2774: 2759: 2734: 2725: 2711: 2669: 2640: 2625: 1897: 1762:Genetic history of the Caucasus 1463:minority. There is also a tiny 49:identified by their use of the 37:highlanders, early 20th century 4944:Албогачиева, М. С.-Г. (2017). 4842:. Princeton University Press. 4723:ქართული ერის ისტორიის შესავალი 4449:Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1745). 4059:Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1999). 3380:: "Джангар", АПП. p. 447. 2607: 2575: 2557: 2525: 2493: 2469: 2439: 2420: 1795:). In their paper, Balanovsky 1030:period, as well as during the 805:(both names known solely from 410:Historical mentions of Nakhchi 1: 6015:History of the North Caucasus 4549:Klaproth, Julius von (1812). 4400:Jaimoukha. Chechens. Page 30" 3982:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 3546:Chechnya: From Past to Future 2446:Schnirelmann, Victor (2016). 2413: 2392:Northeast Caucasian languages 2125: 2058:. They primarily live in the 2008: 1748:). The name of the planet is 1403:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 867:. After the Mongol invasion, 245:However, it was mentioned by 26:at a wedding, circa 1870–1886 5959:Ethnic minorities in Georgia 5949:Ethnic minorities in Armenia 4763:Pallas, Peter Simon (1811). 2883:Pallas, Peter Simon (1802). 1847:, following the collapse of 7: 5964:Ethnic minorities in Russia 4969:Anchabadze, George (2001). 4827:Anchabadze, George (2009). 4085:Greppin, John A.C. (2008). 4033:Diakonoff, Igor M. (1995). 3021:Patkanian, Kerovbe (1877). 2825:Dzhanashvili, Мосэ (1897). 2618:. Кавказский вестник, № 6. 2374: 2275:in 1745, a Georgian noble. 1921:from the village of Gvileti 1824:, have connected ancestral 1755: 1745: 1737: 1723: 1709: 1695: 1673: 1651: 1637: 1540:Grecian Baucis and Philemon 1455:By rite, most Chechens are 1420:Vainakhs are predominantly 1373: 1289: 1270: 1248: 1229: 1167: 1088:. The top of the tower had 524:"Migration from Nakhchuvan" 267:The 19th century historian 10: 6036: 5035:Vainakh information portal 4904:Джанашвили, М. Г. (1897). 4594:Sotavov and Meyer (1991). 4068:UCLA Indo-European Studies 3786:, by Brian Glyn Williams, 3658:Иоганн Бларамберг (1835). 2913:Bronevsky, Semyon (1823). 2854:Баширов, Саламбек (2018). 2582:Вейденбаум, Е. Г. (1888). 2504:. Тифлис. pp. 65–66. 2427:Malsagov, Zaurbek (1928). 2101:who are also known as the 1759: 1614: 1483: 1048:Vainakh tower architecture 1045: 1019:the rest of the Caucasus. 933: 756: 752: 712:proposed to use Ghalghaï ( 646:) is the self-name of the 637: 625: 5944: 5879: 5820: 5787: 5778: 5758: 5701: 5640: 5617: 5608: 5578: 5538: 5527: 5516: 5425: 5390: 5351: 5311: 5248: 5190: 5179: 5093: 5080: 4796:Робакидзе, А. И. (1968). 3801:Этнографическое обозрение 3682:Shavlaeva, T. M. (2009). 3221:Бердзенешвили et al. 1962 2898:Klaproth, Julius (1811). 2781:Шавлаева, Тамара (2009). 2477:Klaproth, Julius Heinrich 2186:(1st century BCE) and in 1587:of Ame in the area named 1509:and the Georgian myth of 952:Necropolis in Itum Kale ( 887:conflict with the Ossetes 824:leader and a grandson of 718: 4857:Яновский, А. О. (1846). 4836:Mayor, Adrienne (2016). 4704:The Chechens: A Handbook 4663:Gamrekeli, V.N. (1961). 4579:Yeremyan, S. T. (1939). 4437:The Chechens: A Handbook 4197:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4134:Fournet, Arnaud (2013). 4003:Diakonoff, I.M. (1984). 3848:The Chechens: a handbook 3788:The Jamestown Foundation 3006:Laudaev, Umalat (1872). 2995:. СПб. pp. 368–369. 2647:Лаудаев, Умалат (1872). 2632:Дубровин, Н. Ф. (1871). 1567:Legend of Galain-Am Lake 1517:Legend of Kouzan-Am Lake 1436:(approx. 2 million) and 733:ghvi" (singular) and "Gh 678:sources, in the form of 437:Archbishop Cyril Donauri 290:occurred in 1310 by the 130:Johann Anton Güldenstädt 100:and Ingush ethnographer 5990:Peoples of the Caucasus 4980:Павлова, О. С. (2012). 