3813:
48:
3441:
4080:
2470:
5604:
5543:
5143:
3789:
3501:
3825:
3465:
3429:
3777:
3885:
3663:
3741:
4944:. Unlike in most other Commonwealth realms, sovereignty is constitutionally vested in the citizenry of Papua New Guinea and the preamble to the constitution states "that all power belongs to the people—acting through their duly elected representatives". The monarch has been, according to section 82 of the constitution, "requested by the people of Papua New Guinea, through their Constituent Assembly, to become and Head of State of Papua New Guinea" and thus acts in that capacity.
4020:
3801:
3753:
3453:
2102:
1282:
2257:
3549:
3723:
3603:
3537:
3711:
3651:
3615:
3489:
3861:
3972:
3563:
3525:
4044:
3591:
3513:
4161:
3317:
2872:
4032:
4008:
3996:
3873:
3477:
3984:
3765:
3699:
3675:
3687:
3639:
3627:
4068:
4056:
3849:
3837:
3579:
3270:, was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand's history, before passing away on 13 October 2016. Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential role in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (See Bhumibol's role in
3231:. Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and his Governors-General in the Commonwealth realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. For example, during the
3291:
champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. For instance, the monarch of the United
Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. However, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is
3278:
protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of
Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by
3247:
by refusing to pass the necessary appropriation bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. When he sought the
Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that,
2972:) power. The monarchy under this system of government is a powerful political (and social) institution. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently still have a great deal of social and cultural influence.
2975:
Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in
Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are
3026:, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of
2857:
Christian view of natural law. Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.
5567:
Ginsburg, Tom and
Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R., The Functions of Constitutional Monarchy: Why Kings and Queens Survive in a World of Republics (May 21, 2023). Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 23-29, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 831, Available at SSRN:
3200:
holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ between countries. In
Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a
2560:
identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain
3092:
only in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular head of state – monarch or president – serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected
2249:, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the
3262:. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, however, the event confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in excess of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately as a safeguard against dictatorship.
3014:
and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following
3282:
In the United
Kingdom, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a
2549:
to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In
2842:
is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher
3257:
election. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among
Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether
2767:
was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of
Parliament when the
3252:
in his place. Acting quickly before all parliamentarians became aware of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the
Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a
5753:
4804:
appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24
3265:
In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The immediate former King,
4730:
in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the
4614:
as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
3061:
needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany's defeat in the
5548:
5546:
4356:, with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the
4888:. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to have been modelled on the title "King of the French" granted by the
2968:
There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world – executive and ceremonial. In executive monarchies, the monarch wields significant (though not
2300:
2522:. While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets
6039:
3212:
In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. However, a few monarchies (most notably
4427:, which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the
4539:
united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
2772:
resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration. By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of
4439:
proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy. The
2166:(in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
2340:
4369:
533:
4671:
Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.
4715:(or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the
2162:
in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from
3022:
The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where they democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the
4763:
4122:
2130:
4381:
5956:
5175:
4550:
3002:, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years (in the end, this was moot, as the proposal was not approved).
2811:
4782:
from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian
2458:
5295:
3066:
2333:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
4738:
calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe"). The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as
3081:, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain.
3817:
3137:
Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the authority of or owe
4253:
of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
4935:
4748:, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern
4507:
2661:
came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.
3381:
2936:
5585:
4511:
1347:
6047:
4467:) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
3353:
2908:
4307:
4182:
3667:
3334:
2889:
1561:
4474:
from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see
4801:
2123:
1174:
5489:
4414:
3360:
2915:
1140:
2615:" to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies. Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as those of the
6018:
5805:
5271:
4989:
4812:
4104:
4084:
3232:
767:
741:
6010:
5104:
4993:
2796:
2776:, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. For example, in 1886 she vetoed Gladstone's choice of
1310:
6027:
2853:(1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the
2751:
as prime minister in 1801. The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period.
6139:
4489:
4423:
to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the
3367:
2922:
2849:
2807:
2760:
2451:
726:
326:
6068:
5977:
5928:
5906:
5390:
4723:
4377:
2250:
2116:
5636:
449:
6116:
5871:
5827:
5724:
4580:
4475:
4208:
3793:
3619:
3400:
3050:
2955:
2831:
2611:. As a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely ceremonial role may also be referred to as "
4190:
3349:
2904:
5074:
4688:
4502:, which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when
3077:
under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the
2792:
2752:
2744:
5176:"Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing"
3433:
2001:
1181:
772:
4758:
was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when
3058:
568:
5473:
5440:
5415:
5365:
4432:
4373:
4186:
3889:
3338:
3149:
2999:
2893:
2616:
2444:
1808:
1763:
896:
489:
4440:
4388:
4365:
3275:
3271:
2844:
1634:
117:
47:
4384:
to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.
2197:, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the
6078:
5006:
4797:
4704:
4339:
4264:
3781:
3553:
2781:
2732:
2722:
2600:
608:
4684:
4589:
until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.
4424:
3829:
3745:
3157:
2343:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
1828:
1343:
958:
5986:
5179:
5863:
4731:
3305:
3259:
2827:
2330:
2206:
1649:
1130:
953:
762:
642:
4683:
was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
311:
5303:
5202:
4554:
4272:
4072:
4024:
3374:
3181:
2929:
1135:
990:
736:
396:
341:
4558:
4485:
4300:
4246:
4171:
2748:
2644:
2608:
2599:
identifies constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a
2552:
1399:
1303:
479:
429:
236:
2987:
2657:, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the
578:
5787:
4712:
4410:
4260:
4175:
4118:
3805:
3757:
3457:
3327:
3220:) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer the nominal chief executive.
3085:
2995:
2882:
2815:
2773:
2739:. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance
2726:
2519:
2057:
852:
459:
5465:
4510:. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893
2402:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
5690:
5026:
4820:
4633:
4493:
4234:
4223:
3607:
3173:
3127:
3042:
2710:
2500:
2409:
2359:
2290:
2072:
1639:
1223:
970:
731:
538:
194:
6060:
5920:
4625:
2830:; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican
6108:
6059:, translated by Seitzer, Jeffrey (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, pp. 313–
5819:
5758:
5694:
5337:
5011:
4951:
4931:
4841:
4816:
4808:
4759:
4655:
4647:
4576:
4562:
4428:
4392:
4311:
3952:
3445:
2736:
2620:
2542:
2067:
1930:
1527:
1056:
1000:
632:
75:
5969:
5934:– England and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries were parliamentary democracies.
