464:
3785:
3593:
3658:
2628:
3665:
4509:
3177:
3023:
2892:
449:
3586:
3908:
4205:
4047:
4424:
3957:
1263:
4040:
3915:
3287:
4315:
4005:
3000:
1607:
4198:
3154:
4308:
3867:
4502:
3950:
4417:
3282:
3778:
1522:
1927:
3825:
2517:
70:
1085:
3018:
2125:
2346:
3442:
3998:
3528:
3435:
99:
761:
1315:
4574:
3521:
1448:
2887:
2720:
3734:
2447:
1127:
5941:
1691:
1960:
1876:
3172:
1823:
1224:
2621:
1404:
2061:
3264:
734:) on the other. The English term "Holy Roman Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not corresponding to the historical style or title, i.e., the adjective "holy" is not intended as modifying "emperor"; the English term "Holy Roman Emperor" gained currency in the interbellum period (the 1920s to 1930s); formerly the title had also been rendered as "German-Roman emperor" in English.
5255:
5654:
2201:
2258:
2869:
1180:
600:("most serene Augustus crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans"). The Eastern Empire eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and his successors as emperors, but as "Frankish" and "German emperors", at no point referring to them as Roman, a label they reserved for themselves.
1759:
became formalized as a specific body of seven electors, consisting of three bishops and four secular princes. Through the middle 15th century, the electors chose freely from among a number of dynasties. A period of dispute during the second half of the 13th century over the kingship of
Germany led to
554:
had reestablished
Byzantine presence in Italy, religious frictions existed with the Papacy who sought dominance over the Constantinople Church. Toward the end of the 8th century the Papacy still recognised the ruler at Constantinople as the Roman Emperor, though Byzantine military support in Italy
506:
established a precedent for the position of the
Christian emperor in the Church. Emperors considered themselves responsible to God for the spiritual health of their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define and maintain orthodoxy. The emperor's role was to enforce
5419:, MacMillan Press 1999, London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: "The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?"
603:
The title of emperor in the West implied recognition by the pope. As the power of the papacy grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the
813:, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. The process of an election meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on his side, which was known as
1772:
passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, from the 16th century, the
Habsburgs dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with
694:). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, he was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title.
5511:
Klewitz, Hans-Walter (1943). "Eduard
Eichmann, die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland. Ein Beitrag zur, Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechts, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik".
768:(27 November 1308) showing (left to right) the Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia (
4673:("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor
5433:
1755:. Because the King of Germany was an elected position, being elected King of Germany was functionally a pre-requisite to being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. By the 13th century, the
3383:("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors each adopted the same titulature, usually on becoming the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's predecessor
755:
911:(emperor 1508–1519) and his successors no longer traveled to Rome to be crowned as emperor by the pope. Maximilian, therefore, named himself elected Roman emperor (
660:
from among their peers. The King of the
Germans would then be crowned as emperor following the precedent set by Charlemagne, during the period of 962–1530.
998:
and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term
3066:
2489:
456:
844:, establishes the election procedure by (unnamed) princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the candidates. A letter of
574:
Under the pretext that a woman could not rule the empire, Pope Leo III declared the throne vacant and crowned
Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans (
452:
5686:
463:
3310:
282:
The Holy Roman
Emperor title provided the highest prestige among medieval Catholic monarchs, because the empire was considered by the
5980:
3784:
3592:
550:
continued to recognize the authority of the
Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century. While the reconquest of
2627:
503:
3657:
956:
This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from
Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806).
5602:
1041:. There is some contention as to whether the Holy Roman Empire dates as far back as Charlemagne, some histories consider the
3664:
5317:
4644:
4386:
4277:
4167:
3404:
3123:
2969:
2838:
2590:
429:
4508:
476:
448:
5592:
751:
1768:, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the
938:
was added as a ninth elector in 1692, confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. The whole college was reshuffled in the
5886:
5866:
5846:
5679:
5447:
5206:
4338:
3989:
3980:
3920:
3853:
3811:
3739:
3554:
3447:
3384:
3050:
396:
exerted strong influence. Throughout its history, the position was viewed as a defender of the Catholic faith. Until
108:
3176:
3022:
2891:
5881:
5851:
5821:
5113:
4666:
4228:
3941:
3872:
3696:
3616:
3559:
3533:
3376:
2725:
908:
651:
499:
397:
841:
563:, the King of the Franks and King of Italy, for securing his life and position. By this time, the Eastern Emperor
5906:
5861:
5801:
5493:
5287:
5059:
5041:
4210:
3899:
3760:
3670:
3478:
3217:
2827:
2541:
2452:
2351:
1774:
900:
684:
665:
524:
350:
342:
856:", seven princes had the right to elect the king and future emperor. The seven prince-electors are named in the
5926:
5921:
5901:
5836:
5169:
4597:
4579:
4514:
4465:
4343:
4052:
3488:
3324:
3191:
3080:
2652:
1034:
continued to be crowned Emperor until 899, excepting a brief period when the Imperial crown was awarded to the
669:
358:
151:
3907:
915:) in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors, only
5916:
5911:
5891:
5871:
5856:
5841:
5826:
5786:
5781:
5224:
5188:
5131:
4987:
4969:
4674:
4661:. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope
4532:
4450:
4429:
4320:
4075:
4031:
3985:
3962:
3890:
3858:
3848:
3816:
3790:
3765:
3691:
3598:
3388:
3301:
3212:
2906:
2805:
2781:
2225:
2153:
2130:
2097:
2066:
1761:
1724:
916:
765:
661:
405:
3585:
3492:
3084:
2656:
1011:
5985:
5965:
5944:
5896:
5876:
5831:
5811:
5791:
5776:
5771:
5672:
5354:
Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor
5282:
5150:
5077:
5005:
4951:
4930:
4757:
4233:
4070:
4010:
3894:
3830:
3071:
3037:
2748:
2522:
2476:
2282:
2206:
1986:
1965:
1932:
609:
1262:
5816:
5796:
5766:
5658:
5095:
5023:
4912:
4204:
4046:
3273:
3163:
3062:
3009:
2878:
2633:
2485:
2263:
1951:
1881:
877:
4423:
4039:
3956:
5970:
4894:
4140:
2765:
2563:
2372:
2360:
1974:
1904:
1769:
1744:
354:
27:
5620:
Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters
3482:
2797:
2673:
2558:
2506:
2389:
2299:
2232:
2160:
2104:
1760:
there being no emperor crowned for several decades, though this ended in 1312 with the coronation of
1644:
980:
770:
3914:
711:) that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman emperors as the inheritors of the title of emperor of the
5975:
5552:
5260:
1865:
1606:
5302:
5139:
3769:
3563:
3286:
1352:
951:
920:
885:
605:
512:
443:
381:
4314:
4588:
4523:
4438:
4329:
4307:
4219:
4061:
4019:
4004:
3971:
3929:
3881:
3866:
3839:
3799:
3748:
3679:
3607:
3542:
3460:
3200:
3153:
2464:
1560:
1159:
1111:
1030:, who was then ruling the Roman Empire from Constantinople. Charlemagne's descendants from the
942:
of 1803 with a total of ten electors, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.
