Elective monarchy - Knowledge

1952: 3019: 39: 2208:, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. The Prince and Grand Master holds the rank of Prince, bestowed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1607 and holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630. The Council that elects the prince includes members of the Sovereign Council and other high-ranking office-holders and representatives of the Order's worldwide entities. The Sovereign Council, including the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller, and the Receiver of the Common Treasure, aid the prince in governing the order. 2861:

power, or might appear as a true outsider, (hopefully) unbiased in matters of internal politics. (The concept of "invitation" may discreetly gloss over intense lobbying or diplomatic maneuvering in some cases.) By selecting a foreign prince or aristocrat, nations could expect to gain diplomatic links and a figurehead accustomed to the trappings of courts and ceremonial duties. Newly established states in the 19th and early 20th centuries established trends in the selection and appointment of newly minted monarchs.

3155:, the composition of which includes the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, the two Patriarchs of the country’s two main Buddhist Sangha Nikayas, the 1st and 2nd Deputy Presidents of the Senate and the 1st and 2nd Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly. Article 14 of the Constitution further states that the royal candidate for the throne must be at least 30 years old and a descendant of the late King Ang Duong, King Norodom or King Sisowath. 1273: 3884: 1831:

century, hereditary succession was increasingly stable until the Frankish invasions against the Visigoths led to a period of crisis in which the Visigoths reverted to elections. After the crisis was over in the 6th century, the family of Leovigild attempted to revive hereditary succession until Swintila was overthrown and the Fourth Council of Toledo formally declared elective succession as the principle of succession in 633.

1637:, repeatedly tried to abolish the office of Stadtholder or leave it vacant – which it was for several decades of Dutch history. Conversely, the House of Orange and its adherents tried to increase the powers of the Stadtholder to approximate those of a monarch, to make it officially hereditary (which it became in the later part of the 18th century) and finally to transform it into a full-fledged monarchy – as it was in 1815. 2168:. In this case the elective aspect in the choice of Monarch was especially prominent, since Bernadotte had been a French commoner with no previous connection to Sweden and not the most remote of dynastic claims to the Swedish throne – his being chosen derived solely from urgent political and military considerations of the crisis time of the 2013:. Since in Poland, all sons of a noble were nobles, and not only the eldest, every one of an estimated 500,000 nobles could potentially have participated in such elections in person – by far the most extensive franchise of any European country at the time. During the election period, the function of the king was performed by an 2747:) and with extensive powers. Hamilton believed that elective monarchs had sufficient power domestically to resist foreign corruption, yet there was enough domestic control over their behavior to prevent tyranny at home. His proposal was resoundingly voted down in favor of a four-year term with the possibility of reelection. 3503:, comprising the most powerful senior princes, which has the power to disapprove the King's nominee for Crown Prince and substitute its own by simple majority vote. In effect, this makes the Saudi monarchy elective within the House of Saud, as the king's eldest son has not become Crown Prince since the death of King 1625:, whose powers fell short of those of a monarch, and which was elective. Each of the seven Dutch provinces could separately elect its own Stadtholder, and it did not have to be the same person in all of them. In theory anyone could be elected Stadtholder, though in practice it was restricted to members of the 2634:" as the new monarch and stirps of a new dynasty. In practice, however, during the entire time from 1864 until the abolition of the monarchy, the throne was never passed from parent to child, as every Hawaiian monarch who reigned during that period died without leaving issue. Following the 1872 death of 4863:

The Pskov men invited princes to Pskov whose professional armoured cavalry was very important for a city that had constant wars with the Livonian Order. The princely power grew during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries while the prince himself usually was a protégé of the grand prince of Moscow.

1460:

passed into distant history, and the Empire became functionally an absolute monarchy. The office of Roman and Byzantine emperor remained vaguely elective (albeit with the election procedure never strictly defined, but generally understood to be a matter for the Senate). For instance, whilst the first

4663:

If there was no uparaja at the time of the king's death—and this was frequently the case—the choice of a new monarch drawn from the royal family was left to the Senabodi, the council of senior officials, princes, and Buddhist prelates that assembled at the death of a king. It was such a council that

2860:

In the past; new polities or countries in internal turmoil sometimes selected and invited some person to become their monarch. The selected person might have had little or nothing to do with his prospective kingdom; he might have had associations with a current great power or with a current regional

1856:

Portugal's monarchy contained the remnants of the elective principle in requiring reciprocal oaths, the assent of the Cortes and acclamation before acceding to the throne. Portugal's first king Afonso I followed Visigothic precedent by appointing his son as co-ruler to establish a hereditary line of

2767:

A hereditary monarchy may occasionally use election to fill a vacant throne. For example, the royal family may become extinct; depending on how precisely the succession to the throne is defined in law, several candidates with equally, or almost equally, strong claims could emerge, with an election

2066:

between multiple kings. Disputed succession was common because of a large number of sons sired by kings. However, when single rule appeared in the 9th century, civil wars grew in frequency throughout the region. Later, Christianisation led to the promulgation of primogeniture in Norway in 1163 and

1830:

elected the king from the relatives of past kings, in accordance with the Germanic traditions. In practice, the Visigoth kings appointed their eldest sons to manage the kingdom's affairs, so that when the king died the eldest son was politically skilled enough to secure the throne. In the 5th

2061:

Scandinavian kingship, according to the Germanic tradition, was elected upon the death of the previous king. The selection was not always limited to the heirs of the previous king (e.g. in Sweden when the royal house was changing between the houses of Eric and Sverker between generations).

3369:, as they are considered the unofficial successor of the Counts of Foix. The Andorran authorities and people have no say in the election of the President of France, leaving Andorra in the unique position of having a monarch who is democratically elected by the citizenry of another state. 4079:

Austria in 1848-49: being a history of the late political movements in Vienna, Milan, Venice, and Prague; with details of the campaigns of Lombardy and Novara; a full account of the Revolution in Hungary; and Historical sketches of the Austrian Government and the princes of the empire:

1483:

In order to bypass the prohibition on heredity and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise.

2549:

In 1867, as Mongkut had not designated who would succeed him, the choice fell to a council to decide. The council led by Prince Deves, Mongkut's eldest half-brother, then chose Chulalongkorn as Mongkut's successor. However, Chulalongkorn was only 15 and so the council choose

2067:

Denmark in 1170, but the elective idea still persisted in the requirement to be certified by a local assembly and subsequently the magnates would still elect the new king, albeit while the incumbent king was still alive. This demonstrated the enduring power of the nobles.

2045: – thus applying the right of disobedience they had inscribed in their public records only two years before.' Second, it resulted in two candidates being proclaimed the winner, and in subsequent events the nobility was able to confirm their majority choice for 4944:

On the Novgorod and Pskov communities' practice of inviting princes from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, see Anna Khoroshkevich, 'Istoricheskie sud'by belorusskikh i ukrainskikh zemel' v XIV – nachale XVI v.,' in Vladimir Pashuto, Boris Floria, and Khoroshkevich,

3499:; consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions or influence, creating strong incentive for the Crown Prince to assert his power. Since 2007, the process of establishing the consensus of the House has been institutionalized in the form of the 1921:, the kingship was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless, the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the 1845:'s subsequent deposition in 1868 a new parliament was constituted through direct male suffrage. It was then decided that a democratically elected monarch was needed in Spain. The debates regarding Isabella's succession took place until October 1869, when 1656:

The Frankish kingdom was at least partly elective. Merovingian kings were elected, while Carolingian kings were elected at times. In the 10th century Western Frankish royal elections switched between different lineages before settling on the Capetians.

1423:

to oversee the election for a new king. Once the Roman kings were overthrown, there remained an absolute prohibition for royal establishment in the Roman constitution, a prohibition which formally remained in place during imperial times, both classical

3409:

from almost endless pools of contending cousins who are eligible for the elections because they all claim descent from founding monarchs or other royals. Each title is therefore held for life by one of these dynastic cousins in turn, often through

3451:, the Samoan parliament. Articles 18 and 45 of the Constitution provide, respectively, that any Member of Parliament may be elected head of state, and that any Samoan citizen may be elected to Parliament, although 47 out of the 49 seats in the 2232:

of more than 2000 Venetian aristocrats and employed an elaborate system designed to prevent one family or alliance from dominating the process. It used smaller nominating groups that were reduced in number by the drawing of lots and required a

2109:

was originally hereditary, it too became elective in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Candidates had to be of royal blood, but the kingship was elected by a council of noblemen, rather than automatically passing to the eldest son. In 1905

3429:

is appointed for life by a council of 13 elders. The latest election was in 2013 after the death of the previous cacique at around 100 years old. The current cacique is Costa Rican-born Pedro Palacios, son of the previous cacique Pedro

2775:. While sometimes a monarch may be forced to abdicate in favour of his or her heir, on other occasions the royal family as a whole has been rejected, the throne going to an elected candidate. Examples of extraordinary election are: 1351:, guaranteeing that the title and office stayed within the royal family and specifying, more or less precisely, the order of succession. Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one 2129:

in 1389, but many of her successors had the united kingdoms split up as Sweden elected a different king than Denmark and Norway upon succession. The election was usually contested through a Danish invasion of Sweden until

1973:

The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred when there was no clear heir to the throne, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as

1857:

succession, but whenever there was doubt on succession, the elective principle would resume. The Cortes affirmed the crown as elective when it elevated King John in 1385. In Portugal, on 6 April 1385 in the aftermath of

1783:

and in the aftermath abolished the Bohemian Elective Monarchy and made exclusive Habsburg rule the de jure as well as de facto situation. The attempt to make Frederick V King of Bohemia is regarded as a catalyst for the

1330:

in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically, it was common for elective

2029:). Although the elective principle was already established in Polish political culture in the late Middle Ages, the rules changed significantly in the 1570s, and the principles developed in that period lasted until the 2300:

was a purer example of an elective monarchy, where blood claims had even less influence. Nobles elected a king's successor, and it was common for the successor to be of a different family than his predecessor.

2494:'s kings were elected by the aristocracy whose powers were on par with the king. In the kingdom of Goguryeo, the ruler was originally chosen from among the heads of the five tribes, most often the Sono tribe. 1665:

kings; the kings however took the habit of, during their reign, having their son elected as co-king and successor during their reigns. The election soon became a mere formality and vanished after the reign of

1849:

was finally chosen. Nevertheless, his reign lasted until 11 October 1873, when he abdicated citing his inability to solve the problems Spain was going through, after which the parliament proclaimed a

2205: 1533:, the next in line to the throne, was a young child at the time, so Parliament bypassed him in favour of Henry, who had led a revolt against Richard. Parliament also confirmed depositions during the 1480:

period further stripped the republican veneer from the constitution, Emperors succeeded by a mixture of proclamation by the Legions or Senate as much as by blood (though sons did succeed fathers).