3205:
following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the
563:
351:
5938:
5698:
4977:
4773:
4692:
4680:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4566:
4460:
4343:
4268:
4242:
4136:
4100:
3865:
3727:
3493:
3284:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3094:
3016:
2673:
2581:
2577:
2496:
2269:
1083:
713:
702:
652:
613:
603:
2735:
was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the
553:
543:
361:
8:
5214:
4877:
4849:
4789:
4708:
4536:
4503:
4448:
4327:
4296:
4227:
3567:
3529:
3517:
3469:
3288:
3169:
3161:
2991:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2604:
2585:
2569:
2306:
1991:
1900:
1857:
1644:
1409:
1296:
1228:
686:
673:
660:
184:
386:
336:
5458:
5132:
4769:
4535:. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a
4518:
4436:
4357:
4353:
4315:
4290:
4259:
from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the
4238:
4036:
3988:
3936:
3877:
3853:
3769:
3715:
3655:
3505:
3481:
3267:
3254:
3228:
3185:
3177:
3165:
3119:
2839:
2826:
Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the
2803:: on behalf of the monarch and through powers still formally possessed by the monarch.
2788:
2698:
2669:
2573:
2492:
2311:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
2253:, which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers.
2202:
1629:
1414:
1389:
1248:
1125:
1066:
995:
793:
780:
754:
411:
256:
122:
5966:
Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture, and Dynastic Politics
4364:, which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the
2534:, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".
6134:
6112:
6064:
6014:
5973:
5950:
5924:
5902:
5867:
5823:
5801:
5738:
5720:
5673:
5469:
5436:
5411:
5386:
5361:
5277:
5267:
5136:
5124:
4985:
4927:
4779:
4677:
from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
4651:
4641:
4542:
4499:
4400:
4286:
4108:
3841:
3240:
3189:
3188:. However, the two most populous constitutional monarchies in the world are in Asia:
3153:
3116:, under which the monarch may exercise power under certain very limited circumstances
3113:
3046:
2969:
2835:
2800:
2769:
2589:
2379:
2163:
2062:
1783:
1614:
1566:
1394:
1327:
1253:
1238:
1157:
847:
718:
665:
647:
593:
573:
558:
548:
381:
366:
316:
296:
164:
112:
107:
85:
80:
32:
20:
2787:
Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial. The
2510:
may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political ceremonial
2469:
5894:
5767:
5210:
5116:
5083:
4941:
4903:
4873:
4845:
4361:
4323:
4310:
were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including
4282:
4140:
3679:
3583:
3078:
3074:
3035:
3011:
2624:
2355:
1895:
1818:
1788:
1662:
1404:
1384:
1265:
1164:
1113:
598:
513:
209:
179:
132:
4419:
5795:
5749:
4889:
4727:
4597:
4593:
4522:
4335:
4048:
3976:
3691:
3643:
3631:
3595:
3062:
3049:
rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the
2740:
2531:
2527:
2389:
2274:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
2106:
2079:
1935:
1925:
1722:
1619:
1286:
857:
785:
749:
681:
588:
583:
528:
401:
376:
321:
5837:
5775:
5236:"64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World"
4579:
was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the
2639:
The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the
6107:(with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro ed.), New Haven:
5886:
5855:
5088:
5069:
4971:
4783:
4749:
4674:
4665:
4456:
4380:, and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials
4331:
4012:
4000:
3703:
3292:
widely believed that this and many of the monarch's other political powers are
3249:
3197:
3145:
3101:
3023:
2764:
2756:
2557:
2538:
2399:
2198:
2084:
2015:
1920:
1753:
1667:
1095:
1017:
523:
281:
204:
159:
4409:, several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the
4129:
appointed and is the head of government. The president and prime minister are
3133:
The immunity of the monarch from some taxation or restrictions on property use
2705:
of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the
6128:
5281:
5128:
5031:
4963:
4955:
4893:
4863:
4735:
4471:
4452:
4060:
3236:
3088:
that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a
3070:
3031:
2854:
2777:
2677:
2562:
2523:
2511:
2320:
2170:
1971:
1866:
1768:
1758:
1599:
1213:
1108:
1088:
1078:
891:
416:
406:
346:
306:
301:
142:
4793:
4752:. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.
4700:
4611:
4572:
4464:
3293:
2546:
2515:
2020:
1947:
1941:
1915:
1910:
1886:
1876:
1813:
1702:
1522:
1446:
1073:
948:
913:
697:
518:
391:
356:
214:
5898:
5771:
5573:
5261:
5120:
4557:, for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
2834:. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the
2755:
was the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed
1007:
5742:
4967:
4444:
3274:.) Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution,
3224:
2714:
2628:
2025:
2010:
1952:
1823:
1687:
1486:
1481:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1243:
1208:
980:
938:
884:
842:
812:
637:
371:
251:
152:
4819:) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under
4762:
was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the
4632:
and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and
3069:
could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that there was a
2101:
1281:
6100:
5209:. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law (MPECCoL).
5021:
5016:
4981:
4923:
4913:
4909:
4668:
was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.
4601:
4250:
3341: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3138:
3105:
2896: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2648:
2262:
2030:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1962:
1803:
1594:
1476:
1471:
1335:
1100:
1051:
975:
469:
291:
219:
70:
5235:
5049:
2256:
906:
5385:(1st ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–170.
4996:, each of whom is a hereditary absolute monarch in their own emirate.
4696:
4644:. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
4546:
4396:
4319:
3948:
3541:
2681:
2665:
2351:
1833:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1556:
1517:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1456:
1424:
1368:
1363:
1233:
1218:
1169:
1120:
1029:
985:
965:
933:
877:
867:
822:
817:
439:
246:
229:
199:
5569:
5345:. Translated by George Rawlinson. Penguin Random House. p. 304.
4160:
3316:
3144:
Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are
3100:
However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the
2871:
5178:. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Archived from
4919:
4755:
4716:
4256:
4131:
3089:
2982:
2806:
No person may accept significant public office without swearing an
2651:
whose king had to share his authority with an assembly, called the
2640:
2576:
of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies –
2435:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2159:
1905:
1466:
1436:
1379:
1203:
1147:
1012:
872:
241:
174:
39:
5919:(2nd, illustrated ed.), Barron's Educational Serie, pp.