4915:Волкова, Н. Г. (1973). 4808:Средневековая Ингушетия 4739:Чикобава, А.С. (2010). 4648:Merzbacher, G. (1905). 4633:Markovin, V.I. (1965). 4618:Merzbacher, G. (1901). 4453:. Bakhushti Bagrationi. 4413:The Geography of Strabo 4373:, Bk. 11, Ch. 5, Sec. 1 4022:. Munich: R. Kitzinger. 3730:"Who are the Chechens?" 3409:Dalgat, Bashir (2008). 3091:, pp. 15, 27, 204. 2676:Dalgat, Bashir (1892). 2584:Путеводитель по Кавказу 2387:Peoples of the Caucasus 2097:-speaking community in 1830:their distant relatives 1284:Expensive wall carpet ( 1278: 1256: 1237: 1112:Agricultural structures 912:North Caucasian Emirate 859:was a union of Vainakh 708:historian and linguist 622:The ethnonym "Ghalghaï" 542:"Chechnya and Chechens" 453:Sala-Uzden Prince Adzhi 144:, and instead used the 47:North Caucasian peoples 4924:Кушева, Е. Н. (1963). 4875:Бутков, П. Г. (1869). 4816:Латышев, В.В. (1947). 4805:Крупнов, Е.И. (1971). 4117:Bibliotheca Orientalis 4111:Smeets, Rieks (1989). 3803:. 1992. № 3. Page 109. 3672: 3641:Щеблыкин И.П. (1928). 3079: 2991:Н.Ф, Дубровин (1871). 2947:Berge, Adolph (1859). 2800:. Тифлис. p. 134. 2741:Вагапов, Арби (2011). 2586:. Тифлис. p. 70. 2564:Potto, Vasily (1887). 2407:List of Chechen people 2271:. It was mentioned by 2204:Gaius Plinius Secundus 1933: 1922: 1911: 1863:Northeastern Caucasian 1611:Cosmology and creation 1576: 1528: 1459:, with a considerable 1390: 1205: 1125: 1069: 1061: 957: 882:17th century – present 750: 508:"News of the Caucasus" 388: 286:The oldest mention of 265: 243: 152:The ethnonym "Nakhchi" 38: 27: 4564:Genko, A. N. (1930). 3900:10.1093/molbev/msr126 3664: 3353:D. V. Zayats (2001). 3075: 2949:Chechnya and Chechens 2158:Argishtis I of Urartu 2011:1 million worldwide. 1928: 1917: 1905: 1807:Hypotheses of origins 1760:Further information: 1574: 1524: 1480:Legends and mythology 1428:school of thought of 1411:native, pagan beliefs 1381: 1203: 1122:agricultural terraces 1119: 1067: 1055: 951: 763:History of Ingushetia 727: 369: 363:Chechen ethnographer 251: 228: 33: 22: 16:Ethnolinguistic group 5071:Ethnic groups in the 4887:The Land of the Czar 4884:Wahl, O. W. (1875). 4690:Anchabadze, George. 4677:Anchabadze, George. 4210:A.C. Kassian. 2011. 3283:, pp. 222, 456. 3127:, pp. 222, 281. 3062:, pp. 5, 9, 57. 2976:Dosov, Kedi (1862). 2915:News in the Caucasus 2532:Услар, П.К. (1888). 1962:. Most Chechens are 1893:List of Nakh peoples 1740:) and sunrise star ( 1718:as Roofing towers ( 1652:Vorx Vešin Vorx Seda 700:during the reign of 415:Historical mentions 374:Nadterechny Chechens 259:Peter Simon Pallas, 128:" was introduced by 4568:. pp. 681–761. 4553:. Halle und Berlin. 4517:. Vladikavkaz: IR. 4258:. Delphi Classics. 3463:www.lx.berkeley.edu 3271:, pp. 154–155. 2796:Берже, А.П (1859). 2636:. pp. 368–369. 2614:Ган, К. Ф. (1897). 2500:Берже, А.П (1859). 2273:Vakhushti of Kartli 2142:Giorgi Melikishvili 2119:Orthodox Christians 1877:, the mythological 1867:Alarodian languages 1836:migration from the 1383:Tkhaba-Yerdy Church 1107:Traditional economy 984:Political structure 852:14th–16th centuries 843:13th–14th centuries 797:Destruction of the 759:History of Chechnya 710:Ivane Javakhishvili 697:Georgian Chronicles 690:'s forces into the 592:"The Chechen Tribe" 440:Historical document 416: 354:Northeast Caucasian 304:Northeast Caucasian 134:Julius von Klaproth 122:Victor Schnirelmann 5672:Trialeti Ossetians 4866:Кох, Карл (1842). 4718:ჯავახიშვილი, ივანე 4435:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 4318:, pp. 56, 83. 3662:. Нальчик: Эль-Фа. 3571:. Vol 76, page 786 2568:. pp. 63–64. 