Hittites - Knowledge

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not all cases, articles describing similar laws are grouped together. More than a dozen consecutive articles describe what are known to be permitted and prohibited sexual pairings. These pairings mostly describe men (sometimes specifically referred to as free men, sometimes just men in general) having relations, be they consensual or not, with animals, step-family, relatives of spouses, or concubines. Many of these articles do not provide specific punishments but, prior to the law reforms, crimes against religion were most often punishable by death. These include incestuous marriages and sexual relations with certain animals. For example, one article states, "If a man has sexual relations with a cow, it is an unpermitted sexual pairing: he will be put to death." Similar relations with horses and mules were not subject to capital punishment, but the offender could not become a priest afterwards. Actions at the expense of other individuals most often see the offender paying some sort of compensation, be it in the form money, animals, or land. These actions could include the destruction of farmlands, death or injury of livestock, or assault of an individual. Several articles also specifically mention acts of the gods. If an animal were to die by certain circumstances, the individual could claim that it died by the hand of a god. Swearing that what they claim was true, it seems that they were exempt from paying compensation to the animal's owner. Injuries inflicted upon animals owned by another individual are almost always compensated with either direct payment, or trading the injured animal with a healthy one owned by the offender.

1801: 2555:, home of the pre-Hittite goddess Kattaha and the worship of other Hattic deities illustrates the ethnic differences in the areas the Hittites tried to control. Kattaha was originally given the name Hannikkun. The usage of the term Kattaha over Hannikkun, according to Ronald Gorny (head of the Alisar regional project in Turkey), was a device to downgrade the pre-Hittite identity of this female deity, and to bring her more in touch with the Hittite tradition. Their reconfiguration of Gods throughout their early history such as with Kattaha was a way of legitimizing their authority and to avoid conflicting ideologies in newly included regions and settlements. By transforming local deities to fit their own customs, the Hittites hoped that the traditional beliefs of these communities would understand and accept the changes to become better suited for the Hittite political and economic goals. 2122: 2006:), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerged from the fog of obscurity and entered the "Hittite Empire period". Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period. However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighboring peoples. During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became hereditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdom – making an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries. 4739:

laws at this time have a prominent lack of equality in punishments in many cases, distinct punishments or compensations for men and women are listed. Free men most often received more compensation for offenses against them than free women did. Slaves, male or female, had very few rights, and could easily be punished or executed by their masters for crimes. Most articles describe destruction of property and personal injury, to which the most common sentence was payment for compensation of the lost property. Again, in these cases men oftentimes receive a greater amount of compensation than women. Other articles describe how marriage of slaves and free individuals should be handled. In any case of separation or estrangement, the free individual, male or female, would keep all but one child that resulted from the marriage.

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mild, favoring monetary compensation over physical or capital punishment. Why these drastic reforms happened is not exactly clear, but it is likely that punishing murder with execution was deemed not to benefit any individual or family involved. These reforms were not just seen in the realm of capital punishment. Where major fines were to be paid, a severe reduction in penalty can be seen. For example, prior to these major reforms, the payment to be made for the theft of an animal was thirty times the animal's value; after the reforms, the penalty was reduced to half the original fine. Simultaneously, attempts to modernize the language and change the verbiage used in the law codes can be seen during this period of reform.

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the New Hittite Kingdom (1500–1180 BC). Between these time periods, different translations can be found that modernize the language and create a series of legal reforms in which many crimes are given more humane punishments. These changes could possibly be attributed to the rise of new and different kings throughout the history empire or to the new translations that change the language used in the law codes. In either case, the law codes of the Hittites provide very specific fines or punishments that are to be issued for specific crimes and have many similarities to Biblical laws found in the books of Exodus and

1972: 1292: 655: 1584: 1785:"Hattusili was king, and his sons, brothers, in-laws, family members, and troops were all united. Wherever he went on campaign he controlled the enemy land with force. He destroyed the lands one after the other, took away their power, and made them the borders of the sea. When he came back from campaign, however, each of his sons went somewhere to a country, and in his hand the great cities prospered. But, when later the princes' servants became corrupt, they began to devour the properties, conspired constantly against their masters, and began to shed their blood." 4882: 2201: 4613: 125: 2479: 4431: 2467: 108: 4785: 1421: 2622: 2585:. In this edict, he designated the Pankus, which was a general assembly, as the high court for constitutional crimes. Crimes such as murder were observed and judged by the Pankus. Kings themselves were also subject to jurisdiction under the Pankus. The Pankus also served as an advisory council for the king. The rules and regulations set out by the edict, and the establishment of the Pankus proved to be very successful and lasted all the way through to end of the New Kingdom. 1914: 1195: 1575:. It took some time before the Hittites established themselves following the collapse of the Old Assyrian Empire in the mid-18th century BC, as is clear from some of the texts included here. For several centuries there were separate Hittite groups, usually centered on various cities. But then strong rulers with their center in Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) succeeded in bringing these together and conquering large parts of central Anatolia to establish the Hittite kingdom. 2338: 1984: 4446: 8746: 5548:, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 78: "...the Anatolian split may be dated to the period between 4400–4100 BCE. If Proto-Anatolian indeed first broke up into its daughter languages around the thirty-first century BCE...it would mean that it had some 1,300–1000 years to undergo the specific innovations that define Anatolian as a separate branch..." 2174: 1604: 546: 4772:

property rights. The goals of crime prevention can be seen in the severity of the punishments issued for certain crimes. Capital punishment and torture are specifically mentioned as punishment for more severe crimes against religion and harsh fines for the loss of private property or life. The tablets also describe the ability of the king to pardon certain crimes, but specifically prohibit an individual being pardoned for murder.

2539: 1751: 1612: 997: 23: 4752: 4542: 367: 1631:, or another site in Anatolia, that may first have been written in the 18th century BC, in Old Hittite language, and three of them using the so-called "Old Script" (OS); although most of the remaining tablets survived only as Akkadian copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. These reveal a rivalry within two branches of the royal family up to the Middle Kingdom; a northern branch first based in 4510:), rather than a daughter language. By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence. The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region. 2097:). Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa. At a point when the Hittites were weakened by the tularemia epidemic, the Arzawans attacked the Hittites, who repelled the attack by sending infected rams to the Arzawans. This was the first recorded use of 1793:, dating to the 16th century BC, is supposed to illustrate the unification, growth, and prosperity of the Hittites under his rule. It also illustrates the corruption of "the princes", believed to be his sons. The lack of sources leads to uncertainty of how the corruption was addressed. On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, 5591:, p. 3: "...The Anatolian branch is an extinct subclade of the Indo-European language family attested from the 25th century BCE onwards (see below) that consists of Hittite (known 20th–12th centuries BCE), Luwian (known 20th–7th centuries BCE), and a number of less well-attested members, such as Carian, Lycian, Lydian, and Palai..." 5574:, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 75: "...a Proto-Hittite ancestor language that may have been spoken only a few generations before the oldest attestations of Kanišite Hittite (twentieth century BCE), i.e. around 2100 BCE..." 1882:

periods difficult to reconstruct. The political instability of these years of the Old Hittite Kingdom can be explained in part by the nature of the Hittite kingship at that time. During the Old Hittite Kingdom prior to 1400 BC, the king of the Hittites was not viewed by his subjects as a "living god" like the

4467:). It remained in use until about 1100 BC. Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the Indo-European language for which the earliest surviving written attestation exists, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an 2371:(Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Phrygians had apparently overrun 4795:

Under both the old and reformed Hittite law codes, three main types of punishment can be seen: Death, torture, or compensation/fines. The articles outlined on the cuneiform tablets provide very specific punishments for crimes committed against the Hittite religion or against individuals. In many, but

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The law articles used by the Hittites most often outline very specific crimes or offenses, either against the state or against other individuals, and provide a sentence for these offenses. The laws carved in the tablets are an assembly of established social conventions from across the empire. Hittite

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between 4400 and 4100 BC, when the Anatolian language family split from (Proto)-Indo-European. Recent genetic and archaeological research has indicated that Proto-Anatolian speakers arrived in this region sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC. The Proto-Hittite language developed around 2100 BC, and the

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asserted that, rather than being compared to Judah, the Anatolian civilization " worthy of comparison to the divided Kingdom of Egypt", and was "infinitely more powerful than that of Judah". Sayce and other scholars also noted that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts; in the

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At some point in the 16th or 15th century BC, Hittite law codes move away from torture and capital punishment and to more humanitarian forms of punishments, such as fines. Where the old law system was based on retaliation and retribution for crimes, the new system saw punishments that were much more

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in the 3rd millennium BC. According to Parpola, the appearance of Indo-European speakers from Europe into Anatolia, and the appearance of Hittite, was related to later migrations of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture into the Danube Valley at c. 2800 BC, which was in line with the

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One innovation that can be credited to these early Hittite rulers is the practice of conducting treaties and alliances with neighboring states; the Hittites were thus among the earliest known pioneers in the art of international politics and diplomacy. This is also when the Hittite religion adopted

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BC), who continued where his father left off and conquered several northern cities: including Hattusa, which he cursed, and also Zalpuwa. This was likely propaganda for the southern branch of the royal family, against the northern branch who had fixed on Hattusa as capital. Another set, the Tale of

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While different translations of laws can be seen throughout the history of the empire, the Hittite outlook of law was originally founded on religion and were intended to preserve the authority of the state. Additionally, punishments had the goal of crime prevention and the protection of individual

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from across the early Hittite Kingdom. In addition to the tablets, monuments bearing Hittite cuneiform inscriptions can be found in central Anatolia describing the government and law codes of the empire. The tablets and monuments date from the Old Hittite Kingdom (1650–1500 BC) to what is known as

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Ardzinba, Vladislav. (1974): Some Notes on the Typological Affinity Between Hattian and Northwest Caucasian (Abkhazo-Adygian) Languages. In: "Internationale Tagung der Keilschriftforscher der sozialistischen Länder", Budapest, 23–25. April 1974. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge (Assyriologica 1), pp.

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was developed by the Hittites. The head of the Hittite state was the king, followed by the heir-apparent. The king was the supreme ruler of the land, in charge of being a military commander, judicial authority, as well as a high priest. However, some officials exercised independent authority over

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The Hittites entered a weak phase of obscure records, insignificant rulers, and reduced domains. This pattern of expansion under strong kings followed by contraction under weaker ones, was to be repeated over and over through the Hittite Kingdom's 500-year history, making events during the waning

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The Bible refers to people as "Hittites" in several passages. The relationship between these peoples and the Bronze Age Hittite Empire is unclear. In some passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to have own kingdoms, apparently located outside geographic Canaan, and sufficiently powerful to put a

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Cases in which capital punishment is recommended in the articles most often seem to come from pre-reform sentences for severe crimes and prohibited sexual pairings. Many of these cases include public torture and execution as punishment for serious crimes against religion. Most of these sentences

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The last monarch of the Old Kingdom, Telepinu, reigned until about 1500 BC. Telepinu's reign marked the end of the "Old Kingdom" and the beginning of the lengthy weak phase known as the "Middle Kingdom". The period of the 15th century BC is largely unknown with few surviving records. Part of the

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languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings.

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the Mitanni king despite attempts by the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, attempting to preserve his throne with military support. The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern

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and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from new waves of invaders: the Kaskians,

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Not all laws prescribed in the tablets deal with criminal punishment. For example, the instructions of how the marriage of slaves and division of their children are given in a group of articles, "The slave woman shall take most of the children, with the male slave taking one child." Similar

1800: 4517:, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from 1726:

BC); but sometime in 1710–1705 BC, Kanesh was destroyed, taking the long-established Assyrian merchant trading system with it. A Kussaran noble family survived to contest the Zalpuwan/Hattusan family, though whether these were of the direct line of Anitta is uncertain.