5616:
4352:
was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the
3010:
As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the
2473:
The three constitutional monarchs of the Scandinavian kingdoms of
4869:
4855:
4837:
4833:
4532:
4526:
4417:
initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the
4281:
from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the
4113:
2482:
2427:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2190:
2178:
1707:
1544:
1534:
1260:
1152:
1061:
943:
901:
862:
331:
189:
169:
137:
65:
2861:
5519:
4859:
4617:
4481:
4406:
4278:
3244:
3235:, the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister
3217:
3054:
3027:
2653:
2478:
2474:
2226:
2222:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
1871:
1191:
224:
6105:
Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration
4966:(Article 56). Article 1, Section 2, states that "the national
4529:
remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
3038:
was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of France".
2990:, which is why their countries are generally considered to be
2392:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
5968:(illustrated ed.), Manchester University Press, p.
4947:
4899:
4661:
4607:
4586:
4349:
3213:
2998:
of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a possible approval of a
2246:
2210:
1196:
1186:
286:
147:
5917:
Barron's how to Prepare for the AP World History Examination
3299:
3073:
as the titular head of state while actual power was held by
19:"Ceremonial monarchies" redirects here. For other uses, see
3104:
from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with
2713:, although the first form of constitution was enacted with
2692:
2486:
1024:
5674:"The Imperial Institution – The Imperial Household Agency"
5155:
4766:
which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
4376:
coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was
2541:, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as
2418: Dependent territories and places without governments
2372:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
5877:– originally published as Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel,
5360:(1st ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 469–472.
2588:, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small
5737:, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 267–268,
5733:
Blum, Jerome; Cameron, Rondo; Barnes, Thomas G. (1970),
5103:
Stepan, Alfred; Linz, Juan J.; Minoves, Juli F. (2014).
4107:
functions as the head of state of a federation of seven
3057:
retained considerable actual executive power, while the
2729:, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.
5435:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–242.
4938:
rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.
4275:
movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.
3416:
3223:
There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King
2687:
2169:
Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as
6038:
6026:
5622:
5317:
3962:
5654:
2412:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
5719:, Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, p. 118,
4992:, being selected from among the rulers of the seven
4827:
5985:
5586:"Liechtenstein prince threatens to veto referendum"
5525:
4764:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
4150:
5464:. London: Constable and Company Limited. pp.
5457:
5410:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 147.
4742:. Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of
3955:, has a special region with a monarch as its head.
2526:or chooses political leaders. Political scientist
2301:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
5732:
5531:
5102:
5055:
4368:. This system persisted until the declaration of
3005:
2568:The Commonwealth realms share the same person as
2565:, and may also play an important political role.
2362:holds significant executive and legislative power
6126:
5507:
4391:was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler,
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
6055:Schmitt, Carl (2008) , Seitzer, Jeffrey (ed.),
4772:from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when
4624:lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with
4596:was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when
3939:, which share the same person as their monarch.
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
2810:. With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by
2684:had become an unstable state, in about 548 BC.
4249:. Corsica became an independent kingdom under
2747:, eventually precipitating the resignation of
5173:
4866:are the only countries with reigning princes.
4565:on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as
3413:There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide.
2862:Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy
2537:In addition to acting as a visible symbol of
2452:
2124:
1304:
5955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4687:and becoming a republic when it adopted the
3901:
5937:
5684:
5610:
5460:CB - A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
4743:
4740:a republic under the presidency of the King
4189:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2672:created a constitutional monarchy for King
2433:
2425:
6086:Official website of the British Parliament
5991:Official website of the British Parliament
5800:, Annandale: Federation Press, p. 1,
5070:"Constitutional monarchy as power sharing"
2459:
2445:
2131:
2117:
1311:
1297:
5637:"Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88"
5335:
5329:
5087:
4776:was forced to abdicate by the communists.
4209:Learn how and when to remove this message
4135:the rulers of the absolute monarchies of
3942:
3401:Learn how and when to remove this message
3300:List of current constitutional monarchies
3243:had threatened to block the Government's
2994:and not undemocratic. For instance, when
2956:Learn how and when to remove this message
1348:List of countries by system of government
6044:Official website of the British Monarchy
6032:Official website of the British Monarchy
5914:
5748:
5430:
5405:
5399:
5266:. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 105.
5161:
5067:
4600:was forced to abdicate by the communist
4561:and becoming a republic when it adopted
4521:. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of
4308:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
2980:absolute monarchs and have very limited
2693:England, Scotland and the United Kingdom
2468:
2255:
6054:
6004:
5714:
5323:
5259:
4241:(1794–1796) when the island broke with
3000:referendum to legalize abortion in 2011
6127:
5884:
5813:
5660:
5574:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4454620
5455:
5174:Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016).
5149:
4902:is the only country remaining with an
4303:was deposed by the communist assembly.
3248:he installed leader of the opposition
2261:World's states coloured by systems of
742:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
5891:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
5854:
5793:
5717:The Hattian and Hittite civilizations
5634:
5563:
5561:
5552:
5355:
5200:
5105:"Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies"
4912:is the only country remaining with a
4813:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
4525:. In the interwar period (1920–1944)
3233:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
3019:account of the separation of powers.
2821:
2759:as a result of Melbourne's choice of
6076:
5939:Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de
5835:
5537:
5513:
5380:
4545:was a constitutional monarchy, with
4245:and sought military protection from
4226:was a constitutional monarchy under
4187:adding citations to reliable sources
4154:
3417:Ceremonial constitutional monarchies
3339:adding citations to reliable sources
3310:
2894:adding citations to reliable sources
2865:
2797:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2688:Constitutional and absolute monarchy
5963:
5860:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5818:, Oxford University Press, p.
5754:"The Monarchy and the Constitution"
5302:, 12 September 2008, archived from
4792:was a constitutional monarchy with
4610:was a constitutional monarchy with
4492:. The decision was formalized by a
4093:
3963:Executive constitutional monarchies
3304:For a more comprehensive list, see
2850:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2838:, but much more widely afterwards.
2763:as Leader of the House of Commons.
674:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
13:
6093:
6046:, 12 December 2015, archived from
6028:"What is constitutional monarchy?"
5558:
3260:Australia should become a republic
2251:constitution of the United Kingdom
14:
6151:
5784:The Monarchy and the Constitution
5635:Dewan, Angela (13 October 2016).
5570:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4454620
4828:Unusual constitutional monarchies
4581:Persian Constitutional Revolution
4476:Constitution of the German Empire
4382:nominally accredited as diplomats
3051:Constitution of the German Empire
2832:Constitution of the United States
5215:10.1093/law:mpeccol/e408.013.408
5075:Constitutional Political Economy
4435:. Several years later, in 1804,
4271:. After an extensive history of
4159:
4151:Former constitutional monarchies
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3818:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3561:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3315:
2870:
2100:
1280:
643:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
46:
6040:"What is a Commonwealth realm?"