2935:, a chief of their former Varangian foes, to re-establish order: his descendants ruled in Kiev, Muscovy and Russia until 1917. The legend of an invitation echoes the habit of later invitations to 5109: 1771:

and who expected this situation to go on indefinitely. In 1618 the Bohemians chose to exercise in practice their legal right to choose a King at their discretion, despite having already elected

3511:, that a member of the house who was not a son of Abdulaziz attained the position (all prior Crown Princes had been chosen from among Abdulaziz's sons). Upon Prince Muhammad's removal, Prince 1347:

Many kingdoms were officially elective historically, though the candidates were typically only from the family of the deceased monarch. Eventually, however, most elected monarchies introduced

4900:

From 1075 the people of Novgorod 'invited' the prince to take the throne and it is clear that the princes were now there only so long as they satisfied the Novgorodians and obeyed their laws.

2768:

being held to choose from among them. This differs from a formally elective monarchy in that it is an extraordinary measure, and with the new monarch the succession again becomes hereditary.

3321:. Elections are held every 5 years. The position of the ruler of each emirate of the United Arab Emirates is determined by consensus of the respective ruling royal family of that emirate. 2711:, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf. He later proclaimed himself as the King of 3383:" (She-Elephant / Queen Mother). The son of this "Great Wife" will automatically become the next king. The eldest son is never appointed successor, as he has other ceremonial roles. 1605:

In Ireland, from the beginning of recorded history until the mid-16th/early 17th century, succession was determined by an elective system based on patrilineal relationship known as

1339:) by repeated election of the previous rulers' children, or for hereditary monarchies to acquire elective or semi-elective succession laws, particularly following dynastic crises. 3349:. The title of Count was merged with the French crown in 1609, meaning that all French kings from then on became Co-Prince. France relinquished control upon the formation of the 4464: 4776: 4502: 3477:, only reverting to the normal rule of electing the head of state for five years upon Malietoa's death in 2007. In addition, the Samoan head of state is referred to as " 3042:

1870: In the wake of political turmoil in Spain, the Spanish Cortes re-established the Spanish monarchy under a new royal house, electing the Italian Prince Amedeo of

1707:, beginning with its predecessor Eastern Francia, is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy. However, from 1440 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected 5059: 4319: 5031: 524: 6822: 2814:. Later, Patriarch Filaret, a skilled politician in his own right, became effectively a co-ruler and sometimes a regent for his weak and not very healthy son. 2646:

was elected by the legislature in 1874, after Lunalilo's death. However, when Kalākaua died in 1891, the crown demised to the collateral line of his sister,

2540:

consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor. As a result of enormous support from senior and influential noble,

2062:

Originally, kings were supposed to be elected from among the descendants of a previous king, which was connected to descent from gods. There could also be

1591:

was also the system of royal succession until King Malcolm II in the early 11th century introduced direct inheritance. The Isle of Man also used tanistry.

1580:, replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture and ended disqualification of a person who married a Roman Catholic from succession. 1521:

resulted in a monarchy with both hereditary and quasi-elective elements – at least as between various contenders with some dynastic claim for the throne.

4726: 1834:

The Kingship of Aragon was initially elected by the "rich men" barons. Later this right was limited to the Cortes confirming the succession of the heir.

3317:

by consensus of the Federal Supreme Council. Likewise, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE is a position held by the Al Maktoum sheikhs of

2833:

was elected as the head of the state and Ra'is (President) of the union by the ruling monarchs of the other six Emirates, while Zayed himself voted for

5105: 2599:

or Kiingitanga has continued to the present. The current Māori monarch (i.e. monarch of the Kiingitanga movement, not of all Māori) is Kuīni (Queen)

3860:(1934) Eoin MacNeill stated that, according to the annal evidence, tanistry originated only about a century after the Anglo-Norman invasion, p. 148. 2097:

was also officially elective, although the eldest son of the reigning monarch was usually elected. This continued until 1660, when a hereditary and

3691: 2851:, was chosen by independent regional warchiefs in the 8th century. This arrangement was common in many contemporary tribal societies in the region. 2224:, who normally ruled for life, though a few were forced from office. His powers were never those of an absolute monarch, but he was the Republic's 2304:

This form of elective monarchy existed in the kingdom from its inception around 1400 until its complete disintegration in the early 20th century.

2630:, and the draft constitution of 1893, all provided that, in the event of the extinction of the royal line, the Legislature would elect a "native 2268:

or by the Taïfa of the raïs (Assembly of the corsairs). The elected deys also bore the title of governor-sultan of Algiers or sultan of Algiers.

4557: 3288:

if there is a more senior prince descended from the previous Sultan; this is possible should the senior prince relinquish his right to become

1448:, the first Emperor, who established the Principate. Whilst given many titles (including "Augustus", i.e. "majestic") he described himself as 4032: 5204: 5177: 4751: 5870: 5698: 5613: 5352: 1800: 4372: 3375:

has a form of quasi-elective monarchy. No king can appoint his successor. Instead, the royal family decides which of his wives shall be "

1951: 1719:. The secular electoral seats were hereditary. However, spiritual electors (and other prince-(arch)bishops) were usually elected by the 1653:, which can be translated as king, who were elected for terms of one year or longer. Candidates were drawn from relatives of past kings. 5132: 4814: 4434: 3904: 3899: 2603:. While in principle the position is not hereditary, in practice every Māori monarch thus far has been a child of the previous monarch. 3620: 5223: 2627: 2623: 2034: 4456: 5767: 3461:, or chiefs (the other two are reserved for non-Samoans). However, most of the confusion stemmed from a special clause which named 1894: 1572:

in the late 17th and early 18th centuries which explicitly excluded Catholics (and thus the male descendants of James II) from the

1476:

Accordingly, heredity never was, and could never be, formally established in law. And whilst the later, more overtly authoritarian

5152: 5084: 4772: 6085: 1436:(27 BC to 284 AD), which was the foundational stage of Roman imperialism, Roman monarchs would often take care to disguise their 1165: 5357: 3492: 2559:

On 2 March 1935, Prince Ananda Mahidol was elected by the National Assembly and the Thai government to succeed his uncle, King

2228:

and powerful within restrictions and levels of oversight that varied in different periods. The election process began with the

1131: 4486: 6137: 5692: 4808: 3302: 3130:. However, the Regency Council only lasted less than a month in November, and was recognized by no other nation than Germany. 2146: 1995:

in 1370, Polish kings were initially elected by a small council; gradually, this privilege was granted to all members of the

758: 732: 6102: 5282: 4932: 3276:

is selected from amongst the most senior male princes descending from the 18th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Ahmadin. The Sultan,

2712: 1779:– "The Winter King". However, the Habsburgs regarded this as an act of rebellion, re-imposed their rule over Bohemia in the 1552:, whose effect was to disinherit the Stuarts and replace them by the Hanoverians, whose dynastic claim was far more remote. 5322: 3538:(tribes). However, every Maori monarch to date has been succeeded by their child, making the position hereditary in effect. 2503: 1934: 1301: 5053: 4338: 3481:", and an unwritten constitutional convention dictates that the President be elected from among the four paramount chiefs. 1837:

During the 19th century, more precisely between 1870 and 1873, an attempt of such a system took place in Spain. After the

6590: 5015: 4994: 3192: 3123: 717: 317: 6595: 4630: 4605: 4580: 4533: 4299: 4220: 4102: 4062: 3993: 3968: 3841: 3816: 3784: 3744: 3650: 2864:

At the start of the 20th century, the first monarchs of several newly independent nations were elected by parliaments:

2807: 2119: 2002: 1530: 440: 5860: 5261: 5025: 4926: 4887: 4850: 4702: 4496: 4410: 4332: 4180: 4155: 3714: 3675: 3100: 2905: 2181: 2050: 1881:

had died without a male heir in October 1383, and different factions made strenuous efforts to secure the throne for

1564:. (Mary was James' daughter, William was James' nephew, and William and Mary were succeeded by Mary's younger sister 5251: 6405: 3071:

1905: Norway, newly independent of Sweden, elected Prince Carl of Denmark as its first modern independent monarch:

2877: 2156:, since it was apparent that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with the childless King 1981: 1898: 1772: 1577: 1573: 1549: 1629:. There was no obligation to elect a Stadtholder at all, and the leaders of the Dutch Republican faction, such as 5803: 5347: 4646: 2756: 2443:(248 BC–224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, is considered to be the oldest elective monarchy in Asia. The 1760: 1172: 763: 559: 6382: 5885: 4366: 4127: 3928: 2736: 2458:, have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne. 2451:, as a vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the imperial throne or to be removed from the power. 887: 480: 4718: 2671:

were chosen by a council of elders, nobles, and priests. He would be selected from a pool of four candidates.

6219: 3441:

since independence in 1962, it was commonly mistaken for an elective monarchy for most of its existence. The

2619: 2022: 1776: 108: 38: 3284:(Deputy Crown Prince) are selected by the Dewan Negara of Perak. A son of the reigning Sultan cannot become 6873: 5855: 5843: 5362: 4011:

The state, a sequel to the 'Universal Church'; together with a suppl. 'Record of thoughts', and some essays

3342: 2803: 2385:

and Afghanistan which is a common myth. They practiced a sort of jirga system with two types of councils –

1808: 1780: 1711:, the throne becoming unofficially hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the 1565: 599: 2700: 6736: 6650: 6545: 6460: 6377: 5875: 5747: 5602: 4864:

However, the right that was especially valued by Pskov men was that to expel princes whom they disliked.

3390: 3152: 3093: 3089: 2996: 2834: 2378: 2033:. There have been thirteen royal elections in Poland–Lithuania from 1573 to 1764. Roșu (2017) marked the 1838: 1756: 1587:

of 1320 asserted the rights of the nobles to choose a king if required, which implied elective monarchy.

1382: 949: 4842:

The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300–1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy

4198:

Modern Europe: From the Fall of Constantinople to the Establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453-1871

3707:

Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire Civil War, Panegyric, and the Construction of Legitimacy

3018: 1799:

was an elective monarchy until 1687. This elective right carried on for another two more decades in the

1403:

citizens. Military service often was linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house.