818:
5618:
4197:
597:
serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus, magnus pacificus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium
4824:
4563:
4501:
4360:
2999:
1045:
to be a distinct polity from the later Holy Roman Empire as established under Otto I in 962.
935:
869:
528:
373:
4416:
3949:
619:
After the coronation of Charlemagne, his successors maintained the title until the death of
5806:
5013:
3472:
3253:
2958:
1739:
While earlier Frankish and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the actual
1016:
On Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (
939:
931:
712:
668:, merely adopted the title of "Emperor elect" in 1558. The final Holy Roman emperor-elect,
555:
had increasingly waned, leading to the Papacy to look to the Franks for protection. In 800
535:
516:
472:
366:
4669:
to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as
3379:
to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as
3281:
963:(king of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were:
8:
5756:
5746:
5439:
5398:
5364:
4876:
4845:
4623:
4558:
4491:
4355:
4110:
3723:
3643:
3633:
3575:
3510:
3075:
2821:
2801:
2793:
2480:
2190:
1696:
1527:
1054:
1031:
984:
976:
964:
865:
861:
857:
794:
620:
299:
231:
210:
85:
74:
2784:
of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by
1926:
459:; from a 1545 armorial. Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.
252:) from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of
5736:
5529:
5297:
5292:
5268:
5085:
4959:
4806:
4628:
4250:
3824:
3248:
2942:
1469:
1409:
1042:
995:
960:
810:
790:
703:
683:(i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under
656:
582:
547:
439:
305:
287:
3777:
5721:
5598:
5533:
5443:
5307:
5121:
5103:
4648:
4266:
4145:
4130:
3387:
was the last to be crowned Emperor by the Pope in Rome, while Maximilian's successor
3366:
2770:
2185:
2008:
1765:
1740:
1632:
1521:
1229:
1169:
1084:
896:
849:
806:
786:
743:
632:
511:, and uphold ecclesiastical unity. Both the title and connection between Emperor and
322:
241:
69:
809:
meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of
5741:
5726:
5521:
5232:
5196:
5177:
5049:
4866:
4775:
4365:
4125:
3647:
3243:
3221:
3017:
2925:
2785:
2516:
2003:
1786:
1453:
1268:
968:
613:
520:
334:
3997:
690:
The Holy Roman Emperor's standard designation was "August Emperor of the Romans" (
416:. There were short periods in history when the electoral college was dominated by
5751:
5731:
5711:
5429:
5214:
5159:
5031:
4995:
4858:
4793:
4726:
4718:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4350:
4245:
4240:
4135:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3623:
3570:
3500:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3238:
3228:
3102:
3092:
2932:
2755:
2663:
2548:
2496:
2384:
2345:
2294:
2247:
2242:
2175:
2170:
2114:
1998:
1916:
1860:
1752:
1712:
1612:
1548:
1543:
1481:
1437:
1340:
1320:
1288:
1201:
1132:
1038:
1027:
927:
873:
853:
829:
798:
644:
628:
568:
385:
283:
253:
222:
195:
5525:
3441:
3434:
98:
5761:
5345:
Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
5336:
Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
5067:
4938:
4920:
4814:
4783:
4747:
4120:
4115:
3527:
3372:
2809:
2394:
2180:
2124:
2089:
2024:
1828:
1756:
1748:
1213:
881:
760:
727:
673:
624:
564:
338:
326:
214:
184:
140:
5514:
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung
4653:
The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the
2788:
in 1245 (or alternatively from Frederick's death in 1250 or from the death of
623:
in 924. The comparatively brief interregnum between 924 and the coronation of
310:, regarded as first among equals among other Catholic monarchs across Europe.
5959:
5312:
4977:
4902:
4832:
4455:
3638:
3628:
3505:
3336:
3233:
3097:
2937:
2760:
2668:
2579:
2553:
2501:
2379:
2289:
2237:
2165:
2109:
1993:
1911:
1855:
1719:
1639:
1555:
1476:
1432:
1357:
1304:
1252:
1208:
1164:
1116:
845:
723:
498:
had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of
495:
484:
404:) was required to be crowned by the pope before assuming the imperial title.
393:
245:
237:
20:
4705:
2410:
1347:
1314:
1299:
1023:
837:
825:
556:
543:
291:
5435:
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask
4573:
3520:
1447:
580:), the successor of Constantine VI as Roman emperor, using the concept of
5706:
4884:
4765:
4697:
1660:
1425:
1152:
1090:
904:
802:
640:
560:
551:
468:
417:
409:
318:
295:
135:
3733:
2886:
1126:
1764:. The period of free election ended with the ascension of the Austrian
1690:
848:(1263), in the context of the disputed vote of 1256 and the subsequent
747:
722:("Roman-German emperor") is used to distinguish the title from that of
5664:
1959:
5716:
5632:" Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser
4739:
4662:
2789:
2719:
1292:
1245:
1185:
972:
636:
389:
314:
189:
2446:
1822:
1223:
3171:
2620:
1576:
1403:
1373:
1035:
892:
664:
was the last emperor to be crowned by the pope, and his successor,
413:
362:
346:
81:
2060:
420:, and the electors usually voted in their own political interest.
321:
times (AD 800–924), the title by the 13th century evolved into an
5273:
5237:
4837:
3392:
3263:
2868:
2093:
1875:
435:
272:
2796:(1273). Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors
934:, the elector palatine was restored, as the eighth elector. The
5653:
5555:. Vol. 4. Munich & Zurich: Artemis. Columns 2025–2028.
5277:
2200:
715:, despite the continued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire.
567:
had been deposed in 797 and replaced as monarch by his mother,
508:
408:
was the last to be crowned by the pope in 1530. Even after the
200:
1777:, all successive emperors forwent the traditional coronation.
302:. Thus, in theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered
4943:
4731:
756:
List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire
329:. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became
2257:
994:
Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the
357:, from 1765 to 1806. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by
4710:
4658:
4654:
1179:
377:
5465:
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752
586:. On his coins, the name and title used by Charlemagne is
828:, and it is not known precisely when the system of seven
4375:
5636:
Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804
1743:
is often considered to have begun with the crowning of
244:. The title was held in conjunction with the title of
5471:
5467:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 14–15.
793:
goes back to the early 10th century, the election of
647:
fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire.