5862:, translated by Nisbet, H. B.,
5858:(1991) , Wood, Allen W. (ed.),
5666:
5628:
5578:
5482:
5449:
5424:
5374:
5349:
5288:
5056:Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970
4872:is the only remaining explicit
4815:) until 1929 and from 1931 (as
4650:until 1918 when it merged with
4293:was deposed by a military coup.
3326:needs additional citations for
2881:needs additional citations for
2432:systems of government, not the
773:Spanish transition to democracy
450:Les Six livres de la République
5885:Kurian, George Thomas (2011),
5253:
5228:
5194:
5167:
5096:
5061:
4724:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4689:first Constitution of Pakistan
4628:elected as emperor. Then, the
4433:Insurrection of 10 August 1792
4378:occupied by the United Kingdom
3122:, under which the monarch may
3006:Modern constitutional monarchy
2808:oath of allegiance to the King
2801:"royal (or Crown) prerogative"
2799:– exercise their powers under
2780:as War Secretary in favour of
2717:of 1215. At the same time, in
1809:Intergovernmental organisation
1764:Separation of church and state
490:Democracy: The God That Failed
1:
6103:(2003) , Shapiro, Ian (ed.),
5037:
4695:had a total of two monarchs (
4389:Grand Principality of Finland
4366:Egyptian Constitution of 1923
3130:is instead deemed accountable
3053:which Bismarck inspired, the
2845:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2556:, British political theorist
2485:gathered in November 1917 in
2382:: Monarch has unlimited power
2341:Assembly-independent republic
768:Birth of the Italian Republic
5042:
5007:Australian Monarchist League
4954:does not even recognize the
4934:is selected from among nine
4798:Queen of Trinidad and Tobago
4717:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3554:Special Region of Yogyakarta
2782:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2370:Semi-constitutional monarchy
1606:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
5964:Orr, Campbell, ed. (2002),
5623:Royal Household staff 2015b
5000:
4425:French Constitution of 1791
2795:– chiefly in the office of
2623:, have been referred to as
2597:semi-constitutional monarch
2316: Presidential republic
2293:with a ceremonial president
1674:(socio-economic ideologies)
1344:List of forms of government
727:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
653:Birth of the Dutch Republic
10:
6156:
6140:Constitutional state types
5864:Cambridge University Press
5707:
5089:10.1007/s10602-021-09336-8
4876:: the formal title of its
4745:Rex regnat et non gubernat
4732:Constitution of 3 May 1791
4577:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
4506:promulgated the kingdom's
4237:was a brief period in the
3735:
3573:
3423:
3306:List of current monarchies
3303:
3196:. In these countries, the
3126:under the law because the
2828:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2634:
2331:Semi-presidential republic
763:Siamese revolution of 1932
18:
5887:"Constitutional Monarchy"
5782:Bogdanor, Vernon (1995),
5383:Robert Peel – a biography
5207:Oxford Constitutional Law
5068:Tridimas, George (2021).
4620:was twice an Empire. The
3350:"Constitutional monarchy"
3148:countries, including the
2905:"Constitutional monarchy"
2812:constitutional convention
2283:with a ceremonial monarch
1795:(geo-cultural ideologies)
737:5 October 1910 Revolution
633:Birth of the Roman Empire
5945:, Legal Classics Library
5797:The Queen's Other Realms
5526:Parliamentary staff 2010
5433:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5408:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5358:William Pitt the Younger
5203:"Parliamentary Monarchy"
4664:until 28 May 2008, when
4654:and other areas to form
4395:, was simultaneously an
2749:William Pitt the Younger
2645:ancient Anatolian people
2613:parliamentary monarchies
2609:semi-presidential system
2553:The English Constitution
480:Considerations on France
6079:"Research Paper 01/116"
6005:Patmore, Glenn (2009),
5915:McCannon, John (2006),
5838:"Monarchy – Background"
5836:Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015),
5814:Davies, Norman (1996),
5788:Oxford University Press
5715:Akurgal, Ekrem (2001),
5590:San Diego Union-Tribune
5431:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5406:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5356:Hague, William (2004).
5260:Patmore, Glenn (2009).
4411:Estates General of 1789
4261:Commonwealth of Nations
3086:parliamentary democracy
2996:Hereditary Prince Alois
2727:Claim of Right Act 1689
2508:Constitutional monarchy
2281:Constitutional monarchy
2144:Constitutional monarchy
2058:Administrative division
2002:International relations
1096:Emperor system of Japan
6009:, UNSW Press, p.
5879:Philosophie des Rechts
5490:"Parliament and Crown"
5381:Hurd, Douglas (2007).
5201:Grote, Rainer (2016).
5058:, pp. 2Nnk67–268.
5027:Parliamentary republic
4744:
4691:on 23 March 1956. The
4634:Napoleon III of France
4374:Free Officers Movement
4235:Anglo-Corsican Kingdom
4224:Kingdom of Afghanistan
3128:responsible government
3043:unification of Germany
2986:power compared to the
2711:Act of Settlement 1701
2647:that lived during the
2518:, whether codified or
2504:
2466:
2434:
2426:
2424:this chart represents
2410:Provisional government
2291:Parliamentary republic
2152:parliamentary monarchy
971:Enlightened absolutism
6109:Yale University Press
6057:Constitutional Theory
6007:Choosing the Republic
5899:10.4135/9781608712434
5794:Boyce, Peter (2008),
5759:Parliamentary Affairs
5695:Constitution of Spain
5456:Wilson, John (1973).
5263:Choosing the Republic
5121:10.1353/jod.2014.0032
5012:Criticism of monarchy
4952:Constitution of Spain
4932:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
4817:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
4638:Maximilian of Austria
4549:as head of state and
4429:French First Republic
3953:presidential republic
3794:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3227:, which are known as
3095:Members of Parliament
2745:Catholic Emancipation
2737:Scottish Militia Bill
2723:Convention of Estates
2543:dissolving parliament
2472:
2440:degree of democracy.