6928: 6918: 6883: 6798: 6387: 6285: 2956: 2826: 2197: 2161: 1121: 944: 753: 633: 6575: 2510:

turned to a semi-elective monarchy system to settle the succession of the crown among disputed heirs:

2261: 1517:

In 14th, 15th, late 17th and early 18th century England, the evolving relations between the Crown and

302: 6853: 6540: 6475: 6465: 6450: 5785: 5732: 5642: 4315: 3261:. The ruling chiefs themselves are elected by the chieftain. Male candidates are determined based on 3104: 3011: 2948:

broke with tradition by looking beyond Central Europe for a candidate and electing the French Prince

2913: 2600: 2265: 2037:

as the most significant for several reasons. First, 'the citizens of the commonwealth were forced to

1961: 1946: 1506:

was chosen as King of England by a council of nobles and royal advisors at the death of his brother,

1390: 1126: 981: 727: 387: 6675: 3466: 332: 6295: 6275: 6240: 6193: 6147: 5499: 5315: 3032: 2955:

1810: Sweden elected the French Napoleonic Marshal Jean Bernadotte as Crown Prince: he became King

2102: 1886: 1674: 1630: 1294: 470: 420: 227: 5173: 4024: 3487:'s throne, while hereditary, is not determined by a succession law but rather by consensus of the 2900:, were originally appointed in this manner. On 9 October 1918 the Parliament of newly independent 2592: 2478:. This was often convened in the capital. Other critical leadership positions were also assigned. 1731:

were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbacies, whose princess-abbesses or

1685:

of 1830, creating an elective monarchy. France briefly had again a kind of elective monarchy when

569: 6173: 5865: 5848: 5838: 5813: 5657: 5383: 5208: 4747: 3306: 3082: 3065: 3054: 2732: 2229: 2131: 1922: 1878: 1584: 1395: 843: 450: 118: 4876:

Parker, Geoffrey (2004). "8: Princes, Bishops and Republics: Cities and City-States in Russia".

4402: 4395: 6893: 6808: 6655: 6367: 6300: 6168: 6117: 6049: 5949: 5939: 5737: 5672: 5479: 5408: 3462: 3438: 3212: 3023: 3004: 2157: 2142: 2082: 1850: 1569: 1553: 1462: 1386: 1214: 961: 722: 529: 185: 4356: 3523: 2985: 2920:

and the demise of Monarchy in Germany itself, and Finland opted to become a Republic instead.

2596: 6878: 6858: 6838: 6701: 6665: 6620: 6565: 6357: 6352: 6127: 6074: 5899: 5808: 5777: 5717: 5667: 5449: 5439: 5231: 5129: 4798: 4426: 3558: 3442: 3362: 3350: 3231: 3207: 3108: 3000: 2963: 2521:, who had died 16 July 1817. According to the traditions of royal succession, the viceroy or 2201: 2126: 1890: 1526: 1518: 1348: 1047: 991: 623: 66: 6029: 3889:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

3592: 554: 342: 6863: 6782: 6746: 6696: 6555: 6480: 6265: 6142: 5934: 5709: 5687: 5682: 5647: 5589: 3516: 3180: 3148: 3072: 2974: 2967: 2880:, rather than elevate a member of the local power establishment, in the hope that a stable 2822: 2111: 2030: 1918: 1882: 1858: 1842: 1074: 704: 693: 643: 604: 594: 5235: 4213:

The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640–1910

1984:) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler. 1673:

After declaring the throne vacant, the French Chamber of Deputies voted 229–33 to declare

544: 534: 352: 8: 6888: 6833: 6670: 6660: 6645: 6635: 6600: 6530: 6445: 6415: 6362: 6079: 5833: 5828: 5727: 5722: 5489: 5444: 5403: 5308: 3512: 3366: 3127: 2949: 2881: 2650:. Prior to 1864, the Hawaiian King-in-Council appointed the heir to the Hawaiian throne. 2615: 2260:(from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century) was an elective monarchy, whose 2185: 2165: 2135: 2094: 2042: 1902: 1812: 1736: 1667: 1561: 1545: 1522: 1493: 1327: 1287: 1219: 677: 664: 651: 175: 3211:(Supreme Head of State) is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers from the 3053:

1879: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Russian-sponsored German Prince

2614:

example. From 1864 until the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, it was constitutionally a

2001:(Polish nobility). Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania during the times of the 1816: 377: 327: 6787: 6610: 6605: 6570: 6550: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6490: 6485: 6430: 6337: 6183: 6054: 5944: 5924: 5880: 5823: 5818: 5795: 5762: 5752: 5742: 5624: 5148: 5080: 4918:

The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

4551: 3685: 3612: 3563: 3508: 3500: 3474: 3266: 3240: 3168: 3036: 3008: 2989: 2740: 2728: 2257: 2251: 2217: 2106: 2090: 2071: 1928: 1866: 1827: 1796: 1768: 1724: 1708: 1678: 1557: 1511: 1239: 1116: 1057: 986: 784: 771: 745: 402: 247: 113: 4677: 2046: 6923: 6813: 6803: 6766: 6640: 6625: 6500: 6470: 6440: 6435: 6410: 6347: 6342: 6332: 6203: 6152: 6039: 6034: 5757: 5378: 5257: 5021: 4922: 4883: 4846: 4804: 4698: 4626: 4601: 4576: 4539: 4529: 4492: 4406: 4362: 4328: 4295: 4216: 4176: 4151: 4123: 4098: 4058: 3989: 3964: 3924: 3837: 3812: 3780: 3740: 3710: 3671: 3646: 3616: 3541: 3216: 3047: 2818: 2779: 2684: 2365:

jirgas have been reportedly organized since at least the early 18th century when the

2193: 2098: 2018: 2014: 1862: 1846: 1723:

as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as monarch (prince) of a territory of

1720: 1712: 1704: 1698: 1534: 1244: 1229: 1148: 838: 709: 656: 638: 584: 564: 549: 539: 372: 357: 307: 287: 103: 98: 76: 71: 23: 2134:

after his reconquest of Sweden had many of those voting against him executed in the

1689:

was first elected President of France and then transformed himself into an Emperor.

6829: 6793: 6711: 6535: 6305: 6250: 6213: 6188: 6178: 6112: 6064: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5959: 5652: 5398: 3604: 2791: 2607: 2526: 2297: 2225: 2138:(1520), which ended much of the support for the Danish king on the Swedish throne. 2078: 1874: 1785: 1728: 1538: 1470: 1469:, the fourth Emperor, in particular stands out, being "elected" to office once the 1429: 1416: 1400: 1256: 1155: 1104: 589: 504: 200: 170: 123: 3665: 2647: 2514:

In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to

2409:(summit) comprised elders and tribal chiefs. The king also joined sessions of the 1739:

of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in a pertaining territory.

6706: 6455: 6425: 6420: 6280: 6270: 6235: 6225: 6208: 6044: 5999: 5914: 5632: 5607: 5454: 5136: 5020:. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 29 April 2014. p. 41. 4916: 4877: 4840: 4397:

The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church

3273: 3244: 3078: 2795: 2787: 2551: 2455: 2440: 2370: 2169: 2149: 1748: 1682: 1658: 1626: 1503: 1277: 848: 776: 740: 672: 579: 574: 519: 392: 367: 312: 4962: 3418: 3064:

1887: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Austro-Hungarian Prince

2577: 6848: 6630: 6615: 6580: 6320: 6315: 6198: 6132: 6004: 5662: 5637: 5542: 5459: 5413: 4912: 4148:

The Calabrian Charlatan, 1598–1603 Messianic Nationalism in Early Modern Europe

3176: 3043: 2978: 2868:

is the prime example. Previously, following precedent set in newly independent

2518: 2317: 2221: 2075: 1957: 1716: 1662: 1618: 1457: 1086: 1008: 514: 272: 195: 150: 4990: 3608: 2490:

elected its first king by a conference of tribal and village elders in 57 BC.

1514:, was a child at that time. This affirmed the principle of elective monarchy. 6912: 6495: 6260: 6255: 5677: 5535: 5494: 5474: 4836: 4543: 3895: 3890: 3488: 3346: 3253: 3200: 3196: 3119: 2759:, established in 1804, was also elective according to its 1805 constitution. 2724: 2491: 2467: 2444: 2366: 2281: 2234: 2086: 1870: 1752: 1634: 1412: 1204: 1099: 1079: 1069: 882: 407: 397: 337: 297: 292: 133: 6024: 3365:, the French co-prince of Andorra has been the (now democratically elected) 6585: 6107: 6069: 5969: 5552: 4960: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3457: 3358: 3334: 3164: 2873: 2783: 2668: 2635: 2584: 2515: 2382: 2329: 2153: 1732: 1686: 1453: 1452:, or merely "first among senators". The illusion of being elected from the 1425: 1352: 1064: 939: 904: 688: 509: 382: 347: 205: 4686: 1933:(first among equals), and in his absence his duties were performed by his 998: 6817: 6326: 6122: 6014: 6009: 5929: 5520: 5504: 5267: 3946:

On the Increase of Royal Power in France Under Philip Augustus, 1179-1223

3527: 3394: 3380: 3262: 3115: 2848: 2744: 2588: 2564: 2560: 2356: 2313: 2277: 2189: 2005:(1569–1795) were elected by gatherings of crowds of nobles at a field in 1967: 1906: 1622: 1497: 1465:, in each case their position was proclaimed, not inherited as of right. 1234: 1199: 971: 929: 875: 833: 803: 628: 362: 242: 143: 3908:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 3531: 3309:

with a term of five years. Since its formation, the position has been a

2973:

1832: European Great Power diplomats selected the German Prince Otto of

2802:

house with close ties to the former royal family, and Michael's father,

2643: 1272: 6372: 6310: 6229: 5469: 5434: 3445:

provides that the Head of State be elected for a five-year term by the

3422: 3376: 2984:

1863: The Greek National Assembly elected the Danish Prince William of

2909: 2772: 2471: 2448: 2350: 2325: 1727:(which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the 1433: 1360: 1091: 1042: 966: 460: 282: 210: 61: 897: 6731: 6721: 6290: 5597: 5484: 5106:"Brus malis se viste de fiesta tras elección de nuevo líder indígena" 4947:

Drevnerusskoe nasledia i istoricheskie sud'by vostochnogo slavianstva

4800:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

3406: 3314: 3269:

culture. The system was partially the basis for the federal monarchy.

3235:

shall not be re-elected unless the rotation succession was complete.