5870:, in: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 62, June 2021: "...the Hittite state emerged in Hatti, in the bend of the Kızılırmak, from a mosaic of canton polities occupying North-Central Anatolia during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA; ca. 1900–1650 BCE)." 2255:, one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in southern Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC). Terms of this treaty included the marriage of one of the Hittite princesses to Ramesses. 1844:

for the next four centuries. Due to fear of revolts at home, he did not remain in Babylon for long. This lengthy campaign strained the resources of Hatti, and left the capital in a state of near-anarchy. Mursili was assassinated by his brother-in-law

2325:. The Hittite Kingdom thus vanished from historical records, much of the territory being seized by Assyria. Alongside with these attacks, many internal issues also led to the end of the Hittite Kingdom. The end of the kingdom was part of the larger 4687:

is the bull. As Teshub he was depicted as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He was the god of battle and victory, especially when the conflict involved a foreign power. Teshub was also known for his conflict with the serpent

1623:, during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1900–1650 BC). The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through four "cushion-shaped" tablets, (classified as KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2), not made in Ḫattuša, but probably created in 5351:[Report read on 15 May 1835 to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-lettres of the Institute, on a dispatch made by Mr. Texier and containing drawings of bas-reliefs discovered by him near the village of Bogaz-Keui in Asia Minor]. 5349:"Rapport lu, le 15 mai 1835, à l'Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres de l'Institut, sur un envoi fait par M. Texier, et contenant les dessins de bas-reliefs découverts par lui près du village de Bogaz-Keui, dans l'Asie mineure" 1849:

during his journey back to Hattusa or shortly after his return home, and the Hittite Kingdom was plunged into chaos. Hantili took the throne. He was able to escape multiple murder attempts on himself, however, his family did not. His wife,

1521:. He thought their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian," and that their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time but maybe as early as 3000 BC. 6365:

At the very least, perhaps we can say that the Ahhiyawa Problem/Question has been solved and answered after all, for there is now little doubt that Ahhiyawa was a reference by the Hittites to some or all of the Bronze Age Mycenaean

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BC) is considered to be the last king of the Old Kingdom of the Hittites. He seized power during a dynastic power struggle. During his reign, he wanted to take care of lawlessness and regulate royal succession. He then issued the

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of Egypt, but rather as a first among equals. Only in the later period from 1400 BC until 1200 BC did the Hittite kingship become more centralized and powerful. Also in earlier years the succession was not legally fixed, enabling

5966: 5936: 2109:. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for Mycenaean contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that Ahhiyawa referred to 7268: 4490:"The present work undertakes to establish the nature and structure of the hitherto mysterious language of the Hittites, and to decipher this language It will be shown that Hittite is in the main an Indo-European language." 1874:). Throughout the remainder of the 16th century BC, the Hittite kings were held to their homelands by dynastic quarrels and warfare with the Hurrians. The Hurrians became the center of power in Anatolia. The campaigns into 2234:

was preoccupied with the Egyptians. The Hittites had vainly tried to preserve the Mitanni Kingdom with military support. Assyria now posed just as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt ever had. Muwatalli's son,

2329:. A study of tree rings of juniper trees growing in the region showed a change to drier conditions from the 13th century BC into the 12th century BC with drought for three consecutive years in 1198, 1197 and 1196 BC. 5561:, in: Science, 26 Aug 2022, Vol 377, Issue 6609, : "Around 7000-5000 years ago, people with ancestry from the Caucasus moved west into Anatolia Some of these migrants may have spoken ancestral forms of Anatolian " 1535:

However, Petra Goedegebuure has shown that the Hittite language has borrowed many words related to agriculture from cultures on their eastern borders, which is evidence of having taken a route across the Caucasus.

2251:. In response to increasing Assyrian annexation of Hittite territory, he concluded a peace and alliance with Ramesses II (also fearful of Assyria), presenting his daughter's hand in marriage to the Pharaoh. The 2588:

The Pankus established a legal code where violence was not a punishment for a crime. Crimes such as a murder and theft, which at the time were punishable by death, in other southwest Asian Kingdoms, were not

4827:'s army. The nature of this ethnic group is unclear, but has sometimes been interpreted as a local Canaanite tribe who had absorbed Hittite cultural influence from the Syro-Hittite kingdoms to the north. 984:. The Hittites would have called themselves something closer to "Neshites" or "Neshians" after the city of Nesha, which flourished for some two hundred years until a king named Labarna renamed himself 1878:

and southern Mesopotamia may be responsible for the reintroduction of cuneiform writing into Anatolia, since the Hittite script is quite different from that of the preceding Assyrian colonial period.

1738:, a southerner from Hurma usurped the throne but made sure to adopt Huzziya's grandson Ḫattušili as his own son and heir. The location of the land of Hurma is believed to be in the mountains south of 907:

and in other places from the same period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry suggests "that most or all irons from the Bronze Age are derived from"

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Imparati, Fiorella. "Aspects De L'organisation De L'État Hittite Dans Les Documents Juridiques Et Administratifs." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 225–67.

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rivers in modern south east Turkey, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves, as well as the coastal region of Adaniya, renaming it Kizzuwatna (later

4819:. However, in most of their appearances, the Biblical Hittites are depicted as a people living among the Israelites – Abraham purchases the Patriarchal burial-plot of Machpelah from 1905:), who won a few victories to the southwest, apparently by allying himself with one Hurrian state (Kizzuwatna) against another (Mitanni). Telepinu also attempted to secure the lines of succession. 2593:

under the Hittite law code. Most criminal penalties involved restitution. For example, in cases of thievery, the punishment of that crime would to be to repay what was stolen in equal value.

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Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' enemies from all directions were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the kingdom recovered its former glory under

10912: 1159:"—were written in standard Akkadian cuneiform, but in an unknown language; although scholars could interpret its sounds, no one could understand it. Shortly after this, Sayce proposed that 1517:

in 2007 concluded that steppe herders who were archaic Indo-European speakers spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200–4000 BC, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of

2262:, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by 8083: 7480: 10907: 2154:

is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory. The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of

1808:, a large, four-handled Hittite terracotta vase with scenes in relief depicting a sacred wedding ceremony, mid 17th century BC, İnandıktepe, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara 1217:—thus confirming the identity of the two names. He also proved that the ruins at Boğazköy were the remains of the capital of an empire that, at one point, controlled northern Syria. 1191:. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th century; and the name "Hittite" has become attached to the civilization uncovered at Boğazköy. 5571: 5545: 8344: 972:, an earlier people who had inhabited and ruled the central Anatolian region until the beginning of the second millennium BC, and who spoke an unrelated language known as 1647:. These are distinguishable by their names; the northerners retained language isolate Hattian names, and the southerners adopted Indo-European Hittite and Luwian names. 616: 602: 588: 574: 560: 532: 518: 504: 479: 465: 451: 437: 423: 409: 395: 381: 353: 339: 5416: 2142:

Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Des origines à la fin de l'ancien royaume hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 1, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007

5893:"A Hittite scribal tradition predating the tablet collections of Ḫattuša?: The origin of the 'cushion-shaped' tablets KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2." 5899:: "...Three of the four documents that have this peculiar 'cushion-shape' are generally regarded as showing Old Script (OS): KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, and KBo 22.1..." 1344:) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between "this side of the river" and "that side of the river". For example, the 1239:

from 1948 until his death in 2005. Smaller scale excavations have also been carried out in the immediate surroundings of Hattusa, including the rock sanctuary of

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festival in the autumn, and the KI.LAM festival of the gate house where images of the Storm God and up to thirty other idols were paraded through the streets.

1862:. All of the internal unrest among the Hittite royal family led to a decline of power. The Hurrians, a people living in the mountainous region along the upper 124: 8285: 6762: 4478:(1879–1952), who, on 24 November 1915, announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin. His book about the discovery was printed in 1765:(the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name), who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic 8203:

Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Le déclin et la chute de l'empire Hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 4, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2010

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Before the archeological discoveries that revealed the Hittite civilization, the only source of information about the Hittites had been the Hebrew Bible.

4683:'s Teshub) was referred to as 'The Conqueror', 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven', 'Lord of the land of Hatti'. He was chief among the gods and his 5356: 4721:

tablets made from baked clay. What is understood to be the Hittite Law Code comes mainly from two clay tablets, each containing 186 articles, and are a

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in Indo-European linguistics, which had been predicted several decades before. Due to its marked differences in its structure and phonology, some early

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 2, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 3, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008

7079: 5973:, Vol. 141, No. 3, p. 564: "...Around 1750 BCE, Pitḫāna, king of Kuššara, conquered Nēša and took over power. He was succeeded by his son Anitta..." 7541:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

2042:, this left Šuppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an 1235:, excavations at Hattusa have been under way since 1907, with interruptions during the world wars. Kültepe was successfully excavated by Professor 6731: 2375:

from the West, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians.

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After this date, the power of both the Hittites and Egyptians began to decline yet again because of the power of the Assyrians. The Assyrian king

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Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE

6566: 5452:"The deep learning method applied to the detection and mapping of stone deterioration in open-air sanctuaries of the Hittite period in Anatolia" 8309: 4407: 9771: 5031: 4558:

Given the size of the empire, there are relatively few remains of Hittite art. These include some impressive monumental carvings, a number of

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By 1160 BC, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different from that of only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrian king

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les royaumes Néo-Hittites, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 5, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2012

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instructions are given to the marriage of free individuals and slaves. Other actions include how breaking of engagements are to be handled.

4371: 1400:, the Hittite empire stretched from Arzawa in the west to Mitanni in the east, and included many of the Kaskian territories north as far as 891:

during the Bronze Age. This theory has been increasingly contested in the 21st century, with the Late Bronze Age collapse, and subsequent

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Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite

5298: 4905: 895:, seeing the slow, comparatively continuous spread of ironworking technology across the region. While there are some iron objects from 7674: 2382:

in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syro-Hittite kingdoms were those at

2121: 2038:, another Amorite city-state. With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests and Babylonia still in the hands of the allied 1213:

found a royal archive with 10,000 tablets, inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian and the same unknown language as the Egyptian letters from

948:, built 200 kilometers (124 miles) west of the Hittite capital of Hattusa, which houses the world's most comprehensive exhibition of 4730:. In addition to criminal punishments, the law codes also provide instruction on certain situations such as inheritance and death. 1532:"customary" assumption that the Anatolian Indo-European language was introduced into Anatolia sometime in the third millennium BC. 107: 6103: 5868:"The ways of an empire: Continuity and change of route landscapes across the Taurus during the Hittite Period (ca. 1650–1200 BCE)" 5791: 1719: 1365:

with the rise of those kingdoms. Nevertheless, the Hittites continued to refer to the language that originated in these areas as

5967:"A new interpretation of the Old Hittite Zalpa-text (CTH 3.1): Nēša as the capital under Ḫuzzii̯a I, Labarna I, and Ḫattušili I" 5937:"A new interpretation of the Old Hittite Zalpa-text (CTH 3.1): Nēša as the capital under Ḫuzzii̯a I, Labarna I, and Ḫattušili I" 1929:

reason for both the weakness and the obscurity is that the Hittites were under constant attack, mainly from the Kaskians, a non-

6869: 1816:) or 1587 BC (low middle chronology), Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria and sacking 8005: 1259:. Archaeological expeditions to Hattusa have discovered entire sets of royal archives on cuneiform tablets, written either in 852:, it is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from 10927: 10724: 10106: 8976: 8357: 8229: 8102: 7984: 7845: 7826: 6289: 5686: 5619: 5426: 4378: 4350: 6295: 5117: 5074: 856:

texts found in their former territories, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in the various archives of

10917: 8380: 4600:

from the end of the 8th century BC is a Luwian monument, from the Post-Hittite period, found in the modern Turkish city of

3229: 10630: 6494: 5337:

The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire By Archibald Henry Sayce Queen's College, Oxford. October 1888. Introduction

1039:

expressed the critical view, common in the early 19th century, that, "no Hittite king could have compared in power to the

9039: 4335: 2050:. That son was evidently murdered before reaching his destination, and this alliance was never consummated. However, the 40: 1498:, either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation. In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the 1016: 10776: 9776: 7866:

Kloekhorst, Alwin; Waal, Willemijn (2019). "A Hittite Scribal Tradition Predating the Tablet Collections of Ḫattuša?".

7240: 7190: 6963:"Hittite Criminal Law in the Light of Modern Paradigms: Searching for the traces of Modernday Criminal Law in the Past" 6902: 6478: 6223: 6196: 4400: 4357: 3288: 2288:

had by this time annexed much Hittite territory in Asia Minor and Syria, driving out and defeating the Babylonian king

2034:), who again conquered Aleppo. Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated 1607:

Reliefs and hieroglyphs from Chamber 2 at Hattusa built and decorated by Šuppiluliuma II, the last king of the Hittites

6892: 6684:

Gorny, Ronald (August–November 1995). "Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance As Viewed from Alișar Höyük".

9420: 8185: 8158: 8050: 8032: 7963: 7945: 7808: 7777: 7743: 7719: 7654: 7634: 7573: 7549: 7525: 7501: 7475: 7448: 7424: 7401: 7369: 7334: 5585:"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian" 5307: 5148: 5111: 5068: 4939: 4563: 4435: 2621: 2486: 2482: 2471: 2208: 2177: 2146:

with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh

1995: 1312: 1272: 1005: 1001: 941: 6213: 5786: 2498:

various branches of the government. One of the most important of these posts in the Hittite society was that of the

1658:

period, when the merchant colony of the Old Assyrian Empire was flourishing in the site, and before the conquest of

8969: 8282: 6785:

Die Sprache der Hethiter: ihr Bau und ihre Zugehörigkeit zum indogermanischen Sprachstamm: ein Entzifferungsversuch

6754: 6061: 5269: 4364: 3128: 2394:

of the then defunct central ruling Hittite line. These Syro-Hittite states gradually fell under the control of the

2158:, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses ( 814: 5178: 1662:, the following local kings reigned in Kaneš: Ḫurmili (prior to 1790 BC), Paḫanu (a short time in 1790 BC), Inar ( 1527:

also thought it was likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north either via the Balkans or the

10402: 8776: 8248: 6615: 5892: 5011: 2639: 2542:

Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I (c.1350–1322) and Mursili II (c.1321–1295).

1328:

The Hittite kingdom was centered on the lands surrounding Hattusa and Neša (Kültepe), known as "the land Hatti" (

1232: 1220: 976:. The modern conventional name "Hittites" is due to the initial identification of the people of Hattusa with the 9564: 8680: 6445: 5267:

Hittites, Ottomans and Turks: Ağaoğlu Ahmed Bey and the Kemalist Construction of Turkish Nationhood in Anatolia

4220: 3995: 3399: 185: 36: 9175: 2531:

Egyptian monarchs engaged in diplomacy with two chief Hittite seats, located at Kadesh (a city located on the

10840: 5348: 4393: 3965: 3234: 3171: 2972: 2858: 1544: 10835: 10719: 9373: 8700: 7905:

Kloekhorst, Alwin (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta".