2200:Caucasus Mountains 2188:Naturalis Historia 1934: 1923: 1912: 1906:Group portrait of 1577: 1536:Sodom and Gomorrah 1529: 1432:. The majority of 1391: 1265:Thick floor rugs ( 1249:Khinja yolu istang 1206: 1126: 1070: 1062: 1042:Tower architecture 958: 834:Kabardino-Balkaria 771:An association of 768:9th–12th centuries 521:Chechen Manuscript 470:Peter Simon Pallas 414: 356:languages such as 306:nations. The term 247:Peter Simon Pallas 39: 28: 5972: 5971: 5875: 5874: 5774: 5773: 5697: 5696: 5514: 5513: 5421: 5420: 4961:978-5-88431-349-1 4524:978-5-7534-0316-2 4265:978-1-78656-368-2 4140:Archiv Orientální 3934:(February 1997). 3894:(10): 2905–2920. 3858:978-0-415-32328-4 3790:, October 2, 2003 3695:978-5-88195-989-0 3420:978-5-9208-0307-8 3361:on March 7, 2003. 3322:, pp. 30–31. 3036:Гюльденштедт 2002 2752:978-9941-10-439-8 2687:978-5-9208-0307-8 2464:Гюльденштедт 2002 1787:, the highest in 1704:as Evening star ( 1486:Vainakh mythology 1446:Georgian Orthodox 1243:Rug with fringe ( 1181:Caucasian peoples 1130:mountainous areas 896:Caucasian Imamate 643:[ˈʁəlʁɑj] 619: 618: 606:Kerovbe Patkanian 456:Historical letter 324:(near modern-day 6027: 5919:Azerbaijani Jews 5867:Meskhetian Turks 5785: 5784: 5615: 5614: 5536: 5535: 5522: 5188: 5187: 5091: 5090: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5024: 5009: 4976: 4965: 4940: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4900: 4891: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4832: 4823: 4812: 4801: 4792: 4781: 4770: 4759: 4748: 4735: 4733: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4505: 4494: 4491: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3944:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3842: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3780:. Archived from 3774: 3768: 3765:Албогачиева 2017 3762: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3735:. Archived from 3734: 3726: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525:www.shamsali.org 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3500:www.shamsali.org 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3357:. Archived from 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332:ჯავახიშვილი 1937 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2435:. pp. 3–11. 2424: 2310:Bosporus Kingdom 2010: 1859:Sergei Starostin 1838:Fertile Crescent 1617:Vainakh religion 1448:minority, while 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1297:Rugs and carpets 944:Ingush societies 930:Social structure 748: 724: 723: 645: 639: 571:Nikolai Dubrovin 505:Semyon Bronevsky 417: 413: 400: 386: 382:Umalat Laudaev, 350: 342:Ahmad Suleymanov 277: 263: 241: 214: 203: 192: 110: 102:Zaurbek Malsagov 99: 91:Nikolai Yakovlev 6035: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6024: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5940: 5871: 5816: 5770: 5754: 5693: 5636: 5604: 5588:Caucasus Greeks 5574: 5530: 5523: 5510: 5429: 5417: 5386: 5347: 5307: 5244: 5183: 5175: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5031: 4998: 4962: 4850: 4731: 4713: 4702:Jaimoukha, A., 4699: 4698: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4506: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4421: 4410:Strabo (1856). 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4328:Сулейманов 1978 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4304:Anchabadze 2001 4302: 4298: 4291: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4209: 4205: 4192: 4188: 4176: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4151: 4132: 4128: 4109: 4105: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4001: 3997: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3932:Johanna Nichols 3929: 3925: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3843: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3746:Johanna Nichols 3739: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3656: 3652: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3544:Sakwa, Edward. 