594:("Emperor Augustus, governing the Roman Empire") and
5250:
353:
from 1740 to 1745. The final emperors were from the
5559:
627:in 962 is taken as marking the transition from the
236:'Roman-German emperor'), was the ruler and
5633:
4156:
3391:was the last to be crowned by the pope, though in
2952:
5403:A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe
3112:
2815:
2309:
926:The elector palatine's seat was conferred on the
527:of the 5th to 8th centuries were convoked by the
5957:
3269:
3159:
3005:
2874:
205:) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the
5428:
4260:
3360:
1491:
1048:
891:After 1438, the title remained in the House of
5386:
5384:
1654:
376:, though he often contradicted or rivaled the
5680:
2683:
2404:
1780:
592:Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium
333:hereditary holders of the title, notably the
2018:
797:in 911 following the death without issue of
718:In German-language historiography, the term
372:The emperor was widely perceived to rule by
52:
5590:
5381:
1570:
1367:
1017:
595:
575:
303:
261:
46:
5687:
5673:
5546:
2573:
1012:List of Frankish kings § Carolingians
5634:Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804),
5276:for other uses of the title "Emperor" in
1002:was not in use before the 13th century).
930:in 1621, but in 1648, in the wake of the
676:that saw the Empire's final dissolution.
608:, fought during the 11th century between
341:(1027–1125). Following the late medieval
279:) throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.
5477:
5462:
759:
471:in a 12th-century stained glass window,
462:
447:
5694:
5510:
349:kept possession of the title with only
5958:
1734:
5668:
5565:
5492:
5397:
4376:1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine
701:was a reflection of the principle of
384:. The Holy Roman Empire never had an
5488:
5486:
5318:Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
4677:was the last to be crowned Emperor.
4645:Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor
1005:
430:Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor
945:
546:in 480, although the rulers of the
412:, the elected emperor was always a
13:
5394:. Vol. 10. 1927. p. 675.
5392:The New International Encyclopædia
832:was established. The papal decree
752:Family tree of the German monarchs
14:
5997:
5646:
5483:
4407:Relationship with predecessor(s)
4298:Relationship with predecessor(s)
4188:Relationship with predecessor(s)
3425:Relationship with predecessor(s)
3144:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2990:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2859:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2710:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2611:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2437:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2336:Relationship with predecessor(s)
2051:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1813:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1681:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1597:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1512:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1394:Relationship with predecessor(s)
1075:Relationship with predecessor(s)
325:, with the emperor chosen by the
5940:
5939:
5652:
5417:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806
5253:
4572:
4507:
4500:
4422:
4415:
4313:
4306:
4203:
4196:
4045:
4038:
4003:
3996:
3955:
3948:
3913:
3906:
3865:
3823:
3783:
3776:
3732:
3663:
3656:
3591:
3584:
3526:
3519:
3440:
3433:
3285:
3280:
3262:
3175:
3170:
3152:
3021:
3016:
2998:
2890:
2885:
2867:
2718:
2626:
2619:
2515:
2445:
2344:
2256:
2199:
2123:
2059:
1958:
1925:
1874:
1821:
1689:
1605:
1520:
1446:
1402:
1313:
1261:
1222:
1178:
1125:
1083:
919:, the immediate one, received a
764:Illustration of the election of
519:throughout the medieval period (
455:of prince electors surround the
361:, after a devastating defeat by
179:, originally and officially the
97:
68:
16:Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
5981:Holy Roman Empire-related lists
5626:
5611:
5584:
5571:
5357:
5348:
5339:
5330:
5288:Holy Roman Emperors family tree
4157:1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach
2953:1314–1347: House of Wittelsbach
2828:Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)
672:, abdicated in 1806 during the
489:
5597:. W. W. Norton & Company.
5591:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984).
5540:
5504:
5456:
5422:
5409:
5367:who was German King 1273–1291.
3113:1346–1437: House of Luxembourg
2816:1312–1313: House of Luxembourg
2310:1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty
2098:Liutgarde, Duchess of Lorraine
899:, with the brief exception of
113:19 March 1452 – 19 August 1493
1:
5594:The Origins of Modern Germany
5374:
4638:
2808:, crowned on 29 June 1312 by
1762:Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
842:Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
775:
737:
523:during 1204–1261). The
5617:Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882).
5500:. Macmillan. pp. 62–64.
5283:First Council of the Lateran
4261:1745–1765: House of Lorraine
3361:1440–1740: House of Habsburg
2792:in 1254) to the election of
1492:896–899: Carolingian dynasty
1049:800–888: Carolingian dynasty
959:Several rulers were crowned
692:Romanorum Imperator Augustus
400:in 1508, the Emperor-elect (
7:
5638:, The HR Emperor, p. 1
5526:10.7767/zrgka.1943.32.1.509
5405:. Vol. 1. p. 225.
5363:Enumerated as successor of
5246:
4671:Electus Romanorum Imperator
3381:Electus Romanorum Imperator
1655:915–924: Unruoching dynasty
878:count palatine of the Rhine
685:Frederick I Barbarossa
477:Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame
10:
6002:
5547:Moraw, Peter (1977–1999).
5463:Richards, Jeffrey (1979).
4642:
4264:
4141:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
3493:Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
3364:
3085:Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
2956:
2825:
2819:
2684:1220–1250: Staufen dynasty
2657:Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
2577:
2408:
2405:1155–1197: Staufen dynasty
2022:
1784:
1781:962–1024: Ottonian dynasty
1770:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
1658:
1574:
1371:
1052:
1009:
991:of the late 13th century.