5227: 4578:, are among the largest constructed sculptures, along with a number of large recumbent lions, of which the 4521:

at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.

4518: 3653: 3156: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2852: 8951: 7381:

The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

5451: 2378:

Although the Hittite Kingdom disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called

10845: 9882: 7064: 3970: 3465: 3166: 3045: 3031: 3012: 2193: 2082:. The epidemic afflicted the Hittites for decades and tularemia killed Šuppiluliuma I and his successor, 1225: 1116: 1781:. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire. 8769: 6723: 6056: 5103: 5060: 3308: 3266: 2866: 1348:

for an escaped slave who had fled beyond the river is higher than for a slave caught on the near side.

5867: 5815:

Petra Goedegebuure | Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh (Marija Gimbutas Memorial Lecture)

4743:

would begin to go away in the later stages of the Hittite Empire as major law reforms began to occur.

1424:

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held

10803: 9951: 9515: 8394: 8277: 6574: 4910: 4624: 4484:

The Language of the Hittites; Its Structure and Its Membership in the Indo-European Linguistic Family

4010: 3975: 3648: 2952: 2349: 1619:

The Hittite state was formed from many small polities in North-Central Anatolia, at the banks of the

1046:

As the discoveries in the second half of the 19th century revealed the scale of the Hittite kingdom,

7786:

Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1983) "Hittite Historiography: A Survey", in H. Tadmor and M. Weinfeld eds.

988:(meaning "the man of Hattusa") sometime around 1650 BC and established his capital city at Hattusa. 10932: 10761: 10736: 10586: 10245: 10240: 7753: 7729: 7643:"An Attempt at Reconstructing the Branches of the Hittite Royal Family of the Early Kingdom Period" 7294: 5390: 5027: 4820: 4764: 4579: 4524:

In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European

4270: 4160: 3980: 3511: 3343: 3294: 3190: 2992: 2947: 2942: 2862: 2248: 1556: 1518: 798: 8267: 6407: 1620: 1333: 10937: 10828: 10709: 10250: 10203: 10146: 9845: 9789: 9537: 9124: 4666: 4165: 3892: 3002: 2997: 2987: 2631: 2494: 2086:. After Šuppiluliuma I's rule, and the brief reign of his eldest son, Arnuwanda II, another son, 1540: 1539:

The dominant indigenous inhabitants in central Anatolia were Hurrians and Hattians who spoke non-

1473: 1105: 845: 200: 8086:

Sürenhagen, D., 'Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty'], BMSAES 6, pp. 59–67, 2006

7756:. "Historical Events and the Process of Their Transformation in Akkadian Heroic Traditions". In 4815:

Syrian army to flight. In these passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to refer to the Iron Age

4506:, had even argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Indo-European languages ( 1263:, the diplomatic language of the time, or in the various dialects of the Hittite confederation. 10922: 10850: 10751: 10746: 10434: 10382: 10302: 10235: 10139: 10124: 10017: 9784: 9738: 9579: 9466: 5325:

A history of the Hebrew monarchy: from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish Captivity

4870:. Some scholars have proposed that the Homeric Keteians correspond to the Bronze Age Hittites. 4834:) have argued that the Bronze Age Hittites appear in Hebrew Bible literature and apocrypha as " 4654: 4588:

is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite. Nearly all are notably worn. Rock reliefs include the

4155: 4127: 3911: 3813: 3579: 3425: 3049: 2887: 2779: 2718: 2673: 2613: 2605: 2446:

Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by an innovation, the

2420: 2051: 2002:

With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also

1381:, it assumed the name of Kizzuwatna and successfully expanded northward to encompass the lower 1036: 790: 782: 7958:, revised and enlarged, Ancient Peoples and Places series (ed. G. Daniel), Thames and Hudson, 5845: 5655:

Steiner, G. (1990). "The Immigration of the First Indo-Europeans into Anatolia Reconsidered".

5611: 5605: 1291: 10781: 10741: 10554: 10429: 9493: 9483: 9442: 9413: 9291: 8695: 8278:

New research suggests drought accelerated Hittite Empire collapse - Phys.org February 8, 2023

7483:

Bryce, T., 'The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite perspective', BMSAES 6, pp. 1–11, 2006

7230: 6330: 5418:

Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock

4900: 4425: 4302: 4131: 3039: 3035: 3020: 3016: 2440: 2188:, the earliest known surviving peace treaty, sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh after the 1829: 1382: 873: 414: 208: 10669: 1971: 1836:

into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his

1171:" mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites. Others, such as 773:

Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were one of the dominant powers of the

654: 10874: 10704: 10674: 10549: 10480: 10451: 10370: 9704: 9542: 9532: 8304: 7689: 7269:"Full text of "Hittites, Mittanis & Aryans Indo Aryan Superstrate in Mitanni Internet"" 6553: 6241:"The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare" 5193: 4617: 4453:

belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and the oldest written Indo-European language.

4248: 4213: 3526: 3209: 3161: 3098: 3068: 3026: 3006: 2870: 2724: 1930: 1155:"—apparently located in the same general region as the Mesopotamian references to "land of 778: 705: 148: 10654: 7458:

Beal, Richard H (1986). "The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Šunaššura Treaty".

4567: 3394: 2518:, was generally a member of the royal family. The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the 1805: 1695:), this conquest took place around 1750 BC. However, the real subject of these tablets is 1236: 927: 8: 10566: 10446: 10412: 10314: 10134: 10129: 9941: 9660: 9596: 9471: 9456: 9327: 9272: 9186: 9093: 9071: 8725: 8616: 7788:

History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures

6533: 4816: 4727: 4475: 3521: 3516: 3412: 3336: 3301: 3224: 3214: 3073: 2774: 2769: 2738: 2451: 2395: 2379: 2356: 2326: 2204: 2016:), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of 1854:

and her son were murdered. In addition, other members of the royal family were killed by

1564: 1072: 896: 841: 806: 802: 539: 10282: 10272: 7183:

A reader of ancient Near Eastern texts : sources for the study of the Old Testament

6797:

Hawkins, David (February 1986). "Writing in Anatolia: Imported and Indigenous Systems".

5197: 5139:

Muhly, James D. (2003). "Metalworking/Mining in the Levant". In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).

1583: 10679: 10659: 10642: 10593: 10458: 10267: 10218: 10151: 10069: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9956: 9926: 9818: 9716: 9584: 9559: 9035: 7922: 7893: 7611: 7603: 7134: 7126: 7016: 7008: 6814: 6705: 6697: 6666: 6095: 5781: 5209: 4722: 4658: 4612: 4227: 4178: 4112: 4096: 3721: 3374: 3113: 2799: 2704: 2699: 2200: 2098: 1655: 1092: 919: 48:

This article is about the Anatolian culture. For the group described in the Bible, see

8238:

Stone, Damien. The Hittites: Lost Civilizations. United Kingdom, Reaktion Books, 2023.

7647:

Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer

7394:

Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer

4457:

The Hittite language is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC (in the

2275: 1945:. There is an archive in Sapinuwa, but it has not been adequately translated to date. 1762: 1708: 255: 114: 10902: 10788: 10684: 10620: 10615: 10544: 10441: 10156: 10084: 10079: 9921: 9850: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9623: 9574: 9318: 9308: 8792: 8730: 8675: 8225: 8181: 8154: 8137: 8098: 8046: 8028: 7980: 7959: 7941: 7926: 7897: 7841: 7822: 7804: 7801:

Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

7773: 7739: 7715: 7650: 7630: 7615: 7569: 7545: 7521: 7497: 7471: 7444: 7420: 7397: 7365: 7330: 7236: 7196: 7186: 7138: 7020: 6962: 6898: 6709: 6474: 6441: 6341: 6285: 6260: 6219: 6192: 5682: 5615: 5472: 5449:

Hatır, Ergün; Korkanç, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; İnce, İsmail (1 September 2021).

5422: 5303: 5144: 5107: 5064: 4935: 4809: 4644: 4468: 4241: 4207: 4199: 4143: 4137: 4119: 4090: 4069: 4055: 4047: 3817: 3678: 3618: 3600: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3498: 3493: 3322: 3185: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2806: 2792: 2752: 2731: 2668: 2660: 2581: 2478: 2391: 2362: 2285: 2267: 2263: 2043: 1888: 1813: 1568: 1436:

3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE)

1425: 1260: 1256: 1188: 1064: 1030: 977: 877: 767: 724: 702: 195: 175: 49: 7675:"In Search of a Distant Past: Forms of Historical Consciousness in Hittite Anatolia" 6857: 5213: 2024: 1090:

The first archaeological evidence for the Hittites appeared in tablets found at the

759: 10637: 10424: 10419: 10375: 10362: 10292: 10260: 10255: 10119: 10114: 10096: 10057: 9990: 9973: 9914: 9904: 9899: 9840: 9796: 9766: 9726: 9709: 9692: 9655: 9406: 9368: 8210: 8133: 7914: 7883: 7875: 7664:

Gilan, Amir. "Epic and History in Hittite Anatolia: In Search of a Local Hero". In

7595: 7434: 7118: 7000: 6806: 6689: 6658: 6252: 5464: 5201: 4718: 4571: 4525: 4495: 4474:

The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist,

4450: 4421: 4235: 4185: 4002: 3808: 3696: 3636: 3613: 3556: 3551: 3488: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3133: 2746: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2443:. This state too was conquered and incorporated into the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire. 2289: 2252: 2189: 2151: 2137: 2110: 1588: 1572: 1552: 1548: 1514: 825: 672: 163: 30: 8283:

Video lecture at Oriental Institute – Tracking the Frontiers of the Hittite Empire

6810: 4575: 4546: 4430: 10855: 10823: 10696: 10664: 10647: 10603: 10598: 10576: 10571: 10529: 10522: 10497: 10357: 10352: 10193: 10074: 9968: 9963: 9931: 9756: 9746: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9613: 9569: 9451: 9437: 9385: 9354: 9349: 9339: 9049: 8941: 8586: 8516: 8497: 8289: 8146: 8020: 7974: 7935: 7733: 7709: 7642: 7583: 7563: 7559: 7539: 7535: 7515: 7511: 7491: 7487: 7438: 7413:"Manly Deeds: Hittite Admonitory History and Eastern Mediterranean Didactic Epic" 7412: 7389: 7359: 7324: 7226: 6279: 5676: 5584: 5468: 5273: 5097: 5054: 5015: 4881: 4633: 4529: 4316: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4256: 4192: 4171: 4149: 3734: 3623: 3546: 3455: 3388: 3329: 3195: 2927: 2912: 2902: 2897: 2813: 2785: 2466: 2399: 2055: 2020:

and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state).

1948:

It segues into the "Hittite Empire period" proper, which dates from the reign of

1918: 1867: 1841: 1825: 1366: 1345: 1240: 1100:), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of 1056: 1047: 973: 849: 400: 171: 167: 10277: 6438:

Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison

6185: 5559:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 923: 922:

in 1923. The Hittites attracted the attention of Turkish archaeologists such as

10798: 10793: 10756: 10731: 10714: 10625: 10610: 10581: 10539: 10387: 10347: 10342: 10297: 10223: 10183: 10173: 10163: 9978: 9857: 9751: 9618: 9500: 9323: 8901: 8685: 8482: 8349: 8118: 8016: 8001: 6256: 5232: 4895: 4855: 4629: 4589: 4514: 4503: 4061: 3928: 3803: 3361: 3315: 3283: 3219: 2710: 2439:, their language may have been Luwian, testified to by monuments written using 2155: 2143: 2130: 2075: 1875: 1503: 1332:). After Hattusa was made the capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the 1084: 1052: 8119:"After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria" 7599: 5813: 5205: 4597: 805:, some of which survived until the eighth century BC before succumbing to the 10896: 10879: 10766: 10561: 10534: 10507: 10485: 10463: 10230: 10213: 10198: 10042: 9995: 9983: 9909: 9801: 9675: 9670: 9645: 9527: 9231: 9227: 9060: 8750: 8648: 8262: 7970: 7765: 7355: 7200: 6545: 6345: 5895:, in: Zeitschrift Für Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 109(2), 5476: 4593: 4321: 3785: 3701: 3418: 3276: 3138: 2892: 2590: 2532: 2410: 2301: 2244: 2219: 2181: 2068: 1680: 1524: 1499: 1323: 1210: 1144: 1040: 900: 553: 10307: 10287: 6240: 5008: 4831: 4662: 4463: 3108: 1397: 1172: 1055:, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, and in the 934:

also influenced the naming of Turkish institutions, such as the state-owned

10771: 10512: 10502: 10468: 10397: 10392: 10319: 10109: 10091: 10052: 10047: 10027: 10022: 9894: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9761: 9699: 9680: 9665: 9601: 9364: 8299: 7814: 6541: 6264: 4955: 4712: 4507: 3940: 3778: 3252: 3123: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2259: 2231: 2083: 1863: 1440:

4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers

1420: 1104:". Some names in the tablets were neither Hattic nor Assyrian, but clearly 152: 9151: 8961: 8294: 6607: 4784: 4616:

Stag statuette, symbol of a Hittite male god. This figure is used for the

1913: 1357:

in the earliest Hittite texts. This terminology was replaced by the names

1194: 1112: 912: 10490: 10475: 10324: 10037: 9946: 9936: 9862: 9510: 9505: 9193: 9081: 9031: 8993: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8720: 8632: 8467: 8424: 7879: 7622: 4887: 4672: 4559: 4553: 3916: 3902: 3866: 3574: 2345: 2297: 2240: 2236: 2185: 2147: 2126: 2071:

annexed Carchemish and northeast Syria from the control of the Hittites.