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3438:Lecha Ilyasov. 3437: 3428: 3421: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3370: 3366: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3233:Джанашвили 1897 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3137:Anchabadze 2009 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3074:, p. 153: 3072:Броневский 1823 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3019: 3015: 3008:Чеченское племя 3004: 3000: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2803: 2802: 2798:Чечня и Чеченцы 2794: 2790: 2779: 2775: 2766:Алироев, И. Ю. 2764: 2760: 2753: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2674: 2670: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2630: 2626: 2612: 2608: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2576: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2510: 2509: 2502:Чечня и Чеченцы 2498: 2494: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450:. p. 279. 2444: 2440: 2431:. Vladikavkaz: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2377: 2208:I. M. Diakonoff 2192:Pliny the Elder 2128: 2001:Ingush language 1948:North Caucasian 1900: 1895: 1875:Amjad Jaimoukha 1822:Johanna Nichols 1809: 1779:(a subclade of 1764: 1758: 1690:as Tripodstar ( 1619: 1613: 1599:, a clan later 1569: 1519: 1488: 1482: 1376: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1257:Chachakh isting 1198: 1170: 1114: 1109: 1050: 1044: 986: 946: 934:Main articles: 932: 873:Arabic language 765: 757:Main articles: 755: 749: 746: 630: 624: 558:"Nakhchoyn Juz" 488:Julius Klaproth 412: 394: 387: 381: 344: 338: 317:Ashkharhatsuyts 302:and many other 271: 264: 258: 242: 239: 208: 197: 186: 167:Peter von Uslar 154: 104: 93: 87: 73:peoples of the 45:are a group of 17: 12: 11: 5: 6033: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6010:Chechen people 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5848: 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5202: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5029:External links 5027: 5026: 5025: 5010: 4996: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4941: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4901: 4892: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4833: 4824: 4813: 4802: 4793: 4782: 4771: 4760: 4749: 4736: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4655: 4640: 4625: 4610: 4601: 4586: 4571: 4556: 4541: 4530: 4523: 4495: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4441: 4419: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4289: 4271: 4264: 4244: 4231: 4218: 4203: 4186: 4177:|journal= 4163:. p. 556. 4149: 4126: 4103: 4077: 4051: 4025: 4010: 3995: 3976:(5469): 1158. 3958: 3923: 3870: 3857: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3792: 3784:on 2004-01-29. 3769: 3754: 3742:on 2006-09-15. 3718: 3709: 3694: 3674: 3650: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3585:Caucasian Wars 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3475: 3450: 3426: 3419: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3364: 3345: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3305: 3285: 3281:Белокуров 1889 3273: 3261: 3249: 3247:, p. 158. 3237: 3225: 3213: 3211:, p. 239. 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 643. 3177: 3175:, p. 489. 3165: 3163:, p. 201. 3153: 3151:, p. 361. 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3089:Робакидзе 1968 3081: 3064: 3052: 3050:, p. 176. 3040: 3028: 3013: 2998: 2983: 2968: 2939: 2920: 2905: 2890: 2875: 2846: 2817: 2788: 2773: 2758: 2751: 2733: 2724: 2710: 2693: 2686: 2668: 2639: 2624: 2606: 2574: 2556: 2524: 2492: 2468: 2466:, p. 238. 