949:
913:Erwählter Römischer Kaiser
824:Conrad was elected by the
741:
588:Karolus Imperator Augustus
542:lapsed after the death of
433:
427:
380:, most notably during the
355:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
28:Holy Roman Emperor (horse)
25:
18:
5935:
5702:
4831:
4782:
4587:
4522:
4506:
4328:
4218:
4060:
3970:
3880:
3838:
3782:
3700:
3662:
3606:
3483:Otto I, Count of Burgundy
2371:6th Great-grandnephew of
2019:1027–1125: Salian dynasty
1908:
1677:
1593:
1508:
1390:
1071:
971:in the 10th century, and
771:Codex Balduini Trevirorum
726:on one hand, and that of
165:
157:
147:
131:
126:
122:
118:
96:
92:
67:
60:
45:
37:
5553:Lexikon des Mittelalters
5323:
5261:Holy Roman Empire portal
4456:Maria Theresa of Austria
4227:Great-great-grandson of
3984:Great-great-grandson of
1571:901–905: Bosonid dynasty
1368:891–898: Widonid dynasty
1291:younger half-brother of
720:Römisch-deutscher Kaiser
621:Berengar I of Italy
590:. In documents, he used
423:
227:Römisch-deutscher Kaiser
19:Not to be confused with
5581:. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89
5303:List of German monarchs
3770:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
3644:Lord of the Netherlands
3564:Manfred, King of Sicily
2804:. The next emperor was
2574:1198–1215: Welf dynasty
1000:Sacrum Imperium Romanum
952:List of German monarchs
886:margrave of Brandenburg
650:Since 911, the various
606:investiture controversy
444:Problem of two emperors
388:, though women such as
382:Investiture controversy
26:For the racehorse, see
4863:15 or 22 February 901
4401:Term as Emperor began
4292:Term as Emperor began
4182:Term as Emperor began
3419:Term as Emperor began
3138:Term as Emperor began
2984:Term as Emperor began
2853:Term as Emperor began
2704:Term as Emperor began
2605:Term as Emperor began
2431:Term as Emperor began
2330:Term as Emperor began
2088:2nd Great-grandson of
2045:Term as Emperor began
1807:Term as Emperor began
1424:2nd Great-grandson of
1214:King of Middle Francia
1018:
819:electoral capitulation
782:
596:
576:
529:Eastern Roman Emperors
480:
460:
304:
226:
218:
199:
188:
53:
47:
5498:The Holy Roman Empire
5415:Peter Hamish Wilson,
4825:Lambert II of Spoleto
4564:Grand Duke of Tuscany
4361:Grand Duke of Tuscany
2826:Further information:
1010:Further information:
936:Electorate of Hanover
870:archbishop of Cologne
840:(1202), addressed to
763:
742:Further information:
639:, much of the former
559:owed a great debt to
466:
457:imperial coat of arms
451:
434:Further information:
181:Emperor of the Romans
5661:at Wikimedia Commons
5399:Hayes, Carlton J. H.
5014:Antipope Clement III
3473:Albert II of Germany
3254:King of the Lombards
2959:House of Wittelsbach
1561:King of East Francia
1353:King of East Francia
1348:King of West Francia
1300:King of West Francia
1117:King of the Lombards
940:German mediatization
852:, suggests that by "
713:Western Roman Empire
517:Eastern Roman Empire
504:reign of Constantine
473:Strasbourg Cathedral
367:Battle of Austerlitz
343:crisis of government
219:Imperator Germanorum
207:Roman-German Emperor
5986:Monarchy in Germany
5966:Holy Roman Emperors
5696:Holy Roman emperors
5659:Holy Roman Emperors
5440:Amberley Publishing
4846:Arnulf of Carinthia
4624:Archduke of Austria
4559:Archduke of Austria
4492:Archduke of Austria
4462:ruler of the empire
4398:Term as King began
4356:Archduke of Austria
4289:Term as King began
4179:Term as King began
4111:Archduke of Austria
3724:Archduke of Austria
3634:Archduke of Austria
3576:Archduke of Austria
3511:Archduke of Austria
3475:, Emperor designate
3416:Term as King began
3135:Term as King began
3076:Agnes of Waiblingen
2981:Term as King began
2850:Term as King began
2822:House of Luxembourg
2794:Rudolf I of Germany
2701:Term as King began
2602:Term as King began
2481:Agnes of Waiblingen
2428:Term as King began
2327:Term as King began
2191:Margrave of Meissen
2042:Term as King began
1804:Term as King began
1735:Holy Roman Emperors
1055:Carolingian dynasty
1032:Carolingian Dynasty
1026:, in opposition to
1019:Imperator Romanorum
866:archbishop of Trier
862:archbishop of Mainz
858:Golden Bull of 1356
795:Conrad I of Germany
709:restauratio imperii
657:King of the Germans
577:Imperator Romanorum
540:Emperor in the West
525:ecumenical councils
507:doctrine, root out
337:(962–1024) and the
300:early modern period
211:early modern period
86:early modern period
48:Imperator Romanorum
5298:King of the Romans
5293:Holy Roman Empress
5269:Concordat of Worms
5086:Pope Celestine III
4960:Pope Benedict VIII
4807:Guy III of Spoleto
4629:Emperor of Austria
4337:Great-grandson of
4251:Elector of Bavaria
3274:Holy Roman Emperor
3249:Count of Luxemburg
3164:Holy Roman Emperor
3067:Matilda of Germany
3010:Holy Roman Emperor
2943:Count of Luxemburg
2879:Holy Roman Emperor
2651:Great-grandson of
2537:28 September 1197
2490:Matilda of Germany
2475:Great-grandson of
2094:Eadgyth of England
1725:Margrave of Friuli
1547:Great-grandson of
1160:King of the Franks
1112:King of the Franks
1043:Carolingian Empire
996:Carolingian Empire
961:king of the Romans
815:Wahlkapitulationen
805:ruler of Germany.
791:Kingdom of Germany
783:
704:translatio imperii
583:translatio imperii
548:barbarian kingdoms
481:
461:
440:Translatio imperii
306:primus inter pares
288:the only successor
177:Holy Roman Emperor
143:(AD 962 formation)
138:(AD 800 formation)
132:First monarch
5971:Lists of monarchs
5953:
5952:
5657:Media related to
5604:978-0-393-30153-3
5579:Ludwig der Fromme
5308:Holy Roman Empire
5244:
5243:
5229:24 February 1530
5122:Pope Honorius III
5118:22 November 1220
5104:Pope Innocent III
4992:25 December 1046
4956:14 February 1014
4649:Papal appointment
4636:
4635:
4524:30 September 1790
4446:20 February 1790
4373:
4372:
4330:13 September 1745
4267:House of Lorraine
4258:
4257:
4154:
4153:
4146:Count of Flanders
4131:Duke of Luxemburg
3934:15 February 1637
3886:15 February 1637
3471:Second cousin of
3367:House of Habsburg
3358:
3357:
3311:10 September 1410
3298:
3297:
3208:29 November 1378
3188:
3187:
3110:
3109:
3034:
3033:
2950:
2949:
2915:27 November 1308
2903:
2902:
2778:
2777:
2771:King of Jerusalem
2744:13 December 1250
2741:22 November 1220
2681:
2680:
2571:
2570:
2564:Co-King of Sicily
2402:
2401:
2307:
2306:
2186:Duke of Carinthia
2146:25 December 1046
2079:8 September 1024
2016:
2015:
2009:Duke of Carinthia
1985:Second cousin of
1979:14 February 1014
1766:House of Habsburg
1741:Holy Roman Empire
1732:
1731:
1652:
1651:
1568:
1567:
1489:
1488:
1365:
1364:
1238:29 September 855
1197:29 September 855
1170:King of Aquitaine
1145:11 September 813
1006:Frankish emperors
932:Thirty Years' War
897:Habsburg-Lorraine
854:immemorial custom
787:elective monarchy
744:Imperial election
707:(or in this case
633:Holy Roman Empire
515:continued in the
483:From the time of
402:Imperator electus
323:elective monarchy
242:Holy Roman Empire
235:
173:
172:
148:Last monarch
5993:
5943:
5942:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5656:
5640:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5588:
5582:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5490:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5395:
5388:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5233:Pope Clement VII
5197:Pope Eugenius IV