3229:

rotated amongst the State rulers, originally based on seniority. The

2830: 2333: 1507: 1224: 1209: 1160: 1111: 1020: 976: 956: 924: 868: 858: 813: 808: 430: 237: 220: 190: 4573:

The North And South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis

3737:

Family Power: Kinship, War and Political Orders in Eurasia, 500–2018

2916:– but soon afterwards, this move was foiled by the German defeat in 2810:

under the monastic name of Filaret, in effect holding a position of

2284:, or emperor, had to be approved by the Great Assembly known as the 1901:. The Council elected instead the younger (and illegitimate) son of 6868: 6751: 6741: 6560: 6059: 5331: 3568: 3504: 3372: 3354: 3225: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2889: 2811: 2704: 2664: 2639: 2541: 2536: 2507: 2475: 2115: 1997: 1764: 1606: 1600: 1588: 1477: 1466: 1445: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1194: 1138: 1003: 863: 232: 165: 30: 5176:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. 20 October 2006. 3101:

Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse

2642:

won; he was subsequently elected king by the legislature in 1873.

2631: 1389:

were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the

6761: 6716: 6691: 6245: 5954: 5572: 5525: 5464: 5388: 5342: 4095:

Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587

3921:

The Philosopher and the Druids: A Journey Among the Ancient Celts

3414: 3386: 3330: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2739:

should be an elective monarch, ruling for "good behavior" (i.e.,

2567:, the previous king, had not named an heir before his abdication. 2522: 2063: 1432:. In practice, however, Imperial Rome was a monarchy. During the 1359:

being passed from one family member to another upon the death or

1356: 1251: 1143: 1052: 934: 892: 853: 322: 180: 160: 128: 56: 5017:

UAE: How to Invest, Start and Run Profitable Business in the UAE

4292:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Scandinavia (1993): An Encyclopedia

3507:

in 1953. However, it was only in 2015, through the accession of

3094:

Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach

2125:

The Scandinavian kingdoms were united under the Danish crown by

1444:

apparatus of republicanism. This was particularly the case for

6843: 6756: 6019: 5919: 5562: 5418: 3777:

The British System of Government and Its Historical Development

3545: 3426: 3258: 3111:, but never reigned and abdicated on December 14 the same year. 2869: 2865: 2844: 2531: 2280:

functioned as both a constitutional and elective monarchy. The

2010: 1988: 1537:, as well as Henry VIII's settlements of the crown. During the 1182: 215: 5253:

Constitutions, Elections and Legislatures of Poland, 1493–1993

5207:. The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 3548:) have traditional heads of the three regions who are elected. 2447:

has been required to undergo an assembly of the nobles called

2423:

was a sort of rural council. In India they are referred to as

5300: 3434: 3338: 3318: 3147:

Article 13 of the Cambodian Constitution stipulates that the

2932: 2838: 2799: 2708: 2487: 2374: 2285: 1992: 1646: 1187: 1177: 277: 138: 4289: 4249:

Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,

2884:

would eventually emerge from the process. The first king of

6726: 5567: 5557: 5547: 5530: 4882:. Globalities Series. London: Reaktion Books. p. 124. 4835: 4017: 3799: 3666:

Allen M. Ward, Fritz M. Heichelheim, Cedric A. Yeo (2016).

3447: 3402: 3172: 2006: 1976: 1621:

of the 17th and 18th centuries there was the office of the

1015: 3139:

Currently, the world's only true elective monarchies are:

2876:

often chose their own monarchs from among the established

4961:

The Secretariat of the Constitution Council (July 2015).

4773:"Sheikh Mohammed recalls meeting which paved way for UAE" 4170: 3774: 3535: 3398: 3353:, briefly leaving Andorra under a clerical monarchy, but 2917: 2580: 2321: 2927:

862: According to tradition, various tribes of northern

2786:(national assembly) in 1613 after the extinction of the 2114:

was elected King of the newly independent Norway by the

4839:; Krom, Mikhail; Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna, eds. (2017). 4253:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.62-63 3593:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession" 2888:, as well as the now-deposed royal families of Greece, 4921:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 4327:. Johnny Hagberg and Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap. 4321:

The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law

1763:

assumed the Bohemian Crown, it was always held by the

1335:

to transform into hereditary ones (whether legally or

4845:. Routledge History Handbooks. Taylor & Francis. 4261: 4259: 3519:

to hold the position during the reign of his father.

3077:

1914: The European powers selected the German Prince

2554:

to become the regent until Chulalongkorn came of age.

3988:(2, revised ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 52. 2872:, new nations without a well-established hereditary 2825:

and became a federation. Upon its formation, Sheikh

2563:, as the eighth king of the Chakri dynasty, because 2418: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2175: 1510:, in 1199 because the heir by strict primogeniture, 5141: 3223:via a secret ballot. The position has to date been 2771:Alternatively, the monarch may be deposed, as in a 2332:of their polities by colleges of noblemen known as 2081:. Elective monarchy continued until 1544, when the 1980:, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles ( 1811:but had split from Hungary when the childless King 4796: 4394: 4271: 4256: 4008: 2336:. This practice has continued to the present day. 2196:since it was exiled to Rome from Malta during the 1661:was an elective monarchy at the time of the first 1541:, King Charles II strongly opposed any such idea. 4679:Lords of Life; a history of the Kings of Thailand 4595: 4195: 3802:Scotland: the making and unmaking of the nation, 3590: 2723:An attempt to create an elective monarchy in the 1940: 6910: 5149:"Official website of the head of state of Samoa" 4620: 3958: 3313:hereditary position to the Al Nahyan sheikhs of 3031:1866: Romania elected the German Prince Karl of 2687:was elected by a council of elders known as the 2316:rulers, such as the kings and chieftains of the 2049:and have it recognised, while avoiding war with 1419:. When a king died, the senate would appoint an 4991:"Khalifa bin Zayed re-elected President of UAE" 4122:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 16. 3875: 3704: 3257:of Negeri Sembilan is selected by a council of 2160:. Bernadotte eventually ascended the throne as 1456:continued. Over time the principle weakened as 5130:Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 4879:Sovereign City: The City-state Through History 4570: 4055:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 3739:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. 3643:Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander 3134: 2638:, a non-binding referendum was held, in which 2021:). This unique Polish election was termed the 5316: 4523: 4427:"The Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta" 3834:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 3469:, who were two of the four paramount chiefs ( 2264:was elected, depending on the period, by the 1406: 1295: 5081:"Elección de un cacique en tiempos modernos" 4675: 4454: 4210: 3983: 3831: 3690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2939:and others to rule in Pskov and in Novgorod. 2377:tribes, who are hypothesized to have spoken 2360: 1775:as king, and bestowed the Bohemian Crown on 1525:was chosen by Parliament in 1399 to replace 4526:Dynastic China : an elementary history 4314: 4243: 4097:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–31. 3963:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 151–152. 3035:as its Ruling Prince (he later became King 1926: 5323: 5309: 5166: 4790: 4695:The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 9 4556:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4392: 3779:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 275–276. 3151:is chosen for a life term by the 9-member 3096:, who would have become King Mindaugas II. 2962:1831: Belgium selected a German Prince of 2035:1575/1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 1473:had made it clear he was their candidate. 1302: 1288: 4682:. Internet Archive. London: Alvin Redman. 4484: 3066:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry 2817:In 1971 seven individual Emirates in the 2762: 1956:The Republic at the Zenith of Its Power. 1492:A system of elective monarchy existed in 4692: 4237:The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume XIX 4175:. Cornell University Press. p. 58. 4145: 3894: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3530:chooses a Maori monarch, elected by the 3092:voted to offer the throne to the German 3017: 2986:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 2328:, were elected from amongst the various 2312:In the pre-colonial period, a number of 1950: 1895:Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos 5249: 4697:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4457:"To Save Afghanistan, Look to Its Past" 4290:Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf (2017). 4141: 4139: 4052: 3948:. Gressner & Schramm. pp. 4–7. 3918: 3811:. Dundee University Press. p. 71. 3640: 3586: 3584: 3361:'s deposition and the formation of the 3296: 2908:, brother-in-law of the German Emperor 2381:, came down in intermittent waves from 1912: 6911: 5358:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 5230:. Polish Academic Information Center, 5123: 5055:Countries and Territories of the World 4911: 4875: 4600:. AuthorHouse. pp. 204–205, 457. 4361:. Yale University Press. p. 221. 3943: 3800:Bob Harris; Alan R. MacDonald (2007). 3759: 3734: 2694: 2502:There were several occasions that the 1366: 733:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil 5588: 5304: 4797:Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). 4653:. GlobalSecurity.org. August 18, 2013 4647:"Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)" 4150:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 41. 4117: 3723: 3405:) are usually elected by councils of 3183:, generally from among their number. 2373:dynasties rose to power. The ancient 2245: 1560:were chosen by Parliament to replace 5205:"Official Denmark – The Royal House" 5180:from the original on 5 November 2011 4354: 4277: 4265: 4136: 4092: 3670:. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. 3581: 3515:became the first Crown Prince since 2074:were elected by all free men at the 1715:by a small council of nobles called 1692: 4803:. Penguin Books India. p. 40. 4455:Jon Krakauer (September 11, 2009). 3337:. Andorra's two heads of state are 3193:Succession to the Malaysian thrones 3068:as Prince (later Tsar) of Bulgaria. 2731:argued in a long speech before the 2454:Other monarchs, such as the former 2188:or the Knights of Malta, remains a 665:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy 13: 5353:List of current sovereign monarchs 5202: 4915:(2006). "4: The rise of Muscovy". 4485:Rawlinson, George (4 March 2018). 4393:Noonan Jr., James-Charles (1996). 4251:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego 3923:. Simon and Schuster. p. 95. 3775:Christopher Edward Taucar (2014). 3645:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 45. 3333:can be considered a semi-elective 2808:Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia 16:Monarchy ruled by an elected ruler 14: 6940: 5196: 3591:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). 3022:Offering of the Mexican crown to 2970:, the first King of the Belgians. 2906:Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse 2733:Constitutional Convention of 1787 2182:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 2176:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1925:. Here the king was considered a 1612: 1529:. Richard was childless, and the 1487: 1376: 5871:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5174:"The Allegiance Institution Law" 5034:from the original on 15 May 2022 4524:Tan, Koon San (15 August 2014). 4505:from the original on 15 May 2022 3882: 3858:Early Irish laws and institution 3836:. Scarecrow Press. p. 471. 3324: 3251:an elective monarchy, where the 2718: 2622:. However, the Constitutions of 2497: 2461: 2220:was ruled from 697 to 1797 by a 2145:elected the French Marshall and 2093:as the heirs to the throne. The 1899:Infante Denis, Lord of Cifuentes 1885:, Ferdinand's only daughter and 1578:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 1271: 634:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 37: 5348:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 5228:Poland – The Historical Setting 5224:"The Noble Republic, 1572–1795" 5155:from the original on 2012-02-20 5112:from the original on 2016-03-05 5098: 5087:from the original on 2019-03-28 5073: 5062:from the original on 2022-05-15 5046: 5008: 4997:from the original on 2019-12-05 4983: 4954: 4935:from the original on 2021-05-12 4905: 4869: 4829: 4817:from the original on 2 May 2016 4779:from the original on 2022-05-15 4765: 4754:from the original on 2020-04-09 4740: 4729:from the original on 2015-09-15 4711: 4669: 4639: 4614: 4589: 4564: 4517: 4478: 4467:from the original on 2021-05-08 4448: 4437:from the original on 2018-10-20 4419: 4386: 4375:from the original on 2022-05-15 4348: 4308: 4283: 4229: 4204: 4200:(2 ed.). Bell. p. 63. 4189: 4164: 4111: 4086: 4071: 4046: 4035:from the original on 2016-12-08 4002: 3986:Historical Dictionary of France 3977: 3952: 3937: 3912: 3863: 3850: 3623:from the original on 2021-02-25 2653: 2122:resolved in favor of monarchy. 764:Spanish transition to democracy 441:Les Six livres de la République 5330: 4215:. Reaktion Books. p. 14. 4171:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (1983). 3825: 3793: 3768: 3764:. CUP Archive. pp. 79–80. 3753: 3709:. OUP Oxford. pp. 13–14. 3698: 3659: 3634: 3393:(or "royal fathers", e.g. the 3124:Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg 3118:, there was an attempt by the 2737:President of the United States 2595:as their monarch in 1858. The 2529:. If there were none, then an 2486:The ancient Korean kingdom of 2434: 2344: 2307: 2271: 2164:and founded the still current 2056: 2017:(usually in the person of the 2003:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1991:, after the death of the last 1941:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1893:, or for either of her uncles 1640: 1415:the kings were elected by the 481:Democracy: The God That Failed 1: 4025:"The Emperor: Qualifications" 3803: 3760:Figgis, John Neville (1914). 3574: 3265:clan due to the influence of 2855: 2703:claimed to be elected by the 2674: 2620:male-preference primogeniture 2544:was elected as the successor. 2288:, despite hereditary claims. 1777:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 759:Birth of the Italian Republic 5363:List of monarchy referendums 5283:"Norway's elective monarchy" 4949:(Moscow, 1982), pp. 140–141. 4693:Hamilton, Alexander (1962). 4676:Chakrabongse, Chula (1967). 4664:chose Nang Klao's successor. 4057:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–74. 3872:(1608), Davis 28 180 E.R 516 3641:Richard, Gabriel A. (2010). 3239:Additionally, the Malaysian 3219:who will determine the next 3114:1918: During the end of the 2997:Conservative Party of Mexico 2204:. The Order is ruled by the 1809:Lands of the Hungarian Crown 1801:Principality of Transylvania 1781:Battle of the White Mountain 1463:descended from Julius Caesar 1342: 7: 4623:Korea - A Religious History 4173:A History of Medieval Spain 4009:John Burley Waring (1874). 3668:History of the Roman People 3552: 3391:Nigerian traditional rulers 3186: 3158: 3153:Royal Council of the Throne 3142: 3135:Current elective monarchies 2847:, the first emperor of the 2835:Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum 2419: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2388: 2361: 1807:continued to belong to the 1757:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1399:, the assembly of all free 718:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 644:Birth of the Dutch Republic 10: 6945: 4719:"Haiti: 1805 Constitution" 4596:Hugh Dyson Walker (2012). 4488:A Short History of Parthia 4294:. Routledge. p. 621. 4196:Thomas Henry Dyer (1877). 3944:Walker, Williston (1888). 