2456: 2438: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397:Nakh languages 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2349: 2348: 2321: 2320: 2319:and Durdzuketi 2306: 2305: 2287: 2286: 2265: 2264: 2246: 2245: 2172: 2171: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2111:North Caucasus 2081: 2080: 2079: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2037:Ingush shahars 1999:and speak the 1981:North Caucasus 1971: 1943:Chechen people 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1855:Igor Diakonoff 1826:Nakh languages 1808: 1805: 1793:Achkhoy-Martan 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1727: 1724:Neģara Bjovnaš 1713: 1699: 1677: 1674:Kovreģina Seda 1663: 1641: 1638:Ča Taqina Tača 1612: 1609: 1575:Galain-Am Lake 1568: 1565: 1526:Lake Kezenoyam 1518: 1515: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1282: 1263: 1260: 1241: 1197: 1196:Carpet weaving 1194: 1189:Terek Cossacks 1169: 1166: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1046:Main article: 1043: 1040: 1032:Ramzan Kadyrov 985: 982: 931: 928: 927: 926: 917: 914: 909: 906: 901: 898: 893: 890: 883: 880: 877:Arabic writing 853: 850: 844: 841: 795: 792: 769: 754: 751: 744: 626:Main article: 623: 620: 617: 616: 611: 608: 603: 599: 598: 593: 590: 588:Umalat Laudaev 585: 581: 580: 575: 572: 569: 565: 564: 559: 556: 553: 549: 548: 543: 540: 535: 531: 530: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 493: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 472: 467: 463: 462: 457: 454: 451: 447: 446: 441: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 411: 408: 379: 365:Umalat Laudaev 337: 334: 256: 237: 220:Umalat Laudaev 153: 150: 132:in the 1770s. 86: 83: 75:North Caucasus 51:Nakh languages 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6032: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6005:Ingush people 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5929:Mountain Jews 5927: 5925: 5924:Georgian Jews 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Armenian Jews 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5721:in Azerbaijan 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5600:Pontic Greeks 5598: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5521: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4997:9785911346652 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4870:(in Russian). 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4849:9780691170275 4845: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667:. p. 27. 4666: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509:Kuznetsov, V. 4504: 4502: 4500: 4493:Melikishvilli 4490: 4488: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4330:, p. 80. 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4306:, p. 29. 4305: 4300: 4292: 4290:0-415-31594-8 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4100:(2): 134–137. 4099: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4042:Mother Tongue 4036: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3962: 3948:on 2006-12-08 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3447:9785904549022 3444: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3320:Чикобава 2010 3316: 3308: 3306:9785224036592 3302: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3259:, p. 65. 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3235:, p. 31. 3234: 3229: 3223:, p. 25. 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3199:, p. 10. 3198: 3193: 3186: 3185:Klaproth 1814 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3161:Яновский 1846 3157: 3150: 3145: 3139:, p. 33. 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3115:, p. 26. 