5178:Pope Innocent VI
5155:17 January 1328
5050:Pope Innocent II
4917:25 December 967
4867:Pope Benedict IV
4850:22 February 896
4811:21 February 891
4798:12 February 881
4780:29 December 875
4702:25 December 800
4686:Coronation date
4680:
4679:
4585:
4576:
4520:
4511:
4504:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4366:Duke of Lorraine
4326:
4317:
4310:
4286:
4271:
4270:
4224:20 January 1745
4216:
4207:
4200:
4176:
4161:
4160:
4126:King of Sardinia
4066:20 October 1740
4058:
4049:
4042:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3968:
3959:
3952:
3930:22 December 1636
3926:
3917:
3910:
3878:
3869:
3836:
3827:
3807:20 January 1612
3804:12 October 1576
3796:
3787:
3780:
3756:12 October 1576
3749:22 November 1562
3745:
3736:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3648:Duke of Burgundy
3604:
3595:
3588:
3550:12 January 1519
3547:4 February 1508
3543:16 February 1486
3539:
3530:
3523:
3457:
3444:
3437:
3413:
3398:
3397:
3320:9 December 1437
3307:
3289:
3284:
3270:
3266:
3244:King of Burgundy
3222:Philip of Swabia
3197:
3179:
3174:
3160:
3156:
3132:
3117:
3116:
3058:11 October 1347
3055:17 January 1328
3047:
3025:
3020:
3006:
3002:
2978:
2963:
2962:
2912:
2894:
2889:
2875:
2871:
2847:
2832:
2831:
2786:Pope Innocent IV
2738:5 December 1212
2735:
2722:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2674:King of Burgundy
2645:21 October 1209
2639:
2630:
2623:
2599:
2584:
2583:
2559:King of Burgundy
2528:
2519:
2507:King of Burgundy
2461:
2449:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2390:King of Burgundy
2368:4 December 1137
2357:
2348:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2300:King of Burgundy
2269:
2260:
2233:King of Burgundy
2212:
2203:
2161:King of Burgundy
2140:
2127:
2105:King of Burgundy
2076:
2063:
2039:
2029:
2028:
1971:
1962:
1947:23 January 1002
1941:25 December 983
1938:
1929:
1897:25 December 967
1891:
1878:
1838:
1825:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1787:Ottonian dynasty
1702:
1693:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1645:King of Provence
1625:22 February 901
1622:
1609:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1536:22 February 896
1533:
1524:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1459:
1450:
1421:12 December 894
1418:21 February 891
1415:
1406:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1333:12 February 881
1330:
1317:
1281:29 December 875
1278:
1265:
1235:
1226:
1191:
1182:
1142:
1129:
1100:25 December 800
1097:
1087:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1039:Dukes of Spoleto
1021:
969:Henry the Fowler
946:List of emperors
921:papal coronation
780:
777:
732:Deutscher Kaiser
654:had elected the
614:Pope Gregory VII
599:
579:
493:
491:
351:one interruption
309:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
258:Rex Teutonicorum
230:
104:Longest reigning
101:
84:emperors of the
72:
56:
54:Kaiser der Römer
50:
41:
35:
34:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5976:German monarchs
5956:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5931:
5698:
5693:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5545:
5541:
5509:
5505:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5442:. p. 104.
5430:Terry Breverton
5427:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5215:Pope Nicholas V
5160:Sciarra Colonna
5100:4 October 1209
5032:Pope Paschal II
4996:Pope Clement II
4899:2 February 962
4727:Pope Stephen IV
4651:
4641:
4615:King of Hungary
4610:King of Bohemia
4605:King of Germany
4583:
4582:
4550:King of Hungary
4545:King of Bohemia
4540:King of Germany
4518:
4517:
4483:King of Hungary
4478:King of Bohemia
4473:King of Germany
4463:
4453:
4443:18 August 1765
4433:
4432:
4410:Other title(s)
4393:
4392:
4378:
4351:King of Germany
4341:
4334:18 August 1765
4324:
4323:
4301:Other title(s)
4284:
4283:
4269:
4263:
4246:King of Bohemia
4241:King of Germany
4231:
4220:24 January 1742
4214:
4213:
4191:Other title(s)
4174:
4173:
4159:
4150:
4136:Duke of Teschen
4106:King of Croatia
4101:King of Hungary
4096:King of Bohemia
4091:King of Germany
4087:
4086:
4073:
4062:12 October 1711
4056:
4055:
4020:23 January 1690
4014:
4013:
3983:
3966:
3965:
3924:
3923:
3897:
3876:
3875:
3856:
3851:
3834:
3833:
3814:
3800:27 October 1575
3794:
3793:
3763:
3743:
3742:
3719:King of Croatia
3714:King of Hungary
3709:King of Bohemia
3704:King of Germany
3694:
3684:27 August 1556
3674:
3673:
3624:King of Germany
3612:27 August 1556
3602:
3601:
3571:King of Germany
3557:
3537:
3536:
3501:King of Germany
3486:
3476:
3468:19 August 1493
3461:2 February 1440
3455:
3454:
3428:Other title(s)
3411:
3410:
3369:
3363:
3347:King of Hungary
3342:King of Bohemia
3332:King of Germany
3312:
3305:
3304:
3239:King of Bohemia
3229:King of Germany
3215:
3195:
3194:
3147:Other title(s)
3130:
3129:
3115:
3103:Duke of Bavaria
3093:King of Germany
3078:
3070:
3051:20 October 1314
3045:
3044:
2993:Other title(s)
2976:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2933:King of Germany
2921:24 August 1313
2910:
2909:
2862:Other title(s)
2845:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2756:King of Germany
2733:
2729:
2713:Other title(s)
2696:
2695:
2686:
2664:King of Germany
2637:
2636:
2614:Other title(s)
2597:
2596:
2582:
2576:
2549:King of Germany
2531:15 August 1169
2526:
2525:
2497:King of Germany
2483:
2459:
2458:
2440:Other title(s)
2423:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2385:King of Germany
2355:
2354:
2339:Other title(s)
2322:
2321:
2312:
2295:King of Germany
2272:6 January 1099
2267:
2266:
2248:Duke of Bavaria
2243:King of Germany
2210:
2209:
2176:Duke of Bavaria
2171:King of Germany
2149:5 October 1056
2138:
2137:
2115:King of Germany
2074:
2073:
2054:Other title(s)
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2004:Duke of Bavaria
1999:King of Germany
1969:
1968:
1936:
1935:
1917:King of Germany
1900:7 December 983
1889:
1888:
1861:King of Germany
1844:2 February 962
1836:
1835:
1816:Other title(s)
1799:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1757:Prince-electors
1753:King of Germany
1737:
1700:
1699:
1684:Other title(s)
1673:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1620:
1619:
1600:Other title(s)
1589:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1546:
1539:8 December 899
1531:
1530:
1515:Other title(s)
1504:
1503:
1494:
1482:Duke of Spoleto
1465:15 October 898
1457:
1456:
1438:Duke of Spoleto
1413:
1412:
1397:Other title(s)
1386:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1336:13 January 888
1328:
1327:
1276:
1275:
1233:
1232:
1189:
1188:
1140:
1139:
1103:28 January 814
1095:
1094:
1078:Other title(s)
1067:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1014:
1008:
954:
948:
928:duke of Bavaria
874:king of Bohemia
830:prince-electors
799:Louis the Child
778:
758:
740:
674:Napoleonic Wars
670:Francis II
645:Eastern Francia
629:Frankish Empire
538:, the title of
488:
446:
432:
426:
386:empress regnant
327:prince-electors
284:Catholic Church
276:
270:
267:
264:
254:king of Germany
161:25 December 800
139:
114:
112:
106:
88:
63:
51:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5999:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5648:
5647:External links
5645:
5642:
5641:
5625:
5610:
5603:
5583:
5570:
5568:, p. 530.