2270:Parliamentary systems
2259:
2068:Democratic transition
1931:Self-governing colony
1528:Military dictatorship
76:Divine right of kings
6077:Sear, Chris (2001),
5699:Congress of Deputies
5109:Journal of Democracy
4978:United Arab Emirates
4882:King of the Belgians
4693:Dominion of Pakistan
4622:First Mexican Empire
4551:the Earl Mountbatten
4269:Monarchy of Barbados
4243:Revolutionary France
4183:improve this section
4101:United Arab Emirates
4085:United Arab Emirates
3335:improve this article
3289:political scientists
3203:coalition government
2890:improve this article
2491:From left to right:
714:Unification of Italy
703:Second French Empire
5987:"Crown Prerogative"
5772:10.1093/pa/49.3.407
5182:on 14 December 2019
5164:, pp. 407–422.
4850:president of France
4800:, represented by a
4790:Trinidad and Tobago
4726:, formed after the
4709:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
4630:Mexican monarchists
4504:King Kamehameha III
4490:military government
4488:was deposed by the
4441:Bourbon Restoration
4340:Trinidad and Tobago
4297:Kingdom of Bulgaria
4228:Mohammad Zahir Shah
4109:absolute monarchies
4099:In the case of the
3937:Commonwealth realms
3434:Antigua and Barbuda
3229:Commonwealth realms
3059:Imperial Chancellor
2992:liberal democracies
2818:of the government.
2743:constantly blocked
2707:Bill of Rights 1689
2703:Glorious Revolution
2631:and Glenn Patmore.
2586:elective monarchies
2570:hereditary monarchy
2307:Presidential system
2203:Commonwealth realms
2164:absolute monarchies
2156:democratic monarchy
2107:Politics portal
1992:Supranational union
1901:Dependent territory
1814:National government
1287:Politics portal
687:First French Empire
661:Glorious Revolution
6050:on 2 December 2010
6034:, 12 December 2015
5943:The Spirit of Laws
5778:on 20 October 2017
5735:The European World
5592:. 8 September 2011
5336:Herodotus (1997).
5306:on 20 October 2017
4990:President or Ra'is
4962:, but just as the
4892:to monarch of the
4840:, being headed by
4770:Kingdom of Romania
4734:, which historian
4711:being the first).
4519:Kingdom of Hungary
4508:first constitution
4437:Napoleon Bonaparte
4239:history of Corsica
4230:from 1964 to 1973.
3279:the royal family.
3268:Bhumibol Adulyadej
3255:double dissolution
3120:Sovereign immunity
2840:Napoleon Bonaparte
2822:Continental Europe
2789:British Parliament
2699:Kingdom of England
2574:Westminster system
2505:
2467:
1126:List of monarchies
927:Related ideologies
794:Nepalese Civil War
781:Iranian Revolution
755:Russian Revolution
750:Chinese Revolution
732:German unification
16:Form of government
6020:978-1-74223-015-3
5816:Europe: A History
5807:978-1-86287-700-9
5780:– excerpted from
5273:978-1-74223-200-3
4986:elective monarchy
4970:is vested in the
4928:elective monarchy
4780:Kingdom of Serbia
4705:Governor-Generals
4642:Emperor of Mexico
4598:Sisavang Vatthana
4537:sovereign kingdom
4415:National Assembly
4342:(1962–1976), and
4287:Pedro I of Brazil
4267:representing the
4219:
4218:
4211:
3897:
3896:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3287:goal, while some
3241:Australian Senate
3114:royal prerogative
3047:Otto von Bismarck
2966:
2965:
2958:
2940:
2836:French Revolution
2774:William Gladstone
2770:Bedchamber crisis
2761:Lord John Russell
2625:crowned republics
2590:electoral college
2380:Absolute monarchy
2141:
2140:
2092:
2091:
2063:Democracy indices
2038:
2037:
1841:
1840:
1650:Semi-presidential
1575:
1574:
1321:
1320:
719:Meiji Restoration
666:French Revolution
648:Tsarist autocracy
609:Popescu-Tăriceanu
108:Abdication system
86:Royal prerogative
81:Mandate of Heaven
21:crowned republics
6147:
6121:
6088:
6083:
6073:
6051:
6035:
6023:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5982:
5960:
5954:
5946:
5933:
5911:
5876:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5832:
5810:
5790:
5779:
5774:, archived from
5750:Bogdanor, Vernon
5745:
5729:
5701:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5611:Montesquieu 1924
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5582:
5576:
5565:
5556:
5550:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5463:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5065:
5059:
5053:
4984:country with an
4942:Papua New Guinea
4926:country with an
4874:popular monarchy
4846:bishop of Urgell
4802:Governor-General
4747:
4563:its constitution
4555:governor-general
4496:8 December 1974.
4484:until 1973 when
4362:Kingdom of Egypt
4299:until 1946 when
4283:Empire of Brazil
4265:Governor-General
4214:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4163:
4155:
4144:
4097:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3956:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3782:Papua New Guinea
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3343:
3319:
3311:
3146:Western European
3079:Second World War
3075:Benito Mussolini
3036:Louis-Philippe I
3012:executive branch
2988:Islamic monarchs
2961:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2898:
2874:
2866:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2349:
2338:
2328:
2315:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2148:limited monarchy
2146:, also known as
2133:
2126:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2052:
2051:
1896:Associated state
1854:
1853:
1829:Internationalism
1819:World government
1796:
1675:
1607:
1588:
1587:
1562:Free association
1549:
1510:
1429:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1284:
1165:Philosopher king
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
397:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
133:Crowned republic
118:Chinese Legalist
57:Central concepts
50:
28:
27:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6099:
6096:
6094:Further reading
6091:
6081:
6071:
6021:
5996:
5994:
5993:, 21 April 2010
5980:
5948:
5947:
5931:
5909:
5874:
5856:Hegel, G. W. F.
5846:
5844:
5830:
5808:
5781:
5727:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5689:
5685:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5309:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5274:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5101:
5097:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5003:
4890:Charter of 1830
4886:King of Belgium
4830:
4728:Union of Lublin
4594:Kingdom of Laos
4523:Austria-Hungary
4322:) (1948–1972),
4215:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4180:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4143:, respectively.
4119:Supreme Council
4117:elected by the
4098:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4007:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3902:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3830:Solomon Islands
3824:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3746:The Netherlands
3740:
3738:
3722:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3668:Negeri Sembilan
3662:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3562:
3560:
3548:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3344:
3342:
3332:
3320:
3309:
3302:
3141:to the Crown).