2047: 1949: 1817: 1761:

The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or

1401: 1296: 1244: 1087:

found the first Hittite ruins in 1834 but did not identify them as such.

985: 981: 949: 931: 904: 888: 869: 818: 7888: 7607: 6051: 5844:. University of Texas at Austin: College of Liberal Arts. Archived from 5266: 3103: 2535:) and Carchemish (located on the Euphrates river in Southern Anatolia). 789:. By the 12th century BC, much of the Hittite Empire was annexed by the 10517: 10334: 10208: 10168: 10101: 8881: 8806: 8624: 8571: 8511: 8506: 8442: 8409: 7858:

Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material

7793:

Hoffner, Jr., H.A (1973) "The Hittites and Hurrians", in D. J. Wiseman

7565:

The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History

7130: 7012: 6837: 6701: 6670: 6026:

The kingdom of Hurma during the reign of Labarna and Hattusili. Part I.

4956:"Hittite | Definition, History, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica" 4637: 4434:

Bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC, photographed at

3879: 3793: 3671: 3436: 2520: 2510: 2500: 2383: 2372: 2337: 2305: 2087: 2064: 2059: 2035: 1983: 1487: 1362: 810: 709: 581: 428: 386: 272: 8452: 6818: 6519:

Barnett, R.D., "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age",

4458: 2402:(858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of 2398:(911–608 BC). Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under 2054:(1365–1050 BC) once more began to grow in power with the ascension of 1712: 1651: 1644: 1097: 837: 740: 10407: 10178: 10062: 10032: 9813: 9687: 9478: 9243: 9213: 8931: 8846: 8705: 7109:

Hoffner, Harry A. (1981). "The Old Hittite Version of Laws 164–166".

6549: 6025: 4717:

Hittite laws, much like other records of the empire, are recorded on

4689: 4499: 4082: 3859: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3823: 3691: 2455: 2454:(with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the 2403: 2318: 2309: 2278:

also managed to win some victories, including a naval battle against

2227: 2079: 2003: 1934: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1833: 1794: 1735: 1731: 1148: 908: 861: 853: 774: 716: 712: 233: 8761: 8214: 8091:

L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie

7440:

A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period

7122: 6988: 6693: 6495:"Drought may have doomed ancient Hittite empire, tree study reveals" 1734:, descendant of a Huzziya of Zalpa, took over Hatti. His son-in-law 1351:

To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as

1247:

portraying the Hittite rulers and the gods of the Hittite pantheon.

872:; the decipherment of these texts was a key event in the history of 129:

Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule

9808: 9549: 9488: 9237: 9202: 9156: 9144: 8856: 8821: 8816: 8690: 8531: 8457: 8434: 8419: 7918: 7856: 7004: 6662: 6218:(1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297. 4650: 4445: 4025: 4016: 3907: 3708: 3587: 3078: 2654: 2564: 2447: 2436: 2415: 2279: 2223: 2173: 2106: 2074:

While Šuppiluliuma I reigned, the Hittite Empire was devastated by

2039: 1938: 1895: 1837: 1603: 1528: 1507: 1495: 1491: 1468: 1386: 1120: 969: 918:

Modern interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of the

892: 884: 797:

newcomers to the region. From the late 12th century BC, during the

732: 525: 497: 484: 344: 53: 8077:

The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

4601: 2538: 2226:

and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the

1750: 1611: 1592: 1369:. Prior to the rise of Kizzuwatna, the heart of that territory in 1283:

houses the richest collection of Hittite and Anatolian artifacts.

770:, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians. 9721: 9650: 9606: 9461: 9296: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9139: 9107: 9086: 8926: 8921: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8851: 8841: 8836: 8826: 8811: 8715: 8710: 8654: 8636: 8581: 8576: 8545: 8521: 8502: 8477: 8472: 8462: 8446: 8414: 4867: 4789: 4756: 4680: 4676: 4585: 4479: 4075: 4039: 4032: 3830: 3450: 3083: 2341: 2313: 2102: 1976: 1922: 1883: 1871: 1821: 1770: 1766: 1754: 1739: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1659: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1560: 1480: 1409: 1390: 1370: 1353: 1308: 1206: 1198: 1060: 996: 936: 857: 794: 786: 762:, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern 751: 736: 659: 642: 595: 358: 144: 9522: 8644: 5678:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth

4649:

Hittite religion and mythology were heavily influenced by their

2524:(Chief of the Scribes), whose authority did not extend over the 9554: 9429: 8659: 8640: 8628: 8611: 8591: 8561: 8536: 8404: 8399: 5762: 5237: 4835: 4760: 4751: 4696: 4684: 4541: 4439: 3798: 3752: 3271: 3088: 2552: 2505: 2450:, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the 2390:. With the ruling family in Carchemish believed to have been a 2367: 2322: 2271: 2212: 2017: 1942: 1859: 1778: 1692: 1596: 1510:

had previously been considered within the migration framework.

1405: 1378: 1358: 1316: 1280: 1276: 1184: 1136: 1124: 1009: 945: 763: 728: 720: 646: 634: 567: 511: 470: 456: 442: 372: 7627:

The Secret of the Hittites: The Discovery of an Ancient Empire

7072:

Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature

2308:, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of 10188: 9102: 8936: 8620: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8566: 8526: 8492: 8487: 8438: 8094: 8061: 7868:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

6537: 5953: 5873: 5738: 5089: 5007:

Ancient History Encyclopedia. "Sea Peoples." September 2009.

4863: 4839: 4824: 3897: 3771: 3765: 3747: 3118: 3093: 2387: 1774: 1628: 1389:. To the southeast of the Hittites lay the Hurrian empire of 1374: 1140: 1132: 1068: 899:, the number is comparable to that of iron objects found in 865: 813:, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the 638: 609: 10913:

States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC

7326:

Law and Gender in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

6137: 5902: 2207:

with a human head and a lion's body; Late Hittite period in

1812:

Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili I. In 1595 BC (

9098: 8540: 8319: 8314: 8043:

The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition

6329:

Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012).

5996: 5994: 5981: 5979: 5919: 5917: 4695:

The Hittite gods are also honoured with festivals, such as

4289: 1472:

Hittite language itself is believed to have been in use in

1385:

as well. To the north lived the mountain people called the

1128: 758:, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under 687: 9398: 10908:

States and territories established in the 17th century BC

8325: 8300:

Pictures of Yazılıkaya, one of a group of important sites

6412:

Ancient Egypt: an introduction to the history and culture

5635:

Puhvel, J. (1994). "Anatolian: Autochton or Interloper".

5448: 5327:(2nd ed.). London: John Chapman. p. 179 note 2. 5179:"Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" 4974: 4494:

The decipherment famously led to the confirmation of the

4449:

Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation.

1891:-style rivalries between northern and southern branches. 1777:, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of 681: 7838:

Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon

7207: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6031: 5991: 5976: 5941:

Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.141, No. 3

5914: 5750: 4991: 4989: 1377:. Upon its revolt from the Hittites during the reign of 8326:"Missione Archeologica Italiana a Uşaklı Höyük | MAIAC" 8295:

Pictures of Boğazköy, one of a group of important sites

6390: 6388: 6386: 6161: 4755:

Post-Hittite period statue of king Šuppiluliuma of the

2239:, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as 1555:(i.e. it was one of only two or three languages in the 887:

to the Hittites, who were believed to have monopolized

6588: 6473:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 30. 6408:"The peace treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III" 6310: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5371: 5322: 1479:

The Hittites are first associated with the kingdom of

7419:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66–85. 6825: 6371: 6331:"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts" 6284:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–122. 6118: 6076: 4986: 2168: 1567:(2025–1750 BC); it was from the Assyrian speakers of 829: 693: 76: 8153:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 221–237. 8027:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 239–256. 7956:

The Hittites, and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor

7649:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 115–135. 7323:

Peled, Ilan (4 November 2019). "HL (Hittite Laws)".

6911: 6450: 6383: 6281:

Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery

6149: 4877: 2101:. Mursili also attacked a city known as Millawanda ( 1937:. The capital once again went on the move, first to 1917:

Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby

1643:(still not found) and the former Assyrian colony of 1547:, but its affiliation remains uncertain, whilst the 690: 684: 7752: 7728: 7520:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 6630: 5526: 2413:occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Greek 2292:

in the process, who also had eyes on Hittite lands.