3357:reclaimed the seat. Since 3190: 3088:1918: The German-occupied 2957:Charles XIV John of Sweden 2827:Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 2571: 2348: 2249: 2198:French occupation of Malta 2162:Charles XIV John of Sweden 1944: 1791: 1747:Since medieval times, the 1742: 1696: 1598: 1594: 1407:Ancient Rome and Byzantium 1322:ruled by a monarch who is 754:Siamese revolution of 1932 6775: 6684: 6398: 6161: 6095: 5907: 5898: 5794: 5776: 5708: 5623: 5581: 5513: 5427: 5371: 5338: 4625:. Routledge. p. 17. 4621:James H. Grayson (2013). 4575:. Routledge. p. 82. 4118:Keefe, Eugene K. (1976). 4053:Mahoney, William (2011). 3959:John S.C. Abbott (2019). 3762:The Divine Right of Kings 3343:Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell 3012:Franz Joseph I of Austria 2999:offered the crown of the 2701:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens 2658: 2240: 2211: 2051:Maximilian II of Habsburg 1947:Royal elections in Poland 1822: 1548:, Parliament enacted the 1371: 728:5 October 1910 Revolution 624:Birth of the Roman Empire 5500:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4598:East Asia: A New History 4082:. Low. 1852. p. 23. 3919:Freeman, Philip (2006). 3705:Adrastos Omissi (2018). 3033:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2878:royal families of Europe 2750: 2640:William Charles Lunalilo 2481: 2291: 2184:, formerly known as the 1887:Queen consort of Castile 1767:branch who later became 1675:Louis-Philippe of France 471:Considerations on France 5768:Vatican City (Holy See) 5250:Jędruch, Jacek (1998). 4571:Sung Chul Yang (2019). 4120:Area Handbook for Spain 3905:Encyclopædia Britannica 3609:10.1023/A:1005078532251 3534:of various New Zealand 3307:Federal Supreme Council 3083:Principality of Albania 3055:Alexander of Battenberg 2713:Araucanía and Patagonia 2339: 2206:Prince and Grand Master 2132:Christian II of Denmark 1585:Declaration of Arbroath 1461:five Emperors were all 1087:Emperor system of Japan 6050:Islands of Refreshment 5480:Legitimacy (political) 4093:Roșu, Felicia (2017). 3735:Halden, Peter (2020). 3467:Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole 3463:Malietoa Tanumafili II 3439:parliamentary republic 3389:has a system in which 3027: 3024:Maximilian of Habsburg 2763:Extraordinary election 2610:could be considered a 2083:Riksdag of the Estates 2009:, today a district in 1970: 1927: 1863:Council of the Kingdom 962:Enlightened absolutism 5861:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5450:Criticism of monarchy 5440:Abolition of monarchy 5232:University at Buffalo 5135:July 8, 2007, at the 4651:Thailand Introduction 4355:Sire, H.J.A. (1994). 4211:Malyn Newitt (2019). 4029:The Holy Roman Empire 3984:Gino Raymond (2008). 3832:James Panton (2011). 3559:Elective dictatorship 3443:Constitution of Samoa 3363:French Third Republic 3254:Yang di-Pertuan Besar 3232:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3208:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3021: 3007:, younger brother of 3001:Second Mexican Empire 2896:(unsuccessfully) and 2593:Pōtatau Te Wherowhero 2349:Further information: 2202:First French Republic 2141:In 1810, the Swedish 2127:Margaret I of Denmark 1954: 1869:, then Master of the 1697:Further information: 1649:were each ruled by a 1568:.) Parliament passed 1458:republican government 1349:hereditary succession 67:Divine right of kings 5693:United Arab Emirates 4358:The Knights of Malta 4239:. 1890. p. 544. 3544:(territories of the 3297:United Arab Emirates 3280:(Crown Prince), and 3181:College of Cardinals 3103:, was elected to be 3090:Kingdom of Lithuania 3081:as the ruler of the 3073:Haakon VII of Norway 2950:Henry, Duke of Anjou 2823:United Arab Emirates 2806:, was at the time a 2601:Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō 2147:Prince of Pontecorvo 2031:Partitions of Poland 1919:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1913:Kingdom of Jerusalem 705:Unification of Italy 694:Second French Empire 6889:Trinidad and Tobago 6776:Commonwealth realms 6661:United Baltic Duchy 5804:Antigua and Barbuda 5796:Commonwealth realms 5490:Order of succession 5289:. November 16, 1905 4723:faculty.webster.edu 4491:. Perennial Press. 3524:Māori King Movement 3513:Muhammad bin Salman 3475:presidents for life 3367:President of France 3167:and the associated 3128:United Baltic Duchy 3126:as the Duke of the 2882:hereditary monarchy 2821:united to form the 2790:and the end of the 2695:Chile and Argentina 2648:Queen Liliʻuokalani 2616:hereditary monarchy 2597:Māori King movement 2186:Knights Hospitaller 2166:House of Bernadotte 2136:Stockholm Bloodbath 1877:. His half-brother 1839:Glorious Revolution 1828:Visigothic Hispania 1759:. Since 1526, when 1751:was elected by the 1574:order of succession 1546:Glorious Revolution 1523:Henry IV of England 1494:Anglo-Saxon England 1367:Historical examples 1355:with the office of 1328:hereditary monarchy 1326:, in contrast to a 1278:Politics portal 678:First French Empire 652:Glorious Revolution 5287:The New York Times 4401:. Viking. p. 4316:Theutenberg, Bo J. 3564:President for life 3509:Muhammad bin Nayef 3501:Allegiance Council 3491:as to who will be 3305:is elected by the 3169:Vatican City State 3109:Finnish Parliament 3037:Carol I of Romania 3028: 2952:as King of Poland. 2923:Examples include: 2729:Alexander Hamilton 2474:was chosen by the 2379:Proto-Indo-Iranian 2258:Regency of Algiers 2252:Regency of Algiers 2246:Regency of Algiers 2218:Republic of Venice 2107:monarchy of Norway 2101:was instituted by 2043:first elected king 1971: 1929:primus inter pares 1905:, thus avoiding a 1769:Holy Roman Emperor 1735:were elected by a 1725:imperial immediacy 1721:cathedral chapters 1679:King of the French 1512:Arthur of Brittany 1440:position with the 1363:of the incumbent. 1117:List of monarchies 918:Related ideologies 785:Nepalese Civil War 772:Iranian Revolution 746:Russian Revolution 741:Chinese Revolution 723:German unification 6929:Political systems 6919:Elective monarchy 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6591:Piedmont-Sardinia 6343:Sip Song Chau Tai 6153:Thirteen Colonies 5894: 5893: 5108:. Actualidad CR. 4810:978-0-14-341678-4 4146:E. Olsen (2002). 3542:Wallis and Futuna 3455:are reserved for 3217:Council of Rulers 3048:Amadeo I of Spain 2964:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 2942:1573: The Polish 2819:Arabian Peninsula 2780:Michael of Russia 2755:The crown of the 2685:Kingdom of Nicoya 2636:King Kamehameha V 2194:international law 2190:sovereign subject 2099:absolute monarchy 2019:primate of Poland 1883:Princess Beatrice 1729:prince-bishoprics 1713:House of Habsburg 1705:Holy Roman Empire 1699:Imperial election 1693:Holy Roman Empire 1583:In Scotland, the 1550:Act of Succession 1535:Wars of the Roses 1316:elective monarchy 1312: 1311: 710:Meiji Restoration 657:French Revolution 639:Tsarist autocracy 600:Popescu-Tăriceanu 99:Abdication system 77:Royal prerogative 72:Mandate of Heaven 6936: 6830:Irish Free State 6596:Poland–Lithuania 5905: 5904: 5856:Papua New Guinea 5586: 5585: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5266:. Archived from 5246: 5244: 5243: 5234:. Archived from 5219: 5217: 5216: 5203:Worsøe, Hans H. 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5083:. Diario Extra. 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4993:. 11 June 2019. 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4940: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4528:. Kuala Lumpur. 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4400: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4337:. Archived from 4326: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3870:Case of Tanistry 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3808: 3807: 1100-1707 3805: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3732: 3721: 3720: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3681: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3588: 3175:is elected in a 3057:as its reigning 2992:of the Hellenes. 2837:, then ruler of 2794:. The resulting 2792:Time of Troubles 2707:to be the Great 2699:French explorer 2608:Hawaiian Kingdom 2527:heir presumptive 2422: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2364: 2298:Kingdom of Kongo 2266:Divan of Algiers 2226:highest official 2070:Originally, the 1932: 1917:In the Crusader 1909:Castilian king. 1875:King of Portugal 1859:1383–1385 Crisis 1817:Battle of Mohács 1786:Thirty Years War 1539:Exclusion Crisis 1471:Praetorian Guard 1450:princeps senatus 1417:Roman assemblies 1304: 1297: 1290: 1276: 1275: 1156:Philosopher king 486: 476: 466: 456: 446: 436: 426: 388:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 124:Crowned republic 109:Chinese Legalist 48:Central concepts 41: 19: 18: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6898: 6823:princely states 6771: 6707:Kingdom of Fiji 6680: 6426:Austria-Hungary 6394: 6157: 6091: 5890: 5876:Solomon Islands 5790: 5772: 5704: 5619: 5577: 5509: 5455:Democratization 5423: 5367: 5334: 5329: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5273: 5271: 5264: 5241: 5239: 5222: 5214: 5212: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5137:Wayback Machine 5128: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5058:. p. 456. 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5028: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4938: 4936: 4929: 4910: 4906: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4691: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4569: 4565: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4324: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3957: 3953: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3917: 3913: 3898:, ed. (1911). " 3883: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3733: 3724: 3717: 3703: 3699: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3555: 3546:French Republic 3327: 3299: 3274:Sultan of Perak 3245:Negeri Sembilan 3203: 3189: 3161: 3145: 3137: 3116:First World War 3105:King of Finland 3079:William of Wied 2977:to become King 2914:King of Finland 2858: 2796:Romanov dynasty 2788:Rurikid dynasty 2765: 2757:Empire of Haiti 2753: 2721: 2697: 2677: 2661: 2656: 2583:of the central 2574: 2552:Si Suriyawongse 2504:Kingdom of Siam 2500: 2484: 2464: 2441:Parthian Empire 2437: 2353: 2347: 2342: 2310: 2294: 2276:In Africa, the 2274: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2214: 2178: 2170:Napoleonic Wars 2150:Jean Bernadotte 2095:Danish monarchy 2085:designated the 2072:Kings of Sweden 2059: 2047:Stephen Báthory 1949: 1943: 1915: 1825: 1815:died after the 1794: 1749:King of Bohemia 1745: 1717:prince-electors 1701: 1695: 1683:July Revolution 1659:Medieval France 1643: 1627:House of Orange 1615: 1603: 1597: 1504:John of England 1490: 1411:In the ancient 1409: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1345: 1308: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1027: 919: 911: 910: 909: 828: 820: 819: 818: 798: 790: 789: 781: 777:Modern Cambodia 750: 714: 698: 682: 673:Trienio Liberal 661: 619: 611: 610: 609: 499: 491: 490: 489: 484: 474: 464: 454: 444: 434: 424: 262: 254: 253: 252: 228:Self-proclaimed 93: 85: 84: 81: 49: 24:Politics series 17: 12: 11: 5: 6942: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581:Ottoman Empire 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6541:Kartli-Kakheti 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5950:Central Africa 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5886:United Kingdom 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:Prince regnant 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Decolonization 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5414:Personal union 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5384:Constitutional 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5279: 5262: 5247: 5220: 5198: 5197:External links 5195: 5192: 5191: 5165: 5140: 5122: 5097: 5072: 5045: 5026: 5007: 4982: 4953: 4927: 4913:Plokhy, Serhii 4904: 4888: 4868: 4851: 4837:Blockmans, Wim 4828: 4809: 4789: 4764: 4739: 4710: 4703: 4685: 4668: 4638: 4632:978-1136869259 4631: 4613: 4607:978-1477265161 4606: 4588: 4582:978-1000232127 4581: 4563: 4535:978-9839541885 4534: 4516: 4497: 4477: 4461:New York Times 4447: 4431:Order of Malta 4418: 4411: 4385: 4367: 4347: 4344:on 2015-11-23. 