3063:First World War
3008:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2899:
2897:
2887:
2875:
2864:
2824:
2753:King William IV
2741:King George III
2695:
2690:
2643:. They were an
2637:
2595:The concept of
2532:Thomas Macaulay
2530:, paraphrasing
2528:Vernon Bogdanor
2490:
2465:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2390:One-party state
2385:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2158:, is a form of
2137:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2080:Democratisation
2073:Autocratization
2049:
2041:
2040:
2039:
1996:
1957:
1936:Tributary state
1926:Satellite state
1881:
1851:
1850:Power structure
1843:
1842:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1746:
1732:
1723:Totalitarianism
1673:
1672:
1654:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1547:
1539:
1504:
1496:
1427:
1419:
1366:
1357:
1356:Source of power
1334:Basic forms of
1328:Politics series
1317:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1036:
928:
920:
919:
918:
837:
829:
828:
827:
807:
799:
798:
790:
786:Modern Cambodia
759:
723:
707:
691:
682:Trienio Liberal
670:
628:
620:
619:
618:
508:
500:
499:
498:
493:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
271:
263:
262:
261:
237:Self-proclaimed
102:
94:
93:
90:
58:
33:Politics series
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6074:
6070:978-0822340119
6069:
6052:
6036:
6024:
6019:
6002:
5983:
5979:978-0719057694
5978:
5961:
5935:
5930:978-0764132711
5929:
5912:
5908:978-1933116440
5907:
5882:
5872:
5852:
5842:politics.co.uk
5833:
5828:
5811:
5806:
5791:
5766:(3): 407–422,
5746:
5730:
5725:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5683:
5678:kunaicho.go.jp
5665:
5663:, p. 699.
5653:
5627:
5615:
5603:
5577:
5557:
5542:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5481:
5474:
5448:
5441:
5423:
5416:
5398:
5392:978-0297848448
5391:
5373:
5366:
5348:
5328:
5326:, p. 118.
5316:
5296:"The Hittites"
5287:
5272:
5252:
5227:
5193:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5095:
5082:(4): 431–461.
5060:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4975:
4972:Spanish people
4945:
4939:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4867:
4853:
4842:two co-princes
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4811:from 1918 (as
4806:
4787:
4784:Karadjordjevic
4777:
4767:
4753:
4750:United Kingdom
4720:
4685:14 August 1947
4678:
4675:Ottoman Empire
4672:
4669:
4666:King Gyanendra
4659:
4645:
4615:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4570:
4559:15 August 1947
4540:
4530:
4515:
4497:
4486:Constantine II
4479:
4468:
4457:Louis-Philippe
4404:
4401:absolute ruler
4385:
4347:
4304:
4294:
4289:to 1889, when
4276:
4254:
4231:
4217:
4216:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4123:prime minister
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3941:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3890:United Kingdom
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3301:
3298:
3250:Malcolm Fraser
3198:prime minister
3150:United Kingdom
3135:
3134:
3131:
3117:
3102:United Kingdom
3041:Following the
3024:prime minister
3007:
3004:
2964:
2963:
2946:September 2024
2878:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2847:, in his work
2823:
2820:
2814:to act on the
2765:Queen Victoria
2757:Lord Melbourne
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2636:
2633:
2617:United Kingdom
2563:reserve powers
2558:Walter Bagehot
2539:national unity
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2414:
2404:
2400:Military junta
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2360:Supreme Leader
2346:
2335:
2325:
2321:Hybrid systems
2312:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2199:United Kingdom
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:Hybrid regimes
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Regional power
2013:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Puppet monarch
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1754:State religion
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Constitutional
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1584:Power ideology
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1548:(rule by none)
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Representative
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:Related topics
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
959:Traditionalist
956:
946:
941:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
889:
888:
887:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
860:
855:
853:Great Officers
850:
839:
838:
836:Administration
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
789:
788:
783:
777:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:
757:
752:
746:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
710:
708:
706:
705:
700:
694:
692:
690:
689:
684:
678:
676:
671:
669:
668:
663:
657:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
436:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
342:Crétineau-Joly
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
233:
232:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Personal union
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
160:Dynastic union
157:
156:
155:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Constitutional
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6152:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6120:
6118:0-300-10017-5
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5873:0-521-34438-7
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5829:0-19-820171-0
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5726:975-17-2756-1
5722:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5495:
5494:UK Parliament
5491:
5485:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5341:
5340:
5339:The histories
5332:
5325:
5320:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5162:Bogdanor 1996
5158:
5151:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5033:
5032:Reserve power
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:head of state
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:July Monarchy
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:Liechtenstein
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4736:Norman Davies
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4472:German Empire
4469:
4466:
4462:
4461:Second Empire
4458:
4454:
4453:July Monarchy
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4420:Ancien Régime
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:(1966–1970),
4337:
4334:(1957–1960),
4333:
4330:(1965–1970),
4329:
4326:(1970–1987),
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:(1910–1961),
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4247:Great Britain
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4202:
4199:December 2015
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4168:This section
4166:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4025:Liechtenstein
4016:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3394:
3391:December 2022
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352: –
3351:
3347:
3346:Find sources:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3324:This section
3322:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3294:lapsed powers
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3272:Thai Politics
3269:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:Gough Whitlam
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:Liechtenstein
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:. These are:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:Fascist Italy
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:July Monarchy
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3017:Montesquieu's
3013:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2949:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907: –
2906:
2902:
2901:Find sources:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2879:This section
2877:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:Hugh Childers
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:the Lame, of
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:According to
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:public policy
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:head of state
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2342:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:Liechtenstein
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Confederation
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Unitary state
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:State atheism
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:Secular state
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Authoritarian
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Parliamentary
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1428:(rule by few)
1426:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Regnal number
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Non-sovereign
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
954:Authoritarian
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
924:
923:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Crown Council
895:
894:
893:
892:Privy council
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
803:
802:
795:
792:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
675:
672:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
615:
614:Zourabichvili
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
504:
503:
492:
491:
487:
482:
481:
477:
472:
471:
467:
462:
461:
457:
452:
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
424:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Chateaubriand
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
267:
266:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
195:Non-sovereign
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
98:
97:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
6104:
6085:
6056:
6048:the original
6043:
6031:
6006:
5997:13 September
5995:, retrieved
5990:
5965:
5942:
5916:
5893:, CQ Press,
5890:
5878:
5859:
5847:13 September
5845:, retrieved
5841:
5815:
5796:
5783:
5776:the original
5763:
5757:
5734:
5716:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5641:CNN Regions+
5640:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5596:12 September
5594:. Retrieved
5589:
5580:
5540:, p. 3.