1987:Exact replica of a Hittite monument from Fasıllar, 1707:Zalpuwa, supports Zalpuwa and exonerates the later 1224:Drinking cup in the shape of a fist; 1400–1380 BC, 1143:uncovered the diplomatic correspondence of Pharaoh 911:. The Hittite military also made successful use of 708:who formed one of the first major civilizations of 678: 675: 52:. For the pre-Hittite inhabitants of Anatolia, see 7396:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 37–46. 7390:"When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite?" 6184: 5450: 5096:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 5095: 5053:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 5052: 2274:, before that too fell to Assyria. The last king, 2058:in 1365 BC. Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated 1255:The Hittites used a variation of cuneiform called 1071:'s army and counted as one of his "mighty men" in 8178:Officials and administration in the Hittite world 7790:, Magnes Press, Hebrew University pp. 21–35. 7065:"Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor" 6855: 6328: 6006: 2546: 1894:The next monarch of note following Mursili I was 883:Scholars once attributed the development of iron- 10894: 8379: 7934:Konstan, David; Raaflaub, Kurt A., eds. (2010). 6967:Aramazd Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6552:tribal designations, and argued that they spoke 5514: 4823:and Hittites serve as high military officers in 4574:and Hattusa, with the monument at the spring of 7933: 7757: 7665: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7104: 7102: 7100: 6211: 5891:Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Willemijn Waal, (2019). 5167:. Gothenburg: Paul Astöms Förlag (1978): 56–58. 1167:in Anatolia was identical with the "kingdom of 754:(around 1650 BC). Known in modern times as the 8126:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 7865: 7586:(2016). "The Land of Hiyawa (Que) Revisited". 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 6961:Taş, İlknur; Dinler, Veysel (1 January 2015). 6521:The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 2 6340:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature: 6. 6212:Zuckerman, Molly K.; Martin, Debra L. (2016). 6096:"The Hittites – Resources of Ancient Anatolia" 5879: 5296:Cline, Eric H. (2021). "Of Arms and the Man". 4980: 4471:context from as early as the 20th century BC. 1679:One set of tablets, known collectively as the 9414: 8977: 8777: 8365: 8151:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 8025:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 7861:. Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan. Leiden. 7219: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 6982: 6980: 6686:The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia 5599: 5597: 5220: 4845: 4401: 1404:in the far north-east, as well as south into 1004:from a third millennium BC pre-Hittite tomb ( 68: 10871:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 7969: 7097: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6790: 5744: 4566:, carved ivory, and ceramics, including the 2514:(Chief of the Wine Stewards), who, like the 2485:deer with gold nose and two lions/panthers ( 2270:. He even temporarily annexed the island of 1963:several gods and rituals from the Hurrians. 1432:1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 940:("Hittite bank"), and the foundation of the 8991: 7145: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6468: 6238: 5818:, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 5610:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1458:– : Armenian, expanding from western steppe 1183:, but proposed connecting it with Biblical 9421: 9407: 9028:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 8984: 8970: 8784: 8770: 8372: 8358: 8219: 8144: 7904: 7854: 7835: 7433: 7410: 7235:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 60. 6977: 6215:New directions in biocultural anthropology 5594: 5377: 5302:. Princeton University Press. p. 32. 5299:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed 5261: 5259: 4995: 4906:List of artifacts significant to the Bible 4850:One single mention of a Trojan ally named 4838:", a people said to be named for a son of 4562:, as well as metalwork, in particular the 4408: 4394: 4372:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 991: 123: 7887: 7735:Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts 7640: 7027: 6960: 6143: 6037: 6000: 5985: 5923: 5908: 5835: 5415:Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1 January 2002). 5414: 4932:Crime and Punishment in the Ancient World 4669:elements may still be clearly discerned. 4607: 2046:of another of his sons with the widow of 1434:2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 1373:was first referred to by the Hittites as 1205:During sporadic excavations at Boğazköy ( 8015: 8000: 7813: 7707: 7225: 6923: 6843: 6831: 6787:(Leipzig, Germany: J.C. Hinrichs, 1917). 5971:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4783: 4750: 4675:were prominent in the Hittite pantheon. 4623: 4611: 4540: 4444: 4429: 2537: 2508:). It was superseded by the rank of the 2477: 2465: 2336: 2199: 2172: 2120: 1982: 1970: 1912: 1858:, who was then murdered by his own son, 1832:in the process. Rather than incorporate 1799: 1749: 1730:Meanwhile, the lords of Zalpa lived on. 1615:Hittite chariot, from an Egyptian relief 1610: 1602: 1582: 1476:between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. 1467:The ancestors of the Hittites came into 1444:5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 1419: 1311:, Hittite Old Kingdom (16th century BC) 1290: 1219: 1209:) that began in 1906, the archaeologist 1193: 1151:. Two of the letters from a "kingdom of 1115:by a "People of Hattusas" discovered by 1015: 995: 653: 10695: 8107: 8074: 7443:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 7378: 7354: 7108: 6890: 6796: 6752: 6594: 6178: 6176: 6131: 6082: 5836:Lehmann, Winfred P.; Slocum, Jonathan. 5768: 5756: 5732: 5720: 5708: 5674: 5654: 5256: 4929: 4486:. The preface of the book begins with: 2551:In the Central Anatolian settlement of 2222:had seized the opportunity to vanquish 2165:by the most commonly used chronology). 1933:people settled along the shores of the 1654:under Uhna in 1833 BC. And during this 968:in Akkadian), a name received from the 930:. During this period, the new field of 715:. Possibly originating from beyond the 41:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 10895: 8175: 8116: 8045:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 7764: 7714:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 7292: 7180: 6858:"'Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF 1.2', 6734:from the original on 11 September 2017 6456: 6394: 6377: 6277: 6167: 6155: 5648: 5634: 5510:A Short Grammar of Hieroglyphic Luwian 5346: 5176: 2332: 2300:had already begun their push down the 1078: 1024: 658:The Great Temple in the inner city of 9402: 9384: 9363: 9353: 9271: 9242: 9174: 9150: 8965: 8791: 8765: 8353: 7976:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 7940:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 7672: 7663: 7582: 7568:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7558: 7534: 7510: 7496:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7493:Life and Society in the Hittite World 7486: 7387: 7361:The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations 7322: 7213: 7185:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6986: 6917: 6683: 6636: 6430: 6316: 6298:from the original on 27 February 2017 6012: 5603: 5295: 5138: 4379:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 4351:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 1543:. Some have argued that Hattic was a 1020:Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century BC 750:–1650 BC), and an empire centered on 8112:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 7457: 6182: 6173: 6049: 5532: 5520: 5244:from the original on 7 November 2014 5034:from the original on 3 February 2017 4803: 4788:Sphinx Gate entrance of the city of 2409:A large and powerful state known as 1119:in 1884 was found to match peculiar 8097:49), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 7821:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6573:, 12 September 2008, archived from 5177:Jambon, Albert (24 November 2017). 4830:Other biblical scholars (following 4779: 4336:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 2470:Bronze Hittite figures of animals ( 2116: 1295:Ceremonial vessels in the shape of 16:Ancient Anatolian people of Kussara 13: 8169: 8064:18), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. 7855:Kloekhorst, Alwin (19 June 2014). 7819:Hittite and the Indo-European Verb 7795:Peoples of the Old Testament Times 7085:from the original on 28 April 2019 6355:from the original on 23 April 2016 6064:from the original on 13 April 2021 5794:from the original on 16 March 2016 5557:Lazaridis, Iosif, et al., (2022). 5359:from the original on 28 April 2019 5240:: Trustees of the British Museum. 5120:from the original on 29 March 2023 5077:from the original on 29 March 2023 5028:"The peaks and troughs of Hittite" 4358:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 2458:and neighboring peoples in Syria. 2243:before being ousted by his uncle, 2169:Downfall and demise of the kingdom 2105:), which was under the control of 1804:The İnandık vase, also known as a 1563:colonies in the region during the 1448:7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 960:The Hittites called their kingdom 727:. The Hittites formed a series of 14: 10949: 8242: 6106:from the original on 6 March 2017 5186:Journal of Archaeological Science 5143:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 174–183. 4436:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2487:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2472:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2209:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2129:storming the Hittite fortress of 1996:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1908: 1639:, and a southern branch based in 1452:(dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 1313:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1273:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1006:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 942:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 848:; along with the closely related 43: instead of cuneiform script. 8950: 8744: 8220:de Martino, Stefan, ed. (2022). 8138:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x 7316: 7286: 7261: 7249:from the original on 16 May 2016 7062: 6894:A Brief Guide to the Greek Myths 6872:from the original on 6 July 2004 6618:from the original on 13 May 2017 6436:Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre 6418:from the original on 8 June 2011 5657:Journal of Indo-European Studies 5637:Journal of Indo-European Studies 5276:, Anatolian Studies, 58, 141–171 4880: 4665:counterparts. In earlier times, 4628:Early Hittite artifact found by 4365:Journal of Indo-European Studies 3129:Bible translations into Armenian 2620: 1797:(or Murshilish I), as his heir. 1486:Hittites in Anatolia during the 1450:7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) 1396:At its peak during the reign of 828:—referred to by its speakers as 803:several small independent states 777:, coming into conflict with the 671: 614: 600: 586: 572: 558: 544: 530: 516: 502: 477: 463: 449: 435: 421: 407: 393: 379: 365: 351: 337: 106: 21: 8069:Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia 7462:. Vol. 55. pp. 424ff. 7364:. Ankara: Ministry of Culture. 6884: 6849: 6777: 6765:from the original on 5 May 2017 6746: 6716: 6677: 6642: 6600: 6559: 6526: 6513: 6487: 6462: 6400: 6338:Writings from the Ancient World 6322: 6278:Windle, Joachim Latacz (2004). 6271: 6232: 6205: 6088: 6043: 6018: 5959: 5946: 5929: 5885: 5860: 5829: 5806: 5774: 5681:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 5668: 5628: 5607:The Ancient Near East, Volume I 5583:Kroonen, Guus, et al., (2018). 5577: 5564: 5551: 5538: 5502: 5490: 5442: 5408: 5383: 5340: 5331: 5323:Francis William Newman (1853). 5316: 5289: 5279: 5170: 5157: 4934:. Lexington Books. p. 29. 2640:List of Indo-European languages 2113:, or at least to a part of it. 1701: 1578: 1442:5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 1438:4A (black): Western Corded Ware 1233:German Archaeological Institute 840:"—was a distinct member of the 801:, the Hittites splintered into 793:, with the remainder sacked by 70: 7544:. London-New York: Routledge. 7181:Coogan, Michael David (2013). 6846:, p. 20 with footnote 41. 6657:(1): 32–34. 1 September 1884. 6649:"The Empire of the Hittites". 6556:, a non-Indo-European language 6050:Mark, Joshua (28 April 2011). 5787:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5132: 5099:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 5056:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 5046: 5020: 5001: 4948: 4923: 4733: 2547:Religion of the early Hittites 2528:, the king's personal scribe. 1966: 1745: 1571:that the Hittites adopted the 1: 8041:Mendenhall, George E. (1973) 7758:Konstan & Raaflaub (2010) 7708:Gilibert, Alessandra (2011). 7666:Konstan & Raaflaub (2010) 6811:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979976 6469:Spielvolgel, Jackson (2011). 5395:www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de 5391:"Rediscovery of the Hittites" 4916: 4746: 3966:Proto-Indo-European mythology 3235:Paleolithic continuity theory 2568: 2558: 2461: 2304:coastline, starting from the 2159: 2091: 2028: 2010: 1988: 1953: 1899: 1691:conquered neighbouring Neša ( 1670: 1663: 846:Indo-European language family 744: 719:, they settled in modern day 303: 288: 245: 224: 130: 94: 87: 10928:History of the Mediterranean 8381:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 8268:Resources in other libraries 7907:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 7738:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 7411:Bachvarova, Mary R. (2010). 7383:, Princeton University Press 7111:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 6897:. Little, Brown Book Group. 6891:Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). 6753:Eduljee, K.E. (5 May 2017). 5469:10.1016/j.culher.2021.07.004 5457:Journal of Cultural Heritage 5421:. Eisenbrauns. p. 101. 