4333: 4307: 4301:978-1351665018 4300: 4282: 4270: 4255: 4242: 4228: 4222:978-1789141658 4221: 4203: 4188: 4181: 4163: 4156: 4135: 4128: 4110: 4104:978-0192506436 4103: 4085: 4070: 4064:978-0313363061 4063: 4045: 4016: 4001: 3995:978-0810862562 3994: 3976: 3970:978-3734074752 3969: 3961:Louis Philippe 3951: 3936: 3929: 3911: 3896:Chisholm, Hugh 3874: 3862: 3849: 3843:978-0810874978 3842: 3824: 3818:978-1845860288 3817: 3792: 3786:978-0773596566 3785: 3767: 3752: 3746:978-1108495929 3745: 3722: 3715: 3697: 3676: 3658: 3652:978-1597975193 3651: 3633: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3520: 3482: 3431: 3411: 3384: 3370: 3351:First Republic 3326: 3323: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3270: 3188: 3185: 3160: 3157: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3112: 3097: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3051: 3040: 3016: 3015: 2993: 2982: 2979:Otto of Greece 2971: 2960: 2953: 2940: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2815: 2804:Feodor Romanov 2782:, chosen by a 2764: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2720: 2717: 2696: 2693: 2683:(king) of the 2676: 2673: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2519:Maha Senanurak 2499: 2496: 2483: 2480: 2463: 2460: 2436: 2433: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2330:royal families 2318:Ashanti Empire 2309: 2306: 2293: 2290: 2273: 2270: 2250:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237:for election. 2213: 2210: 2177: 2174: 2152:to be the new 2058: 2055: 1962:Royal Election 1958:Golden Liberty 1945:Main article: 1942: 1939: 1914: 1911: 1824: 1821: 1793: 1790: 1744: 1741: 1694: 1691: 1642: 1639: 1631:Oldenbarnevelt 1619:Dutch Republic 1614: 1613:Dutch Republic 1611: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1544:Following the 1489: 1488:United Kingdom 1486: 1408: 1405: 1378: 1377:Ancient Greece 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1344: 1341: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1036:Related topics 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1001: 996: 995: 994: 989: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 953: 952: 950:Traditionalist 947: 937: 932: 927: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 908: 907: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 880: 879: 878: 873: 872: 871: 866: 861: 851: 846: 844:Great Officers 841: 830: 829: 827:Administration 826: 825: 822: 821: 817: 816: 811: 806: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 780: 779: 774: 768: 766: 761: 756: 751: 749: 748: 743: 737: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 713: 712: 707: 701: 699: 697: 696: 691: 685: 683: 681: 680: 675: 669: 667: 662: 660: 659: 654: 648: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 488: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 437: 427: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333:Crétineau-Joly 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224: 223: 213: 208: 203: 198: 196:Personal union 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 151:Dynastic union 148: 147: 146: 136: 131: 126: 121: 119:Constitutional 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 80: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6941: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:Easter Island 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Jabal Shammar 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Liechtenstein 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536:Queen regnant 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Republicanism 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Head of state 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Non-sovereign 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5270:on 2006-05-05 5269: 5265: 5263:0-7818-0637-2 5259: 5256:. EJJ Books. 5255: 5254: 5248: 5238:on 2011-06-04 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5211:on 2009-02-27 5210: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5033: 5029: 5027:9781433084829 5023: 5019: 5018: 5011: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4934: 4930: 4928:9781139458924 4924: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4891: 4889:9781861892195 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4854: 4852:9781315278551 4848: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4704:0-231-08903-1 4700: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4504: 4500: 4498:9781531263249 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4412:0-670-86745-4 4408: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4340: 4336: 4334:91-974235-6-4 4330: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4280:, p. 12. 4279: 4274: 4268:, p. 10. 4267: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4182:9780801492648 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4157:9780230597143 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4034: 4031:. Heraldica. 4030: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3891:public domain 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3716:9780192558268 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3677:9780205846795 3673: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:Public Choice 3594: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:House of Saud 3486: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:Count of Foix 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325:Similar forms 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:Raja Di-Hilir 3279: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259:ruling chiefs 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3201:Yamtuan Besar 3198: 3197:Adat Perpatih 3194: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3129: 3125: 3122:to recognize 3121: 3120:German Empire 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:United States 2719:United States 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2644:King Kalākaua 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2542:Chetsadabodin 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2498:Siam/Thailand 2495: 2493: 2492:Unified Silla 2489: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Mongol Empire 2462:Mongol Empire 2459: 2457: 2456:Shahs of Iran 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445:King of Kings 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320:and those of 2319: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2238: 2236: 2235:supermajority 2231: 2230:Great Council 2227: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105:. Though the 2104: 2103:Frederick III 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:depose their 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:wolna elekcja 2024: 2023:free election 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Order of Aviz 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1733:prince-abbots 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:Gallic tribes 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Earl of March 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Roman Kingdom 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381:The kings of 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205:Regnal number 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132:Non-sovereign 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 951: 948: 946: 945:Authoritarian 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 915: 914: 906: 903: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 888:Crown Council 886: 885: 884: 883:Privy council 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 832: 831: 824: 823: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 794: 793: 786: 783: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 700: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 684: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 668: 666: 663: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 615: 614: 606: 605:Zourabichvili 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 495: 494: 483: 482: 478: 473: 472: 468: 463: 462: 458: 453: 452: 448: 443: 442: 438: 433: 432: 428: 423: 422: 418: 417: 416: 415: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Chateaubriand 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Non-sovereign 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 89: 88: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 52: 51: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 25: 21: 20: 6879:South Africa 6874:Sierra Leone 6821: 6651:Two Sicilies 6586:Papal States 6386: 6325: 6218: 6084: 5844:Cook Islands 5697: 5683:Saudi Arabia 5612: 5393: 5291:. Retrieved 5286: 5272:. Retrieved 5268:the original 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5236:the original 5227: 5213:. Retrieved 5209:the original 5182:. Retrieved 5168: 5157:. Retrieved 5143: 5125: 5114:. Retrieved 5100: 5089:. Retrieved 5075: 5064:. Retrieved 5054: 5048: 5036:. Retrieved 5016: 5010: 4999:. Retrieved 4985: 4973:. Retrieved 4969: 4963:"Faolex Fao" 4956: 4946: 4943: 4937:. Retrieved 4917: 4907: 4899: 4893:. Retrieved 4878: 4871: 4862: 4856:. Retrieved 4841: 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4799: 4792: 4781:. Retrieved 4767: 4756:. Retrieved 4742: 4731:. Retrieved 4722: 4713: 4694: 4688: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4655:. Retrieved 4650: 4641: 4622: 4616: 4597: 4591: 4572: 4566: 4525: 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4487: 4480: 4469:. Retrieved 4460: 4450: 4439:. Retrieved 4430: 4421: 4396: 4388: 4377:. Retrieved 4357: 4350: 4339:the original 4320: 4310: 4291: 4285: 4273: 4250: 4245: 4236: 4231: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4147: 4119: 4113: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4073: 4054: 4048: 4037:. Retrieved 4028: 4019: 4013:. p. 2. 4010: 4004: 3985: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3920: 3914: 3903: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3833: 3827: 3801: 3795: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3736: 3706: 3700: 3667: 3661: 3642: 3636: 3625:. Retrieved 3603:(1): 63–84. 