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5493:
5484:
5459:
5451:
5432:
5426:
5407:
5401:
5382:
5376:
5357:
5351:
5338:
5331:
5324:Akurgal 2001
5319:
5308:, retrieved
5304:the original
5299:
5290:
5262:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5240:bartleby.com
5239:
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5206:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5169:
5157:
5145:
5115:(2): 35–36.
5112:
5108:
5098:
5079:
5073:
5063:
5051:
4959:
4885:
4884:rather than
4881:
4794:Elizabeth II
4739:
4713:Republic Day
4701:Elizabeth II
4612:Elizabeth II
4573:Pahlavi Iran
4567:Republic Day
4465:Napoleon III
4418:
4346:(1966–2021).
4312:South Africa
4205:
4196:
4181:Please help
4169:
4130:
4126:
4112:
4095:
3944:
3412:
3397:
3388:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3345:
3333:Please help
3328:verification
3325:
3281:
3276:lèse majesté
3264:
3222:
3211:
3143:
3136:
3123:
3099:
3083:
3040:
3021:
3009:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2952:
2943:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2900:
2888:Please help
2883:verification
2880:
2848:
2825:
2805:
2786:
2731:
2725:enacted the
2696:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2638:
2612:
2605:presidential
2596:
2594:
2584: – are
2567:
2551:
2547:royal assent
2536:
2516:constitution
2507:
2506:
2421:
2369:
2319:
2305:
2280:
2268:
2260:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2021:Middle power
1948:Vassal state
1942:Buffer state
1940:
1916:Puppet state
1911:Protectorate
1887:Client state
1877:Principality
1703:Distributism
1645:Presidential
1624:
1523:Dictatorship
1447:Gerontocracy
1369:rule by many
1342:
1326:Part of the
1089:Illegitimate
1084:Family trees
949:Conservatism
914:Royal assent
698:Liberal Wars
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
422:
421:
276:Philosophers
275:
274:
215:Principality
127:
31:Part of the
25:
6101:Locke, John
5661:Davies 1996
5613:, p. .
5555:, p. .
5499:22 February
5310:21 November
5152:, p. .
5150:Kurian 2011
4968:sovereignty
4703:) and four
4459:), and the
4445:Louis XVIII
4393:Alexander I
4301:Tsar Simeon
3806:Saint Lucia
3758:New Zealand
3458:The Bahamas
3225:Charles III
3158:Netherlands
3124:do no wrong
3084:Nowadays a
2715:Magna Carta
2629:H. G. Wells
2627:by writers
2501:Christian X
2207:Netherlands
2026:Great power
2011:Small power
1953:Viceroyalty
1824:Nationalism
1688:Colonialism
1668:Libertarian
1630:Directorial
1507:rule by one
1487:Technocracy
1482:Stratocracy
1462:Meritocracy
1452:Kleptocracy
1442:Aristocracy
1244:Interregnum
1209:Regnal list
1114:presumptive
939:Bonapartism
885:Royal guard
848:Appointment
813:Aristocracy
638:Magna Carta
604:Zhirinovsky
507:Politicians
434:(1265-1266)
362:Kierkegaard
6129:Categories
5646:13 October
5553:Hegel 1991
5475:009458950X
5442:0198205929
5417:0198205929
5367:0007147198
5038:References
5022:Figurehead
5017:Monarchism
4914:grand duke
4910:Luxembourg
4809:Yugoslavia
4805:September.
4656:Yugoslavia
4648:Montenegro
4636:, elected
4602:Pathet Lao
4494:plebiscite
4431:after the
4403:in Russia.
4372:after the
4370:a republic
4273:republican
4251:George III
3728:Terengganu
3608:Luxembourg
3361:newspapers
3174:Luxembourg
3139:allegiance
3106:Parliament
2916:newspapers
2855:Protestant
2793:Government
2733:Queen Anne
2674:Battus III
2649:Bronze Age
2572:under the
2545:or giving
2520:uncodified
2514:under the
2497:Haakon VII
2354:republic (
2352:Theocratic
2263:government
2201:and other
2031:Superpower
1987:Superstate
1982:Federation
1977:Devolution
1963:Federalism
1804:City-state
1477:Plutocracy
1472:Particracy
1336:government
1229:Succession
1101:Figurehead
1052:Coronation
1001:Luxembourg
981:Legitimism
976:Jacobitism
539:Metternich
470:Patriarcha
367:Dostoevsky
297:Bellarmine
270:Philosophy
220:Real union
185:Hereditary
71:Monarchism
5538:Sear 2001
5514:Dunt 2015
5282:635291529
5220:17 August
5186:14 August
5137:154555066
5129:1086-3214
5043:Citations
4960:sovereign
4774:Michael I
4760:Manuel II
4697:George VI
4626:Agustin I
4547:George VI
4449:Charles X
4413:into the
4360:and then
4358:Sultanate
4354:Khedivate
4320:Sri Lanka
4170:does not
4137:Abu Dhabi
4111:, and is
4105:president
3949:Indonesia
3542:Indonesia
3446:Australia
3065:. Later,
2682:Cyrenaica
2666:Herodotus
2621:Australia
2601:president
1858:Unitarism
1834:Globalism
1740:Religious
1728:Tribalism
1718:Socialism
1713:Feudalism
1698:Despotism
1693:Communism
1683:Anarchism
1620:Communist
1567:Stateless
1557:Anarchism
1518:Despotism
1502:Autocracy
1492:Theocracy
1457:Kritarchy
1425:Oligarchy
1410:Socialist
1364:Democracy
1249:Rebellion
1234:Anti-king
1219:Sovereign
1170:Pretender
1121:Kingmaker
1057:Criticism
1008:Orléanism
986:Miguelism
966:Despotism
934:Alfonsism
878:Favourite
868:Camarilla
858:Household
823:Oligarchy
818:Autocracy
594:Churchill
460:Leviathan
440:Monarchia
382:Bainville
257:Universal
230:Coregency
200:Pentarchy
123:Composite
6135:Monarchy
5951:citation
5941:(1924),
5752:(1996),
5245:27 April
5001:See also
4994:emirates
4920:Malaysia
4848:and the
4821:Peter II
4786:dynasty.
4756:Portugal
4681:Pakistan
4583:in 1906.