4723:collection of practiced laws 4564:Alaca Höyük bronze standards 3654:Northern Black Polished Ware 2853:Proto-Indo-European language 1545:Northwest Caucasian language 1408:near the southern border of 1286: 1111:The script on a monument at 955: 830: 113:Royal seal of the last king 77: 7: 10918:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 9428: 8006:"The Position of Anatolian" 7641:Forlanini, Massimo (2010). 7517:The Kingdom of the Hittites 6239:Trevisanato, S. I. (2007). 5965:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2021). 5935:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2021). 5842:Linguistics Research Center 5570:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). 5544:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). 5499:. Chapter V. Vahan Kurkjian 4873: 3971:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 2596: 2483:Alaca Höyük bronze standard 2194:Istanbul Archaeology Museum 2178:Egypto-Hittite Peace Treaty 1711:from the charge of sacking 1683:text, begin by telling how 1483:sometime prior to 1750 BC. 1250: 1231:Under the direction of the 1226:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1059:were friends and allies to 1002:Alaca Höyük bronze standard 880:have also been suggested. 735:, including the kingdom of 10: 10954: 8305:Der Anitta Text (at TITUS) 8222:Handbook of Hittite Empire 8110:The World of Ancient Times 7836:Kloekhorst, Alwin (2007). 7797:, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 7379:Anthony, David W. (2007), 7347: 7295:"The Chariots of Ahhiyawa" 6989:"The Hittite Inscriptions" 6257:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012 6191:. Penguin (Non-Classics). 6057:World History Encyclopedia 5880:Kloekhorst & Waal 2019 5104:Cambridge University Press 5061:Cambridge University Press 4981:Kloekhorst & Waal 2019 4846:In ancient Greek mythology 4807: 4710: 4642: 4551: 4545:Monument over a spring at 4419: 3267:Domestication of the horse 2424: 2354: 2135: 1462: 1415: 1321: 1266: 1243:, which contains numerous 1135:. In 1887, excavations at 1028: 69: 47: 10864: 10816: 10333: 9737: 9436: 9381: 9360: 9348: 9345: 9338: 9335: 9317: 9307: 9290: 9283: 9281: 9247: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9212: 9184: 9167: 9138: 9123: 9118: 9097: 9092: 9080: 9070: 9058: 9048: 9030: 9027: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9000: 8948: 8799: 8739: 8668: 8554: 8387: 8263:Resources in your library 8224:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 8145:Yakubovich, Ilya (2020). 8084:UK Government Web Archive 8079:, Oxford University Press 7754:Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan 7730:Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan 7600:10.1017/S0066154616000053 7481:UK Government Web Archive 7329:. Routledge. p. 85. 6651:The Old Testament Student 6024:Joost Blasweiler (2020), 5866:Matessi, Alvise, (2021). 5272:22 September 2018 at the 5206:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008 4911:Short chronology timeline 4859: 4482:in 1917, under the title 3976:Historical Vedic religion 3253:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 2350:National Museum of Aleppo 2312: – taking 2284:But the Assyrians, under 2282:off the coast of Cyprus. 1430:– Center: Steppe cultures 630: 316: 312: 297: 282: 278: 268: 264: 242: 221: 217: 207: 191: 181: 159: 140: 122: 103: 86: 63: 9009:Northwestern Mesopotamia 7979:. Taylor & Francis. 7470:, Scholars Press, 1999, 7468:Hittite Diplomatic Texts 6724:"Telipinus Hittite king" 5771:, pp. 345, 361–367. 5745:Mallory & Adams 1997 5347:Texier, Charles (1835). 5141:Near Eastern Archaeology 4930:Drapkin, Israel (1989). 4765:Hatay Archaeology Museum 3981:Ancient Iranian religion 3344:Novotitarovskaya culture 3191:Indo-European migrations 1975:Tudhaliya IV (relief in 1718:Anitta was succeeded by 1669:–1775 BC), and Waršama ( 799:Late Bronze Age collapse 203:(Middle and New Kingdom) 8345:Map of Hittite Anatolia 8176:Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). 8089:Patri, Sylvain (2007), 8067:Orlin, Louis L. (1970) 7954:Macqueen, J. G. (1986) 7388:Archi, Alfonso (2010). 7293:Kelder, Jorrit (2005). 6532:The Georgian historian 5675:Mallory, J. P. (1989). 5508:John Marangozis (2003) 3482:Northern/Eastern Steppe 2495:constitutional monarchy 1650:Zalpuwa first attacked 1541:Indo-European languages 992:Archeological discovery 878:prehistoric Scandinavia 201:Constitutional monarchy 9169:Middle Hittite Kingdom 8180:. Berlin: de Gruyter. 8108:Roebuck, Carl (1966). 8075:Parpola, Asko (2015), 7973:; Adams, D.Q. (1997). 7688:: 1–23. Archived from 6856:Siren, Christopher B. 6183:Roux, Georges (1993). 5604:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 5355:(in French): 368–376. 5265:Erimtan, Can. (2008). 4792: 4768: 4706: 4640: 4621: 4608:Religion and mythology 4570:. The Sphinx Gates of 4549: 4536: 4454: 4442: 3953:Religion and mythology 3912:Medieval Scandinavians 3203:Alternative and fringe 2543: 2490: 2475: 2352: 2215: 2197: 2133: 2052:Middle Assyrian Empire 1999: 1980: 1925: 1809: 1787: 1758: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1459: 1446:6 (magenta): Andronovo 1319: 1228: 1202: 1096:of Kanesh (now called 1067:was a captain in King 1037:Francis William Newman 1021: 1013: 791:Middle Assyrian Empire 783:Middle Assyrian Empire 739:(before 1750 BC), the 662: 299:• Disestablished 29:This article contains 10841:Medieval great powers 9292:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9125:Old Babylonian Empire 9040:Early Dynastic period 8288:11 April 2014 at the 8117:Weeden, Mark (2013). 7803:. Eisenbrauns, 2003, 6987:Sayce, A. H. (1905). 5782:"Anatolian languages" 5663:(1 & 2): 185–214. 5643:(3 & 4): 251–264. 4901:List of Hittite kings 4787: 4754: 4627: 4615: 4544: 4448: 4433: 4426:Anatolian hieroglyphs 4303:Indo-European studies 3666:Peoples and societies 2541: 2481: 2469: 2441:Anatolian hieroglyphs 2340: 2203: 2180:(c. 1258 BC) between 2176: 2150:. The outcome of the 2124: 1986: 1974: 1916: 1830:Old Babylonian Empire 1803: 1791:The Edict of Telepinu 1783: 1753: 1614: 1606: 1586: 1557:Hurro-Urartian family 1423: 1383:Anti-Taurus Mountains 1294: 1223: 1197: 1187:rather than with the 1019: 999: 874:Indo-European studies 809:; lacking a unifying 657: 415:Third Eblaite Kingdom 160:Common languages 10851:European colonialism 10836:Ancient great powers 9019:Southern Mesopotamia 9014:Northern Mesopotamia 8071:, Mouton, The Hague. 7880:10.1515/za-2019-0014 7673:Gilan, Amir (2018). 6554:Kartvelian languages 6471:Western Civilization 5063:. pp. 342–343. 5014:18 June 2018 at the 4618:Hacettepe University 3210:Anatolian hypothesis 3162:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3069:Hittite inscriptions 2614:Indo-European topics 2044:alliance by marriage 1840:allies, who were to 876:. Cultural links to 779:New Kingdom of Egypt 706:Indo-European people 151:(under the reign of 10846:Modern great powers 9273:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9187:Bronze Age Collapse 9120:Old Hittite Kingdom 9094:Old Assyrian period 9072:Third Dynasty of Ur 7216:, pp. 355–356. 6534:Ivane Javakhishvili 6146:, pp. 115–116. 5911:, pp. 115–135. 5353:Journal des Savants 5198:2017JArSc..88...47J 5165:From Bronze to Iron 4817:Syro-Hittite states 4699:in the spring, the 4519:Proto-Indo-European 3466:Multi-cordoned ware 3337:Mikhaylovka culture 3225:Indigenous Aryanism 3215:Armenian hypothesis 3074:Hieroglyphic Luwian 2493:The earliest known 2396:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2380:Syro-Hittite states 2357:Syro-Hittite states 2333:Post-Hittite period 2327:Bronze Age Collapse 1565:Old Assyrian Empire 1559:). There were also 1502:of the Balkans and 1456:9 (yellow):Iranians 1079:Initial discoveries 1025:Biblical background 897:Bronze Age Anatolia 836:, "the language of 807:Neo-Assyrian Empire 540:Syro-Hittite states 284:• Established 9129:Southern Akkadians 9036:Jemdet Nasr period 8056:Neu, Erich (1974) 7232:The Book of Joshua 6993:The Biblical World 6759:Heritage Institute 6688:(299/300): 69–70. 6577:on 20 October 2017 6536:considered Tabal, 6245:Medical Hypotheses 5497:The Hittite Empire 5163:Waldbaum, Jane C. 4960:www.britannica.com 4821:Ephron the Hittite 4793: 4769: 4641: 4622: 4550: 4455: 4443: 3046:Proto-Indo-Iranian 3032:Proto-Balto-Slavic 3013:Proto-Italo-Celtic 2582:Edict of Telipinus 2544: 2491: 2476: 2365:was defeating the 2353: 2266:of Assyria in the 2216: 2198: 2134: 2099:biological warfare 2009:During his reign ( 2000: 1981: 1926: 1889:"War of the Roses" 1810: 1789:This excerpt from 1759: 1724:r. 1720–1710 1617: 1609: 1601: 1460: 1320: 1229: 1203: 1022: 1014: 920:Republic of Turkey 817:of the Levant and 815:modern populations 785:and the empire of 743:or Nesha kingdom ( 663: 10890: 10889: 10812: 10811: 10777:Polish–Lithuanian 9952:Gurjara-Pratihara 9396: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9319:Macedonian Empire 9309:Achaemenid Empire 9182:c. 1200–1150 BCE 9165:c. 1400–1200 BCE 9136:c. 1600–1400 BCE 9116:c. 1800–1600 BCE 9078:c. 2000–1800 BCE 9068:c. 2100–2000 BCE 9056:c. 2200–2100 BCE 9046:c. 2350–2200 BCE 9025:c. 3500–2350 BCE 8959: 8958: 8793:Anatolian peoples 8759: 8758: 8751:Turkey portal 8249:Library resources 8231:978-3-11-066178-1 8103:978-3-447-05612-0 7986:978-1-884964-98-5 7847:978-90-04-16092-7 7828:978-0-19-924905-3 7760:, pp. 26–50. 7668:, pp. 51–65. 7629:. Phoenix Press, 7588:Anatolian Studies 7435:Barjamovic, Gojko 6860:Myths and Legends 6799:World Archaeology 6783:Hrozný, Bedřich, 6501:. 8 February 2023 6414:. December 2006. 6319:, pp. 57–60. 6291:978-0-19-926308-0 6170:, pp. 25–26. 5759:, pp. 37–38. 5747:, pp. 12–16. 5688:978-0-500-05052-1 5621:978-0-415-16763-5 5428:978-1-57506-053-8 4810:Biblical Hittites 4804:Biblical Hittites 4645:Hittite mythology 4568:Hüseyindede vases 4418: 4417: 3679:Anatolian peoples 3649:Painted Grey Ware 3537:Nordic Bronze Age 3186:Kurgan hypothesis 3139:Old Irish glosses 3104:Gaulish epigraphy 2363:Tiglath-Pileser I 2286:Ashur-resh-ishi I 2268:Battle of Nihriya 2264:Tukulti-Ninurta I 2258:Hattusili's son, 2125:Egyptian pharaoh 1921:, a sanctuary of 1814:middle chronology 1587:The Sphinx Gate ( 1569:Upper Mesopotamia 1426:Kurgan hypothesis 1307:(Night) found in 1257:Hittite cuneiform 1189:Biblical Hittites 1065:Uriah the Hittite 1031:Biblical Hittites 978:Biblical Hittites 768:Upper Mesopotamia 731:in north-central 725:2nd millennium BC 652: 651: 626: 625: 622: 621: 490: 489: 260: 238: 196:Absolute monarchy 50:Biblical Hittites 37:rendering support 10945: 10693: 10692: 10358:Austro-Hungarian 10058:Chagatai Khanate 9423: 9416: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9369:Byzantine Empire 9244:Middle Babylonia 9210:c. 1150–911 BCE 9003: 9002: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8954: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8763: 8762: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8351: 8350: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8235: 8191: 8164: 8141: 8123: 8113: 8080: 8038: 8012: 8010: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7951: 7937:Epic and History 7930: 7901: 7891: 7862: 7851: 7832: 7815:Jasanoff, Jay H. 7783: 7761: 7749: 7725: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7695:on 20 March 2021 7694: 7679: 7669: 7660: 7619: 7584:Bryce, Trevor R. 7579: 7560:Bryce, Trevor R. 7555: 7536:Bryce, Trevor R. 7531: 7512:Bryce, Trevor R. 7507: 7488:Bryce, Trevor R. 7463: 7454: 7430: 7417:Epic and History 7407: 7384: 7375: 7341: 7340: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7227:Woudstra, Marten 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7178: 7143: 7142: 7117:(3/4): 206–209. 7106: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7069: 7060: 7025: 7024: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6958: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6612:all about turkey 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6563: 6557: 6530: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6251:(6): 1371–1374. 6236: 6230: 6229: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6190: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5989: 5983: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5848:on 12 April 2010 5838:"Hittite Online" 5833: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5601: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4962:. 1 October 2023 4952: 4946: 4945: 4927: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4861: 4780:Examples of laws 4496:laryngeal theory 4422:Hittite language 4410: 4403: 4396: 4251: 4244: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4099: 4085: 4078: 4064: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4019: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3809:Germanic peoples 3799:Hellenic peoples 3788: 3781: 3774: 3697:Mycenaean Greeks 3686: 3614:Thraco-Cimmerian 3512:Globular Amphora 3489:Abashevo culture 3428: 3421: 3391: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3134:Tocharian script 2837: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2755: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2713: 2689: 2682: 2663: 2624: 2601: 2600: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2506:Royal Bodyguards 2426: 2293: 2290:Nebuchadnezzar I 2253:Treaty of Kadesh 2190:Battle of Kadesh 2164: 2161: 2152:Battle of Kadesh 2138:Battle of Kadesh 2117:Battle of Kadesh 2111:Mycenaean Greece 2096: 2093: 2033: 2030: 2015: 2012: 1993: 1990: 1958: 1955: 1904: 1901: 1806:Hüseyindede vase 1725: 1705: 1704: 1745–1720 1703: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1635:and secondarily 1621:Kızılırmak River 1573:cuneiform script 1549:Hurrian language 1515:David W. Anthony 1474:Central Anatolia 1334:Kızılırmak River 980:by 19th-century 868:and the broader 842:Anatolian branch 835: 826:Hittite language 749: 746: 700: 699: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 618: 617: 604: 603: 590: 589: 576: 575: 562: 561: 548: 547: 534: 533: 520: 519: 506: 505: 494: 493: 481: 480: 467: 466: 453: 452: 439: 438: 425: 424: 411: 410: 397: 396: 383: 382: 369: 368: 355: 354: 341: 340: 334: 333: 318: 317: 308: 305: 293: 290: 258: 250: 247: 236: 229: 226: 186:Hittite religion 135: 132: 127: 110: 99: 96: 92: 89: 80: 74: 73: 72: 61: 60: 31:cuneiform script 25: 24: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10933:Former kingdoms 10893: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10875:American Empire 10860: 10856:African empires 10808: 10691: 10383:Central African 10329: 10147:Romano-Germanic 9733: 9467:Middle Assyrian 9440: 9432: 9427: 9397: 9392: 9386:Sassanid Empire 9355:Parthian Empire 9350:Seleucid Empire 9340:Seleucid Empire 9259: 9253: 9230: 9221: 9050:Akkadian Empire 8996: 8990: 8960: 8955: 8946: 8795: 8790: 8760: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8735: 8664: 8550: 8383: 8378: 8335: 8333: 8330:usaklihoyuk.org 8324: 8290:Wayback Machine 8274: 8273: 8272: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8232: 8215:10.2307/3632187 8188: 8172: 8170:Further reading 8167: 8161: 8121: 8058:Der Anitta Text 8035: 8017:Melchert, Craig 8008: 8002:Melchert, Craig 7991: 7989: 7987: 7948: 7848: 7829: 7780: 7746: 7722: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7677: 7657: 7576: 7552: 7528: 7504: 7451: 7427: 7404: 7372: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7243: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7193: 7179: 7146: 7123:10.2307/1359903 7107: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7028: 6985: 6978: 6959: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6795: 6791: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6694:10.2307/1357346 6682: 6678: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6580: 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1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1418: 1326: 1289: 1269: 1253: 1083:French scholar 1081: 1057:Book of Genesis 1048:Archibald Sayce 1033: 1027: 994: 958: 952:and artifacts. 