5558:
5549:Heiliges Reich
5539:
5503:
5482:
5470:
5455:
5448:
5421:
5408:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5211:19 March 1452
5209:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5082:14 April 1191
5080:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:Pope Adrian IV
5065:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5028:13 April 1111
5026:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5010:31 March 1084
5008:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4974:26 March 1027
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4939:Pope Gregory V
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:Pope John XIII
4918:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4815:Pope Stephen V
4812:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4784:Pope John VIII
4781:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:Pope Paschal I
4745:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4724:
4723:5 October 816
4721:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4594:
4593:6 August 1806
4591:
4586:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4404:Term(s) ended
4402:
4399:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4342:Son-in-law of
4335:
4332:
4327:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4295:Term(s) ended
4293:
4290:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4265:Main article:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4232:Son-in-law of
4225:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:Term(s) ended
4183:
4180:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:King of Sicily
4118:
4116:King of Naples
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4027:17 April 1711
4025:
4022:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3887:
3884:
3882:28 August 1619
3879:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3845:
3844:20 March 1619
3842:
3837:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3764:Descendant of
3757:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3680:5 January 1531
3677:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3558:Descendant of
3551:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3487:Descendant of
3477:Descendant of
3469:
3466:
3465:16 March 1452
3463:
3458:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:Term(s) ended
3420:
3417:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3373:Pope Julius II
3365:Main article:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:Coats of arms
3291:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3216:Descendant of
3209:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:Coats of arms
3181:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:Term(s) ended
3139:
3136:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3061:Descendant of
3059:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:Coats of arms
3027:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:Term(s) ended
2985:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2957:Main article:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2924:Descendant of
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:Coats of arms
2896:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:Term(s) ended
2854:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2820:Main article:
2817:
2814:
2810:Pope Clement V
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:King of Sicily
2763:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:Term(s) ended
2705:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:Term(s) ended
2606:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2578:Main article:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:14 April 1191
2532:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2484:Descendant of
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:Term(s) ended
2432:
2429:
2426:
2419:
2409:Main article:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:Duke of Saxony
2392:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:30 August 1125
2358:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:Term(s) ended
2331:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2275:13 April 1111
2273:
2270:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2221:7 August 1106
2219:
2216:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Duke of Swabia
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:14 April 1028
2141:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2086:
2083:
2082:26 March 1027
2080:
2077:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:Term(s) ended
2046:
2043:
2040:
2033:
2025:Salian dynasty
2023:Main article:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:Duke of Saxony
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:Term(s) ended
1808:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1749:Duke of Saxony
1747:, at the time
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1585:
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1372:Main article:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1285:
1284:6 October 877
1282:
1279:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:12 August 875
1239:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1007:
1004:
947:
944:
882:duke of Saxony
739:
736:
728:German emperor
652:German princes
625:Otto the Great
565:Constantine VI
536:Western Europe
496:Roman emperors
492: 306–337
425:
422:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:Otto the Great
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
102:
94:
93:
90:
89:
73:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5998:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5946:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Ferdinand III
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Maximilian II
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Frederick III
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5637:
5629:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5587:
5580:
5577:Egon Boshof:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5480:, p. 16.
5479:
5478:Richards 1979
5474:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5449:9781445638454
5445:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5418:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5366:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:King of Italy
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5251:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Frederick III
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5174:5 April 1355
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5136:29 June 1312
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:18 June 1155
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:Pope John XIX
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:Pope John XII
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:December 915
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Pope Formosus
4829:30 April 892
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4528:1 March 1792
4527:
4525:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:27 March 1764
4437:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:Ferdinand III
4336:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:Maximilian II
3987:
3982:
3981:Ferdinand III
3978:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3937:2 April 1657
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3921:Ferdinand III
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3854:Maximilian II
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3812:Maximilian II
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:25 July 1564
3752:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3740:Maximilian II
3738:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3687:25 July 1564
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:King of Spain
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:King of Italy
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3555:Frederick III