3114: 3109: 3103:, p. 34. 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3060:Klaproth 1814 3056: 3049: 3044: 3038:, p. 37. 3037: 3032: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2978:Nakhchoyn Juz 2972: 2964: 2958: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Pankisi Gorge 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Sunni Muslims 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976:Ingush people 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964:Sunni Muslims 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873:According to 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845:classical era 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1802: 1801:genetic drift 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:Khorza istang 1227: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136:suitable for 1135: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1074:Vainakh tower 1066: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 981: 977: 975: 971: 966: 964: 955: 950: 945: 941: 937: 925: 921: 918: 915: 913: 910: 907: 905: 902: 899: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 881: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 855:The State of 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 838:North-Ossetia 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 766: 764: 760: 743: 740: 736: 732: 726: 722: 719:Ghilghuri or 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 635: 629: 615: 612: 609: 607: 604: 601: 600: 597: 594: 591: 589: 586: 583: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544: 541: 539: 536: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 497: 494: 491: 489: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 422: 419: 418: 407: 405: 398: 393: 385: 378: 375: 368: 366: 361: 359: 355: 348: 343: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 275: 270: 269:Bashir Dalgat 262: 255: 250: 248: 236: 233: 227: 225: 221: 218:According to 216: 212: 207: 201: 196: 190: 185: 181: 176: 172: 171:Pankisi Kists 168: 163: 159: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 108: 103: 97: 92: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 36: 32: 25: 21: 5985:Nakh peoples 5830:Azerbaijanis 5610:Indo-Iranian 5312: 5123:Imerkhevians 5085: 5020: 5015: 4987: 4982: 4971: 4951: 4946: 4935: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4838: 4828: 4818: 4807: 4797: 4787: 4780:(in German). 4776: 4765: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4722: 4711:Bibliography 4703: 4692:The Vainakhs 4691: 4686: 4679:The Vainakhs 4678: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4533: 4513: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4416:. H.G. Bohn. 4412: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4323: 4316:Павлова 2012 4311: 4299: 4280: 4274: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4229:. Pages 1–49 4226: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4189: 4159: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4054: 4045: 4041: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3950:. Retrieved 3946:the original 3939: 3926: 3891: 3887: 3862:. Retrieved 3847: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3795: 3782:the original 3772: 3767:, p. 4. 3737:the original 3712: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3653: 3643: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3483: 3482:Wood, Tony. 