850:Luwian language 747: 674: 670: 645: 641: 637: 615: 601: 587: 573: 559: 545: 531: 517: 503: 478: 464: 450: 436: 422: 408: 401:Pala (Anatolia) 394: 380: 366: 352: 338: 306: 300: 291: 285: 256:Šuppiluliuma II 252: 248: 230: 227: 199: 136: 133: 118: 117: 115:Šuppiluliuma II 111: 97: 90: 82: 66: 57: 46: 45: 44: 35:Without proper 26: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10951: 10941: 10940: 10938:Former empires 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10712: 10707: 10701: 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10060: 10055: 10050: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9811: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9743: 9741: 9739:Post-classical 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9594: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9538:Middle Kingdom 9535: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9494:Neo-Babylonian 9491: 9486: 9484:Old Babylonian 9476: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9362: 9361:63 BCE–224 CE 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9324:Ancient Greeks 9316: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9246: 9241: 9234: 9225: 9216: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9176:Middle Assyria 9173: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9149: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9096: 9091: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8902:Palaic peoples 8899: 8894: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8789: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8435:Hurrian States 8432: 8430:Hittite Empire 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243:External links 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8230: 8217: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8186: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8159: 8142: 8114: 8105: 8087: 8081: 8072: 8065: 8054: 8039: 8033: 8013: 7998: 7985: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7931: 7919:10.1086/709313 7902: 7874:(2): 189–203. 7863: 7852: 7846: 7833: 7827: 7811: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7778: 7762: 7750: 7744: 7726: 7720: 7705: 7670: 7661: 7655: 7638: 7620: 7580: 7574: 7556: 7550: 7532: 7526: 7508: 7502: 7484: 7478: 7464: 7455: 7449: 7431: 7425: 7408: 7402: 7385: 7376: 7370: 7356:Akurgal, Ekrem 7351: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7315: 7285: 7260: 7242:978-0802825254 7241: 7218: 7206: 7192:978-0195324921 7191: 7144: 7096: 7063:Roth, Martha. 7026: 7005:10.1086/473607 6976: 6922: 6920:, p. 135. 6910: 6904:978-1472107541 6903: 6883: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6805:(3): 363–376. 6789: 6776: 6745: 6730:. 5 May 2017. 6715: 6676: 6663:10.1086/469493 6641: 6629: 6614:. 5 May 2017. 6608:"The Hittites" 6599: 6597:, p. 118. 6587: 6567:"The Hittites" 6558: 6548:to be ancient 6525: 6512: 6486: 6480:978-1111342142 6479: 6461: 6449: 6429: 6399: 6382: 6380:, p. 110. 6370: 6321: 6309: 6290: 6270: 6231: 6225:978-1118962961 6224: 6204: 6198:978-0140125238 6197: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6144:Forlanini 2010 6136: 6117: 6100:Pericles Press 6087: 6075: 6052:"The Hittites" 6042: 6040:, p. 119. 6038:Forlanini 2010 6030: 6017: 6005: 6003:, p. 130. 6001:Forlanini 2010 5990: 5988:, p. 122. 5986:Forlanini 2010 5975: 5958: 5945: 5928: 5926:, p. 121. 5924:Forlanini 2010 5913: 5909:Forlanini 2010 5901: 5884: 5882:, p. 189. 5872: 5859: 5828: 5805: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5735:, p. 262. 5725: 5723:, p. 229. 5713: 5711:, p. 133. 5701: 5687: 5667: 5647: 5627: 5620: 5593: 5576: 5563: 5550: 5537: 5535:, p. 426. 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5441: 5427: 5407: 5382: 5370: 5339: 5330: 5315: 5308: 5288: 5278: 5255: 5233:British Museum 5219: 5169: 5156: 5149: 5131: 5112: 5088: 5069: 5045: 5019: 5000: 4985: 4973: 4947: 4940: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Hittite plague 4892: 4891: 4875: 4872: 4847: 4844: 4808:Main article: 4805: 4802: 4781: 4778: 4748: 4745: 4735: 4732: 4711:Main article: 4708: 4705: 4701:nuntarriyashas 4643:Main article: 4630:T. E. Lawrence 4609: 4606: 4590:Hanyeri relief 4552:Main article: 4538: 4535: 4515:Craig Melchert 4504:Warren Cowgill 4492: 4491: 4476:Bedřich Hrozný 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4271:Fire sacrifice 4267: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4116: 4115: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062:Zoroastrianism 4044: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4021: 4020: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3932: 3931: 3929:Medieval India 3920: 3919: 3914: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3883: 3882: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3811: 3806: 3804:Italic peoples 3801: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3738: 3737: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3582: 3580:Gandhara grave 3577: 3572: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426:Middle Dnieper 3422: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3381:Eastern Europe 3378: 3377: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3309:Dnieper–Donets 3305: 3298: 3286: 3284:Kurgan culture 3281: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3220:Beech argument 3217: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3029: 3024: 3010: 3003:Proto-Germanic 3000: 2998:Proto-Armenian 2995: 2990: 2988:Proto-Albanian 2984: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2591:capital crimes 2560: 2557: 2548: 2545: 2504:(Chief of the 2463: 2460: 2406:(722–705 BC). 2355:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2170: 2167: 2163: 1274 BC 2144:Cilician gates 2136:Main article: 2118: 2115: 2095: 1330 BC 2032: 1350 BC 2025:Šuppiluliuma I 2014: 1400 BC 1992: 1300 BC 1968: 1965: 1957: 1430 BC 1910: 1909:Middle Kingdom 1907: 1903: 1500 BC 1826:Amorite rulers 1747: 1744: 1580: 1577: 1504:Maykop culture 1464: 1461: 1417: 1414: 1322:Main article: 1288: 1285: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1249: 1175:, agreed that 1117:William Wright 1085:Charles Texier 1080: 1077: 1026: 1023: 993: 990: 982:archaeologists 957: 954: 760:Šuppiluliuma I 756:Hittite Empire 650: 649: 632: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 612: 606: 605: 598: 592: 591: 584: 578: 577: 570: 564: 563: 556: 550: 549: 542: 536: 535: 528: 522: 521: 514: 508: 507: 500: 491: 488: 487: 482: 474: 473: 468: 460: 459: 454: 446: 445: 440: 432: 431: 426: 418: 417: 412: 404: 403: 398: 390: 389: 384: 376: 375: 370: 362: 361: 356: 348: 347: 342: 330: 329: 324: 314: 313: 310: 309: 307: 1180 BC 301: 298: 295: 294: 292: 1650 BC 286: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 269:Historical era 266: 265: 262: 261: 253: 243: 240: 239: 231: 228: 1650 BC 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 205: 204: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 161: 157: 156: 142: 138: 137: 134: 1300 BC 128: 120: 119: 112: 105: 104: 101: 100: 98: 1180 BC 91: 1650 BC 84: 83: 67: 65:Hittite Empire 64: 39:, you may see 27: 20: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10950: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10923:Ancient Syria 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10881: 10880:Soviet empire 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865:Miscellaneous 10863: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10464:German Empire 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10204:Turco-Persian 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9412: 9410: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9387: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9366: 9359: 9356: 9351: 9344: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8980: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8953: 8943: 8942:West Pontians 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912:Paphlagonians 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8782: 8780: 8775: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8752: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8686:Armenia Minor 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669:Classical Age 8667: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8405:Assuwa League 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8363: 8361: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8315:Hittites.info 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8187:9781501516627 8183: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8162: 8160:9781119193296 8156: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051:0-8018-1654-8 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8034:9781119193296 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7971:Mallory, J.P. 7968: 7965: 7964:0-500-02108-2 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7947:9781444315646 7943: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7810: 7809:1-57506-079-5 7806: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7779:0-14-020259-5 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7745:9780931464850 7741: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7721:9783110222258 7717: 7713: 7712: 7706: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7656:9783447061193 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7636: 7635:1-84212-295-9 7632: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7575:9780191505027 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7551:9781134159079 7547: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7527:9780199279081 7523: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7503:9780199241705 7499: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476:0-7885-0551-3 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7450:9788763536455 7446: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7426:9781444315646 7422: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7403:9783447061193 7399: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7371:9789751727565 7367: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7338: 7336:9781000733457 7332: 7328: 7327: 7319: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6919: 6914: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6845: 6844:Jasanoff 2003 6840: 6833: 6832:Melchert 2012 6828: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6639:, p. 22. 6638: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6523:(1975) p. 422 6522: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6459:, p. 39. 6458: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6397:, p. 36. 6396: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6158:, p. 25. 6157: 6152: 6145: 6140: 6134:, p. 94. 6133: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6085:, p. 93. 6084: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5309:9780691208015 5305: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5150:1-57506-083-3 5146: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5113:9780521843638 5109: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5070:9780521843638 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4943: 4941:0-669-01279-3 4937: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4862:) is made by 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4667:Indo-European 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:Hemite relief 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4576:Eflatun Pınar 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4547:Eflatun Pınar 4543: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4513:According to 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4322:J. P. Mallory 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959:Reconstructed 3957: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3786:Insular Celts 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3702:Indo-Iranians 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444:Pontic Steppe 3438: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3277:Kurgan stelae 3275: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260:Pontic Steppe 3254: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3050:Proto-Iranian 3047: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2893:Daco-Thracian 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846:Reconstructed 2844: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2533:Orontes River 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2421:Ancient Greek 2418: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Mediterranean 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:Hattusili III 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Shalmaneser I 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Hattusili III 2179: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2069:Adad-nirari I 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:Indo-European 1924: 1920: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525:J. P. Mallory 1522: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Ezero culture 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1427: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Marassantiya, 1335: 1331: 1325: 1324:Hittite sites 