3600: 3596: 3497:Saudi Arabia 3493:Crown Prince 3485:Saudi Arabia 3479:His Highness 3473:), as joint 3470: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3419:Ngöbe people 3359:Napoleon III 3335:principality 3310: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3252: 3248: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3213:Malay States 3206: 3204: 3165:The Holy See 3162: 3146: 3138: 3058: 2943: 2922: 2874:royal family 2863: 2859: 2784:Zemsky Sobor 2770: 2766: 2754: 2722: 2698: 2688: 2680: 2678: 2669:Aztec Empire 2662: 2654:The Americas 2611: 2605: 2585:North Island 2575: 2535: 2530: 2501: 2485: 2465: 2453: 2438: 2428: 2424: 2410: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2383:Central Asia 2354: 2314:West African 2311: 2303: 2295: 2275: 2255: 2215: 2179: 2158:Charles XIII 2154:Crown Prince 2140: 2124: 2120:a referendum 2069: 2060: 2038: 2026: 1996: 1986: 1975: 1972: 1955: 1916: 1855: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1804: 1795: 1773:Ferdinand II 1746: 1702: 1687:Napoleon III 1672: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1616: 1604: 1582: 1543: 1516: 1502: 1491: 1482: 1475: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1420: 1410: 1394: 1380: 1353:royal family 1346: 1336: 1315: 1313: 1080:Illegitimate 1075:Family trees 940:Conservatism 905:Royal assent 689:Liberal Wars 479: 469: 459: 449: 439: 429: 419: 413: 412: 267:Philosophers 266: 265: 206:Principality 155: 22:Part of the 6818:British Raj 6790:(Sri Lanka) 6676:Württemberg 6388:South Yemen 6276:Maguindanao 6169:Afghanistan 5930:Barotseland 5866:Saint Lucia 5839:New Zealand 5748:Netherlands 5521:Chhatrapati 5505:Sovereignty 5445:Aristocracy 5038:26 November 4509:26 November 3528:New Zealand 3471:Tama-a-Aiga 3437:has been a 3381:Indlovukazi 3267:Minangkabau 3263:matrilineal 2849:Pala Empire 2798:was an old 2665:Tlatoanimeh 2589:New Zealand 2565:Prajadhipok 2561:Prajadhipok 2435:Persia/Iran 2357:Afghanistan 2345:Afghanistan 2308:West Africa 2278:Mali Empire 2272:Mali Empire 2112:Prince Carl 2091:Gustav Vasa 2057:Scandinavia 1968:Jan Matejko 1907:jure uxoris 1879:Ferdinand I 1843:Isabella II 1761:Ferdinand I 1681:during the 1641:Gaul/France 1623:Stadtholder 1554:William III 1498:Witenagemot 1235:Interregnum 1200:Regnal list 1105:presumptive 930:Bonapartism 876:Royal guard 839:Appointment 804:Aristocracy 629:Magna Carta 595:Zhirinovsky 498:Politicians 425:(1265-1266) 353:Kierkegaard 6913:Categories 6884:Tanganyika 6799:The Gambia 6727:Niuē-Fekai 6666:Yugoslavia 6566:Montenegro 6373:Upper Yafa 6368:Upper Asir 6005:Madagascar 5738:Luxembourg 5470:Government 5435:Abdication 5404:Hereditary 5332:Monarchies 5293:2008-01-03 5274:2008-01-02 5242:2008-01-02 5215:2008-01-02 5159:2012-02-19 5116:2019-03-28 5091:2019-03-28 5066:2020-11-26 5001:2019-12-05 4939:2017-07-18 4895:2017-07-18 4858:2017-07-18 4783:2019-12-13 4758:2019-12-13 4733:2016-09-11 4471:2014-10-29 4441:2018-02-23 4379:2020-09-23 4368:0300068859 4129:0160015677 4039:2008-02-20 3930:0743289064 3809:, Volume 2 3627:2021-02-21 3575:References 3423:Costa Rica 3407:kingmakers 3377:Great Wife 3191:See also: 3005:Maximilian 2995:1863: The 2910:Wilhelm II 2856:Invitation 2773:revolution 2675:Costa Rica 2618:utilizing 2472:Great Khan 2351:Loya Jirga 2334:kingmakers 2326:Oyo Empire 2200:under the 2064:joint rule 1923:Haute Cour 1527:Richard II 1519:Parliament 1434:Principate 1361:abdication 1333:monarchies 1220:Succession 1092:Figurehead 1043:Coronation 992:Luxembourg 972:Legitimism 967:Jacobitism 530:Metternich 461:Patriarcha 358:Dostoevsky 288:Bellarmine 261:Philosophy 211:Real union 176:Hereditary 62:Monarchism 6854:Mauritius 6747:Rarotonga 6732:Nuku Hiva 6722:Mangareva 6697:Bora Bora 6576:Neuchâtel 6546:Lithuania 6451:Catalonia 6338:Sri Lanka 6291:Manchukuo 6266:Kurdistan 6220:Indonesia 6143:Talamanca 6103:Araucanía 6086:and other 6065:Wassoulou 5809:Australia 5485:Oligarchy 4975:August 3, 4748:"The UAE" 4552:cite book 4544:898313910 4278:Roșu 2017 4266:Roșu 2017 3686:cite book 3617:154097838 3505:Abdulaziz 3430:Bejarano. 3410:rotation. 3315:Abu Dhabi 3303:president 3290:Raja Muda 3286:Raja Muda 3278:Raja Muda 3061:(prince). 2968:Leopold I 2831:Abu Dhabi 2745:impeached 2743:, unless 2735:that the 1935:seneschal 1668:Philip II 1508:Richard I 1430:Byzantine 1357:sovereign 1343:Evolution 1240:Rebellion 1225:Anti-king 1210:Sovereign 1161:Pretender 1112:Kingmaker 1048:Criticism 999:Orléanism 977:Miguelism 957:Despotism 925:Alfonsism 869:Favourite 859:Camarilla 849:Household 814:Oligarchy 809:Autocracy 585:Churchill 451:Leviathan 431:Monarchia 373:Bainville 248:Universal 221:Coregency 191:Pentarchy 114:Composite 6924:Monarchy 6869:Rhodesia 6864:Pakistan 6783:Barbados 6752:Rimatara 6742:Rapa Iti 6671:Valencia 6646:Tavolara 6636:Scotland 6601:Portugal 6561:Moldavia 6446:Bulgaria 6441:Brittany 6416:Asturias 6296:Mongolia 6286:Maldives 6148:Trinidad 6138:Suriname 6096:Americas 6080:Zimbabwe 6075:Zanzibar 6060:Wituland 6035:Ngazidja 6030:Ndzuwani 5965:Ethiopia 5688:Thailand 5668:Malaysia 5648:Cambodia 5598:Eswatini 5394:Elective 5379:Absolute 5178:Archived 5153:Archived 5133:Archived 5110:Archived 5085:Archived 5060:Archived 5032:Archived 4995:Archived 4933:Archived 4815:Archived 4777:Archived 4752:Archived 4727:Archived 4503:Archived 4465:Archived 4435:Archived 4373:Archived 4318:(2003). 4033:Archived 3900:Tanistry 3621:Archived 3569:Tanistry 3553:See also 3532:Kaumātua 3373:Eswatini 3355:Napoleon 3345:and the 3311:de facto 3226:de facto 3187:Malaysia 3177:conclave 3159:Holy See 3143:Cambodia 3046:as King 2990:George I 2988:as King 2966:as King 2959:in 1818. 2945:szlachta 2937:Rurikids 2931:invited 2904:elected 2890:Bulgaria 2812:interrex 2741:for life 2727:failed. 2689:monéxico 2612:de facto 2591:elected 2576:Several 2537:senabodi 2508:Thailand 2476:Kurultai 2449:Mahestān 2324:and the 2116:Storting 2089:of King 2039:de facto 2015:interrex 1998:szlachta 1982:magnates 1865:elected 1851:republic 1847:Amadeo I 1813:Louis II 1765:Habsburg 1663:Capetian 1607:tanistry 1601:Tanistry 1589:Tanistry 1562:James II 1478:Dominate 1467:Claudius 1446:Augustus 1438:de facto 1421:interrex 1401:Athenian 1391:Ecclesia 1337:de facto 1320:monarchy 1195:Regicide 1139:Nobility 1100:apparent 1004:Royalism 982:Orangism 864:Courtier 590:Renouvin 565:Bismarck 560:Castillo 550:Disraeli 540:Polignac 520:Consalvi 421:De Regno 393:Bogdanor 243:Triarchy 238:Tetrarch 233:Signoria 166:Ethnarch 156:Elective 104:Absolute 31:Monarchy 6859:Nigeria 6834:Ireland 6762:Tahuata 6737:Raiatea 6717:Huahine 6692:Abemama 6685:Oceania 6656:Tuscany 6611:Romania 6606:Prussia 6571:Navarre 6551:Majorca 6531:Ireland 6526:Imereti 6521:Iceland 6516:Hungary 6511:Hanover 6506:Granada 6496:Germany 6491:Georgia 6486:Galicia 6476:Finland 6466:Corsica 6461:Cilicia 6431:Bavaria 6421:Austria 6406:Albania 6378:Vietnam 6321:Sarawak 6311:Qu'aiti 6246:Kathiri 6209:Dapitan 6184:Bukhara 6133:Miskito 6055:Tunisia 6045:Shilluk 5955:Dahomey 5945:Burundi 5935:Bagirmi 5915:Adamawa 5834:Jamaica 5829:Grenada 5814:Bahamas 5778:Oceania 5728:Denmark 5723:Belgium 5718:Andorra 5633:Bahrain 5608:Morocco 5603:Lesotho 5582:Current 5573:Pharaoh 5526:Emperor 5465:Dynasty 5419:Regency 5399:Federal 5389:Diarchy 5343:Monarch 4657:June 5, 3893:: 3417:of the 3415:cacique 3387:Nigeria 3379:" and " 3331:Andorra 3215:form a 3179:by the 3149:monarch 3107:by the 3009:Emperor 2975:Bavaria 2902:Finland 2898:Romania 2894:Albania 2886:Belgium 2705:Mapuche 2681:mánkeme 2667:of the 2572:Oceania 2523:uparaja 2516:viceroy 2466:In the 2371:Durrani 2143:Riksdag 1964:of 1573 1903:Peter I 1805:de jure 1797:Hungary 1792:Hungary 1753:Estates 1743:Bohemia 1737:college 1709:emperor 1635:De Witt 1617:In the 1595:Ireland 1558:Mary II 1442:de jure 1393:of the 1385:and of 1383:Macedon 1324:elected 1252:Usurper 1144:Peerage 1122:Current 1070:Descent 1053:Dynasty 1016:Toryism 987:Belgium 935:Carlism 898:Riksråd 893:Makhzen 854:Retinue 618:History 580:Metaxas 575:Maurras 545:Decazes 535:Villèle 525:Plessis 510:Pius VI 505:Mazarin 398:Scruton 368:Maurras 323:Novalis 308:Maistre 303:Bossuet 273:Aquinas 216:Regency 201:Popular 181:Khanate 171:Federal 161:Emirate 129:Diarchy 57:Monarch 6894:Uganda 6844:Malawi 6809:Guyana 6788:Ceylon 6767:Tahiti 6757:Rurutu 6712:Hawaii 6641:Serbia 6626:Saxony 6616:Russia 6501:Greece 6481:France 6471:Cyprus 6456:Crimea 6436:Bosnia 6411:Aragon 6399:Europe 6363:Taiwan 6333:Sikkim 6316:Ryukyu 6301:Najran 6199:Chehab 6179:Bengal 6128:Mexico 6113:Brazil 6040:Rwanda 6020:Maravi 5920:Ankole 5908:Africa 5900:Former 5881:Tuvalu 5824:Canada 5819:Belize 5763:Sweden 5753:Norway 5743:Monaco 5710:Europe 5663:Kuwait 5658:Jordan 5643:Brunei 5638:Bhutan 5590:Africa 5563:Sultan 5514:Titles 5428:Topics 5260: 5024: 4925: 4886: 4849: 4821:26 May 4807: 4701: 4629: 4604: 4579: 4542: 4532: 4495: 4409: 4365: 4331: 4298: 4219: 4179: 4154: 4126: 4101: 4061: 3992: 3967: 3927: 3887: 3840: 3815: 3783: 3743: 3713: 3674: 3649: 3615: 3433:While 3427:Panama 3249:itself 3199:, and 3171:, the 3099:1918: 2870:Greece 2866:Norway 2845:Gopala 2659:Mexico 2581:tribes 2532:ad hoc 2470:, the 2425:Samiti 2413:simite 2405:simite 2401:. The 2389:simite 2367:Hotaki 2241:Africa 2212:Venice 2118:after 2011:Warsaw 1989:Poland 1960:. The 1867:John I 1861:, the 1823:Iberia 1803:which 1576:. The 1454:Senate 1387:Epirus 1372:Europe 1230:Crisis 1183:Empire 1127:Former 1065:Family 797:Polity 555:Cortés 485:(2001) 475:(1796) 465:(1680) 455:(1651) 445:(1576) 435:(1313) 408:Yarvin 363:Youwei 348:Balmes 343:Cortés 328:Balzac 313:Bonald 298:Hobbes 293:Filmer 6849:Malta 6839:Kenya 6814:India 6804:Ghana 6631:Savoy 6621:Samos 6536:Italy 6383:Yemen 6358:Tibet 6353:Syria 6306:Nepal 6281:Mahra 6261:Kumul 6256:Korea 6251:Khiva 6230:Qajar 6214:Hejaz 6204:China 6189:Burma 6118:Haiti 6108:Aztec 6025:Mwali 6015:Maore 5995:Libya 5990:Kongo 5985:Kaffa 5980:Gumma 5975:Gomma 5970:Ghana 5960:Egypt 5940:Bornu 5925:Aussa 5786:Tonga 5758:Spain 5678:Qatar 5653:Japan 5184:2 May 4966:(PDF) 4342:(PDF) 4325:(PDF) 3613:S2CID 3458:matai 3435:Samoa 3403:Emirs 3339:Spain 3319:Dubai 3241:state 3221:Agong 3059:knyaz 3044:Savoy 2933:Rurik 2912:, as 2839:Dubai 2800:boyar 2751:Haiti 2709:Toqui 2632:aliʻi 2578:Māori 2488:Silla 2482:Korea 2429:Sabha 2420:Sabhā 2397:sabhā 2375:Aryan 2292:Kongo 2286:Gbara 2282:mansa 2087:heirs 2079:Thing 1993:Piast 1966:, by 1873:, as 1496:(see 1426:Roman 1396:Demos 1318:is a 1215:Style 1188:Reich 1178:Realm 1149:Realm 1096:Heir 1058:Lists 1009:Ultra 834:Court 570:Mella 515:Ruffo 414:Works 403:Hoppe 383:Evola 338:Gogol 283:Bodin 278:Dante 144:Grand 139:Duchy 92:Types 6794:Fiji 6348:Sulu 6327:Shan 6271:Laos 6236:Iraq 6226:Iran 6194:Cebu 6174:Asir 6162:Asia 6123:Inca 6070:Yeke 6010:Mali 6000:Luba 5849:Niue 5699:list 5673:Oman 5625:Asia 5614:list 5568:Shah 5558:Tsar 5553:khan 5548:Raja 5531:King 5372:Type 5258:ISBN 5186:2011 5040:2020 5022:ISBN 4977:2023 4923:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4847:ISBN 4823:2021 4805:ISBN 4699:ISBN 4659:2013 4627:ISBN 4602:ISBN 4577:ISBN 4558:link 4540:OCLC 4530:ISBN 4511:2020 4493:ISBN 4407:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4177:ISBN 4152:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4099:ISBN 4059:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3965:ISBN 3925:ISBN 3838:ISBN 3813:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3741:ISBN 3711:ISBN 3692:link 3672:ISBN 3647:ISBN 3522:The 3517:Saud 3465:and 3453:Fono 3448:Fono 3425:and 3413:The 3401:and 3399:Ezes 3395:Obas 3301:The 3272:The 3205:The 3173:Pope 2929:Rus' 2679:The 2663:The 2628:1887 2626:and 2624:1864 2606:The 2525:was 2506:and 2439:The 2427:and 2393:and 2369:and 2362:loya 2340:Asia 2296:The 2256:The 2222:doge 2216:The 2180:The 2076:Mora 2007:Wola 1977:wiec 1897:and 1891:León 1889:and 1841:and 1703:The 1645:The 1633:and 1570:laws 1566:Anne 1556:and 1428:and 1257:list 1173:Rank 1166:List 1021:High 378:Seca 134:Dual 6556:Man 4970:FAO 4403:135 3902:". 3856:In 3605:doi 3601:103 3536:iwi 3526:in 3495:of 3421:of 3341:'s 3247:is 3243:of 3163:In 3003:to 2918:WWI 2829:of 2587:of 2355:In 2322:Ife 2262:dey 2192:of 1987:In 1755:of 1677:as 1651:rix 1500:). 1314:An 1245:War 6915:: 6832:/ 6820:, 5285:. 5226:. 5151:. 5030:. 4968:. 4942:. 4931:. 4898:. 4861:. 4813:. 4775:. 4750:. 4725:. 4721:. 4661:. 4649:. 4554:}} 4550:{{ 4538:. 4501:. 4463:. 4459:. 4433:. 4429:. 4405:. 4371:. 4258:^ 4138:^ 4027:. 3804:c. 3725:^ 3688:}} 3684:{{ 3619:. 3611:. 3599:. 3595:. 3583:^ 3397:, 3195:, 3039:). 2892:, 2715:. 2691:. 2431:. 2417:. 2359:, 2172:. 2053:. 1937:. 1853:. 1819:. 1788:. 1670:. 1609:. 6826:) 6816:( 6391:) 6385:( 6232:) 6228:( 5324:e 5317:t 5310:v 5296:. 5277:. 5245:. 5218:. 5188:. 5162:. 5119:. 5094:. 5069:. 5042:. 5004:. 4979:. 4825:. 4786:. 4761:. 4736:. 4707:. 4635:. 4610:. 4585:. 4560:) 4546:. 4513:. 4474:. 4444:. 4415:. 4382:. 4304:. 4225:. 4185:. 4160:. 4132:. 4107:. 4080:2 4067:. 4042:. 3998:. 3973:. 3933:. 3846:. 3821:. 3789:. 3749:. 3719:. 3694:) 3680:. 3655:. 3630:. 3607:: 3292:. 3085:. 3050:. 3026:. 3014:. 2981:. 2841:. 2025:( 1303:e 1296:t 1289:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index