4397:autocrat
4344:Barbados
4291:Pedro II
4257:Barbados
4132:de facto
3866:Thailand
3716:Selangor
3656:Kelantan
3620:Malaysia
3494:Cambodia
3285:partisan
3194:Thailand
3090:republic
2983:de facto
2970:absolute
2791:and the
2719:Scotland
2709:and the
2641:Hittites
2582:Cambodia
2578:Malaysia
2493:Gustaf V
2436:de facto
2243:Cambodia
2239:Thailand
2235:Malaysia
2160:monarchy
1906:Dominion
1635:Legalist
1615:Absolute
1600:Republic
1595:Monarchy
1467:Noocracy
1437:Anocracy
1390:Economic
1380:Demarchy
1204:Regicide
1148:Nobility
1109:apparent
1013:Royalism
991:Orangism
873:Courtier
599:Renouvin
574:Bismarck
569:Castillo
559:Disraeli
549:Polignac
529:Consalvi
430:De Regno
402:Bogdanor
252:Triarchy
247:Tetrarch
242:Signoria
175:Ethnarch
165:Elective
113:Absolute
40:Monarchy
5708:Sources
5466:161–162
5300:smie.co
4982:federal
4956:monarch
4924:federal
4904:emperor
4870:Belgium
4856:Andorra
4838:diarchy
4834:Andorra
4533:Iceland
4527:Hungary
4463:(under
4455:(under
4451:), the
4443:(under
4263:with a
4191:removed
4176:sources
4127:de jure
4114:de jure
4049:Morocco
3977:Bahrain
3951:, as a
3596:Lesotho
3568:Jamaica
3530:Grenada
3518:Denmark
3470:Belgium
3375:scholar
3207:cabinet
3170:Denmark
3162:Belgium
2930:scholar
2697:In the
2680:, when
2670:Demonax
2635:History
2483:Denmark
2428:de jure
2231:Lesotho
2219:Denmark
2215:Belgium
2191:Bahrain
2179:Morocco
2048:Related
1743:Secular
1708:Fascism
1545:Anarchy
1535:Tyranny
1395:Liberal
1261:Usurper
1153:Peerage
1131:Current
1079:Descent
1062:Dynasty
1025:Toryism
996:Belgium
944:Carlism
907:Riksråd
902:Makhzen
863:Retinue
627:History
589:Metaxas
584:Maurras
554:Decazes
544:Villèle
534:Plessis
519:Pius VI
514:Mazarin
407:Scruton
377:Maurras
332:Novalis
317:Maistre
312:Bossuet
282:Aquinas
225:Regency
210:Popular
190:Khanate
180:Federal
170:Emirate
138:Diarchy
66:Monarch
6115:
6067:
6017:
5976:
5927:
5923:–178,
5905:
5870:
5826:
5804:
5741:
5723:
5472:
5439:
5414:
5389:
5364:
5280:
5270:
5135:
5127:
4988:, the
4950:. The
4930:: the
4860:Monaco
4844:: the
4652:Serbia
4618:Mexico
4575:under
4500:Hawaii
4482:Greece
4407:France
4336:Guyana
4328:Gambia
4316:Ceylon
4279:Brazil
4121:; the
4103:, the
4037:Monaco
4013:Kuwait
4001:Jordan
3989:Bhutan
3878:Tuvalu
3854:Sweden
3770:Norway
3704:Perlis
3680:Pahang
3506:Canada
3482:Belize
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3245:budget
3239:. The
3218:Sweden
3186:Sweden
3178:Monaco
3166:Norway
3156:, the
3055:Kaiser
3028:France
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2816:advice
2721:, the
2701:, the
2678:Cyrene
2479:Norway
2475:Sweden
2416:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2299:
2297:
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2287:
2279:
2277:
2245:, and
2227:Sweden
2223:Norway
2205:, the
2195:Bhutan
2187:Kuwait
2183:Jordan
2175:Monaco
1872:Empire
1784:Global
1415:Others
1405:Social
1385:Direct
1239:Crisis
1192:Empire
1136:Former
1074:Family
806:Polity
564:Cortés
494:(2001)
484:(1796)
474:(1680)
464:(1651)
454:(1576)
444:(1313)
417:Yarvin
372:Youwei
357:Balmes
352:Cortés
337:Balzac
322:Bonald
307:Hobbes
302:Filmer
6082:(PDF)
5743:76819
5691:Index
5343:(PDF)
5133:S2CID
4980:is a
4948:Spain
4936:state
4922:is a
4900:Japan
4836:is a
4662:Nepal
4608:Malta
4587:Italy
4543:India
4350:Egypt
4332:Ghana
4318:(now
4306:Many
4141:Dubai
4073:Tonga
4061:Qatar
3842:Spain
3692:Perak
3644:Kedah
3632:Johor
3584:Japan
3382:JSTOR
3368:books
3214:Japan
3190:Japan
3154:Spain
2937:JSTOR
2923:books
2659:Panku
2654:Panku
2603:in a
2422:Note:
2247:Japan
2211:Spain
1789:Local
1224:Style
1197:Reich
1187:Realm
1158:Realm
1105:Heir
1067:Lists
1018:Ultra
843:Court
579:Mella
524:Ruffo
423:Works
412:Hoppe
392:Evola
347:Gogol
292:Bodin
287:Dante
153:Grand
148:Duchy
101:Types
6113:ISBN
6065:ISBN
6015:ISBN
5999:2011
5974:ISBN
5957:link
5925:ISBN
5903:ISBN
5868:ISBN
5849:2011
5824:ISBN
5802:ISBN
5739:OCLC
5721:ISBN
5648:2016
5598:2024
5501:2024
5470:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5412:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5362:ISBN
5312:2015
5278:OCLC
5268:ISBN
5247:2021
5222:2019
5188:2019
5125:ISSN
4878:king
4862:and
4722:The
4699:and
4592:The
4517:The
4512:coup
4470:The
4447:and
4399:and
4387:The
4324:Fiji
4233:The
4222:The
4174:any
4172:cite
4139:and
3354:news
3216:and
3192:and
3184:and
3112:The
3071:king
2909:news
2619:and
2580:and
2499:and
2487:Oslo
2481:and
2356:Iran
2193:and
1266:list
1182:Rank
1175:List
1030:High
387:Seca
143:Dual
6061:314
6011:105
5921:177
5895:doi
5820:699
5768:doi
5572:or
5211:doi
5117:doi
5084:doi
4958:as
4880:is
4796:as
4640:as
4553:as
4285:by
4185:by
4125:is
3337:by
3030:'s
2978:not
2892:by
2607:or
2358:):
2154:or
1254:War
6131::
6111:,
6084:,
6063:,
6042:,
6030:,
6013:,
5989:,
5972:,
5953:}}
5949:{{
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