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1211:Hugo Winckler 1208: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179:was probably 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:and his son, 1146: 1145:Amenhotep III 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123:scripts from 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1106:Indo-European 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Book of Kings 1049: 1044: 1042: 1041:King of Judah 1038: 1032: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 833: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 723:in the early 722: 718: 714: 711: 707: 704: 698: 668: 661: 656: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 631:Today part of 629: 613: 611: 608: 607: 599: 597: 594: 593: 585: 583: 580: 579: 571: 569: 566: 565: 557: 555: 552: 551: 543: 541: 538: 537: 529: 527: 524: 523: 515: 513: 510: 509: 501: 499: 496: 495: 492: 486: 483: 476: 475: 472: 469: 462: 461: 458: 455: 448: 447: 444: 441: 434: 433: 430: 427: 420: 419: 416: 413: 406: 405: 402: 399: 392: 391: 388: 385: 378: 377: 374: 371: 364: 363: 360: 357: 350: 349: 346: 343: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 315: 311: 302: 296: 287: 281: 277: 274: 271: 267: 263: 257: 254: 241: 235: 232: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198:(Old Kingdom) 197: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 126: 121: 116: 109: 102: 85: 79: 62: 59: 55: 51: 42: 38: 34: 32: 10631:Contemporary 10481:Indo-Persian 10469:Nazi Germany 10413:Contemporary 10315:Vijayanagara 10214:Great Seljuk 10125:Thessalonica 10053:Golden Horde 9693:Carthaginian 9591: 9472:Neo-Assyrian 9457:Neo-Sumerian 9372: 9365:Ancient Rome 9336:311–129 BCE 9322: 9315:336–301 BCE 9305:539–331 BCE 9295: 9288:626–539 BCE 9279:729–609 BCE 9269:911–729 BCE 9260: 9254: 9248: 9236: 9222: 9218: 9201: 9191: 9185: 9168: 9155: 9143: 9128: 9119: 9105: 9084: 9059: 9018: 9013: 9008: 8992:Timeline of 8831: 8807:Cappadocians 8617:Neo-Hittites 8429: 8334:. Retrieved 8332:(in Italian) 8329: 8310:Tahsin Ozguc 8254:the Hittites 8253: 8221: 8177: 8150: 8129: 8125: 8109: 8090: 8076: 8068: 8057: 8042: 8024: 7990:. Retrieved 7975: 7955: 7936: 7910: 7906: 7889:1887/3199128 7871: 7867: 7857: 7837: 7818: 7800: 7794: 7787: 7770:The Hittites 7769: 7766:Gurney, O.R. 7734: 7710: 7697:. Retrieved 7690:the original 7685: 7681: 7646: 7626: 7623:Ceram, C. W. 7591: 7587: 7564: 7540: 7516: 7492: 7467: 7466:G Brinkman, 7459: 7439: 7416: 7393: 7380: 7360: 7325: 7318: 7306:. Retrieved 7301: 7288: 7276:. Retrieved 7272: 7263: 7251:. Retrieved 7231: 7221: 7209: 7182: 7114: 7110: 7087:. Retrieved 7075: 7071: 6999:(1): 30–40. 6996: 6992: 6970: 6966: 6913: 6893: 6886: 6874:. Retrieved 6865: 6859: 6851: 6839: 6834:, p. 7. 6827: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6784: 6779: 6767:. Retrieved 6758: 6748: 6736:. Retrieved 6727: 6718: 6685: 6679: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6632: 6620:. Retrieved 6611: 6602: 6595:Akurgal 2001 6590: 6579:, retrieved 6575:the original 6570: 6561: 6528: 6520: 6515: 6503:. Retrieved 6499:The Guardian 6498: 6489: 6470: 6464: 6452: 6440:Brill, 2009 6437: 6432: 6420:. Retrieved 6411: 6402: 6373: 6364: 6357:. Retrieved 6337: 6324: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6280: 6273: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6214: 6207: 6187:Ancient Iraq 6186: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6132:Roebuck 1966 6108:. Retrieved 6102:. May 2017. 6099: 6090: 6083:Roebuck 1966 6078: 6066:. Retrieved 6055: 6045: 6033: 6028:academia.edu 6020: 6008: 5970: 5961: 5948: 5940: 5931: 5904: 5896: 5887: 5875: 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5846:the original 5841: 5831: 5820:, retrieved 5814: 5808: 5796:. Retrieved 5785: 5776: 5769:Anthony 2007 5764: 5757:Parpola 2015 5752: 5740: 5733:Anthony 2007 5728: 5721:Anthony 2007 5716: 5709:Anthony 2007 5704: 5692:. Retrieved 5677: 5670: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5606: 5588: 5579: 5566: 5553: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5480:. 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Penguin. 7273:archive.org 7078:: 213–246. 6866:Comcast.net 6581:1 September 6457:Gurney 1966 6395:Gurney 1966 6378:Gurney 1966 6168:Gurney 1966 6156:Gurney 1966 5822:23 November 5694:18 February 5589:Zenodo 2018 5572:"Anatolian" 5546:"Anatolian" 5482:18 February 5434:18 February 5124:21 December 5081:21 December 5038:19 December 5009:Sea Peoples 4888:Asia portal 4734:Use of laws 4728:Deuteronomy 4636:(right) in 4598:Niğde Stele 4572:Alaca Höyük 4554:Hittite art 4461:texts, see 4221:Continental 4214:Anglo-Saxon 3917:Middle Ages 3867:Middle Ages 3722:Indo-Aryans 3715:Indo-Aryans 3522:Bell Beaker 3517:Corded ware 3413:Corded ware 3302:Sredny Stog 3247:Archaeology 3027:Proto-Greek 3007:Proto-Norse 2576: 1500 2572: 1525 2456:Phoenicians 2298:Sea Peoples 2241:Mursili III 2237:Urhi-Teshub 2186:Ramesses II 2148:Ramesses II 2127:Ramesses II 2076:an epidemic 2048:Tutankhamen 1967:New Kingdom 1950:Tudhaliya I 1769:kingdom of 1763:Hattusili I 1746:Old Kingdom 1709:Ḫattušili I 1676:–1750 BC). 1674: 1775 1667: 1790 1589:Alaca Höyük 1551:was a near- 1402:Hayasa-Azzi 986:Hattusili I 950:Hittite art 932:Hittitology 905:Mesopotamia 889:ironworking 870:Middle East 819:Mesopotamia 748: 1750 322:Preceded by 249: 1210 149:Tarḫuntašša 10897:Categories 10789:Portuguese 10670:Revival Le 10660:Vietnamese 10303:Later Tran 10273:Vietnamese 10169:Singhasari 10157:Holy Roman 9781:Bulgarian 9717:Satavahana 9688:Phoenician 9624:Achaemenid 9585:Indo-Greek 9565:Macedonian 9479:Babylonian 9106:and other 9085:and other 8882:Mariandyni 8857:Lycaonians 8817:Cataonians 8696:Cappadocia 8676:Antigonids 8625:Carchemish 8572:Cimmerians 8512:Purushanda 8507:Sagalassos 8443:Kizzuwatna 8410:Carchemish 8388:Bronze Age 8336:17 January 7460:Orientalia 7253:19 October 7214:Bryce 2005 6918:Bryce 2002 6876:8 February 6755:"Hittites" 6728:Britannica 6637:Bryce 2002 6505:9 February 6446:9004173455 6422:27 January 6317:Bryce 2005 6013:Bryce 2005 5363:10 October 5248:7 November 5228:"Hittites" 4966:20 October 4917:References 4832:Max Müller 4747:Law reform 4673:Storm gods 4638:Carchemish 4584:statue at 4329:Institutes 4249:Lithuanian 4003:Indo-Aryan 3989:Historical 3923:Indo-Aryan 3880:Tocharians 3794:Cimmerians 3672:Bronze Age 3563:South Asia 3437:Bronze Age 3375:Afanasievo 3179:Mainstream 2943:Vocabulary 2863:Sound laws 2725:Indo-Aryan 2574: – c. 2559:The Pankus 2521:gal dubsar 2516:gal mesedi 2511:gal gestin 2501:gal mesedi 2462:Government 2384:Carchemish 2373:Cappadocia 2344:storm god 2088:Mursili II 2065:Asia Minor 2036:Carchemish 1919:Yazılıkaya 1519:Old Europe 1488:Bronze Age 1398:Muršili II 1363:Kizzuwatna 1303:(Day) and 1241:Yazılıkaya 1173:Max Müller 1029:See also: 909:meteorites 811:continuity 710:Bronze Age 701:) were an 582:Carchemish 429:Kizzuwatna 387:Purushanda 273:Bronze Age 192:Government 10782:Couronian 10420:Ethiopian 10408:Manchukuo 10363:Brazilian 10209:Ghaznavid 10179:Srivijaya 10130:Trebizond 10115:Byzantine 10097:North Sea 10092:Norwegian 10080:Almoravid 10063:Ilkhanate 10033:Majapahit 10006:Muromachi 9915:Solomonic 9900:Ethiopian 9814:Caliphate 9747:Aragonese 9575:Ptolemaic 9297:Chaldeans 9214:Phoenicia 9152:Karduniaš 8932:Telchines 8922:Pisidians 8876:Maeonians 8847:Leucosyri 8837:Isaurians 8827:Cilicians 8706:Commagene 8147:"Hittite" 7927:224830641 7898:208141226 7840:. Brill. 7699:5 January 7616:163486778 7594:: 67–79. 7514:(2005) . 7278:14 August 7201:796081940 7139:159932628 7021:143295386 6710:163346233 6346:1570-7008 5943:, p. 564. 5533:Beal 1986 5521:Beal 1986 5477:1296-2074 5463:: 38–39. 5192:: 47–53. 4759:state of 4719:cuneiform 4690:Illuyanka 4659:Canaanite 4264:Practices 4083:Yarsanism 3893:Albanians 3873:East Asia 3860:Scythians 3852:Phrygians 3845:Paeonians 3838:Illyrians 3824:Thracians 3741:East Asia 3692:Armenians 3619:Hallstatt 3601:Chernoles 3542:Terramare 3532:Trzciniec 3499:Sintashta 3494:Andronovo 3395:Cernavodă 3368:East Asia 3323:Khvalynsk 3063:Philology 2973:Particles 2859:Phonology 2800:Liburnian 2775:Tocharian 2770:Anatolian 2739:Nuristani 2632:Languages 2567:(reigned 2427:), Latin 2425:Τιβαρηνοί 2416:Tibarenoi 2404:Sargon II 2319:Phrygians 2310:Philistia 2232:Muwatalli 2228:Euphrates 2080:tularemia 2060:Mattiwaza 2004:Tudhaliya 1935:Black Sea 1868:Euphrates 1856:Zidanta I 1852:Harapsili 1847:Hantili I 1834:Babylonia 1795:Mursili I 1736:Labarna I 1732:Huzziya I 1336:(Hittite 1299:, called 1287:Geography 1149:Akhenaten 1113:Boğazkale 956:Etymology 862:Babylonia 854:cuneiform 775:Near East 717:Black Sea 713:West Asia 703:Anatolian 251:–1180 BC 234:Labarna I 182:Religion 10903:Hittites 10762:Japanese 10725:Scottish 10705:American 10697:Colonial 10626:Imperial 10594:Moroccan 10530:Japanese 10508:Afsharid 10367:Burmese 10353:Austrian 10308:Later Le 10283:Early Le 10268:Venetian 10194:Tiwanaku 10107:Hellenic 10070:Moroccan 10001:Kamakura 9991:Japanese 9974:Saffarid 9927:Georgian 9841:Chalukya 9819:Rashidun 9809:Calakmul 9777:Bruneian 9656:Haryanka 9634:Sasanian 9629:Parthian 9580:Bactrian 9570:Seleucid 9550:Goguryeo 9528:Egyptian 9462:Assyrian 9452:Akkadian 9443:Colonies 9238:Arameans 9232:Damascus 9203:Arameans 9157:Kassites 9145:Hurrians 8866:Termilae 8832:Hittites 8822:Caucones 8726:Pergamon 8691:Bithynia 8555:Iron Age 8395:Ahhiyawa 8286:Archived 8021:"Luwian" 8019:(2020). 8004:(2012). 7992:24 March 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2963:Pronouns 2888:Balkanic 2835:Thracian 2828:Phrygian 2821:Paeonian 2807:Messapic 2793:Illyrian 2705:Hellenic 2700:Germanic 2669:Armenian 2661:Albanian 2655:Albanoid 2606:a series 2604:Part of 2597:Language 2565:Telipinu 2448:alphabet 2437:Josephus 2433:Thobeles 2429:Tibareni 2280:Alashiya 2247:after a 2230:, while 2107:Ahhiyawa 2040:Kassites 1939:Sapinuwa 1896:Telepinu 1884:Pharaohs 1561:Assyrian 1529:Caucasus 1508:Caucasus 1496:Hurrians 1492:Hattians 1469:Anatolia 1387:Kaskians 1330:Ha-at-ti 1261:Akkadian 1251:Writings 970:Hattians 913:chariots 893:Iron Age 885:smelting 795:Phrygian 733:Anatolia 729:polities 667:Hittites 526:Urumeans 498:Kaskians 485:Alashiya 345:Hattians 176:Akkadian 71:𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 54:Hattians 10829:largest 10824:Empires 10804:Swedish 10799:Spanish 10794:Russian 10757:Italian 10732:Chinese 10720:English 10715:British 10710:Belgian 10685:Vietnam 10675:Tay son 10621:Tsarist 10616:Russian 10611:Ottoman 10577:Dzungar 10572:Khoshut 10545:Mexican 10540:Maratha 10523:Pahlavi 10503:Safavid 10498:Iranian 10425:Haitian 10388:Chinese 10348:Ashanti 10320:Wagadou 10246:Eastern 10241:Western 10224:Timurid 10184:Tibetan 10174:Songhai 10164:Serbian 10085:Almohad 10075:Idrisid 9979:Samanid 9969:Tahirid 9964:Iranian 9942:Kannauj 9922:Genoese 9858:Chinese 9851:Eastern 9846:Western 9834:Fatimid 9829:Abbasid 9824:Umayyad 9797:Burmese 9757:Ayyubid 9752:Angevin 9722:Xianbei 9710:Eastern 9705:Western 9651:Magadha 9614:Iranian 9607:Xiongnu 9592:Hittite 9501:Chinese 9489:Kassite 9438:Ancient 9430:Empires 9140:Mitanni 9108:Amorite 9087:Amorite 9061:Gutians 8937:Trojans 8927:Sidians 8897:Mysians 8887:Milyans 8872:Lydians 8862:Lycians 8852:Luwians 8842:Leleges 8812:Carians 8800:Peoples 8716:Osroene 8711:Galatia 8701:Cilicia 8681:Armenia 8655:Phrygia 8637:Kammanu 8633:Ḫilakku 8582:Diauehi 8577:Colchis 8546:Zalpuwa 8522:Shupria 8503:Pisidia 8478:Miletus 8463:Kussara 8453:Kalašma 8447:Mitanni 8415:Hapalla 7682:Anadolu 7625:(2001) 7348:Sources 7131:1359903 7013:3140922 6702:1357346 6671:3156304 6571:smie.co 6359:2 April 6302:2 April 5194:Bibcode 4868:Odyssey 4866:in the 4860:Κητειοι 4790:Hattusa 4681:Hurrian 4677:Tarhunt 4663:Hurrian 4620:emblem. 4586:Babylon 4526:Hurrian 4480:Leipzig 4459:Kültepe 4451:Hittite 4242:Latvian 4200:Cornish 4070:Kurdish 4056:Persian 4048:Iranian 4040:Sikhism 4033:Jainism 3996:Hittite 3935:Iranian 3831:Dacians 3624:Jastorf 3547:Tumulus 3527:Únětice 3456:Yamnaya 3451:Chariot 3389:Usatovo 3330:Yamnaya 3167:Society 3151:Origins 3084:Rigveda 2936:Grammar 2763:Extinct 2753:Romance 2732:Iranian 2348:in the 2346:Tarḫunz 2314:Cilicia 2205:Chimera 2103:Miletus 1977:Hattusa 1923:Hattusa 1872:Cilicia 1842:rule it 1838:Kassite 1828:of the 1822:Babylon 1771:Yamkhad 1767:Amorite 1755:Hattusa 1740:Kussara 1697:Pithana 1689:Kussara 1685:Pithana 1660:Pithana 1641:Kussara 1637:Hattusa 1633:Zalpuwa 1625:Kussara 1553:isolate 1506:of the 1481:Kussara 1463:Origins 1416:History 1410:Lebanon 1391:Mitanni 1375:Adaniya 1371:Cilicia 1309:Hattusa 1267:Museums 1207:Hattusa 1199:Hattusa 1098:Kültepe 1061:Abraham 962:Hattusa 937:Etibank 858:Assyria 844:of the 787:Mitanni 752:Hattusa 737:Kussara 660:Hattusa 643:Lebanon 596:Phrygia 359:Kussara 244:• 237:(first) 223:• 164:Hittite 145:Hattusa 141:Capital 78:Ḫattuša 10767:Mongol 10752:German 10747:French 10737:Danish 10680:Dainam 10655:Tongan 10643:Somali 10638:Sokoto 10604:'Alawi 10582:Kalmyk 10562:Mongol 10555:Second 10535:Korean 10486:Mughal 10476:Indian 10459:German 10452:Second 10442:French 10435:Second 10371:Second 10343:Afghan 10335:Modern 10261:Kyrgyz 10256:Uighur 10251:Second 10231:Turkic 10199:Toltec 10135:Epirus 10120:Nicaea 10043:Mongol 9996:Yamato 9932:Huetar 9790:Second 9727:Rouran 9676:Shunga 9671:Maurya 9646:Kushan 9619:Median 9597:Hunnic 9555:Harsha 8891:Solymi 8731:Pontus 8660:Urartu 8641:Kummuh 8629:Gurgum 8612:Mushki 8592:Etiuni 8562:Aeolia 8537:Wilusa 8458:Kaskia 8400:Arzawa 8251:about 8228: 8184: 8157: 8101: 8049: 8031: 7983: 7962: 7944: 7925: 7896: 7844: 7825: 7807: 7776: 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The 4592:, and 4530:Hattic 4464:Ishara 4440:Ankara 4257:Slavic 4236:Baltic 4186:Breton 4166:Celtic 4150:Dacian 4106:Others 3886:Europe 3759:Europe 3753:Yuezhi 3607:Europe 3594:Steppe 3505:Europe 3362:Maykop 3316:Samara 3272:Kurgan 3089:Avesta 2871:Ablaut 2867:Accent 2814:Mysian 2786:Dacian 2747:Italic 2695:Celtic 2687:Slavic 2680:Baltic 2648:Extant 2553:Ankuwa 2452:Aegean 2368:Mushki 2342:Luwian 2323:Bryges 2306:Aegean 2272:Cyprus 2224:Hurria 2213:Ankara 2156:Kadesh 2067:, and 2018:Aleppo 1943:Samuha 1876:Amurru 1864:Tigris 1860:Ammuna 1779:Aleppo 1713:Kanesh 1693:Kanesh 1681:Anitta 1652:Kanesh 1645:Kanesh 1597:Turkey 1406:Canaan 1379:Ammuna 1367:Luwian 1359:Arzawa 1354:Luwiya 1346:bounty 1340:Greek 1317:Ankara 1281:Turkey 1277:Ankara 1185:Kittim 1177:Khatti 1165:Khatti 1137:Amarna 1125:Aleppo 1043:...". 1010:Ankara 974:Hattic 946:Ankara 832:nešili 781:, the 764:Levant 741:Kanesh 721:Turkey 647:Cyprus 635:Turkey 568:Kummuh 512:Mushki 471:Wilusa 457:Arzawa 443:Assuwa 373:Kanesh 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