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:King of Italy
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:Frederick III
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:Frederick III
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:King of Italy
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:/21 July 1411
3309:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:King of Italy
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:5 April 1355
3204:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:King of Italy
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:King of Italy
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:29 June 1312
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:King of Italy
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:King of Italy
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:House of Welf
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:King of Italy
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:King of Italy
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2472:10 June 1190
2471:
2469:18 June 1155
2468:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:King of Italy
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:King of Italy
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:King of Italy
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:1 April 1084
2217:
2215:17 July 1054
2214:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:King of Italy
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:King of Italy
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:King of Italy
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1982:13 July 1024
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:King of Italy
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:King of Italy
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:7 August 936
1840:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:King of Italy
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:December 915
1704:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:King of Italy
1638:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:King of Italy
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:King of Italy
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:30 April 892
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:King of Italy
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1358:King of Italy
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:King of Italy
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:King of Italy
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:King of Italy
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:King of Italy
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Empress Irene
1025:
1020:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Pope Urban IV
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:Roman emperor
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
610:Henry IV
607:
601:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:
578:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
497:
486:
485:Constantine I
478:
474:
470:
467:Depiction of
465:
458:
454:
453:Coats of arms
450:
445:
441:
437:
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Maria Theresa
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
308:
307:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
274:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:king of Italy
243:
239:
238:head of state
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
197:
193:
191:
186:
182:
178:
169:6 August 1806
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
111:
110:
109:Frederick III
105:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:Double-headed
71:
66:
59:
55:
49:
44:
36:
33:
29:
22:
21:Roman emperor
5882:Ferdinand II
5852:Maximilian I
5822:Frederick II
5695:
5635:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5593:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5561:
5548:
5542:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5497:
5494:Bryce, James
5473:
5464:
5458:
5434:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5402:
5391:
5359:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5219:Rome, Italy
5201:Rome, Italy
5193:31 May 1433
5183:Rome, Italy
5180:'s cardinal
5164:Rome, Italy
5145:Rome, Italy
5126:Rome, Italy
5114:Frederick II
5108:Rome, Italy
5090:Rome, Italy
5072:Rome, Italy
5054:Rome, Italy
5046:4 June 1133
5036:Rome, Italy
5018:Rome, Italy
5000:Rome, Italy
4982:Rome, Italy
4964:Rome, Italy
4925:Rome, Italy
4907:Rome, Italy
4889:Rome, Italy
4871:Rome, Italy
4853:Rome, Italy
4819:Rome, Italy
4801:Rome, Italy
4788:Rome, Italy
4770:Rome, Italy
4762:15 June 844
4752:Rome, Italy
4744:5 April 823
4706:Pope Leo III
4670:
4667:Maximilian I
4652:
4464:Grandson of
4459:
4454:and Empress
4387:Coat of arms
4278:Coat of arms
4229:Ferdinand II
4168:Coat of arms
4083:
3972:18 July 1658
3942:Ferdinand II
3898:Grandson of
3873:Ferdinand II
3857:Grandson of
3840:13 June 1612
3815:Grandson of
3697:Maximilian I
3695:Grandson of
3617:Maximilian I
3615:Grandson of
3608:28 June 1519
3560:Frederick II
3534:Maximilian I
3452:the Peaceful
3451:
3405:Coat of arms
3380:
3377:Maximilian I
3370:
3317:31 May 1433
3211:Grandson of
3201:11 July 1346
3124:Coat of arms
3042:the Bavarian
3041:
2970:Coat of arms
2839:Coat of arms
2779:
2731:Stupor Mundi
2730:
2726:Frederick II
2642:9 June 1198
2591:Coat of arms
2465:4 March 1152
2455:
2411:Hohenstaufen
2365:4 June 1133
2278:23 May 1125
2134:
2085:4 June 1039
2070:
1885:
1832:
1738:
1711:Grandson of
1708:7 April 924
1631:Grandson of
1628:21 July 905
1616:
1339:Grandson of
1324:
1272:
1194:5 April 823
1148:20 June 840
1136:
1024:Pope Leo III
1015:
999:
993:
988:
958:
955:
925:
912:
909:Maximilian I
903:, who was a
890:
838:Innocent III
833:
826:German dukes
823:
814:
784:
769:
731:
719:
717:
708:
702:
698:
696:
691:
689:
680:
678:
655:
649:
635:. Under the
618:
602:
591:
587:
581:
573:
557:Pope Leo III
544:Julius Nepos
539:
533:
500:Christianity
482:
401:
398:Maximilian I
374:divine right
371:
330:
312:
292:Roman Empire
281:
271:King of the
257:
249:
206:
180:
176:
174:
107:
103:
80:used by the
77:
32:
5907:Charles VII
5862:Ferdinand I
5807:Frederick I
5802:Lothair III
5732:Charles III
5707:Charlemagne
5520:: 509–525.
5140:Ghibellines
5060:Frederick I
5042:Lothair III
4935:21 May 996
4885:Pope John X
4794:Charles III
4766:Pope Leo IV
4589:5 July 1792
4531:Brother of
4211:Charles VII
4069:Brother of
4024:5 May 1705
3976:5 May 1705
3900:Ferdinand I
3847:Brother of
3761:Ferdinand I
3690:Brother of
3671:Ferdinand I
3479:Frederick I
3395:, in 1530.
3218:Frederick I
2782:interregnum
2542:Frederick I
2453:Frederick I
1975:7 June 1002
1944:21 May 996
1894:26 May 961
1775:Ferdinand I
1661:Unruochings
1544:Charles III
1321:Charles III
1093:(Charles I)
1091:Charlemagne
989:interregnum
987:during the
905:Wittelsbach
901:Charles VII
850:interregnum
834:Venerabilem
803:Carolingian
801:, the last
779: 1340
666:Ferdinand I
643:kingdom of
641:Carolingian
561:Charlemagne
552:Justinian I
469:Charlemagne
418:Protestants
410:Reformation
319:Carolingian
296:Middle Ages
294:during the
250:Rex Italiae
136:Charlemagne
78:Reichsadler
38:Emperor of
5960:Categories
5927:Francis II
5922:Leopold II
5902:Charles VI
5872:Rudolph II
5837:Charles IV
5727:Charles II
5566:Bryce 1968
5375:References
5170:Charles IV
5142:cardinals
4776:Charles II
4689:Officiant
4643:See also:
4639:Coronation
4598:Leopold II
4580:Francis II
4515:Leopold II
4466:Charles VI
4344:Charles VI
4053:Charles VI
3889:Cousin of
3489:Lothair II
3325:Charles IV
3192:Charles IV
3081:Lothair II
2926:Charles II
2653:Lothair II
2456:Barbarossa
2352:Lothair II
1847:7 May 973
1542:Nephew of
1269:Charles II
950:See also:
748:Italienzug
738:Succession
428:See also:
359:Francis II
209:since the
152:Francis II
40:the Romans
5917:Joseph II
5912:Francis I
5892:Leopold I
5857:Charles V
5842:Sigismund
5827:Henry VII
5787:Henry III
5782:Conrad II
5752:Louis III
5717:Lothair I
5623:. p. 311.
5534:183386465
5496:(1968) .