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3462: 3453: 3439: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3373: 3367: 3359:the original 3348: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3295: 3288: 3276: 3269:Волкова 1973 3264: 3252: 3245:Волкова 1973 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3125:Латышев 1947 3120: 3113:Крупнов 1971 3108: 3101:Крупнов 1971 3096: 3084: 3076: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2855: 2849: 2826: 2820: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2713: 2677: 2671: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2428: 2422: 2368: 2365: 2353: 2350: 2341: 2322: 2307: 2288: 2268: 2266: 2247: 2221: 2216: 2173: 2139: 2129: 2114: 2102: 2093:are a small 2090: 2084: 2068:Sunni Muslim 2054:, living in 2045: 2015: 1992: 1974: 1951: 1941: 1898:Contemporary 1886: 1872: 1853: 1842: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1796: 1773: 1765: 1749: 1624: 1620: 1602: 1589:Galain-Chazh 1578: 1561: 1530: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1474: 1470: 1454: 1419: 1392: 1238:Khoza isting 1213: 1212:(Ingush) or 1209: 1207: 1171: 1154:S. Starostin 1127: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1036: 1028:Soviet Union 1025: 1021: 987: 978: 967: 959: 924:Russian SFSR 865:Golden Horde 826:Genghis Khan 789:al-Baladzori 785:Ibn al-Faqih 780: 738: 734: 730: 728: 696: 684:Darial Gorge 659: 655: 631: 389: 373: 370: 362: 339: 321: 315: 307: 287: 285: 266: 252: 244: 229: 217: 155: 88: 43:Nakh peoples 42: 40: 5909:Abkhaz Jews 5857:Karapapakhs 5822:Oghuz Turks 5558:Cherkesogai 5553:Armeno-Tats 5454:Circassians 5164:Mingrelians 5143:Meskhetians 4839:The Amazons 4238:Jaimoukha. 3257:Кушева 1963 3197:Бутков 1869 3048:Pallas 1811 2180:Geographica 2103:Ts'ova-Tush 2086:Bats people 2047:Kist people 1716:Capricornus 1710:Märkaj Seda 1660:seven stars 1591:(after the 1430:Sunni Islam 1395:Middle Ages 1393:During the 1150:I. Diakonov 1138:agriculture 1101:petrographs 1026:During the 991:Leo Tolstoy 801:capital of 702:Kvirike III 692:Darial Pass 538:Adolf Berge 395: [ 377:"Nakhchiy". 345: [ 272: [ 209: [ 198: [ 187: [ 175:Adolf Berge 173:. In 1859, 140:society of 105: [ 94: [ 6000:Ingushetia 5979:Categories 5897:in Georgia 5892:in Armenia 5840:Karadaghis 5750:Ukrainians 5738:Doukhobors 5716:in Armenia 5619:Indo-Aryan 5489:Kabardians 5479:Chemirgoys 5442:Abkhazians 5293:Tabasarans 5192:Avar–Andic 5138:Kakhetians 5133:Javakhians 5095:Kartvelian 4694:. Page 20. 4681:. Page 34. 4123:: 260–280. 4074:: 147–264. 3952:2007-02-10 3864:2009-08-14 3556:Wood,Tony. 3149:Mayor 2016 2951:. Tbilisi. 2917:. Tbilisi. 2829:. Tbilisi. 2536:. Тифлис. 2414:References 2169:Gargareans 2126:Historical 1985:Ingushetia 1879:Gargareans 1771:haplogroup 1746:Saxül Seda 1738:Sadov Seda 1684:Betelgeuse 1644:Great Bear 1615:See also: 1542:, and the 1507:Prometheus 1492:Nart sagas 1461:Naqshbandi 1387:Ingushetia 1142:black soil 1058:Ingushetia 1012:Circassian 995:democratic 664:Gargareans 632:Ghalghaï ( 555:Kedi Dosov 392:I. Aliroev 322:Nakhchuvan 312:Nakhchivan 296:Tushetians 224:Nazranians 184:Veidenbaum 142:Ingushetia 5887:Assyrians 5862:Küresünni 5845:Shahsevan 5802:Karachays 5650:Ossetians 5548:Armenians 5494:Natukhajs 5469:Besleneys 5427:Northwest 5408:Khinalugs 5377:Khwarshis 5230:Godoberis 5225:Chamalals 5215:Bagvalals 5184:(Caspian) 5181:Northeast 5150:Colchians 5108:Adjarians 5103:Georgians 5082:Caucasian 5006:798995782 4481:Gamrekeli 4371:Geography 4242:. Page 30 4227:Geography 4179:ignored ( 4169:cite book 3704:719861084 3209:Wahl 1875 2957:cite book 2887:. London. 2864:cite book 2858:. Grozny. 2835:cite book 2806:cite book 2657:cite book 2651:. Тифлис. 2595:cite book 2545:cite book 2513:cite book 2361:Khamekits 2148:state of 2031:, in the 1834:Neolithic 1696:Qokogseda 1630:Milky Way 1601:deported 1407:Tamerlane 1399:Byzantine 1177:carriages 1097:mashikuls 1086:loopholes 1016:overthrew 1004:Albanians 916:1921-1924 908:1919–1920 900:1917–1922 892:1829–1859 818:Batu Khan 814:Caucasian 652:Caucasian 466:Natschkha 162:self-name 5995:Chechnya 5789:Kipchaks 5743:Molokans 5733:Cossacks 5728:Russians 5580:Hellenic 5540:Armenian 5531:European 5499:Shapsugs 5484:Cherkess 5474:Bzhedugs 5464:Adygeans 5430:(Pontic) 5355:(Didoic) 5326:Chechens 5298:Tsakhurs 5220:Botlikhs 5205:Akhvakhs 5128:Ingiloys 5074:Caucasus 4720:(1937). 4511:(1992). 4240:Chechens 4225:Strabo. 4048:: 34–40. 3990:82205296 3918:21571925 3468:19 March 3173:Кох 1842 2936:: 33–35. 2479:(1812). 2375:See also 2333:Chechens 2325:Armenian 2317:Durdzuks 2269:Ghalghaï 2262:Ghlighvi 2254:Tsanaria 2243:Tzanaria 2217:Dzurdzuk 2212:Gargarei 2176:Gargarei 2146:Urartuan 2029:tukkhums 2017:Orstkhoy 1993:Ghalghai 1956:Chechnya 1952:Nokhchiy 1814:Durdzuks 1789:Dagestan 1785:Malgobek 1756:Genetics 1656:Pkharmat 1603:en masse 1533:Biblical 1499:Pkharmat 1434:Chechens 1374:Religion 1168:Vehicles 1158:Urartian 1146:lowlands 1134:terraces 1090:mashikul 974:tukkhums 954:Chechnya 830:Chechnya 781:Durdzuki 777:Durdzuks 745:— 721:Ghlighvi 714:Georgian 706:Georgian 688:Mirian I 676:Georgian 638:ГIалгIай 628:Ghalghaï 584:Nakhchoy 552:Nakhchoy 518:Nakhchoy 484:Nakhchui 450:Nakhshai 380:— 326:Kagizman 308:Nakhchiy 292:Georgian 288:Nakhchiy 281:Ghalghaï 257:— 238:— 206:Dubrovin 24:Chechens 5936:Kalmyks 5797:Balkars 5766:Germans 5689:Yazidis 5642:Iranian 5459:Abzakhs 5437:Abazins 5402:Kaitags 5398:Dargins 5372:Hunzibs 5367:Hinukhs 5362:Bezhtas 5283:Lezgins 5268:Budukhs 5235:Karatas 5118:Gurians 5086:(areal) 3969:Science 3909:3355373 3530:9 April 3505:9 April 2433:Serdalo 2347:Isadiks 2296:Ossetic 2284:Dvaleti 2239:Tsanars 2228:Gargara 2224:Aeolian 2196:Amazons 2162:Erebuni 2135:Sophene 2107:Tusheti 2099:Georgia 2089:or the 2076:Kakheti 2072:Tusheti 2064:Kakheti 2056:Georgia 2026:Chechen 2022:society 2005:Chechen 1989:endonym 1970:school. 1968:Shafi'i 1966:of the 1908:Chechen 1887:gergara 1742:Chechen 1734:Chechen 1720:Chechen 1706:Chechen 1692:Chechen 1688:Procyon 1670:Chechen 1648:Chechen 1634:Chechen 1581:Tusholi 1556:avarice 1544:Islamic 1511:Amirani 1457:Qadiris 1426:Shafi`i 1424:of the 1286:Chechen 1267:Chechen 1245:Chechen 1226:Chechen 1218:fringes 1162:Hurrian 1144:of the 1124:behind. 1014:tribes 1008:Basques 970:shahars 940:Tukkhum 922:of the 775:called 753:History 602:Nakhche 568:Nakhche 534:Nakhche 434:Nakhche 232:Shatois 113:Chechen 63:Georgia 55:Chechen 5880:Others 5852:Bayats 5835:Ayrums 5812:Nogais 5807:Kumyks 5780:Turkic 5759:Others 5703:Slavic 5679:Talysh 5655:Digors 5504:Ubykhs 5391:Others 5353:Tsezic 5343:Ingush 5288:Rutuls 5263:Archin 5250:Lezgic 5240:Tindis 5004: 4994: 4958: 4846: 4730:] 4521: 4367:Strabo 4287: 4262: 3988: 3916: 3906: 3855: 3702: 3692: 3445: 3417: 3378:Elista 3303: 2930:Tallam 2749: 2684: 2369:Khamki 2337:Ingush 2329:Arabic 2303:Malkhs 2184:Strabo 2154:Urartu 2150:Supani 2091:Batsbi 2033:Ingush 1987:. The 1946:are a 1930:Ingush 1919:Ingush 1883:Strabo 1849:Urartu 1797:et al. 1750:Dilbat 1680:Sirius 1666:Gemini 1465:Salafi 1438:Ingush 1422:Muslim 1275:Ingush 1253:Ingush 1234:Ingush 1214:Istang 1210:Isting 1185:Russia 942:, and 857:Simsir 822:Mongol 807:Muslim 803:Maghas 799:Alania 716:: 680:Gligvi 672:Strabo 648:Ingush 634:Ingush 426:Source 423:Author 330:Turkey 158:exonym 138:Kistin 117:Ingush 79:groups 67:Ingush 35:Ingush 5711:Poles 5665:Kudar 5660:Irons 5593:Urums 5529:Indo- 5336:Aukhs 5331:Kists 5278:Kryts 5258:Aguls 5210:Avars 5200:Andis 5171:Svans 5113:Dvals 5019:[ 4986:[ 4950:[ 4743:[ 4732:(PDF) 4726:[ 4090:(PDF) 4064:(PDF) 4038:(PDF) 3986:S2CID 3740:(PDF) 3733:(PDF) 3581:Potto 2485:[ 2354:Sadoy 2292:Dvals 2280:Dvals 2250:Khevi 2232:Troad 2052:teips 1832:to a 1777:2a4b* 1768:Y-DNA 1730:Venus 1702:Orion 1593:Galay 1551:greed 1442:Kists 1415:Islam 1173:Carts 1000:Scots 869:Islam 861:teips 810:Arabs 773:clans 674:. 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