5365:Rudolph I
5225:Charles V
5189:Sigismund
5132:Henry VII
4988:Henry III
4970:Conrad II
4859:Louis III
4740:Lothair I
4734:, France
4698:Charles I
4692:Location
4675:Charles V
4663:Julius II
4584:1768–1835
4533:Joseph II
4519:1747–1792
4451:Francis I
4434:1741–1790
4430:Joseph II
4383:Portrait
4325:1708–1765
4321:Francis I
4274:Portrait
4215:1697–1745
4164:Portrait
4084:Full list
4076:Leopold I
4057:1685–1740
4032:Leopold I
4015:1678–1711
3986:Charles V
3967:1640–1705
3963:Leopold I
3925:1608–1657
3891:Rudolf II
3877:1578–1637
3859:Charles V
3849:Rudolf II
3835:1557–1619
3817:Charles V
3795:1552–1612
3791:Rudolf II
3766:Sigismund
3744:1527–1576
3692:Charles V
3675:1503–1564
3603:1500–1558
3599:Charles V
3538:1459–1519
3491:(through
3481:(through
3456:1415–1493
3401:Portrait
3389:Charles V
3371:In 1508,
3306:1368–1437
3302:Sigismund
3213:Henry VII
3196:1316–1378
3120:Portrait
3083:(through
3074:(through
3065:(through
3046:1282–1347
2966:Portrait
2911:1273–1313
2907:Henry VII
2835:Portrait
2806:Henry VII
2790:Conrad IV
2734:1194–1250
2691:Portrait
2638:1175–1218
2587:Portrait
2527:1165–1197
2460:1122–1190
2418:Portrait
2356:1075–1137
2317:Portrait
2268:1086–1125
2226:Henry III
2211:1050–1106
2154:Conrad II
2139:1017–1056
2135:the Black
2131:Henry III
2071:the Elder
2067:Conrad II
2032:Portrait
1833:the Great
1794:Portrait
1668:Portrait
1617:the Blind
1613:Louis III
1584:Portrait
1499:Portrait
1426:Charles I
1381:Portrait
1293:Lothair I
1246:Lothair I
1186:Lothair I
1153:Charles I
1137:the Pious
1062:Portrait
973:Conrad IV
917:Charles V
807:Elections
766:Henry VII
697:The word
679:The term
662:Charles V
637:Ottonians
475:, now at
406:Charles V
390:Theophanu
347:Habsburgs
335:Ottonians
315:autocracy
203:der Römer
192:Romanorum
190:Imperator
166:Abolition
158:Formation
5945:Category
5897:Joseph I
5877:Matthias
5832:Louis IV
5812:Henry VI
5792:Henry IV
5777:Henry II
5772:Otto III
5757:Berengar
5722:Louis II
5432:(2014).
5401:(1932).
5247:See also
5240:, Italy
5158:Senator
5151:Louis IV
5078:Henry VI
5006:Henry IV
4952:Henry II
4946:, Italy
4931:Otto III
4877:Berengar
4840:, Italy
4758:Louis II
4713:, Italy
4683:Emperor
4665:allowed
4460:de facto
4394:Lifespan
4285:Lifespan
4234:Joseph I
4175:Lifespan
4071:Joseph I
4011:Joseph I
3895:Matthias
3831:Matthias
3768:through
3562:through
3412:Lifespan
3375:allowed
3220:through
3131:Lifespan
3072:Henry IV
3038:Louis IV
2977:Lifespan
2846:Lifespan
2749:Henry VI
2697:Lifespan
2655:through
2598:Lifespan
2523:Henry VI
2488:through
2479:through
2477:Henry IV
2424:Lifespan
2323:Lifespan
2283:Henry IV
2207:Henry IV
2096:through
2075:990–1039
2038:Lifespan
1987:Otto III
1970:973–1024
1966:Henry II
1937:980–1002
1933:Otto III
1800:Lifespan
1697:Berengar
1674:Lifespan
1633:Louis II
1590:Lifespan
1577:Bosonids
1505:Lifespan
1387:Lifespan
1374:Widonids
1273:the Bald
1230:Louis II
1068:Lifespan
985:Albert I
977:Rudolf I
965:Conrad I
893:Habsburg
884:and the
521:in exile
414:Catholic
363:Napoleon
331:de facto
313:From an
298:and the
82:Habsburg
62:Imperial
5817:Otto IV
5797:Henry V
5767:Otto II
5742:Lambert
5712:Louis I
5274:Emperor
5238:Bologna
5096:Otto IV
5024:Henry V
4913:Otto II
4838:Ravenna
4719:Louis I
4619:Croatia
4596:Son of
4554:Croatia
4487:Croatia
4449:Son of
4074:Son of
4030:Son of
3979:Son of
3940:Son of
3852:Son of
3810:Son of
3759:Son of
3553:Son of
3393:Bologna
3351:Croatia
3323:Son of
3063:Otto II
2747:Son of
2634:Otto IV
2540:Son of
2486:Otto II
2281:Son of
2264:Henry V
2224:Son of
2152:Son of
1952:Otto II
1950:Son of
1903:Son of
1890:955–983
1886:the Red
1882:Otto II
1837:912–973
1713:Louis I
1701:845–924
1621:880–928
1549:Louis I
1532:850–899
1468:Son of
1458:880–898
1454:Lambert
1341:Louis I
1329:839–888
1325:the Fat
1289:Louis I
1287:Son of
1277:823–877
1244:Son of
1234:825–875
1202:Louis I
1200:Son of
1190:795–855
1151:Son of
1141:778–840
1133:Louis I
1096:748–814
1036:Widonid
811:England
789:of the
631:to the
494:), the
436:Emperor
365:at the
339:Salians
290:of the
273:Teutons
265:
240:of the
234:
127:Details
5762:Otto I
5747:Arnulf
5601:
5532:
5446:
5278:Europe
4895:Otto I
2802:Albert
2373:Otto I
2090:Otto I
1905:Otto I
1829:Otto I
1745:Otto I
1678:Reign
1594:Reign
1528:Arnulf
1509:Reign
1391:Reign
1072:Reign
880:, the
876:, the
872:, the
868:, the
864:, the
860:: the
754:, and
681:sacrum
513:Church
509:heresy
502:. The
442:, and
345:, the
286:to be
223:German
201:Kaiser
196:German
5530:S2CID
5324:Notes
4944:Monza
4732:Reims
2798:Adolf
2648:1215
1850:None
1414:?–894
1106:None
1022:) by
981:Adolf
699:Roman
569:Irene
424:Title
215:Latin
185:Latin
5599:ISBN
5444:ISBN
4711:Rome
4659:Rome
4655:Pope
4647:and
4617:and
4552:and
4485:and
4391:Name
4282:Name
4172:Name
3988:and
3893:and
3646:and
3409:Name
3349:and
3128:Name
3079:and
2974:Name
2843:Name
2800:and
2780:The
2694:Name
2595:Name
2421:Name
2320:Name
2092:and
2035:Name
1797:Name
1751:and
1671:Name
1587:Name
1502:Name
1384:Name
1065:Name
983:and
967:and
895:and
785:The
612:and
392:and
378:pope
262:lit.
232:lit.
175:The
5737:Guy
5522:doi
4657:in
1470:Guy
1410:Guy
836:by
821:).
534:In
317:in
5962::
5551:.
5528:.
5518:32
5516:.
5485:^
5438:.
5396:;
5383:^
4458:,
3495:)
3450:,
3087:)
3069:),
3040:,
2812:.
2133:,
2069:,
1884:,
1831:,
1615:,
1323:,
1271:,
1135:,
979:,
975:,
923:.
907:.
888:.
781:).
776:c.
774:,
750:,
746:,
687:.
616:.
571:.
531:.
490:r.
438:,
369:.
260:,
229:,
225::
221:;
217::
198::
194:;
187::
5688:e
5681:t
5674:v
5607:.
5536:.
5524::
5452:.
3485:)
2728:,
817:(
730:(
487:(
479:.
277:'
268:'
256:(
248:(
213:(
183:(
30:.
23:.
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